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101-573: Response Other wikis Typhoon Haiyan , known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Yolanda , was one of the most powerful tropical cyclones ever recorded. Upon making landfall, Haiyan devastated portions of Southeast Asia, particularly the Philippines . It is one of the deadliest typhoons on record in the Philippines , killing at least 6,300 people in the region of Visayas alone. In terms of JTWC-estimated 1-minute sustained winds, Haiyan

202-639: A central dense overcast with an embedded eye developing; the JMA classified Haiyan as a typhoon later that day. On November 6, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigned the storm the local name Yolanda as it approached the Philippine Area of Responsibility . Intensification slowed somewhat during the day, though the JTWC estimated

303-463: A typhoon watch while Fananu and Ulul were placed under a tropical storm watch . The following day, the tropical storm warning expanded to include Satawal while a typhoon warning was issued for Woleai. Much of Yap State and the islands of Koror and Kayangel in Palau were placed under a typhoon watch. The government issued a mandatory evacuation for Kayangel, and although most residents ignored

404-416: A car fell off a flooded road into a river near Beihai , Guangxi . Losses throughout Guangxi amounted to ¥275 million (US$ 45.2 million). Approximately 900 homes and 25,500 hectares of crops were destroyed, while 8,500 homes were damaged. Additionally, an estimated 3 million people were affected by the storm throughout Southern China. A cargo ship broke moorings at Sanya , Hainan on November 8; three members of

505-495: A collective 18,177 personnel, 844 vehicles, 44 seagoing vessels, and 31 aircraft for various operations. CBCP also declared 8 days of mourning for victims of the typhoon on the same date. World Health Organization Representative in the Philippines Dr. Julie Hall noted that while many survivors requiring medical attention in the first week suffer from trauma and fractures, the concern shifts toward chronic conditions as

606-459: A correspondent from the BBC reported Tacloban to be a "war zone", although the situation soon stabilized when the presence of government law enforcement was increased. Safety concerns prompted several relief agencies to back out of the operation, and some United Nations staff were pulled out for safety reasons. A message circulating among the agencies urged them to not go into Tacloban for this reason. On

707-571: A high storm surge damaged several houses, while strong winds downed trees. Despite residents' refusal to evacuate, no fatalities or major injuries took place on the island. Helicopters were flown to the island to survey the damage and provide relief supplies. The government planned to evacuate those who were left homeless from the island. Koror, Babeldaob and Kayangel each lost access to water and power. In Koror, winds reaching as high as 120 km/h (75 mph) blew out rooftops and downed trees and power lines. A causeway linking an offshore hospital to

808-596: A large navy and extensive naval fortifications. It opted to build up its naval forces, neglecting fixed defenses. Nevertheless, Truk was the main base for Japanese operations against Allied forces in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands , serving as the forward anchorage for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), and Truk Lagoon was considered the most formidable of all Japanese strongholds in

909-561: A medical officer, estimated that a storm of Haiyan's caliber could have killed as many as 4,500 in Guiuan alone had it not been for the mayor's efforts. On November 18, the government of the Philippines launched an online portal, called the Foreign Aid Transparency Hub (FaiTH), that provides the public a transparency view of the funds and other aids received by the government from the international community. To lead

1010-546: A region favoring tropical cyclogenesis , the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified it as a tropical depression early on November 3. The system quickly intensified into a tropical storm , prompting the JMA to assign it the name Haiyan ( Chinese : 海燕 ; lit. ' petrel ') at 00:00 UTC on November 4. Tracking generally westward along the southern periphery of a subtropical ridge , rapid intensification ensued by November 5 as

1111-570: A result of this storm. Due to its extensive deaths and damages, the name Haiyan was retired in 2014 and replaced with Bailu . It was first used in the 2019 season . On November 2, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring a broad low-pressure area about 425 kilometers (264 miles) east-southeast of Pohnpei , one of the states in the Federated States of Micronesia . As the system moved through

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1212-477: A second time in Micronesia, before being discontinued. In the Philippines, PAGASA raised Signal No. 1 on November 6, before the landfall of Haiyan. More provinces were included, until Signal No. 4, the highest warning, was raised. Other preparations were made, such as class suspensions and evacuations. In China, an emergency was declared in three provinces, causing vessels to be brought back to shore. In Vietnam,

1313-744: A week before the US raid, the Japanese had withdrawn their larger warships (heavy cruisers and aircraft carriers) to Palau . Once the American forces captured the Marshall Islands , they used them as a base from which to launch an early morning attack on 17 February 1944 against Truk Lagoon. Operation Hailstone lasted for three days, as American carrier-based planes sank 12 smaller Japanese warships (light cruisers, destroyers, and auxiliaries) and 32 merchant ships, while destroying 275 aircraft, mainly on

