141-409: The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs ( UNOOSA ) is an office of the U.N. Secretariat that promotes and facilitates peaceful international cooperation in outer space . It works to establish or strengthen the legal and regulatory frameworks for space activities , and assists developing countries in using space science and technology for sustainable socioeconomic development. The Office
282-528: A Long March 1 (CZ-1, 长征一号 ) rocket from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. It was the heaviest first satellite placed into orbit by a nation. The third stage of the Long March 1 was specially equipped with a 40 m solar reflector ( 观察球 ) deployed by the centrifugal force developed by the spin-up orbital insertion solid propellant stage. China's second satellite was launched with the last Long March 1 on March 3, 1971. The 221 kg ShiJian-1 (SJ-1, 实践一号 )
423-471: A Long March 1 rocket, making it the fifth nation to place a satellite in orbit . China has one of the most active space programs in the world. With space launch capability provided by the Long March rocket family and four spaceports ( Jiuquan , Taiyuan , Xichang , Wenchang ) within its border, China conducts either the highest or the second highest number of orbital launches each year. It operates
564-401: A GTO payload capacity as high as 5,000 kg capable of putting different kinds of heavy satellites available on the international market into orbit. Ever since then, Long March 3B had become the backbone of China's mid to high Earth orbit launches and been granted the title of most powerful rocket by China for nearly 20 years. In 1998, the administrative branch of China Aerospace Corporation
705-606: A UN General Assembly concern and goal since 1970. Since 1984, the UN Secretariat , in order to achieve early gender equality, issued several five-year "action plans", including strategic plans, to improve the status of women in the secretariat. These plans, however, did not have the desired impact, and progress in achieving gender parity remained slow. In December 1994, the UN General Assembly's "disappointment" that its gender equality target were not met urged
846-615: A controlled hard landing on lunar surface, concluding the Chang'e-1 mission. Being China's first deep space exploration mission, Chang'e-1 was recognized by China as the third milestone of the Chinese space program and the admission ticket to the world club of deep space explorations. In others areas, despite the harsh sanction imposed by the United States since 1999, China still made some progress in terms of commercial launches within
987-421: A few months dealt a severe blow to the reputation of the Long March rockets. As a consequence, the Chinese commercial launch service was facing canceled orders, refusal of insurance, or greatly increased insurance premium. Under such a harsh circumstance, the Chinese space industry initiated full-scale quality improving activities. A closed-loop quality management system was established to fix quality issues in both
1128-631: A few years of experiment, China started the construction of BeiDou-2 , a more advanced system to serve the Asia-Pacific region by launching the first two satellites in 2007 and 2009 respectively. Another major goal specified by the white paper was to realize crewed spaceflight. The China Manned Space Program continued its steady evolvement in the 21st century after its initial success. From January 2001 to January 2003, China conducted three uncrewed Shenzhou spacecraft test flights, validating all systems required by human spaceflight. Among these missions,
1269-474: A highly anticipated return-to-flight mission from Wenchang. The mission ended in full success by placing Shijian-20 , the heaviest satellite China had ever built, into the intended supersynchronous orbit . The flawless return of Long March 5 swept away all the depressions brought by its last failure since 2017. With its great power, the Long March 5 cleared the paths to multiple world-class space projects, allowing China to make great strides toward its ambitions in
1410-412: A huge breakthrough near the end of the decade. At 6:30 ( China Standard Time ) on November 20, 1999, Shenzhou-1 ( 神舟一号 ), the first uncrewed Shenzhou spacecraft ( 神舟载人飞船 ) designed for human spaceflight, was successfully launched atop a Long March 2F (CZ-2F, 长征二号F ) rocket from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. The spacecraft was inserted into low earth orbit 10 minutes after lift off. After orbiting
1551-445: A legal and regulatory framework governing space activities, and actively fosters capacity-building in space law and policy. The Space Applications Section works on building capacities in the practical application of space technology and space-derived information for development. The Programme concentrates its efforts on ensuring the equal access of all countries to new space-based technologies, especially developing nations. To facilitate
