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Trapp Family Austrian Relief

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118-640: Trapp Family Austrian Relief, Inc. is an initiative founded by Georg von Trapp and Maria von Trapp of the famous Austrian singing family, the Trapp Family , and was an integral part of the effort to promote the Austria victim theory . In January 1947, Major General Harry J. Collins turned to Georg von Trapp and Maria von Trapp in Stowe, Vermont , pleading for help for the Austrian people, having seen

236-550: A constituent assembly for the state did not put an end to strife within the city. A brief Italian nationalist seizure of power ended with the intervention of an Italian royal commissioner, and another short-lived peace was interrupted by a local Fascist putsch in March 1922 which ended with a third Italian intervention to restore the previous order. Seven months later the Kingdom of Italy itself fell under Fascist rule and Fiume's fate

354-593: A brief military occupation by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, followed by the unilateral annexation of the former Corpus Separatum by Belgrade, an international force of British, Italian, French and American troops entered the city in November 1918. Its future became a major barrier to agreement during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The US president Wilson even proposed to make Rijeka

472-624: A few weeks later, on November 12, 1918, starting a long period of instability and uncertainty for the city. Habsburg-ruled Austria-Hungary's disintegration in October 1918 during the closing weeks of World War I led to the establishment of rival Croatian-Serbian and Italian administrations in the city; both Italy and the founders of the new Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) claimed sovereignty based on their " irredentist " ("unredeemed") ethnic populations. After

590-523: A first attempt to establish a movement of non-aligned nations in the so-called League of Fiume , an organisation antithetic to the Wilsonian League of Nations, which it saw as a means of perpetuating a corrupt and imperialist status quo . The organisation was aiming primarily at helping all oppressed nationalities in their struggle for political dignity and recognition, establishing links with many movements on various continents, but it never found

708-551: A free city and the headquarters of the newly formed League of Nations . The main problem arose from the fact that Rijeka was not assigned either to Italy or to Croatia (now Yugoslavia) in the Treaty of London which defined the post-war borders in the area. It remained assigned to Austria-Hungary because - until the very end of WWI - it was assumed that the Austro-Hungarian empire would survive WWI in some form and Rijeka

826-420: A friend in the banking business, Auguste Caroline Lammer (1885–1937), so he withdrew most of his money from London and deposited it in an Austrian bank. The bank failed, wiping out most of the family's substantial fortune. At about that time, a Catholic priest, Franz Wasner , instructed the children in music. Around 1936, Lotte Lehmann heard the family sing, and she suggested they perform paid concerts. When

944-554: A good standard of living, with endless possibilities for making one's fortune. The Pontifical Delegate Celso Costantini noted in his diary "the religious indifference and apathy of the town". The further industrial development of the city included the first industrial scale oil refinery in Europe in 1882 and the first torpedo factory in the world in 1866, after Robert Whitehead , manager of the " Stabilimento Tecnico Fiumano " (an Austrian engineering company engaged in providing engines for

1062-405: A medical position at a prestigious Vienna hospital that had just fired all Jewish doctors, Georg von Trapp realized that the writing was on the wall. He summoned all his children and warned them that no family could safely refuse three successive offers from a man like Adolf Hitler . After Georg advised them that they must choose between a life of comfort or become refugees and keep their honour,

1180-558: A musical instrument; Georg von Trapp selected the violin. He graduated four years later and completed two years of follow-on training voyages, including one to Australia , as a cadet aboard the sail training corvette SMS Saida II . On the voyage home, he visited the Holy Land , where he met a Franciscan friar who took him on a tour of all the Biblical sites he wanted to see. Among other things, Trapp bought seven bottles of water from

1298-613: A niece of the British Government minister St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton ). The British government rejected Whitehead's invention, but Austrian Emperor Franz Josef invited him to open a torpedo factory in Fiume . Trapp's first command was the U-boat U-6 which was launched by Agathe. Agathe's inherited wealth sustained the couple and permitted them to start a family, and they had two sons and five daughters over

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1416-525: A number of warships and submarines like the U-27-class submarines , the Novara-class cruisers , the large battleship SMS Szent István and others. In total, between the early 1900s and 1918 the city's shipyards produced 1 battleship, 2 cruisers, 20 destroyers, 32 torpedo boats and 15 submarines for the navy. Rijeka was also the main center for the production of torpedoes. However, a lot changed with

1534-556: A separate tax treatment from the rest of Italy and a continuous inflow of investments from the Italian state (although not as generous as previous Hungarian ones). The city regained a good level of economic prosperity and was much richer than the surrounding Yugoslav lands, but the economic and demographic growth slowed down if compared to the previous Austro-Hungarian period. At the beginning of World War II Rijeka immediately found itself in an awkward position. The city's largest demographic

1652-628: A short time in Merion, Pennsylvania , where their youngest child, Johannes, was born, the family settled in Stowe, Vermont , in 1941. They purchased a 660-acre (270 ha) farm in 1942 and converted it into the Trapp Family Lodge . In January 1947, Major General Harry J. Collins turned to the Trapp family in the US pleading for help for the Austrian people, having seen first-hand the suffering of

1770-531: A socialist planned economic model were not able to survive the move to a market-oriented economy in the early 1990s. As Yugoslavia broke up in 1991, the former Federal State of Croatia became independent and, in the Croatian War of Independence that ensued, Rijeka became part of the newly independent Croatia . Since then, the city has stagnated economically and its demography has plunged. Some of its largest industries and employers have gone out of business,

1888-411: A suburb of Salzburg , and moved his family there in 1924. During this period, he delivered several lectures and conducted interviews on his naval career. About 1926, Maria Franziska was recovering from an illness and was unable to go to school, so Trapp hired Maria Augusta Kutschera , a novice from the nearby Nonnberg Abbey as a tutor. They were married on 26 November 1927 when he was 47 and she