1414-539: Is listed. Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers Hurricane Wilma Hurricane Patricia Typhoon Tip Odisha cyclone Cyclone Gafilo Cyclones Gwenda and Inigo Cyclone Winston Hurricane Catarina Chuuk Lagoon Chuuk Lagoon was the Empire of Japan 's main naval base in the South Pacific theatre during World War II . It

1515-477: Is part of the larger Caroline Islands group. The area consists of eleven major islands (corresponding to the eleven municipalities of Truk lagoon, which are Tol , Udot , Fala-Beguets, Romanum, and Eot of Faichuk group, and Weno , Fefen , Dublon , Uman , Param, and Tsis of Nomoneas group) and 46 smaller ones within the lagoon, plus 41 on the fringing coral reef, and is known today as the Chuuk islands, part of

1616-410: Is self-preservation." The Chicago Tribune reported that some areas were on the brink of anarchy, though Interior Secretary Mar Roxas denied such claims. Further complicating efforts to retain order was the lack of officers reporting for work. In Tacloban, only 100 of the city's 1,300 police personnel reported for duty. In Alangalang , just west of Tacloban, eight people were crushed to death after

1717-409: Is served by United Airlines . The government operates a radio station. Interisland communication is often accomplished using citizens' band radio . Telephone services are limited on Chuuk, though a cellular network is established within some islands of the lagoon and in the near future on the outer islands. High speed Internet access via ADSL has been made available on a monthly subscription basis on

1818-473: Is the wreck of the submarine I-169 Shinohara which was lost when diving to avoid the bombing. The submarine had participated in the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. The coral encrusted wrecks attract a diverse array of marine life, including manta rays, turtles, sharks and corals. In 2007, 266 species of reef fish were recorded by an Earthwatch team, and in 2006 the rare coral Acropora pichoni

1919-423: Is tied with Meranti in 2016 for being the second strongest landfalling tropical cyclone on record, only behind Goni of 2020 . Haiyan was also the most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2013 . The 30th named storm , thirteenth typhoon, and fifth super typhoon of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season , Haiyan originated from an area of low pressure several hundred kilometers east-southeast of Pohnpei in

2020-468: The 2017 season . By November 11, the provinces of Aklan, Capiz, Cebu, Iloilo, Leyte, Palawan, and Samar were placed under a state of national calamity , allowing the government to use state funds for relief and rehabilitation and to control prices of basic goods. Additionally, approximately ₱30.6 million (US$ 700,000) had been allocated in relief assistance by the NDRRMC. Local and national agencies deployed

2121-478: The Federated States of Micronesia in the Pacific Ocean. This is a list of islands, villages and population following the 2010 census: It is not known when the islands of Chuuk were first settled, but archaeological evidence indicates that islands of Feefen and Wééné had human settlements in the first and second century BC. Later evidence indicates that widespread human settlements appeared in Chuuk during

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2222-433: The Federated States of Micronesia on November 2. Tracking generally westward, environmental conditions favored tropical cyclogenesis and the system developed into a tropical depression on the following day. After becoming a tropical storm and being named Haiyan at 00:00 UTC on November 4, the system began a period of rapid intensification that brought it to typhoon intensity by 18:00 UTC on November 5. By November 6,

2323-492: The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded the storm's maximum ten-minute sustained winds to a peak of 230 km/h (145 mph). The Hong Kong Observatory put the storm's maximum ten-minute sustained winds at 285 km/h (175 mph) prior to landfall in the central Philippines, while the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) estimated the maximum two-minute sustained winds at

2424-608: The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) assessed the system as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS); the storm passed over the island of Kayangel in Palau shortly after attaining this strength. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) estimated the average ten-minute sustained winds at 235 km/h (146 mph) and gusts up to 275 km/h (171 mph) at landfall over Guiuan, Eastern Samar . Haiyan continued to intensify; at 12:00 UTC on November 7,

2525-521: The New People's Army from ambushing a relief convoy bound for Samar in Matnog, Sorsogon , killing two. President Benigno Aquino III considered declaring martial law in hopes of restoring order in affected areas. Looting intensified as slow recovery efforts forced residents to seek any means necessary to survive. Tacloban city administrator Tecson John Lim stated, "The looting is not criminality. It

2626-583: The South Pacific theatre of World War II. There was a myth that Truk was heavily fortified, and it was given nicknames like "the Gibraltar of the Pacific," or Japan's equivalent of the Americans' Pearl Harbor . In fact: [T]he reality was somewhat different. (...) The lack of fortifications was less due to Japan's regard for international law than to Japan's economic limitations. It could not afford both

