Orange: rural Mapuche; Dark: urban Mapuche; White: non-Mapuche inhabitants
50-676: Neuquén ( Spanish pronunciation: [newˈken] ; Mapudungun : Nehuenken ) is the capital city of the Argentine province of Neuquén and of the Confluencia Department , located in the east of the province. It occupies a strip of land west of the confluence of the Limay and Neuquén rivers which form the Río Negro , making it part of the ecoregion of Alto Valle del Río Negro . The city and surrounding area have
100-583: A connection between the Merindonal subgroup mentioned above and the Mapuche language does not exist. Current linguists reject Greenberg's findings due to methodological concerns and opt instead for more conservative methods of classification. Moreover, many linguists do not accept the existence of an Amerindian language family due to the lack of available information needed to confirm it. Other authorities such as SIL International classify Mapuche as one of
150-592: A high of 16 km/h (9.9 mph) in December. Mean daily sunshine hours range from a high of 11 hours/day in January to a low of 3 hours/day in June. The highest temperature recorded was 42.3 °C (108.1 °F) on 21 January 1980 while the lowest temperature recorded was −12.8 °C (9.0 °F) on 13 June 1961. There are cultural spaces housed in former railroad buildings from the early 20th century, such as
200-773: A linguist from the United States, proposed a system of classification of the many indigenous languages of the Americas in which the Amerindian language family would include the large majority of languages found on the South American continent, which were formerly grouped in distinct families. The only families that fell outside of his framework were the Eskimo–Aleut languages and Na-Dene languages . According to this classification, Mapuche would be considered part of
250-645: A migratory wave arising from the collapse of the Tiwanaku Empire around 1000 CE. There is a more recent lexical influence from the Quechuan languages ( pataka 'hundred', warangka 'thousand'), associated with the Inca Empire , and from Spanish. As result of Inca rule, there was some Mapudungun– Imperial Quechua bilingualism among the Mapuches of Aconcagua Valley at the time of the arrival of
300-538: A new importance when oil deposits were found in the province by the state company YPF . The 1970s and 1980s saw massive demographic growth, accompanied by improvements such as the creation of the National University of Comahue in 1971. In 2020, Sister Mónica Astorga Cremona , a Carmelite nun, founded Costa Limay Sustainable Complex for Transgender Women in Neuquén, the first permanent housing program in
350-464: A population of 105 482 inhabitants at the 2022 census [ INDEC ] , Cipolletti is the third-most populated settlement in the province, after San Carlos de Bariloche and General Roca . Together, with Neuquén and Plottier , they form the Greater Neuquén, with a population of 416,000 people. Cipolletti was founded as a fort called Confluencia by General Lorenzo Vintter, in 1881. The name
400-684: A population of more than 340,000, making it the largest city in Patagonia . Along with the cities of Plottier and Cipolletti , it is part of the Neuquén – Plottier – Cipolletti conurbation . Founded in 1904, it is the newest provincial capital city in Argentina . The name of the city comes from the Neuquén River , which in Mapuche language means "water that has strength". This name
450-583: A push from more northern Huilliches , who in turn were being displaced by Mapuches . According to Ramírez "more than a dozen Mapuche – Rapa Nui cognates have been described". Among these are the Mapuche/Rapa Nui words toki / toki (axe), kuri / uri (black) and piti / iti (little). As the 16th and 17th century Central Chile was becoming a melting pot for uprooted indigenous peoples, it has been argued that Mapuche, Quechua and Spanish coexisted there, with significant bilingualism, during
500-452: A remnant of Spanish colonialism . Mapudungun is not an official language of the countries Chile and Argentina, receiving virtually no government support throughout its history. However, since 2013, Mapuche, along with Spanish, has been granted the status of an official language by the local government of Galvarino , one of the many Communes of Chile . It is not used as a language of instruction in either country's educational system despite