2006-479: A taboo topic for Rijeka's political milieu, which is still largely denying the events. Summary executions of alleged Fascists (often well-known anti-fascists or openly apolitical), aimed at hitting the local intellectual class, the Autonomists, the commercial classes, the former Italian public servants, the military officials and often also ordinary civilians (at least 650 executions of Italians took place after

2124-550: A total of 12,641 tons. Trapp married Agathe Gobertina Whitehead , the eldest daughter and third child of Countess Agathe Gobertina von Breunner-Enckevoirth (1856–1945), Austro-Hungarian nobility, and Cavaliere ( Knight ) John Whitehead (1854–1902), son of Robert Whitehead (1823–1905) who invented the modern torpedo and a partner at the family's Fiume Whitehead Torpedo Factory (not, as frequently stated,

2242-518: A vessel in the Adriatic. Just over three months later, he sank the Italian submarine Nereide at 42°23′N 16°16′E  /  42.383°N 16.267°E  / 42.383; 16.267 on 5 August 1915, 250 metres (270 yd) off Pelagosa (Palagruža) Island . He also captured the Greek steamer Cefalonia off Durazzo on 29 August 1915. Some sources incorrectly credit Trapp with sinking

2360-656: A wheat elevator and mill, the Ganz-Danubius shipbuilding industries, a cocoa and chocolate factory, a brick factory, a tobacco factory (the largest in the Monarchy), a cognac distillery, a pasta factory, the Ossoinack barrel and chest factory, a large tannery, five foundries and many others. At the beginning of the 20th century more than half of the industrial capacity in Croatia (which was at that time mostly agrarian)

2478-598: Is bordered by Vela Vrata (between Istria and the island of Cres ), Srednja Vrata (between Cres and Krk Island) and Mala Vrata (between Krk and the mainland) is connected to the Kvarner Gulf and is deep enough (about fifty metres or 160 feet) to accommodate large commercial ships. The City of Rijeka lies at the mouth of the river Rječina and in the Vinodol micro-region of the Croatian coast. From three sides Rijeka

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2596-806: Is called Rijeka in Croatian , Reka in Slovene , and Reka or Rika in the local dialects of the Chakavian language. It is called Fiume in Italian and in Fiuman Venetian . All these names mean 'river' in their respective languages. Meanwhile, in German the city has been called Sankt Veit am Flaum / Pflaum ( lit.   ' St. Vitus on the Flaum/Pflaum ' , with

2714-464: Is held each year before Lent (between late January and early March) in Rijeka, Croatia. Established in 1982, it has become the biggest carnival in Croatia. Every year there are numerous events preceding the carnival itself. First the mayor of Rijeka gives the symbolic key of the city to Meštar Toni, who is "the maestro" of the carnival, and he becomes the mayor of the city during the carnival, although this

2832-528: Is only figuratively. Same day, there is an election of the carnival queen. As all the cities around Rijeka have their own events during the carnival time, Queen and Meštar Toni are attending most of them. Also, every year the Carnival charity ball is held in the Governor's palace in Rijeka. It is attended by politicians, people from sport and media life, as well as a number of ambassadors. The weekend before

2950-458: Is surrounded by mountains. To the west, the 1,396-metre (4,580 ft) Učka range is prominent. To the north/north-east there are the Snežnik plateau and the 1,528 m (5,013 ft) Risnjak massif with the national park . To the east/south-east there is the 1,533-metre (5,030 ft) Velika Kapela range. This type of terrain configuration prevented Rijeka from developing further inland (to

3068-764: Is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split ). It is located in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County on Kvarner Bay , an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and in 2021 had a population of 108,622 inhabitants. Historically, because of its strategic position and its excellent deep-water port , the city was fiercely contested, especially between the Holy Roman Empire , Italy and Croatia, changing rulers and demographics many times over centuries. According to

3186-763: The Anschluss and emigrated with his family to the United States. After his death in 1947, the family home in Stowe, Vermont, became the Trapp Family Lodge . Maria von Trapp's 1949 memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers was adapted into the West German film The Trapp Family (1956), which served as the basis for the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The Sound of Music (1959) and

3304-600: The 2011 census data , the majority of its citizens are Croats , along with small numbers of Serbs , Bosniaks and Italians . Rijeka is the main city and county seat of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. The city's economy largely depends on shipbuilding ( shipyards " 3. Maj " and " Viktor Lenac Shipyard ") and maritime transport. Rijeka hosts the Croatian National Theatre Ivan pl. Zajc , first built in 1765, as well as

3422-480: The Free State of Fiume , under a government acceptable to both powers. D'Annunzio's response was characteristically flamboyant and of doubtful judgment: his declaration of war against Italy invited the bombardment by Italian royal forces which led to his surrender of the city at the end of the year, after five days' resistance (known as Bloody Christmas ). Italian troops freed the city from D'Annunzio's militias in

3540-1499: The Hungarian plain to the sea. It also makes Rijeka the natural harbour for the Pannonian Basin (especially Hungary ). The other route runs north-west across the Postojna Gate connecting Rijeka with Slovenia and further through the Ljubljana Gap with Austria and beyond. A third more coastal route runs east-west connecting Rijeka (and—by extension—the Adriatic coastal cities to the south) with Trieste and northern Italy . [REDACTED] Kingdom of Croatia pre-1102. Kingdom of Croatia - Kingdom of Hungary :1102–1466 [REDACTED] Holy Roman Empire ( Habsburg monarchy ), 1466–1809 [REDACTED] First French Empire , 1809–1814 [REDACTED] Austrian Empire , 1814–1867 [REDACTED] Austria-Hungary ( [REDACTED] Transleithania ), 1867–1918 [REDACTED] Italian Regency of Carnaro , 1919–1920 [REDACTED] Free State of Fiume , 1920–1924 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Italy , 1924–1943 [REDACTED] OZAK , 1943–1945 [REDACTED]   Yugoslavia ( [REDACTED]   SR Croatia ), 1945–1991 [REDACTED]   Croatia , 1991–present Though traces of Neolithic settlements can be found in