2727-1148: The Visayas region for almost a day, causing widespread flooding. In Cebu and Bohol , struck by a magnitude 7.2 earthquake two weeks before, cities were also severely devastated. During the morning of November 8, media stations across the country were able to broadcast live the destruction of Haiyan. However, before the afternoon, all communications on the Visayas region failed. The Presidential Communications Department of President Benigno Aquino III had difficulty contacting DILG Secretary Mar Roxas and Defense Secretary Voltaire Gazmin in Tacloban to plan relief. Widespread power interruptions, landslides, and flash floods were also reported. Major roads were blocked by trees, and impassable. 453 domestic and international airline flights were canceled. Some airports were also closed on November 8 and 9. Ferries were affected. Relief and rescue efforts were underway by November 9, but some places remained isolated and out of communication due to severe damage. Haiyan tossed up large car-sized boulders,

2828-535: The 14th century AD. The first recorded sighting by Europeans was made by Spanish navigator Álvaro de Saavedra on board the ship Florida during August or September 1528. They were later visited by Spaniard Alonso de Arellano on 15 January 1565 on board of galleon patache San Lucas . As part of the Caroline Islands , Truk was claimed by the Spanish Empire , which made an effort to control

2929-510: The 1940s, and inexact estimates were still predominant until dropsondes were implemented in the 1970s. The most intense storm in the Eastern Pacific Ocean by both sustained winds and central pressure was Hurricane Patricia . Its sustained winds of 345 km/h (215 mph) are also the highest on record globally. Storms with a minimum central pressure of 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) or less are listed. Storm information

3030-533: The Island of Weno from May 2010. Tourism, especially scuba diving among the many wrecks of Truk Lagoon, is the island's main industry. Copra (dried coconut meat) is the only cash crop , and output is relatively insignificant. Most of the inhabitants of outlying islands engage in subsistence activity only. In 1969, William A. Brown and French oceanographer Jacques Cousteau and his team explored Truk Lagoon. Following Cousteau's 1971 television documentary about

3131-591: The JTWC estimated Haiyan to have attained one-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h (196 mph) and gusts up to 380 km/h (240 mph). The storm displayed some characteristics of an annular tropical cyclone , though a strong convective band remained present along the western side of the system. At 20:40 UTC on November 7, Haiyan made landfall in Guiuan , Eastern Samar at peak intensity. The JTWC's unofficial estimate of one-minute sustained winds of 305 km/h (190 mph) would, by that measure, make Haiyan

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3232-468: The Japanese fleet was based at Truk, with its administrative center on Tonoas (south of Weno). At anchor in the lagoon were battleships , aircraft carriers , cruisers , destroyers , tankers , cargo ships , tugboats , gunboats , minesweepers , landing craft , and submarines . In particular, Yamato and Musashi were stationed at Truk for months around 1943, unable to participate in battle. The Japanese garrison consisted of 27,856 IJN men, under

3333-702: The Pacific and Indian Oceans. During the course of this operation, the Japanese Navy seized the German possessions in the Marianas , Carolines, Marshall Islands and Palau groups by October 1914. Chuuk then became a possession of the Empire of Japan under the South Seas Mandate following Germany 's defeat. Naval Base Truk in the Truk Lagoon was the Empire of Japan 's main base in

3434-526: The Pacific. On the various islands, the Japanese Civil Engineering Department and Naval Construction Department had built roads, trenches, bunkers and caves. Five airstrips, seaplane bases, a torpedo boat station, submarine repair shops, a communications center and a radar station were constructed during the war. Protecting these various facilities were coastal defense guns and mortar emplacements. A significant portion of

3535-729: The Philippines, emerged over the South China Sea late on November 8. Environmental conditions ahead of the storm soon became less favorable, as cool stable air began wrapping into the western side of the storm's circulation. Continuing across the South China Sea, Haiyan turned more northwesterly late on November 9 and through November 10, as it moved around the southwestern edge of the subtropical ridge previously steering it westward. Rapid weakening ensued as Haiyan approached its final landfall in Vietnam, ultimately moving ashore in

3636-604: The South-West Indian Ocean was Cyclone Gafilo . By 10-minute sustained wind speed, the strongest tropical cyclone in the South-West Indian Ocean was Cyclone Fantala . Storms with an intensity of 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) or less are listed. Storm information was less reliably documented and recorded before 1985. The most intense tropical cyclone(s) in the Australian Region were cyclones Gwenda and Inigo . By 10-minute sustained wind speed,

3737-493: The Western North Pacific Ocean. The strongest tropical cyclone recorded worldwide, as measured by minimum central pressure , was Typhoon Tip , which reached a pressure of 870 hPa (25.69 inHg) on October 12, 1979. Furthermore, on October 23, 2015, Hurricane Patricia attained the strongest 1-minute sustained winds on record at 185 knots (95 m/s; 215 mph; 345 km/h). Data for

3838-412: The affected population in Tacloban was receiving aid. With a lack of access to clean water, some residents dug up water pipes and boiled water from there in order to survive. Thousands of people sought to evacuate the city via C-130 cargo planes, however, the slow process fueled further aggravation. Reports of escaped prisoners raping women in the city prompted a further urgency to evacuate. One resident