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#17327881228471692-562: A licensed copy of two Soviet R-2 missiles , which were secretly shipped to China in December 1957 as part of the cooperative technology transfer program between the Soviet Union and China. The Chinese version of the missile was given the code name "1059" with the expectation of being launched in 1959. But the target date was soon postponed due to various difficulties arising from the sudden withdrawal of Soviet technical assistance due to
1833-808: A peaceful and legally ordered approach to space exploration. Concurrently, the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) was created as a small expert unit within the UN Secretariat in New York to assist the Committee in its work. In 1962, UNOOSA was moved to the Department of Political and Security Council Affairs (DPSCA), where it was transformed into the Outer Space Affairs Division. In 1967,
1974-601: A primitive satellite navigation systems consisting of two satellites in the geostationary orbit. Sun Jiadong, the famous satellite expert of China, later proposed a "three-step" strategy to develop China's own satellite navigation system, whose service coverage expands from China to Asia then the globe. The two satellites of the "first step", namely BeiDou-1, were launched in October and December 2000. As an experimental system, Beidou-1 offered basic positioning, navigation and timing services to limited areas in and around China. After
2115-609: A relay satellite orbiting around the Earth–Moon L 2 Lagrangian point , in May 2018 to enable communications between the far side of the Moon and the Earth. On December 8, 2018, the Chang'e 4, which was originally built as the backup of Chang'e 3, was launched by a Long March 3B rocket from Xichang and entered lunar orbit on December 12. On January 3, 2019, Chang'e 4 successfully soft-landed at
2256-597: A result, the white paper of 2000 enlisted the Moon as the primary target of China's deep space exploration within the decade. In January 2004, the year after China's first human spaceflight mission, the Chinese Moon orbiting program was formally approved and was later transformed into Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP, 中国探月工程 ). Just like several other space programs of China, CLEP was divided into three phases, which were simplified as "Orbiting, Landing, Returning" ( “绕、落、回” ), all to be executed by robotic probes at
2397-530: A role analogous to a ministry of foreign affairs , is a part of the secretariat. So is the Department of Peace Operations . The secretariat is the main source of economic and political analysis for the General Assembly and Security Council; it administers operations initiated by UN's deliberative organs, operates political missions, prepares assessments that precede peacekeeping operations, appoints
2538-474: A satellite fleet consisting of a large number of communications, navigation, remote sensing and scientific research satellites. The scope of its activities has expanded from low Earth orbit to the Moon and Mars . China is one of the three countries, alongside the United States and Russia, with independent human spaceflight capability. Currently, most of the space activities carried out by China are managed by
2679-399: A scientific adviser, create a peacebuilding support office, establish a cabinet-style decision-making mechanism, and strengthen the mediation function. He also asked the General Assembly to appropriate funds for a one-time staff buyout; to work with him in revising budgetary and human resources rules; to grant the secretary-general more managerial authority and flexibility; to strengthen
2820-424: A successful maiden flight in late 2016, the second launch of the Long March 5 on July 2, 2017 suffered a failure, which was considered as the biggest setback for Chinese space program in nearly two decades. Because of the failure, the Long March 5 was grounded indefinitely until the problem was located and resolved, and multiple planned major space missions were either postponed or facing the risk of being postponed in
2961-410: Is capable of lifting up to 25 tons of payload to LEO and 14 tons to GTO, making it more than 2.5 times as much as the previous record holder ( Long March 3B ) and nearly as equal as the most powerful rocket in the world at that time ( Delta IV Heavy ). Due to its unprecedented capability, the Long March 5 was expected as the keystone for the Chinese space program in the early 21st century. However, after
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#17327881228473102-522: Is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), The secretariat is the UN's executive arm. The secretariat has an important role in setting the agenda for the deliberative and decision-making bodies of the UN (i.e., the General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, and Security Council), and the implementation of the decision of these bodies. The secretary-general , who is appointed by