3658-558: The Italian Regency of Carnaro , a unique social experiment for the age and a revolutionary cultural experience in which various international intellectuals of diverse walks of life took part (like Osbert Sitwell , Arturo Toscanini , Henry Furst , Filippo Tommaso Marinetti , Harukichi Shimoi , Guglielmo Marconi , Alceste De Ambris , Whitney Warren and Léon Kochnitzky). Among the many political experiments that took place during this experience, D'Annunzio and his men undertook

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3776-742: The Jordan River which were later used to baptize his first seven children. In 1900, he was assigned to the protected cruiser SMS  Zenta and was decorated for his performance during the Boxer Rebellion in China, in which he participated in the assault on the Taku Forts . In 1902, he passed the final officer's examination, and was commissioned a Fregattenleutnant (frigate lieutenant, equivalent to sub-lieutenant ) in May 1903. He

3894-814: The Kingdom of Hungary and governed as corpus separatum directly from Budapest by an appointed governor, as Hungary's only international port. From 1804, Rijeka was part of the Austrian Empire ( Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia after the Compromise of 1867 ), in the Croatia-Slavonia province. During the Napoleonic Wars , Rijeka was briefly captured by the French Empire and included in the Illyrian Provinces . During

4012-650: The Military Order of Maria Theresa . His first wife Agathe Whitehead died of scarlet fever in 1922, leaving behind seven children. Trapp hired Maria Augusta Kutschera to tutor one of his daughters and married her in 1927. He lost most of his wealth in the Great Depression , so the family turned to singing as a way of earning a livelihood. Trapp declined a commission in the German Navy after

4130-672: The Republic of Venice and during the War of the League of Cambrai the Venetians raided and devastated the city with great loss of life in 1508 and again in 1509. The city did however recover and remain under Austrian rule. For its fierce resistance to the Venetians it received the title of the "most loyal city" ("fidelissimum oppidium") as well as commercial privileges from the Austrian emperor Maximilian I in 1515. While Ottoman forces attacked

4248-471: The Treaty of Saint-Germain was signed, declaring the Austro-Hungarian monarchy dissolved. Negotiations over the future of the city were interrupted two days later when a force of Italian nationalist irregulars led by the poet Gabriele D'Annunzio captured the city. Because the Italian government, wishing to respect its international obligations, did not want to annex Fiume, D'Annunzio and the intellectuals at his side eventually established an independent state,

4366-520: The University of Rijeka , founded in 1973 but with roots dating back to 1632 and the local Jesuit School of Theology. Apart from Croatian and Italian, linguistically the city is home to its own unique dialect of the Venetian language , Fiuman , with an estimated 20,000 speakers among the local Italians, Croats and other minorities. Historically Fiuman served as the main lingua franca among

4484-836: The film adaptation directed by Robert Wise (1965). Georg Ludwig Ritter von Trapp was born in Zara , Dalmatia , then a Crown Land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (present-day Zadar, Croatia ). His father, Fregattenkapitän August Johann Trapp, was a naval officer who had been elevated to the Austrian nobility as Ritter von Trapp when he was awarded the Order of the Iron Crown Third Class. Both his sons inherited this hereditary title of Ritter (Knight). August Ritter von Trapp died in 1884, when Georg

4602-528: The 6th century. In this period the city is part of the Liburnia limes (system of walls and fortifications against raiding Barbarians). Remains of these walls are still visible in some places today. After the 4th century Rijeka was rededicated to St. Vitus , the city's patron saint , as Terra Fluminis sancti Sancti Viti or in German Sankt Veit am Pflaum . From the 5th century onwards, the town

4720-464: The Allies on 10 February 1947, despite both the complaints by the last democratically elected government and its president-in-exile Riccardo Zanella and the attempts of the experienced Italian foreign minister Carlo Sforza to uphold the previous Wilsonian plans for a multicultural Free State solution, with a local headquarters for the newly created United Nations . Once the change to Yugoslav sovereignty

4838-557: The Austrian Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg heard them on the radio, he invited them to perform in Vienna . Father Wasner became the group's musical director. According to Maria von Trapp's memoirs , Georg von Trapp found himself in a vexing situation after the German takeover of Austria in 1938. He was offered a commission in the German Navy . This was a tempting proposition, particularly when Georg von Trapp saw

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4956-467: The Austro-Hungarian Empire was divided among seven countries, with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes keeping most of the seacoast. The Republic of German-Austria was landlocked and no longer had a navy, putting an end to Trapp's naval career. Trapp's patrols in U-5 and U-14 made him the most successful Austro-Hungarian submarine commander of World War I, sinking 11 Allied merchant ships totaling 47,653 GRT and two Allied warships displacing

5074-406: The Austro-Hungarian Navy), designed and successfully tested the world's first torpedo. In addition to the Whitehead torpedo factory, which opened in 1874, the oil refinery (1882) and the paper mill, many other industrial and commercial enterprises were established or expanded in these years. These include a rice husking and starch factory (one of the largest in the world), a wood and furniture company,

5192-413: The Broadway musical, as well as two German films, The Trapp Family (1956) and The Trapp Family in America (1958). However, these adaptations often altered the portrayal of the Captain. In real life and in the memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers , written by his second wife Maria Augusta Trapp, the Captain has been described as being a warm and loving father who was always around. However,