3939-534: The agency's term until the end of his tenure. With the assistance of the agency, the National Housing Authority expedited the construction of housing units in the affected areas; around 148,000 of the 204,000 housing units for Haiyan survivors were completed by September 2021. Typhoon Haiyan knocked over Power Barge 103 of NAPOCOR in Estancia, Iloilo causing an oil spill . As a result of

4040-531: The averaging period of winds in different basins make inter-comparison difficult. In addition, other impacts like rainfall, storm surge, area of wind damage, and tornadoes can vary significantly in storms with similar wind speeds. The minimum central pressure at sea level is often used to compare tropical cyclones because the measurements are easier and use consistent methodology worldwide, in contrast to difficult-to-estimate maximum sustained winds whose measurement methods vary widely. Tropical cyclones can attain some of

4141-491: The catastrophic loss of life caused by the storm, the name Haiyan was retired from its naming lists during the 2014 annual session the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, and was therefore replaced by the name Bailu . The name was first used in the 2019 season . PAGASA also announced that the name Yolanda would be stricken off the typhoon naming lists. PAGASA chose the name Yasmin to replace Yolanda for

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4242-558: The city had been destroyed. Journalists on the ground have described the devastation as, "off the scale, and apocalyptic". Most families in Samar and Leyte lost some family members or relatives; families came in from outlying provinces looking for relatives, especially children, who may have been washed away. The entire first floor of the Tacloban City Convention Center , which was serving as an evacuation shelter,

4343-524: The city; tearily, he remarked "God must have been somewhere else" and said declaring a state of calamity was not sufficient. List of the most intense tropical cyclones This is a list of the most intense tropical cyclones as measured by minimum atmospheric pressure at sea level. Although maximum sustained winds are often used to measure intensity as they commonly cause notable impacts over large areas, and most popular tropical cyclone scales are organized around sustained wind speeds, variations in

4444-758: The coast of Gongliao District , New Taipei , 16 people were swept out to sea by three 8 m (26 ft) waves. After several hours of search and rescue, eight were hospitalized while the other eight drowned. This was considered the largest loss of life from waves in Taiwan in several years. In May 2014, the Taiwan Keelung District Prosecutors Office confirmed that Typhoon Haiyan was responsible for eight deaths. Agricultural damage in Tainan were amounted to NT$ 400–500 million (US$ 13.5–16.9 million). One person also went missing off

4545-581: The coast of Lantau Island , Hong Kong. Typhoon Haiyan reached Hainan Province , where severe damage took place and six people were killed in various incidents. The hardest hit area was Qionghai , where roughly 3,500 people across 20 villages were isolated due to extensive flooding. 30 people were killed, while direct economic losses in China amounted to ¥ 4.58 billion (US$ 752 million). An estimated 1.21 million people were affected, of whom 26,300 were evacuated. Two people died while four others went missing after

4646-406: The coastal community of Guiuan, which took the full brunt of the typhoon, Mayor Christopher Gonzalez is credited with saving countless lives after he incessantly urged residents to evacuate. He referred to the storm as "delubyo (deluge)", which roughly translates to Armageddon. Of the town's 45,000 residents, 87 died, 931 were injured, and 23 others were listed as missing. U.S. Navy Capt. Russell Hays,

4747-543: The command of Vice Admiral Masami Kobayashi, then Vice Admiral Chuichi Hara , and 16,737 Imperial Japanese Army men, under the command of Major General Kanenobu Ishuin. At one point, dropping a nuclear weapon on Truk was discussed by the United States government. In 1944, Truk's capacity as a naval base was destroyed through naval air attack in Operation Hailstone . Forewarned by intelligence

4848-477: The country near Haiphong around 21:00 UTC, as a severe tropical storm. Once onshore, the storm quickly deteriorated and was last noted as it dissipated over Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , China, on November 11. Upon JTWC's declaration of Tropical Depression 31W on November 3, a tropical storm warning was issued for Chuuk Lagoon , Losap , and Poluwat in the Federated States of Micronesia . Further west, Faraulep , Satawal , and Woleai , were placed under

4949-458: The country while schools were closed on November 11. On the small island of Cồn Cỏ , all residents were moved to underground shelters with enough supplies for several days. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) branches in Vietnam prepared relief stockpiles, consisting of food, water, housing material, and ₫ 6.6 billion (US$ 310,000) in funds. The local United Nations Resident Coordinator, Pratibha Mehta, praised

5050-676: The crew drowned while four others went missing. Haiyan produced high winds and widespread heavy rainfall which affected northern Vietnam. Rainfall totals of up to 461 mm (18.1 in) and wind gusts of up to 147 km/h (91 mph) were recorded. Ten people were killed while they were preparing for Haiyan's landfall, while no one was killed after the system made landfall; however, 4 people are missing in Quảng Ninh Province . In all, Haiyan killed 18 people, and left two missing with 93 others being injured. Economic losses in Vietnam were amounted to ₫ 669 billion (US$ 31.67 million). Due to