3243-447: Is to establish an all-day, all-weather coverage Earth observation system for satisfying the requirements of social development as part of the Chinese space infrastructures. The first Gaofen satellite, Gaofen 1 , was launched into orbit on April 26, 2013, followed by more satellites being launched into different orbits in the next few years to cover different spectra. As of today, more than 30 Gaofen satellites are being operated by China as
3384-566: The China Aerospace Corporation was founded in Beijing. It was also granted the title of China National Space Administration (CNSA). A improved version of Long March 3, namely Long March 3A (CZ-3A, 长征三号甲 ) with 2,600 kg payload capacity to GTO, was put into service in 1994. However, on February 15, 1996, during the first flight of the further improved Long March 3B (CZ-3B, 长征三号乙 ) rocket carrying Intelsat 708 ,
3525-717: The China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) to give nations the opportunity to fly their experiments and personnel on board the Chinese space station Tiangong . In September 2016, UNOOSA announced the first United Nations space mission, with an initial target launch date in 2021. The mission will utilize the Dream Chaser spaceplane, designed by the American Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC), to enable developing nations to send microgravity payloads into low-Earth orbit. In 2019,
3666-776: The China National Space Administration (CNSA) and the People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force , which directs the astronaut corps and the Chinese Deep Space Network . Major programs include China Manned Space Program , BeiDou Navigation Satellite System , Chinese Lunar Exploration Program , Gaofen Observation and Planetary Exploration of China . In recent years, China has conducted several missions, including Chang'e-4 , Chang'e-5 , Chang’e-6 , Tianwen-1 and Tiangong space station . The Chinese space program began in
3807-811: The Cultural Revolution as reactionary and therefore forced to retire from all his offices, slowly re-emerged as China's new leader in 1978. At first, the new development was slowed. Then, several key projects deemed unnecessary were simply cancelled—the Fanji ABM system , the Xianfeng Anti-Missile Super Gun , the ICBM Early Warning Network 7010 Tracking Radar and the land-based high-power anti-missile laser program. Nevertheless, some development did proceed. The first Yuanwang -class space tracking ship
3948-527: The Office of Internal Oversight Services ; and "to review all mandates older than five years to see whether the activities concerned are still genuinely needed or whether the resources assigned to them can be reallocated in response to new and emerging challenges". Chinese space program The space program of the People's Republic of China is about the activities in outer space conducted and directed by
4089-583: The Outer Space Treaty , which had been developed by COPUOS, entered into force, creating the first international legal framework governing the conduct of space activities. In 1992, the Outer Space Affairs Division changed to its current form as the Office for Outer Space Affairs, remaining within Department for Political Affairs and Peacebuilding (which succeeded the DPSCA). The following year, UNOOSA
4230-558: The People's Republic of China . The roots of the Chinese space program trace back to the 1950s, when, with the help of the newly allied Soviet Union , China began development of its first ballistic missile and rocket programs in response to the perceived American (and, later , Soviet) threats. Driven by the successes of Soviet Sputnik 1 and American Explorer 1 satellite launches in 1957 and 1958 respectively, China would launch its first satellite, Dong Fang Hong 1 in April 1970 aboard
4371-467: The Shenzhou-4 launched on December 30, 2002, was the last uncrewed rehearsal of Shenzhou. It flew for 6 days and 18 hours and orbited around the Earth for 108 circles before returning on January 5, 2003. On October 15, 2003, the first Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei ( 杨利伟 ) was launched aboard Shenzhou-5 ( 神舟五号 ) spacecraft atop a Long March 2F rocket from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. The spacecraft
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4512-575: The Sino-Soviet split . Meanwhile, China started constructing its first missile test site in the Gobi desert of Inner Mongolia , which later became the famous Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center ( 酒泉卫星发射中心 ), China's first spaceport. After the launch of mankind's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1 , by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, Mao Zedong decided during the 8th National Congress of
4653-667: The United Nations Office in Vienna , Austria. As the secretariat of COPUOS, the Office is responsible for helping implement the major international treaties, legal principles, and General Assembly resolutions that together comprise space law. Other duties include advising governments and nongovernmental organizations on space law ; maintaining a registry of vessels and objects launched into space; convening forums to discuss various space-related matters; and sponsoring programmes that provide access to space technology. In 1957,