5310-734: The Captain was portrayed in a more negative light in many adaptations. For instance, in the 1965 film, Georg von Trapp was portrayed as a disciplinary man who always went away and did not care for his children or their feelings at the beginning of the film. BBC Radio presented a different account of the family in October, 2009, in a play by Annie Caulfield called The Von Trapps and Me , focused on Princess Yvonne, "the woman Captain Von Trapp jilted in order to marry Maria." Fiume Rijeka ( Croatian: [rijěːka] ; Slovene : Reka ), also known as Fiume ( Italian: [ˈfjuːme] ; Fiuman : Fiume ; Hungarian : Fiume ; outdated German : Sankt Veit am Flaum ),

5428-415: The French rule, between 1809 and 1813, the critically important Louisiana road was completed (named after Napoleon's wife Marie Louise ). The road was the shortest route from Rijeka to the interior ( Karlovac ) and gave a strong impulse to the development of Rijeka's port. In 1813 the French rule came to an end when Rijeka was first bombarded by the Royal Navy and later re-captured by the Austrians under

5546-444: The Germans). Under the command of the German general Ludwig Kübler they inflicted thousands of casualties on the attacking Partisans, which were forced by their superiors to charge uphill against well-fortified positions to the north and east of the city. The Yugoslav commanders did not spare casualties to speed up the capture of the city, fearing a possible English landing in area which would prevent their advance towards Trieste before

5664-417: The Greek geographer and astronomer Ptolemy in his Geography when describing the "Location of Illyria or Liburnia, and of Dalmatia" (Fifth Map of Europe). In the time of Augustus , the Romans rebuilt Tarsatica as a municipium Flumen (MacMullen 2000), situated on the right bank of the small river Rječina (whose name means "the big river"). It became a city within the Roman Province of Dalmatia until

5782-433: The Italian military, setting the stage for an intense and bloody insurgency which would last until the end of the war. Partisan activity included guerrilla-style attacks on isolated positions or supply columns, sabotage and killings of civilians believed to be connected to the Italian and (later) German authorities. This, in turn, was met by stiff reprisals from the Italian and German military. On 14 July 1942, in reprisal for

5900-428: The Italian troop transport and armed merchant cruiser Principe Umberto , which resulted in the greatest loss of life in any submarine attack in World War I, but the ship was actually sunk by U-5 , commanded by Friedrich Schlosser. Trapp was transferred to the SM  U-14 , the former French submarine Curie , which had been sunk and salvaged by the Austro-Hungarian Navy. He conducted ten more war patrols in

6018-405: The Trapp family decided to emigrate from Nazi Austria . On leaving Austria, the Trapps traveled by train to Italy (not over the mountains by foot to Switzerland as is depicted in The Sound of Music ). The family had a contract with an American booking agent when they left Austria. Once in Italy, they contacted the agent and requested fare to America, first traveling to London, before sailing to

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6136-462: The United States for their first concert tour. In 1939 the family returned to Europe to tour Scandinavia , hoping to continue their concerts in cities beyond the reach of the Third Reich. During this time, they went back to Salzburg for a few months before returning to Sweden to finish the tour. From there, they traveled to Norway to begin the trip back to the United States in September 1939, just after World War II broke out. After living for

6254-423: The center of the city, its highest point, was a fortress. In 799 Rijeka was attacked by the Frankish troops of Charlemagne . Their Siege of Trsat was at first repulsed, during which the Frankish commander Duke Eric of Friuli was killed. However, the Frankish forces finally occupied and devastated the castle, while the Duchy of Croatia passed under the overlordship of the Carolingian Empire . From about 925,

6372-477: The city (which had been legally granted a fully bilingual status after the occupation in 1945), eventually also 'de facto' (but not 'de jure') deleting bilinguilism, except in a handful of selected bilingual schools and inside the Italian Community's own building. After the war the local ethnic Italians of Rijeka left Yugoslavia for Italy ( Istrian-Dalmatian exodus ). The city was then resettled by immigrants from various parts of Yugoslavia, once more changing heavily

6490-417: The city had a Slavic majority at the beginning of the 19th century, because the 1851 census reported a Croatian majority. However, this census is considered not very reliable by Italian historians. At the last Austro-Hungarian census in 1910, the corpus separatum had a population of 49,806 people and was composed of the following linguistic communities: By religion, the census of 1910 indicates that - from

6608-401: The city had to be almost completely rebuilt. In 1753, the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa approved the funding for rebuilding Rijeka as a "new city" ("Civitas nova"). The rebuilt Rijeka was significantly different - it was transformed from a small medieval walled town into a larger commercial and maritime city centered around its port. By order of Maria Theresa in 1779, the city was annexed to

6726-494: The city hospital to this day). On 10 February 1918 the Italian navy raided the nearby bay of Bakar causing little material damage but achieving a significant propaganda effect. As the war dragged on, the city's economy and the living standard of the population deteriorated rapidly. Due to a maritime blockade , the port traffic suffered a collapse - from 2,892.538 tons in 1913 (before the war) to only 330.313 tons in 1918. Many factories - lacking manpower and/or raw materials - reduced

6844-406: The city started, marked by major port development, fuelled by the general expansion of international trade and the city's connection (1873) to the Austro-Hungarian railway network. Modern industrial and commercial enterprises such as the Royal Hungarian Sea Navigation Company " Adria ", a rival shipping company the Ungaro-Croata (established in 1891) and the Smith and Meynier paper mill (which operated

6962-419: The city was also a target of more than 30 Anglo-American air attacks, which caused widespread destruction and hundreds of civilian deaths. Some of the heaviest bombardments happened on 12 January 1944 (attack on the refinery, part of the oil campaign ), on 3–6 November 1944, when a series of attacks resulted in at least 125 deaths and between 15 and 25 February 1945 (200 dead, 300 wounded). The area of Rijeka