5151-472: The damage situation in the fishing town remained unclear due to lack of communication in and out of the area. The damage could finally be assessed after Philippine Air Force staff arrived in Guiuan on November 10. Prior to this, a local priest was able to take his motorbike from Guiuan to the cities of Catbalogan and Calbayog (also in Samar) armed with photos of the devastation, shot on his mobile phone. There

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5252-486: The days following Haiyan's passage. In some instances, relief trucks were attacked and had food stolen in the city. Two of the city's malls and numerous grocery stores were subjected to looting. A fuel depot in the city was guarded by armed police while 200 additional officers were dispatched to assist. Security checkpoints had since been set up all over Tacloban and a curfew was imposed on residents to prevent more attacks. Philippine military forces also prevented members of

5353-533: The government's actions and credited them with saving numerous lives. However, there were complaints from many residents that the warnings came too late. As the storm brushed Eauripik, strong winds and heavy rain battered much of Micronesia. In Eauripik, one canoe house and three residential properties were damaged and banana and breadfruit trees were damaged. In Woleai, banana and breadfruit trees were damaged. In Ifalik, minor inundation at coastal areas and banana and breadfruit trees were damaged. On Kayangel in Palau,

5454-425: The ground. The consequences of the attack made "Truk lagoon the biggest graveyard of ships in the world". The attacks for the most part ended Truk as a major threat to Allied operations in the central Pacific. The Japanese garrison on Eniwetok was denied any realistic hope of reinforcement and support during the invasion that began on 18 February, greatly assisting U.S. forces in their conquest of that island. Truk

5555-463: The heaviest of them weighing 180 tons, onto Calicoan Island in Eastern Samar, of which a few were carried uphill 10 m (33 ft). This is considered the biggest weight ever moved during a tropical cyclone since record-keeping began. NDRRMC finally confirmed a total of 6,300 deaths in the Philippines, and total damages were estimated at PH₱ 95.48 billion (US$ 2.2 billion). Along

5656-423: The highest emergency level was announced, causing thousands of people to be evacuated. In Micronesia, heavy rains scattered in most of the places, causing one canoe house and three other houses to be destroyed. Other than houses, much trees were downed. In Palau, houses were also destroyed. Power outages were reported, with a total of 69 people being displaced. In Taiwan, eight people died by strong waves. One person

5757-436: The islands in the late 19th century. Chuuk Lagoon was inhabited by several tribes that engaged in intermittent warfare, as well as a small population of foreign traders and missionaries. Spanish control over the islands was nominal. The Spaniards stopped to raise a flag over Chuuk in 1886 and returned in 1895 as part of an attempt to assert control and negotiate peace between warring Chuukese tribes. No permanent Spanish settlement

5858-610: The islands of Leyte , where cities and towns were largely destroyed. By April 17, 2016, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) confirmed 6,300 fatalities across the country, 5,902 of those taking place in the Eastern Visayas . However, the true death toll remains unclear. Haiyan also caused 28,688 injuries, destroyed 550,928 houses and damaged 589,404 others. In Surigao City , 281.9 mm (11.10 in) of rainfall

5959-572: The lagoon and its ghostly remains, the atoll became a scuba diving lure, drawing wreck diving enthusiasts from around the world to see its numerous, virtually intact sunken ships. The shipwrecks and remains are sometimes referred to as the "Ghost Fleet of Truk Lagoon". Scattered mainly around the Dublon (Tonowas), Eten , Fefan and Uman islands within the Truk group, several shipwrecks lie in crystal clear waters less than fifteen metres (50 ft) below

6060-510: The large population in low-lying areas. Philippine Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Secretary Mar Roxas said the scale of the relief operation that was now required was overwhelming, with some places described as a wasteland of mud and debris. Sebastian Rhodes Stampa, head of a UN disaster assessment coordination team, said there was "destruction on a massive scale" in Tacloban. "There are cars thrown like tumbleweeds and

6161-458: The lowest pressures over large areas on Earth. However, although there is a strong connection between lowered pressures and higher wind speeds, storms with the lowest pressures may not have the highest wind speeds, as each storm's relationship between wind and pressure is slightly different. In the most recent and reliable records, most tropical cyclones which attained a pressure of 900  hPa ( mbar ) (26.56  inHg ) or less have occurred in

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6262-449: The main island was temporarily shut down after being inundated by water. On the northern end of Babeldaob, Haiyan damaged schools and buildings. Lying closest to Haiyan at the time of the typhoon's passage, Kayangel was flooded in its entirety, and all homes were destroyed. Though no people were killed there, 69 others were displaced by the storm. Typhoon Haiyan, called Yolanda in the Philippines, caused catastrophic damage throughout much of