4794-460: The Von Kármán (lunar crater) on the far side of the Moon, and returned the first close-up image of the lunar surface on the far side. A rover named Yutu-2 ( 玉兔二号 ) was deployed onto the lunar surface a few hours later, leaving the first trial on the far side. The accomplishment of a series of tasks by Chang'e-4 made China the first country to successfully achieved soft-landing and roving on
4935-467: The Yellow Sea . On July 25, Chinese company i-Space became the first Chinese private company to successfully conduct an orbital launch with its Hyperbola-1 small solid rocket. As the 2010s came to an end, the Chinese space program was poised to conclude the decade with an inspiring event. On December 27, 2019, after a grounding and fixture that lasted for 908 days, the Long March 5 rocket conducted
5076-562: The satellite navigation systems , particularly for developing nations. The following year, the UN-SPIDER programme was created to provide an accessible platform for developing states to use space-based technologies for disaster management and emergency response. Two offices were established (in Bonn, Germany and Beijing, China) to further the programme's work. In 2009, Japanese astronaut Takao Doi became Chief of Space Applications. In 2010,
5217-578: The " Two Bombs, One Satellite " project, Dongfeng-2A , an improved version of DF-2, successfully launched and detonated a nuclear warhead at its target. As China's missile industry matures, a new plan of developing carrier rockets and launching satellites was proposed and approved in 1965 with the name Project 581 changed to Project 651 . On January 30, 1970, China successfully tested the newly developed two-stage Dongfeng-4 (DF-4) missile, which demonstrated critical technologies like rocket staging , engine in-flight ignition, attitude control . The DF-4
5358-499: The "Landing" phase. China's second lunar probe, Chang'e-2 ( 嫦娥二号 ), was launched on October 1, 2010. It used trans-lunar injection orbit to reach the Moon for the first time and imaged the Sinus Iridum region where future landing missions were expected to occur. On December 2, 2013, a Long March 3B rocket launched Chang'e-3 ( 嫦娥三号 ), China's first lunar lander, to the Moon. On December 14, Chang'e 3 successfully landed on
5499-582: The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) on May 17, 1958, to make China an equal of the superpowers ( Chinese : "我们也要搞人造卫星" ; lit. 'We too need satellites'), by adopting Project 581 with the objective of placing a satellite in orbit by 1959 to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the PRC's founding. This goal was soon proven unrealistic, and it was decided to focus on the development of sounding rockets first. The first achievement of
5640-630: The D-1 to higher levels will not be achieved until after 102 years. At the D2 level, the representation of women in 2011 was 24.4 percent. To ensure that the gender equality target mandated by the General Assembly is met, the secretariat, in September 1999, promulgated an administrative instruction (AI) on "Special Measures for the Achievement of Gender Equality" (ST/AI/1999/9) Gender Equality A/I echoes
5781-464: The Earth atmosphere, resulting in a mission failure. Although the Yinghuo-1 mission did not achieve its original goal due to factors not controlled by China, it led to the dawn of the Chinese interplanetary explorations by gathering a group of talents dedicated to interplanetary research for the first time. On December 13, 2012, the Chinese lunar probe Chang'e 2, which was in an extended mission after
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5922-564: The Earth for 14 rounds, the spacecraft initiated the return procedure as planned and landed safely in Inner Mongolia at 03:41 on November 21, marking the full success of China's first Shenzhou test flight. Following the announcement of the success of the mission, the previously secretive Chinese human spaceflight program, namely the China Manned Space Program (CMS, 中国载人航天工程 ), was formally made public. CMS, which
6063-611: The General Assembly, is the head of the secretariat. The mandate of the secretariat is a wide one. Dag Hammarskjöld , the UN's second secretary-general, described its power as follows: "The United Nations is what member nations made it, but within the limits set by government action and government cooperation, much depends on what the secretariat makes it. It has creative capacity. It can introduce new ideas. It can, in proper forms, take initiatives. It can put before member governments findings which will influence their actions". The United Nations Department of Political Affairs , which has