7080-434: The city's demographics and its linguistic composition. These years coincided also with a period of general reconstruction and new program of industrialization after the destruction of the war. During the period of the Yugoslav Communist administration between the 1950s and the 1980s, the city became the main port of the Federal Republic and started to grow once again, both demographically and economically, taking advantage of

7198-414: The city). The legend of Karolina is warmly remembered by the population even today. She became a folk hero Karolina Riječka (Caroline of Rijeka) and has been celebrated in plays, movies and even in a rock opera. In the early 19th century, the most prominent economical and cultural leader of the city was Andrija Ljudevit Adamić . Fiume also had a significant naval base, and in the mid-19th century it became

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7316-401: The city, 11,000 were killed or executed after surrendering , while the remaining 16,000 were taken as prisoners. Yugoslav troops entered Rijeka on 3 May 1945. The city had suffered extensive damage in the war. The economic infrastructure was almost completely destroyed, and of the 5,400 buildings in the city at the time, 2,890 (53%) were either completely destroyed or damaged. The city's fate

7434-426: The city, they were eventually all assassinated by the Yugoslav secret police OZNA in the days leading up to the Yugoslav army's victorious march into city and its aftermath. In subsequent years, the Yugoslav authorities joined the municipalities of Fiume and Sušak and, after 1954, less than one third of the original population of the now united municipalities (mostly what was previously the Croat minority in Fiume and

7552-427: The command of the Irish general Laval Nugent von Westmeath . The British bombardment has an interesting side story. The city was apparently saved from annihilation by a young lady named Karolina Belinić who - amid the chaos and destruction of the bombardment - went to the English fleet commander and convinced him that further bombardment of the city was unnecessary (the small French garrison was quickly defeated and left

7670-428: The end of the war ) eventually forced most Italophones (of various ethnicities) to leave Rijeka/Fiume in order to avoid becoming victims of a harsher retaliation. The removal was a meticulously planned operation, aimed at convincing the hardly assimilable Italian part of the autochthonous population to leave the country, as testified decades later by representatives of the Yugoslav leadership. The most notable victims of

7788-424: The first steam engine in south-east Europe), situated in the Rječina canyon, producing cigarette paper sold around the world. The second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century (up to World War I) was a period of great prosperity, rapid economic growth and technological dynamism for Rijeka. Many authors and witnesses describe Rijeka of this time as a rich, tolerant, well-to-do town which offered

7906-419: The independentist candidates of the Autonomist Party. Fiume became consequently a full-fledged member of the League of Nations and the ensuing election of Rijeka's first president, Riccardo Zanella , was met with official recognition and greetings from all major powers and countries worldwide. Despite many positive developments leading to the establishment of the new state's structures, the subsequent formation of

8024-451: The killing of four civilians of Italian origin by Partisans, the Italian military killed 100 men from the suburban village of Podhum, resettling the remaining 800 people to concentration camps. After the surrender of Italy to the Allies in September 1943, Rijeka and the surrounding territories were occupied and annexed by Germany, becoming part of the Adriatic Littoral Zone . Partisan activity continued and intensified. On 30 April 1944, in

8142-401: The large scale corruption which marked Croatia's transition from socialism to capitalism as well as several years of war economy played a significant role in the collapse of the city's economy during the 1990s and early 2000s. A difficult and uncertain transition of the city's economy away from manufacturing and towards an economy based on services and tourism is still in progress. In 2018, it

8260-403: The last days of December 1920. After a world war and additional two years of economic paralysis the city economy was nearing collapse and the population was exhausted. In a subsequent democratic election the Fiuman electorate on 24 April 1921 approved the idea of a free state of Fiume-Rijeka with a Fiuman-Italo-Yugoslav consortium ownership structure for the port, giving an overwhelming victory to

8378-468: The last delegate from Fiume to the Hungarian Parliament, was admitted to the conference as a representative of Fiume, and essentially supported the Italian claims. Nevertheless, at this point the city had had for years a strong and very active Autonomist Party seeking for Rijeka a special independent status among nations as a multicultural Adriatic city. This movement even had its delegate at the Paris peace conference - Ruggero Gotthardi. On 10 September 1919,

8496-489: The local ethnic question, in particular after the Autonomist sympathisers gained massive support in the first local elections held on the city's territory between 1945 and 1946. The discrimination and persecution that many inhabitants experienced at the hands of Yugoslav officials, in the last days of World War II and the first years of peace, still remain painful memories for the locals and the esuli, and are somewhat of

8614-468: The main event there are two other events held. One is Rally Paris–Bakar (after the Dakar Rally ). The start is a part of Rijeka called Paris after the restaurant located there, and the end is in city of Bakar, located about 20 kilometres (12 miles) south-east. All of the participants of the rally wear masks, and the cars are mostly modified old cars. The other event is the children's carnival, held, like

8732-485: The main maritime outlet for Austria—reflecting the rivalry between the two components of the Dual Monarchy. The Austro-Hungarian Navy sought to keep the balance by ordering new warships from the shipyards of both cities. During this period the city had an Italian majority. According to the census of 1880, in Rijeka there were 9,076 Italians, 7,991 Croats, 895 Germans and 383 Hungarians. Some historians claim that

8850-487: The main maritime outlet for Hungary and the eastern part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . By 1913–14, the port of Fiume became the tenth-busiest port in Europe. The population grew rapidly from only 21,000 in 1880 to 50,000 in 1910. Major civic buildings constructed at this time include the Governor's Palace, designed by the Hungarian architect Alajos Hauszmann . There was an ongoing competition between Rijeka and Trieste,