550-468: Is a historically debated topic and hypotheses have changed over time. In a 1970 publication, Stark argued that Mapuche is related to Mayan languages of Mesoamerica . The following year, Hamp adopted this same hypothesis. Stark later argued in 1973 that Mapuche descended from a language known as 'Yucha' which is a sister of Proto-Mayan language and a predecessor of the Chimuan languages , which hail from
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#1732766107032600-514: Is both an important agricultural center, surrounded by fertile lands irrigated by the waters of the Limay and Neuquén rivers in an otherwise arid province, and a petrochemical industrial center that receives oil extracted from different points of the province. It belongs economically and geographically to the Alto Valle region that produces apples, pears, and other fruits. With the discovery of
650-464: Is centered in Arauco Province , Sub-group II is the dialect of Angol , Los Ángeles and the middle and lower Bío Bío River . Sub-group III is centered around Purén . In the areas around Lonquimay , Melipeuco and Allipén River dialect sub-group IV is spoken. Sub-group V is spoken at the coast of Araucanía Region including Queule , Budi Lake and Toltén . Temuco is the epicenter of
700-484: Is low, averaging 213.7 millimetres (8 in), which is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. The first date of frost occurs on May 4 while the last frost occurs on September 10. The highest temperature recorded was 43.8 °C (110.8 °F) on January 22, 2021 while the lowest recorded temperature was −13.6 °C (7.5 °F). This article about a place in Río Negro Province , Argentina
750-521: The FIM Motocross World Championship : its race track at Villa La Angostura was voted the best of the season in the two following seasons. Neuquén is sister city , as designated by Sister Cities International with: Mapudungun language Mapuche ( / m ə ˈ p uː tʃ i / mə- POO -che , Mapuche and Spanish: [maˈputʃe] ; from mapu 'land' and che 'people', meaning 'the people of
800-650: The Gregorio Álvarez and the Paraje Confluencia museums and the Emilio Saraco Art Gallery . The more recently-built Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, designed by Mario Roberto Alvarez, opened in 2004. The museum showcases both national and international artists. The building consists of four halls which include both the temporary and the permanent collection, as well as an auditorium and theater. A variety of historical monuments dating from
850-589: The Zona Austral and also with Chonan languages of Patagonia , some of which are now extinct. However, according to Key, there is a closer relation still between Mapuche and the Pano-Tacanan languages from Bolivia and Perú, a connection also made by Loos in 1973. Key also argued that there is a link to two Bolivian language isolates: the Mosetén and Yuracaré languages . In 1987, Joseph Greenberg ,
900-466: The construction of the bridge , arrived at Neuquén. Neuquén was officially founded on 12 September 1904, and the capital of the territory was transferred from Chos Malal to the young town. The name "Neuquén" derives from the Mapudungun word nehuenken , meaning drafty, which the native people used in reference to this river. By 1930, the town had only 5,000 inhabitants. In the 1960s, it acquired
950-546: The 17th century. However the indigenous language that has influenced Chilean Spanish the most is Quechua rather than Mapuche. In colonial times, many Spanish and Mestizos spoke the Mapuche language. For example, in the 17th century, many soldiers at the Valdivian Fort System had some command of Mapuche. During the 17th and 18th centuries, most of Chiloé Archipelago 's population was bilingual , and according to John Byron , many Spaniards preferred to use
1000-580: The 20th century, such as the Fotheringham Crossing Pyramid in the Sapere neighborhood, can be found throughout the city. Neuquén hosted the 2001 FIBA Americas Championship , where the city's basketball fans supported Argentina's national basketball team to win the gold medal. All games were played in the 8,000 seat Estadio Ruca Che . At the 1995 FIBA Americas Championship , Neuquén acted as co-host. Since 2015 Neuquén has hosted
1050-827: The Andean language family, within the Meridional subgroup which also includes the Kawésgar language, the Puelche language , the Tehuelche language and the Yagán language. To Greenberg, Araucano isn't an individual language, but rather a subgroup composed of four languages: Araucano, Mapuche, Moluche, and Pehuenche. However, the comparative methods employed by Greenberg are controversial. In 1994, Viegas Barros directly contradicted Greenberg's hypothesis and part of Key's, arguing that