6204-652: The Human Space Initiative was launched to further UNOOSA's mission of providing developing countries with access to the use and exploration of space. In March 2014, the UN Secretary-General appointed Simonetta Di Pippo of Italy as Director of the Office, who had previously served as Director of Human Spaceflight at the European Space Agency . In September 2015, pursuant to the Human Space Initiative, UNOOSA partnered with
6345-481: The Inter Agency Meeting on Outer Space Activities, known as UN-Space, which is the central inter-agency coordination mechanisms in the UN system on overarching space matters. UN-Space meets annually to discuss current and future activities, emergent technologies of interest, and other related matters, particularly regarding the global development agenda. The section is concerned with the establishment of
6486-518: The International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems of the United Nations . The China Manned Space Program continued to make breakthroughs in human spaceflight technologies in 2010s. In the early 2000s, the Chinese crewed space program continued to engage with Russia in technological exchanges regarding the development of a docking mechanism used for space stations. Deputy Chief Designer, Huang Weifen, stated that near
6627-634: The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) to launch the "KiboCUBE" programme, which allows developing countries to deploy their own indigenously produced CubeSats from the Japanese Kibo module on the International Space Station . Through the programme, Kenya and Guatemala launched their first satellites in 2018 and 2020, respectively. On 16 June 2016, UNOOSA announced a partnership with
6768-571: The Office have a wide range of educational backgrounds, including space science (including interdisciplinary fields), physics , engineering , computer science , political science , international affairs , and law (including public international law and space law ). At different times, a number of other distinguished people, including Adigun Ade Abiodun , Vladimír Kopal , Mazlan Binti Othman , Luboš Perek , Nandasiri Jasentuliyana , and Takao Doi served at various positions. United Nations Secretariat The United Nations Secretariat
6909-755: The Register on Objects in Outer Space, and programmes for youth engagement. It has two sections: the committee, Policy, and Legal Affairs (CPLA), headed by Takemi Chiku from Japan, and the Space Applications Section (SAS), headed by Lorant Czaran from Romania. The CPLA fulfills the Office's secretarial duties to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space , its subcommittees, and its working groups. It also convenes and services
7050-474: The Secretary-General" is to "ensure the effective implementation of special measures for gender equality. These measures include mandatory selection of equally or better-qualified women candidates…" Since its creation, the secretariat has undergone extensive reforms. On 21 March 2005, Secretary-General Kofi Annan proposed several reforms for the secretariat. He announced his intentions to appoint
7191-518: The Sinus Iridum region, making China the third country that made soft-landing on an extraterrestrial body. A day later, the Yutu rover ( 玉兔号月球车 ) was deployed to the lunar surface and started its survey, achieving the goal of "landing and roving" for the second phase of CLEP. In addition to lunar exploration, it is worth noting that China made its first attempt of interplanetary exploration during
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#17327881228477332-531: The Soviet Union or the United States. Almost all of China's new aerospace work units in the late 1960s and early 1970s were established as part of the Third Front and Third Front projects included expansion of Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, building Xichang Satellite Launch Center , and building Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center . On April 24, 1970, China successfully launched the 173 kg Dong Fang Hong I ( 东方红一号 , meaning The East Is Red I) atop
7473-518: The UN Charter. Staff-members are appointed by the secretary-general alone and are assigned to the organs of the UN. Staff members are appointed on a temporary or permanent basis, under the discretion of the secretary-general. During staff recruitment, geographical variety is an especially prominent selection factor in order to accurately reflect the scope of member states present in the UN. The charter states that staff members are responsible "only to
7614-503: The UN is António Guterres . The secretariat is divided into offices and departments. The hierarchy within each is as follows: As at 31 December 2018, there are 37,505 people employed from more than 140 countries within the secretariat. Eligibility for civil service is based on a UN-administered examination offered worldwide, in addition to a competitive application process. Qualifications for membership include "the highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity", according to