8968-734: The majority in Sušak) remained in the city, because the old municipality of Fiume lost in these years more than 85% of the original population. The Yugoslav plans for a more obedient demographic situation in RIjeka culminated in 1954 during the Trieste crisis, when the Yugoslav Communist Party rallied many local members to ruin or destroy the most notable vestiges of the Italian/Venetian language and all bilingual inscriptions in

9086-597: The many ethnicities inhabiting the multi-ethnic port city. In certain suburbs of the modern extended municipality the autochthonous population still speaks Chakavian , a dialect of Croatian. In 2016, Rijeka was selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2020, alongside Galway , Ireland . Historically, Rijeka was called Tharsatica , Vitopolis ( lit.   ' City of [Saint] Vitus ' ), or Flumen ( lit.   ' River ' ) in Latin . The city

9204-486: The most prominent among them being the Jugolinija shipping company, the torpedo factory, the paper mill and many other small or medium manufacturing and commercial companies. Other companies have struggled to remain economically viable (like the city's landmark 3. Maj shipyard). The number of people working in manufacturing dropped from more than 80,000 in 1990 to only 5,000 two decades later . Privatization scandals and

9322-538: The much larger submarine, attacking merchant ships instead of warships. Between April 1917 and October 1917, U-14 sank 11 Allied merchant ships under Trapp's command. In May 1918, he was promoted to Korvettenkapitän (equal to lieutenant commander ) and given command of the submarine base at Cattaro in the Gulf of Kotor . However, Austria-Hungary's defeat in World War I led to the empire's collapse. The territory of

9440-757: The name of the river being derived from Latin flumen ). Rijeka is located in western Croatia , 131 kilometres (81 miles) south-west of the capital, Zagreb , on the coast of Kvarner Gulf , in the northern part of the Adriatic Sea . Geographically, Rijeka is roughly equidistant from Milan (485 km [301 mi]), Budapest (502 km [312 mi]), Munich (516 km [321 mi]), Vienna (516 km [321 mi]) and Belgrade (550 km [340 mi]). Other major regional centers such as Trieste (76 km [47 mi]), Venice (240 km [150 mi]) and Ljubljana (115 km [71 mi]) are all relatively close and easily accessible. The Bay of Rijeka, which

9558-559: The nearby village of Lipa, German troops killed 263 civilians in reprisal for the killing of several soldiers during a Partisan attack. The German and Italian occupiers and their local collaborators deported some 80 percent of the city's roughly 500 Jews to Auschwitz . A larger proportion of Rijeka's Jewish population was murdered in the Holocaust than that of any other city in Italian territory. Because of its industries (oil refinery, torpedo factory, shipyards) and its port facilities,

9676-554: The necessary external support and its main legacy remains today the Regency of Carnaro's recognition of Soviet Russia , the first state in the world to have done so. The Liberal Giovanni Giolitti became Premier of Italy again in June 1920; this signalled a hardening of official attitudes to D'Annunzio's coup . On 12 November, Italy and Yugoslavia concluded the Treaty of Rapallo , which envisaged Fiume becoming an independent state,

9794-482: The newly re-established hinterland that had been lacking during the Italian period, as well as the rebuilding after the war of its traditional manufacturing industries, its maritime economy and its port potential. This, paired with its rich commercial history, allowed the city to soon become the second richest (GDP per capita) district within Yugoslavia . However, many of these industries and companies, being based on

9912-814: The next ten years. Their first child was Rupert , born on 1 November 1911 at Pula while the couple were living at Pina Budicina 11. Their other children were: Agathe , also born in Pula; Maria Franziska , Werner ; Hedwig , and Johanna , all born at the family home the Erlhof in Zell am See ; and Martina , born at the Martinsschlössel at Klosterneuburg , for which she was named. On 3 September 1922, Agathe von Trapp died of scarlet fever contracted from her daughter Agathe. Trapp then acquired Villa Trapp in Aigen,

10030-532: The north) and the city mostly lies on a long and relatively narrow strip along the coast. Two important inland transport routes start in Rijeka. The first route runs north-east to the Pannonian Basin . This route takes advantage of Rijeka's location close to the point where the Dinaric Alps are the narrowest (about fifty kilometres or 31 miles) and easiest to traverse, making it the optimal route from

10148-606: The political and ethnic repression of locals in this period was the Fiume Autonomists purge hitting all the autonomist figures still living in the city, and now associated in the Liburnian Autonomist Movement . The Autonomists actively helped the Yugoslav partisans in liberating the region from Fascist and Nazi occupation, and, despite receiving various promises of large political autonomy for

10266-498: The production or simply closed. Shortages of food and other basic necessities became widespread. Even public safety became a problem with an increase in the number of thefts, violent incidents and war profiteering. The crisis escalated on October 23, 1918, when the Croatian troops stationed in Rijeka (79th regiment) mutinied and temporarily took control of the city. Amid growing chaos, the Austro-Hungarian empire dissolved

10384-530: The region, the earliest modern settlements on the site were Celtic Tharsatica (modern Trsat , now part of Rijeka) on the hill, and the tribe of mariners, the Liburni , in the natural harbour below. The city long retained its dual character. Rijeka was first mentioned in the 1st century AD by Pliny the Elder as Tarsatica in his Natural History (iii.140). Rijeka (Tarsatica) is again mentioned around AD 150 by

10502-440: The residents of Salzburg suffer when he had arrived there with the famed 42nd Rainbow Division after World War II . After founding the initiative, Georg and Maria von Trapp took on the posts of president and vice-president, while Monsignore Dr. Franz Wasner was appointed treasurer. The country that gave to the world Haydn , Schubert , Mozart , and Silent Night will perish if we do not help them. Everybody knows about