6363-562: The management and rehabilitation efforts of the central provinces in the Philippines affected by Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines President Benigno Aquino III appointed Panfilo Lacson as Typhoon Haiyan Rehabilitation Czar. During his presidency in mid-2017, Rodrigo Duterte created the IATF-Yolanda—an inter-agency task force to monitor and implement the government's rehabilitation programs in Haiyan-affected areas— later extending

6464-507: The most intense tropical cyclone in the Eastern Hemisphere by 1-minute sustained winds; several others have recorded lower central pressure readings. At 20:40 UTC on November 7, the eye of the typhoon made its first landfall in the Philippines at Guiuan, Eastern Samar at peak strength. Gradually weakening, the storm made five additional landfalls in the country before emerging over the South China Sea . Turning northwestward,

6565-655: The most intense tropical cyclones globally are provided below, then subdivided by basin . Data listed are provided by the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre , unless otherwise noted. The most intense storm in the North Atlantic by lowest pressure was Hurricane Wilma . The strongest storm by 1-minute sustained winds was Hurricane Allen . Storms which reached a minimum central pressure of 920 millibars (27.17 inHg) or less are listed. Storm information has been compiled back to 1851, though measurements were rarer until aircraft reconnaissance started in

6666-755: The most powerful storm ever recorded to strike land. This record was later broken by Typhoon Goni in 2020. Interaction with land caused a slight degradation of the storm's structure, though it remained an exceptionally-powerful storm when it struck Tolosa, Leyte around 23:00 UTC. The typhoon made four additional landfalls as it traversed the Visayas: Daanbantayan and Bantayan Island in Cebu , Concepcion in Iloilo , and Busuanga Island in Palawan . Haiyan, with its core disrupted by land interaction with

6767-647: The quickest way possible to the survivors. The national Government was also criticized for putting the responsibility of handling the dead to the Bureau of Fire Protection instead to the Department of Health. Dr. Racquel Fortun, one of the forensic experts to go to the area three days after the typhoon insisted that handling of the bodies is a health matter and therefore a responsibility of DOH. Then mayor of Davao City, Rodrigo Duterte , who visited Tacloban, said dead bodies laid unattended for four days after Haiyan ravaged

6868-408: The roads and transportation systems are poor or in disrepair; an extensive infrastructural redevelopment plan began, consisting of a five-phase project to completely reconstruct the existing sewer, water and storm drainage systems as well as pour concrete roadways in the majority of the villages of Weno. Chuuk International Airport ( IATA airport code TKK) is on the administrative island of Moen. It

6969-472: The southern Atlantic. However, Hurricane Catarina in 2004, to date the only hurricane in the south Atlantic, brought additional review. A subsequent study found that there was an average of 1–2 subtropical or tropical cyclones per year in the Southern Atlantic in recent decades. No official database of South Atlantic cyclones exists, but a partial list of notable tropical and subtropical systems

7070-498: The start of the 1969–70 Tropical Cyclone year and have reached their peak intensity to the west of 160E are included in the list. The most intense tropical cyclone in the south Pacific, Cyclone Winston of 2016, is also the most intense storm in the Southern Hemisphere. Storms with an intensity of 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) or less are listed. Until recently, it was not known that tropical cyclones could exist in

7171-565: The storm had passed. Media reports criticized the Aquino administration for apparent lack of preparation and coordination among government agencies in the aid operation. Up until November 12, five days after the typhoon struck, survivors continued to struggle with basic necessities such as food, water, and shelter while remote towns in Leyte and Samar were yet to be reached by aid. The Philippine government responded by saying that they have dealt with

7272-418: The storm to have attained Category 5-equivalent super typhoon status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS) around 12:00 UTC. Later, the eye of the typhoon passed over the island of Kayangel in Palau. Around 12:00 UTC on November 7, Haiyan attained ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (140 mph) and a minimum central pressure of 895 mbar (hPa; 26.43  inHg ). Six hours later,

7373-557: The storm-threatened areas were affected by an earlier earthquake in Bohol . Then-Philippine President Noynoy Aquino requested the military to deploy planes and helicopters to the region expected to be affected. As Haiyan was moving very fast, PAGASA issued warnings at different levels to about 60 of the 80 provinces, including the capital Metro Manila . On November 8, the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters

7474-459: The storm. Requests were sent to China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines to aid any fishermen who needed immediate shelter from the typhoon. Threatening Vietnam after two other typhoons, Wutip and Nari , there were concerns that the storm would cause significant damage to homes with makeshift repairs. Roughly 460,000 military personnel and other authorities were mobilized to assist in evacuation efforts. Hundreds of flights were canceled across

7575-413: The streets are strewn with debris. The last time I saw something of this scale was in the aftermath of the [2004] Indian Ocean tsunami ." There was little communication in the city and no mobile phone coverage. Up the east coast of Leyte, there were numerous towns and villages that were completely cut off without any assistance. Large parts of Leyte and Samar were without power for weeks. The storm crossed