7755-452: The UN secretariat, at the D1 level, in 2000, was 30.3 percent. Instead of increasing, in the next decade, the representation of women in the secretariat decreased to 26.7 percent. In December 2011, the representation of women in the secretariat at the D1 level was 27.4 percent, an increase of .6 percent over a two-year period. At the current rate of progress, it is estimated that gender parity at
7896-545: The United Nations Secretary-General, the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space. The office also helps poor nations suffering from climate change related problems by helping them access satellite images for free. UNOOSA is headed by a Director appointed by the UN Secretary-General, from 2023 this is Aarti Holla-Maini of Belgium and the UK. The Director's Office is responsible for public outreach,
8037-474: The aim of the special measures was to ensure "gender balance in recruitment and promotion". and that special measures would remain in effect until the "goal of gender parity is achieved", and sustained for a period of time. " The secretary-general, in his recommendations to the General Assembly, noted that the " United Nations Secretariat, pursuant to the decision of the Policy Committee chaired by
8178-459: The backbone of Chinese space program in the following decades. As China changing its direction from political activities to economy development since late 1970s, the demand for communications satellites surged. As a result, the Chinese communications satellite program, code name Project 331 , was started on March 31, 1975. The first generation of China's own communication satellites was named Dong Fang Hong 2 (DFH-2, 东方红二号 ), whose development
8319-404: The capacity building with focus on developing countries, the office provides three initiatives: The Programme also focuses efforts on the potential of space-based information for disaster management and emergency response. The UN-SPIDER programme (established 2006) helps to achieve this objective by being a gateway to space information for disaster management support, serving as a bridge to connect
8460-441: The commission of Beidou-3 system across the globe. The completed Beidou-3 navigation system integrates navigation and communication function, and possesses multiple service capabilities, including positioning, navigation and timing, short message communication, international search and rescue, satellite-based augmentation, ground augmentation and precise point positioning. It is now one of the four core system providers designated by
8601-572: The completion of the space-based section of Gaofen was announced in late 2022. The Beidou Navigation Satellite System proceeded in extraordinary speed after the launch of first Beidou-2 satellite in 2007. As many as five Beidou-2 navigation satellites were launched in 2010 alone. In late 2012, the Beidou-2 navigation system consisting of 14 satellites was completed and started providing service to Asia-Pacific region. The construction of more advanced Beidou-3 started since November 2017. Its buildup speed
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#17327881228478742-500: The conclusion of its primary tasks in lunar orbit, made a flyby of asteroid Toutatis with closest approach being 3.2 kilometers, making it China's first interplanetary probe. In 2016, the first Chinese independent Mars mission was formally approved and listed as one of the major tasks in "White Paper on China's Space Activities in 2016". The mission, which was planned in an unprecedented manner, aimed to achieve Mars orbiting, landing and roving in one single attempt in 2020. While China
8883-538: The conquest of the Moon, Mao and Zhou Enlai decided on July 14, 1967, that China should not be left behind, and started China's own crewed space program. China's first spacecraft designed for human occupancy was named Shuguang-1 ( 曙光一号 ) in January 1968. China's Space Medical Institute ( 航天医学工程研究所 ) was founded on April 1, 1968, and the Central Military Commission issued the order to start
9024-435: The contract. As its very first commercial launch ended in full success, the Chinese commercial launch program was introduced to the world with a good opening. Although Long March 3 completed its first commercial mission as expected, its 1,500 kg payload capability was not capable of placing the new generation of communication satellites, which were usually over 2,500 kg, into geostationary transfer orbit. To deal with
9165-421: The cryogenic engine plan was much more challenging than the other one, it was eventually chosen by Chief Designer Ren Xinmin ( 任新民 ), who had foreseen the great potential of its use for the Chinese space program in the coming future. The development of cryogenic engine with in-flight re-ignition capability began in 1976 and wasn't completed until 1983. At the same time, Xichang Satellite Launch Center ( 西昌卫星发射中心 )