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#17327661070321100-635: The Chilean government's commitment to provide full access to education in Mapuche areas in southern Chile. There is an ongoing political debate over which alphabet to use as the standard alphabet of written Mapudungun. In 1982, it was estimated that there were 202,000 Mapuche speakers in Chile, including those that speak the Pehuenche and Huilliche dialects, and another 100,000 speakers in Argentina as of
1150-858: The Mapuche territory today. Around Temuco , Freire and Gorbea the sub-group VI is spoken. Group VII is spoken in Valdivia Province plus Pucón and Curarrehue . The last "dialect" sub-group is VIII which is the Huilliche language spoken from Lago Ranco and Río Bueno to the south and is not mutually intelligible with the other dialects. These can be grouped in four dialect groups: north, central, south-central and south. These are further divided into eight sub-groups: I and II (northern), III–IV (central), V-VII (south-central) and VIII (southern). The sub-groups III-VII are more closely related to each other than they are to I-II and VIII. Croese finds these relationships as consistent, but not proof, with
1200-734: The Spanish in the 1530s and 1540s. The discovery of many Chono toponyms in Chiloé Archipelago , where Huilliche , a language closely related to Mapudungun, has been dominant, suggest that Mapudungun displaced Chono there prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the mid-16th century. A theory postulated by chronicler José Pérez García holds that the Cuncos settled in Chiloé Island in Pre-Hispanic times as consequence of
1250-462: The Vaca Muerta oil fields west of the city (the third largest shale gas and oil reserves in the world), it has begun to experience a boom in real estate and construction. It is expected that over the next few years the city will experience unprecedented growth as it is the only significant city in the region. It has an airport, shopping centers, office space and institutions to become the center of
1300-744: The West and South-West. The former RN22, now called Avenida General Mosconi , a wide fast-transit avenue, runs in east-western direction through the southern part of the city center and divides the city into two halves. The Presidente Perón Airport is 8 kilometres (5 miles) west of the city center near the boundary to Plottier and serves regular flights to Buenos Aires , Córdoba , Salta , Mendoza , Comodoro Rivadavia and San Martín de los Andes . The Tren del Valle commuter rail service links Neuquén with neighbouring Cipolletti and Plottier . Freight trains run to Bahía Blanca and Zapala . Local transport consists of 30 bus lines, connecting most areas of
1350-426: The areas in which it is spoken and has also incorporated loanwords from both Spanish and Quechua . Depending on the alphabet, the sound /tʃ/ is spelled ⟨ch⟩ or ⟨c⟩ , and /ŋ/ as ⟨g⟩ or ⟨ng⟩ . The language is called either the "speech ( d/zuŋun ) of the land ( mapu )" or the "speech of the people ( tʃe )". An ⟨n⟩ may connect
1400-426: The city, including Plottier and Las Perlas . The network is run by bus companies Ko-Ko and Empresa Tigre Iguazú . Additionally, several suburban lines connect the city with other cities and towns in the wider metro area, like Cipolletti , Centenario , Senillosa, General Roca and Villa Regina . While the Río Negro and Río Limay are navigable, there are no port facilities in Neuquén and nearby cities. There
1450-460: The community, participation in Chilean society, and the individual's choice towards the traditional or modern/urban way of life. There is no consensus among experts regarding the relation between Mapuche and other indigenous languages of South America and it is classified as a language isolate , or more conservatively, an unclassified language while researchers await more definitive evidence linking it to other languages. The origin of Mapuche
1500-690: The confluence of the Collón Curá , then from there to the Chimehuin River . In 1885, the lands of what was at that time called Confluencia (i.e., "confluence," referring to the two rivers) were auctioned to a few people. Shortly after the Conquest of the Desert campaign conducted by the military over Patagonia, the Tehuelche and Pehuenche tribes that inhabited the province of Neuquén were either killed or pushed out of these lands. Since there
1550-505: The extent that a single word can require a translation that produces a complete sentence. trari- SURROUND - mansun- ox- pa- CIS - rke- SURPRISE - la- NEG - (y)- ( E )- a- FUT - y- IND - Cipolletti Cipolletti ( Spanish pronunciation: [sipoˈleti] or [tʃipoˈleti] ) is a city in north of the Patagonian province of Río Negro , Argentina. With