10620-483: The residents of Salzburg when he had arrived there with the 42nd Infantry Division after World War II. The Trapp Family founded the Trapp Family Austrian Relief, Inc. ; the priest Franz Wasner, their pre-war friend, became its treasurer. Trapp died of lung cancer on 30 May 1947 in Stowe, Vermont. In The Story of the Trapp Family Singers (1949), Maria von Trapp pointed out that there

10738-402: The same level of prosperity. Initially there was a semblance of normalcy (the city was far from the frontlines), however - a growing part of the male population started to be mobilized by the army and the navy. The city's war-related industries continued to work full steam and contributed significantly to the Austro-Hungarian war effort, especially to the navy. The shipyard Ganz-Danubius produced

10856-527: The seat of the newly formed Province of Fiume . In this period Fiume lost its commercial hinterland and thus part of its economic potential as it became a border town with little strategic importance for the Kingdom of Italy. However, since it retained the Free Port status and its iconic image in the nation-building myth, it gained many economic concessions and subsidies from the government in Rome. These included

10974-734: The site of the Austro-Hungarian Naval Academy (K.u.K. Marine-Akademie), where the Austro-Hungarian Navy trained its officers. During the Hungarian revolution of 1848 , when Hungary tried to gain independence from Austria, Rijeka was captured by the Croatian troops (loyal to Austria) commanded by Ban Josip Jelačić . The city was then annexed directly to Croatia, although it did keep a degree of autonomy. Giovanni de Ciotta (mayor from 1872 to 1896) proved to be an authoritative local political leader. Under his leadership, an impressive phase of expansion of

11092-758: The situation the greater European countries are in. But few people can imagine what is happening in Austria, whose citizens are about to lose courage and hope. Georg von Trapp Georg Ludwig Ritter von Trapp (4 April 1880 – 30 May 1947) was an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Navy who became the patriarch of the Trapp Family Singers . Trapp was the most successful Austro-Hungarian submarine commander of World War I , sinking 11 Allied merchant ships totaling 47,653 GRT and two Allied warships displacing 12,641 tons. Trapp's accomplishments during World War I earned him numerous decorations, including

11210-404: The technological advances in 1930s U-boats unthinkable compared to those he had once commanded in World War I, but Trapp decided to decline the offer out of hostility to Nazi ideology . He also politely declined a request for the family choir to perform at Hitler's birthday concert. After his eldest son also announced his intention to refuse to benefit from anti-Semitism and to similarly decline

11328-467: The territory of the small state. Most of the old Corpus Separatum territory became part of Italy, while a few Croatian/Slovenian-speaking villages to the north of the city were annexed by Yugoslavia. The annexation happened de facto on 16 March 1924, and it inaugurated about twenty years of Italian government for the city proper, to the detriment of the Croatian minority, which fell victim of discrimination and targeted assimilation policies. The city became

11446-702: The total of 49,806 inhabitants - there were 45,130 Catholics , 1,696 Jewish , 1,123 Calvinist , 995 Orthodox and 311 Lutheran . The Jewish population expanded rapidly, particularly in the 1870s-1880s, and built a large synagogue in 1907 (which would be destroyed in 1944, during the German occupation, concurrent with the murder of most of the city's Jewish residents). On the eve of WWI, there were 165 inns, 10 hotels with restaurants, 17 cafés, 17 jewellers, 37 barbers and 265 tailor shops in Rijeka. World War I put an end to Rijeka's "golden era" of peace, stability and rapid economic growth. The city would never quite recover to

11564-465: The town several times, they never occupied it. From the 16th century onwards, Rijeka's present Renaissance and Baroque style started to take shape. Emperor Charles VI declared the Port of Rijeka a free port (together with the Port of Trieste ) in 1719 and had the trade route to Vienna expanded in 1725. On November 28, 1750 Rijeka was hit by a large earthquake. The devastation was so widespread that

11682-628: The town was part of the Kingdom of Croatia , from 1102 in personal union with Hungary . Trsat Castle and the town was rebuilt under the rule of the House of Frankopan . In 1288 the Rijeka citizens signed the Law codex of Vinodol , one of the oldest codes of law in Europe. In the period from about 1300 to 1466 Rijeka was ruled by a number of noble families, the most prominent of which was the German Walsee family . Rijeka even rivalled Venice when in it

11800-532: The war becoming a protracted conflict and especially with the Italian declaration of war on Austria-Hungary in May 1915. This opened a frontline only 90 km from the city and caused a pervasive sense of anxiety among the large Italian population. Several hundred Italians, considered disloyal (enemy non-combatants) by the authorities, were deported to camps in Hungary ( Tápiósüly and Kiskunhalas ), where many died of malnutrition and diseases. The torpedo factory

11918-487: The war was over. After an extremely bloody battle and heavy losses on the attackers side, the Germans were forced to retreat. Before leaving the city the German troops destroyed much of the harbour area and other important infrastructure with explosive charges. However, the German attempt to break out of the encirclement north-west of the city was unsuccessful. Of the approximately 27,000 German and other troops retreating from

12036-502: The war, most notably the possibility to be a state of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), the city was annexed by Yugoslavia and incorporated as part of the federal state of Croatia. All the many voices of dissent within the population were silenced in the 12 months following the end of the war. The situation created by the Yugoslav forces on the ground was eventually formalized by the 1947 Paris peace treaty between Italy and

12154-585: Was heavily fortified even before World War II (the remains of these fortifications can be seen today on the outskirts of the city). This was the fortified border between Italy and Yugoslavia which, at that time, cut across the city area and its surroundings. As Yugoslav troops approached the city in April 1945, one of the fiercest and largest battles in this area of Europe ensued. The 27,000 German and additional Italian RSI troops fought tenaciously from behind these fortifications (renamed "Ingridstellung"—Ingrid Line—by