9306-411: The decade, if not decades, were brought by Long March 5 ( 长征五号 ), the leading role of the new generation of Long March rockets and China's first heavy-lift launch vehicle . The early study of Long March 5 can be traced back to 1986, and the project was formally approved in mid-2000s. It applied 247 new technologies during its development while over 90% of its components were newly developed and applied for
9447-672: The development of Dongfeng-2 (DF-2), the first missile to be designed and built completely by the Chinese. After a failed attempt in March 1962, multiple improvements, and hundreds of engine firing tests, DF-2 achieved its first successful launch on its second attempt on Jun 29, 1964 in Jiuquan. It was considered as a major milestone in China's indigenous missile development history. In the next few years, Dongfeng-2 conducted seven more launches, all ended in success. On October 27, 1966, as part of
9588-479: The development team still made breakthroughs in key technologies like superalloy production and engine ignition and completed its first long duration firing test in 2006. The engine, which was named YF-100 , was eventually certified in 2012, and the first engine for actual flight was ready in 2014. On September 20, 2015, the Long March 6 ( 长征六号 ), a small rocket using one YF-100 engine on its first stage, successfully conducted its maiden flight. On June 25, 2016,
9729-402: The disaster management and space communities and being a facilitator of capacity-building and institutional strengthening, in particular for developing countries. The International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG) promotes voluntary cooperation on matters of mutual interest related to civil satellite-based positioning, navigation, timing, and value-added services. To support
9870-421: The drop zones of rocket debris produced by rocket launches are in the ocean, eliminating threats posed to people and facilities on the ground. Wenchang's coastal location also allows larger rockets to be delivered to launch site by sea, which is difficult, if not impossible, for inland launch sites due to the size limits of tunnels needed to be passed through during transportations. The biggest breakthrough within
10011-479: The dual objective of supporting the intergovernmental discussions in the Committee and its Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and Legal Subcommittee, and of assisting developing countries in using space technology for development. The mandate has been adjusted a number of times to allow the Office to undertake, among other tasks, the coordination of the inter-agency cooperation within the United Nations on
10152-412: The end of 2009, the China Manned Space Agency began to train astronauts on how to dock spacecraft. In order to practice space rendezvous and docking, China launched an 8,000 kg (18,000 lb) target vehicle, Tiangong-1 ( 天宫一号 ), in 2011, followed by the uncrewed Shenzhou 8 ( 神舟八号 ). The two spacecraft performed China's first automatic rendezvous and docking on 3 November 2011, which verified
10293-692: The engineers of CALT eventually built all the hardware from scratch in a record-breaking period of 18 months, which impressed the American experts. On September 16, 1990, Long March 2E, carrying an Optus mass simulator, conducted its test flight and reached intended orbit as designed. The success of the test flight was a huge inspiration for all parties involved and brought optimism about the coming launch of actual Optus satellites. However, an accident occurred during this highly anticipated launch on March 22, 1992, at Xichang Satellite Launch Center. After initial ignition, all engines shut down unexpectedly. The rocket
10434-421: The far side of the Moon. Because of its great success, the project team received IAF World Space Award of 2020. Aside from Chang'e 4, there were some other events worth noting during this period. In August 2016, China launched world's first quantum communications satellite Mozi ( 墨子号 ). In June 2017, the first Chinese X-ray astronomy satellite named Huiyan ( 慧眼 ) was launched into space. In August of
10575-584: The first decade of the 21st century. In April 2005, China successfully conducted its first commercial launch since 1999 by launching the APStar 6 communications satellite manufactured by French company Alcatel atop a Long March 3B rocket. In May 2007, China launched NigComSat-1 satellite developed by China Academy of Space Technology . This was the first time China provided the full service from satellite manufacture to launch for international customers. From 2000 to 2010, China had quadrupled its GDP and became
10716-509: The first failure, Long March 3 launched again from Xichang. It successfully inserted the second experimental DFH-2 satellite into target GTO on its second attempt. The satellite reached the final orbit location on April 16 and was handed over to the user on May 14, becoming China's first geostationary communications satellite. The success made China the fifth country in the world with independent geostationary satellite development and launch capability. Less than two years later, on February 1, 1986,