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1600-466: The land') or Mapudungun (from mapu 'land' and dungun 'speak, speech', meaning 'the speech of the land'; also spelled Mapuzugun and Mapudungu ) is an Araucanian language related to Huilliche spoken in south-central Chile and west-central Argentina by the Mapuche people. It was formerly known as Araucanian , the name given to the Mapuche by the Spaniards; the Mapuche avoid it as
1650-531: The local Huilliche language because they considered it "more beautiful". Around the same time, Governor Narciso de Santa María complained that Spanish settlers in the islands could not speak Spanish properly, but could speak Veliche, and that this second language was more used. Mapudungun was once the main language spoken in central Chile. The sociolinguistic situation of the Mapuche has changed rapidly. Now, nearly all of Mapuche people are bilingual or monolingual in Spanish. The degree of bilingualism depends on
1700-416: The most important trails used by the Mapuches passed through the area of the confluence of the Limay and Neuquén rivers. In the 17th century European explorers arrived in the area of the confluence. In 1604, Hernando Arias de Saavedra decided to explore the trails to Patagonia. With the support of the ranchers of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, and Corrientes, he departed from Buenos Aires and passed through
1750-455: The mountains of the Sierra de la Ventana . He reached what is now the city of Neuquén and continued on, possibly passing through what is today Auca Mahuida . In 1782, departing from Carmen de Patagones , Basilio Villarino traveled upstream on the Río Negro . On 23 January 1783, he arrived at the confluence of the Limay and Neuquén Rivers, camping on an island. He then followed the Limay to
1800-639: The northern coast of Perú , and Uru-Chipaya ( Uruquilla and Chipaya ) languages, which are spoken by those who currently inhabit the islands of Lake Titicaca and peoples living in Oruro Department in Bolivia , respectively. This hypothesis was later rejected by Campbell in the same year. The research carried out by Mary R. Key in 1978 considered Mapuche to be related to other languages of Chile : specifically Kawésgar language and Yagán language which were both spoken by nomadic canoer communities from
1850-623: The operations not only of the oil and gas companies, but also their suppliers. National Route 22 (RN22) is the main road linking Neuquén with the rest of Argentina. Since 2021 it runs in eastern-western direction north of the city center through the Parque Industrial area, mostly as a four-lane motorway, linking the city with the Atlantic coast at Bahía Blanca to the East and Temuco ( Chile ), San Carlos de Bariloche and Zapala to
1900-535: The river, lies Neuquén , capital of the province of the same name , connected to it by road and railway bridges . Cipolletti's neighborhood of Las Perlas lies south of Neuquén, 14 km west from its city center, and has the character of an independent town. Cipolletti has a borderline semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification BSk/BWk ). Winters are cool with a July mean of 6.0 °C (42.8 °F) and nighttime temperatures regularly drop below 0.0 °C (32.0 °F). Overcast days are common during
1950-415: The south of Chile (the language's stronghold) are "highly competent" in the language. Speakers of Chilean Spanish who also speak Mapudungun tend to use more impersonal pronouns when speaking Spanish. In Cautín Province and Llifén contact with Mapuche language may be the reason why there is aa lack of yeísmo among some Spanish speakers. The language has also influenced the Spanish lexicon within
2000-639: The theory of origin of the Mapuche proposed by Ricardo E. Latcham . The Mapudungun spoken in the Argentinian provinces of Neuquen and Río Negro is similar to that of the central dialect group in Chile, while the Ranquel (Rankülche) variety spoken in the Argentinian province of La Pampa is closer to the northern dialect group. Mapuche is a polysynthetic language with noun incorporation and root composition. Broadly speaking this means that words are formed by morpheme agglutination of lexical elements to
2050-496: The thermal amplitude is high along with a large diurnal range, which indicates continental characteristics of the climate of the city. Winds are moderately strong throughout the year, which favors evapotranspiration . Most of the wind comes from the west and the southwest, both of which occur 40–50% of the time. Summers tend to be windier than winters with average wind speeds ranging from a low of 8 km/h (5.0 mph) in July to