12272-519: Was 22. They had three children: Rosmarie , born on 8 February 1929, Eleonore (called Lorli), born 14 May 1931, and Johannes , born 17 January 1939 in Pennsylvania. In 1935, Trapp's money, inherited from his English first wife, was invested in a bank in England. Austria was under economic pressure from a hostile Germany, and Austrian banks were in a precarious position. Trapp sought to help

12390-501: Was Italian followed by Croatian constituting most of the remainder, but its immediate surroundings and the city of Sušak, just across the Rječina river (today a part of Rijeka proper) were inhabited almost exclusively by Croatians and part of a potentially hostile power— Yugoslavia . Once the Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia in April 1941, the Croatian areas surrounding the city were occupied by

12508-403: Was a high incidence of lung cancer among World War I U-boat crews, due to the diesel and gasoline fumes and poor ventilation, and that his death could be considered service-related. She also acknowledged in her book that, like most men of the period, he was a heavy smoker. Trapp has been portrayed in various adaptations of his family's life such as The Sound of Music , both the 1965 film and

12626-485: Was announced that, 65 years after the abolition of Italian as the official language of the city, new Croatian-Italian bilingual signs will be placed back in the Fiume part of the modern united municipality. In 2020, Rijeka was voted the European Capital of Culture alongside Galway , with a planned program including more than 600 events of cultural and social importance. The Rijeka Carnival (Croatian: Riječki karneval )

12744-462: Was attacked by the Italian airship "Citta` di Novara" in 1915 (later shot down by Austrian hydroplanes) and suffered damages. As a consequence - most of the torpedo production was moved to Sankt Pölten in Austria, further away from the frontlines. The city was again attacked by Italian airplanes in 1916 and suffered minor damage. The Naval Academy ceased its activities and was converted to a war hospital (the ex-naval academy buildings are still housing

12862-536: Was fascinated by submarines , and in 1908 seized the opportunity to transfer to the navy's newly formed submarine arm, or U-boot-Waffe , receiving promotion to Linienschiffsleutnant (ship-of-the-line lieutenant, or lieutenant) that November. In 1910 he was given command of the newly constructed SM  U-6 . He commanded U-6 until 1913. On 17 April 1915, Trapp took command of SM  U-5 . He conducted nine combat patrols in U-5 , and sank two enemy warships. One

12980-486: Was formalized, and in particular in the years leading to the Trieste Crisis of 1954, 58,000 of the city's 66,000 inhabitants were gradually pushed either to emigrate (they became known in Italian as esuli or the exiled ones from Istria, Fiume and Dalmatia ) or to endure harsh oppression by the new Yugoslav Communist regime. The Yugoslav communist party opted for a markedly Stalinist approach to solving

13098-476: Was four. Trapp's mother was Hedwig Wepler. His older sister was the Austrian artist Hede von Trapp , and his brother Werner died in 1915 during World War I . In 1894, aged fourteen, Trapp followed in his father's footsteps and joined the Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Navy , entering the naval academy at Fiume (now Rijeka ). As part of their required education, all naval cadets were taught to play

13216-508: Was located in Rijeka. Rijeka's Austro-Hungarian Marine Academy became a pioneering centre for high-speed photography . The Austrian physicist Peter Salcher working in the Academy took the first photograph of a bullet flying at supersonic speed in 1886, devising a technique that was later used by Ernst Mach in his studies of supersonic motion. Rijeka's port underwent tremendous development fuelled by generous Hungarian investments, becoming

13334-516: Was once again solved by a combination of force and diplomacy. Despite insistent requests from the Fiuman government in exile collaboration with the partisans and calls to respect the city-state's internationally recognized sovereignty, and despite generous initial promises given by the Yugoslav authorities of full independence and later of extensive autonomy for the city-state (the locals were promised various degrees of autonomy at different moments during

13452-672: Was ruled successively by the Ostrogoths , the Byzantines , the Lombards , and the Avars . The city was burned down in 452 by the troops of Attila the Hun as part of their Aquileia campaign. Croats settled the city starting in the 7th century giving it the Croatian name, Rika svetoga Vida ("the river of Saint Vitus"). At the time, Rijeka was a feudal stronghold surrounded by a wall. At

13570-525: Was sold by Rambert II Walsee to the Habsburg emperor Frederick III , Archduke of Austria in 1466. It would remain under Austrian Habsburg rule for over 450 years (except for a brief period of French rule between 1809 and 1813) until the end of World War I in 1918 when it was occupied by Croatian and subsequently by Italian irregulars. Austrian presence on the Adriatic Sea was seen as a threat by

13688-468: Was the French armored cruiser Léon Gambetta , sunk at 39°30′N 18°15′E  /  39.500°N 18.250°E  / 39.500; 18.250 on 27 April 1915, 25 kilometres (13 nautical miles; 16 miles) south of Cape Santa Maria di Leuca. In hunting and sinking Gambetta , Trapp achieved a notable success as commander of the first-ever underwater nighttime (and only the second) submarine attack on

13806-490: Was therefore sealed, the Italian Fascist Party being among the strongest proponents of the annexation of Fiume to Italy. The Free State of Fiume thus was to officially become the first country victim of fascist expansionism. The period of diplomatic acrimony was closed by the bilateral Treaty of Rome (27 January 1924), signed by Italy and Yugoslavia. With it the two neighbouring countries agreed to partition

13924-402: Was to become its only seaport (Trieste was to be annexed by Italy). However, once the empire disintegrated, the status of the city became disputed. Italy based its claim on the fact that Italians comprised the largest single nationality within the city (46.9% of the total population). Croats made up most of the remainder and were a majority in the surrounding area. Andrea Ossoinack , who had been

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