7676-436: The strongest were Cyclone Orson , Cyclone Monica and Cyclone Marcus . Storms with an intensity of 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) or less are listed. Storm information was less reliably documented and recorded before 1985. A total of 16 cyclones are listed down below reaching/surpassing an intensity of 920 hPa (27.17 inHg), with most of them occurring during El Niño seasons. Tropical cyclones that have been recorded since

7777-445: The surface. In waters devoid of normal ocean currents, divers can easily swim across decks littered with gas masks and depth charges , and below decks can be found evidence of human remains. In the massive ships' holds are the remnants of fighter aircraft, tanks, bulldozers, railroad cars, motorcycles, torpedoes, mines, bombs, boxes of munitions, radios, plus thousands of other weapons, spare parts, and other artifacts. Of special interest

7878-460: The time to be around 78 m/s (280 km/h or 175 mph). At the same time, the JTWC estimated the system's one-minute sustained winds at 315 km/h (195 mph), unofficially making Haiyan the strongest tropical cyclone ever observed based on wind speed, a record which would later be surpassed by Hurricane Patricia in 2015 at 345 km/h (215 mph). Haiyan is also tied with Meranti in 2016, Goni in 2020 and Surigae in 2021 as

7979-412: The tragedy "quite well" but the response had been slow due to the breakdown of the local governance in affected areas where officials and employees, who were usually the first to respond in these events, were victims of the typhoon themselves. Cabinet Secretary Jose Rene Almendras said that the national government had to take over despite logistical challenges and assured it is working toward providing aid

8080-598: The typhoon eventually struck northern Vietnam as a severe tropical storm on November 10. Haiyan was last noted as a tropical depression by the JMA on the following day. The first warning noted for Haiyan was in November 3, when a storm warning arose in the Federated States of Micronesia, specifically in the Chuuk Lagoon , Losap , and Poluwat , gradually expanding to other towns as well. Warnings rose for

8181-503: The typhoon, the government is planning to replant mangroves in coastal areas while preserving the remaining ones. Affected residents were allowed to return to their homes by the Department of Health on December 7, 2013, after an air quality test found out that benzene levels in affected areas reached near-zero parts per million. Earlier, residents were asked to evacuate affected areas as the benzene levels had reached unhealthy amounts. Throughout Tacloban, widespread looting took place in

8282-561: The typhoon. Shortly before Haiyan entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility on November 6, PAGASA raised Public Storm Warning Signal (PSWS) No.1, the lowest of four levels, for much of the Visayas and Mindanao . As the storm continued to approach the country, warnings expanded into Luzon and increased in severity for eastern areas. By the evening of November 7, PSWS No. 4, the highest level of warning which indicates winds in excess of 185 km/h (115 mph) are expected,

8383-476: The walls of a warehouse collapsed during a raid on a government rice stockpile. Approximately 33,000 bags of rice, each weighing 50 kg (110 lb), were stolen. Warehouses were also raided in Jaro and Palo . Throughout Tacloban itself, people began looting from homes as stores had been completely emptied. Condemnations of slow government action in the relief effort in response to the typhoon mounted days after

8484-464: The warning, they all survived the storm. As Haiyan progressed westward, the easternmost advisories were gradually discontinued. As Haiyan intensified into a typhoon on November 5, warnings were raised across Palau and Yap State. Government offices in Melekeok were used as an evacuation building for Palau. Despite mandatory evacuation orders, most residents on Kayangel remained on the island and rode out

8585-501: The weeks pass. The WHO coordinated the massive international response to help the Philippine government meet the acute need for healthcare services in the affected areas. Extreme damage to infrastructure throughout the region posed logistical problems that greatly slowed relief efforts. Though aid was flown into local airports, most of it remained there as roads remained closed. According to estimates on November 13, only 20 percent of

8686-532: The west coast of Leyte Island, residents in Ormoc were fearing that the focus on Tacloban would leave them without aid. Though not as hard hit, roughly 90 percent of the city was damaged or destroyed and supplies were running low. Hospitals in the city were either shut down or working at partial capacity, leaving many of the nearly 2,000 injured in the city without medical assistance. In nearby Baybay , lack of assistance fueled anger and incited looting for survival. In

8787-487: Was activated, providing widespread charitable satellite coverage to relief organizations. The State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters hoisted a level three emergency response in the provinces of Hainan , Guangdong and Guangxi . All fishing vessels were urged to return to ports by noon on November 9. The Hong Kong Observatory issued the Strong Monsoon Signal at 19:10 HKT on November 9, and it

8888-512: Was also declared missing in Hong Kong. In Southern China, extensive flooding appeared, killing 30 people and destroying 900 homes. In Vietnam, heavy rains battered the country, killing 18 people and injuring 93. The typhoon caused catastrophic destruction in the Visayas , particularly in the islands of Samar and Leyte . According to UN officials, about 11 million people were affected and many were left homeless; many people are still missing as