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2100-458: The two languages that form that Araucana family along with Huilliche. However, most current linguists maintain a more conservative stance, classifying Mapuche as a language that remains separated from other indigenous languages of South America while its differences and similarities to them are being studied. I II III IV V VI VII VIII Linguist Robert A. Croese divides Mapudungun into eight dialectal sub-groups (I-VIII). Sub-group I
2150-781: The two words. There are thus several ways to write the name of the language: Moulian et al. (2015) argue that the Puquina language influenced Mapuche language long before the rise of the Inca Empire . The influence of Puquine is thought to be the reason for the existence of Mapuche-Aymara-Quechua cognates . The following Pre-Incan cognates have been identified by Moulian et al. : sun ( Mapudungun : antü , Quechua : inti ), moon ( Mapudungun : küllen , Quechua : killa ), warlock ( Mapudungun : kalku , Quechua : kawchu ), salt ( Mapudungun : chadi , Quechua : cachi ) and mother ( Mapudungun : ñuque , Quechua : ñuñu ). This areal linguistic influence may have arrived with
2200-502: The winter months, averaging 10–12 days from June to August. Spring and fall are variable seasons with temperatures that can reach up to 40 °C (104.0 °F) and below −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) although most days are warm during the day and cool during the night. Summers are hot, dry and sunny with a January mean of 21.9 °C (71.4 °F). Daytime temperatures average 30 °C (86.0 °F) while nighttime temperatures are cooler, averaging 15 °C (59.0 °F). Precipitation
2250-497: The world for transgender people. Neuquén has an arid climate ( Köppen BWk ). Precipitation is low, averaging 200 millimetres (8 in) per year, which is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. The mean annual temperature is between 14 and 15 °C (57 and 59 °F). During December and January, the mean temperature in these months is about 23 °C (73 °F) while in July, it reaches below 6 °C (43 °F). Being located far away from any major bodies of water,
2300-490: The year 2000. However, a 2002 study suggests that only 16% of those who identify as Mapuche speak the language (active speakers) and 18% can only understand it ( passive speakers ). These figures suggest that the total number of active speakers is about 120,000 and that there are slightly more passive speakers of Mapuche in Chile. As of 2013 only 2.4% of urban speakers and 16% of rural speakers use Mapudungun when speaking with children, and only 3.8% of speakers aged 10–19 years in
2350-399: Was already used since 1884 for the federal territory . Since 1902, it was used for the railway station of the town, which at that time was a hamlet called Confluencia. The name of the town was officially chosen in 1904, when it was declared the capital of the territory. It is the only Argentine city that has a palindrome name, that is a word which reads the same backward as forward. Neuquén
2400-665: Was changed later, after César Cipolletti, one of the forerunners of the study of the irrigation system of the Negro River, and heart of the apple and pear cultivation zone of the Alto Valle. The city is located on the north-eastern shore of the Neuquén River , just before it is joined by the Limay River to form the Negro River , a short distance upstream from the city of General Roca . Opposite Cipolletti, across
2450-645: Was no defined border with Chile , the Argentine government reached an agreement with the British-owned Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway company that was constructing a railway network, mainly in Buenos Aires Province , to build an extension to the town in exchange for lands, in order to populate it. In 1899, the railroad reached Cipolletti in Río Negro province , and three years later, after
2500-424: Was some commercial navigation in the Alto Valle area in the first half of the 20th century, but it has been abandoned since then. The first inhabitants of the area were very mobile and moved according to the seasons of the year, climatic conditions, and the abundance of food and game. Around the 16th century the people living in different areas of the province began to be assimilated by the Mapuche people. One of
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