8989-743: Was established, and tribal violence continued until the German colonial era. The Caroline Islands were sold to the German Empire in 1899, after Spain withdrew from the Pacific in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War . During the First World War , the Japanese Navy was tasked with pursuing and destroying the German East Asia Squadron and protection of the shipping lanes for Allied commerce in

9090-405: Was estimated. Waves of 4.6 m (15 ft) were also estimated. On the western coast of Samar, the storm surge was not as significant. Haiyan's first landfall was at Guiuan in Eastern Samar, where the typhoon touched down at 4:40 am. Nearly all structures in the township suffered at least partial damage, many of which were completely flattened. For several days following Haiyan's first landfall,

9191-617: Was identified. On 12 April 2011, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation program Foreign Correspondent screened a report on Chuuk Lagoon likening the effect of the impending massive release of tens of thousands of tonnes of oil from the rusting Japanese warships into the coral reef to that of the Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska. However, given the poor state of the Japanese war effort in 1944, many of

9292-563: Was isolated by Allied forces, as they continued their advance towards Japan by invading other Pacific islands, such as Guam , Saipan , Palau , and Iwo Jima . Truk was attacked again from 12 to 16 June 1945 by part of the British Pacific Fleet during Operation Inmate . Cut off, the Japanese forces on Truk and other central Pacific islands ran low on food and faced starvation before Japan surrendered in August 1945. Most of

9393-478: Was less reliably documented and recorded before 1949, and most storms since are only estimated because landfalls (and related reconnaissance) are less common in this basin. The most intense storm by lowest pressure and peak 10-minute sustained winds was Typhoon Tip , which was also the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in terms of minimum central pressure. Storms with a minimum pressure of 899 hPa (26.55 inHg) or less are listed. Storm information

9494-502: Was less reliably documented and recorded before 1950. The most intense tropical cyclone in the North Indian Ocean by both sustained winds and central pressure was the 1999 Odisha cyclone , with 3-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph) and a minimum pressure of 912 hPa (26.93 inHg). Storms with an intensity of 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) or less are listed. The most intense tropical cyclone in

9595-403: Was quoted as saying "Tacloban is a dead city." Due to the lack of electricity, planes could only operate during the daylight, further slowing the evacuations. At dawn on November 12, thousands of people broke through fences and rushed towards planes only to be forced back by police and military personnel. A similar incident occurred later that day as a U.S. cargo plane was landing. On November 14,

9696-519: Was raised for Biliran Island , Eastern Samar , Leyte , Northern Cebu , Metro Cebu , Samar , and Southern Leyte . Through November 8, the coverage of PSWS No. 4 continued to expand, with areas in southern Luzon being included. Officials placed police officers in the Bicol Region ahead of the storm. In the provinces of Samar and Leyte , classes were canceled, and residents in flood- and landslide-prone areas were required to evacuate. Some of

9797-410: Was recorded, much of which fell in under 12 hours. Storm surges were also recorded in many places. In the island of Leyte and Samar , PAGASA measured 5–6 m (16–20 ft) waves. In Tacloban , Leyte , the terminal building of Tacloban Airport was destroyed by a 5.2 m (17 ft) storm surge up to the height of the second story. Along the airport, a storm surge of 4 m (13 ft)

9898-409: Was still in place on November 13. On November 8, Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng activated the highest state of preparedness in the country. Approximately 600,000 people across southern and central provinces were evacuated while a further 200,000 were evacuated in northern provinces. Alerts were sent to 85,328 seagoing vessels, with a collective crew of 385,372 people, to sail to safer waters away from

9999-470: Was submerged by storm surges. Many residents in the building were caught off-guard by the fast-rising waters and subsequently drowned or were injured in the building. Although wind speeds were extreme, the major cause of damage and loss of life appears to have been from the storm surge. The major focus of devastation appears to have been on the east coast of Samar and Leyte, with a particular focus on Tacloban, because of its location between Samar and Leyte, and

10100-513: Was the site of a major U.S. attack during Operation Hailstone in February 1944, and Operation Inmate , a small assault conducted by British and Canadian forces during June 1945. Chuuk means mountain in the Chuukese language . The lagoon was known mainly as Truk (a mispronunciation of Ruk ), until 1990. Other names included Hogoleu , Torres , Ugulat, and Lugulus . Chuuk Lagoon

10201-502: Was widespread devastation from the storm surge in Tacloban especially in San Jose, with many buildings being destroyed, trees knocked over or broken, and cars piled up. The low-lying areas on the eastern side of Tacloban were hit the hardest, with some areas completely washed away. Flooding also extended for 1 km (0.62 mi) inland on the east coast of the province. City administrator Tecson John Lim stated that roughly 90 percent of

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