10857-519: The first practical DFH-2 communications satellite was launched into orbit atop a Long March 3 rocket, ending China's reliance on foreign communications satellite. During the 1980s, human spaceflights in the world became significantly more active than before as the American Space Shuttle and Soviet space stations were put in service respectively. It was in the same period that the previously canceled Chinese human spaceflight program
10998-413: The first time. Instead of using the classic 3.35-meter-diameter core stage and 2.25-meter-diameter side boosters, the 57-meter tall Long March 5 consists of one 5-meter-diameter core stage burning LH 2 /LOX and four 3.35-meter-diameter side boosters burning kerosene/LOX. With a launch mass as high as 869 metric tons and 10,573 kN lift-off thrust, the Long March 5, being China's most powerful rocket,
11139-488: The following decades. In November 2000, the Chinese government released its first white paper entitled China's Space Activities , which described its goals in the next decade as: The independent satellite navigation and positioning system mentioned by the white paper was Beidou ( 北斗卫星导航系统 ). The development of Beidou dates back to 1983 when academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Chen Fangyun designed
11280-456: The form of missile research in the 1950s. After its birth in 1949, the newly founded People's Republic of China was in pursuit of missile technology to build up the nation's defense for the Cold War . In 1955, Qian Xuesen ( 钱学森 ), the world-class rocketry scientist, returned to China from the United States. In 1956, Qian submitted a proposal for the development of China's missile program, which
11421-791: The goals of, and is in conformity with, the mandate of Articles 8 and 101 of the Charter of the United Nations , and Article 4 paragraph 1 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) . On 4 September 2012, in his annual reports to the General Assembly , titled "Improvement of the Status of Women in the United Nations System", Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon stated that
11562-424: The heads of peacekeeping operations, conducts surveys and research, communicates with non-state actors such as media and non-government organizations, and is responsible for publishing all of the treaties and international agreements. The UN secretary-general's duties include helping resolve international disputes, administering peacekeeping operations, organizing international conferences, gathering information on
11703-585: The implementation of Security Council decisions, and consulting with member governments regarding various initiatives. Key secretariat offices in this area include the Office of the Coordinator of Humanitarian Affairs and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. The secretary-general may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter that, in his or her opinion, may threaten international peace and security. The current secretary-general of
11844-466: The initial success of Long March 3, further development of the Long March rocket series allowed China to announce a commercial launch program for international customers in 1985, which opened up a decade of commercial launches by Chinese launch vehicles in the 1990s. The launch service was provided by China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC) with support from CALT, SAST and China Satellite Launch and Tracking Control General (CLTC). The first contract
11985-426: The last batch of American satellites launched by Chinese rocket. Furthermore, due to the strict regulation applied and the U.S. dominance in space industry, the Long March rockets had been de facto excluded from the international commercial launch market, causing a stagnation of the Chinese commercial launch program in the next few years. Despite the turmoil of commercial launches, the Chinese space program still made
12126-497: The launch date for the proposed Dream Chaser mission, expected to carry up to 35 payloads, was updated to sometime in 2024. On 26 June 2023, Aarti Holla-Maini , former general secretary of Global Satellite Operators Association , was appointed as the current UNOOSA director. UNOOSA works primarily to implement the decisions of UN General Assembly and of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space . The office has
12267-408: The launching of Sputnik 1 prompted a global conversation and debate on the legal, scientific, and political implications of space exploration. On 13 December 1958, the ad hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) was established by the General Assembly in its resolution 1348 (XIII), becoming a permanent body within the General Assembly. They soon met for the first time to discuss
12408-501: The longest human spaceflight mission while carrying out different types of human-attended experiments. In April 2017, China's first cargo spacecraft, Tianzhou-1 ( 天舟一号 ), docked with Tiangong 2 and completed multiple in-orbit propellant refueling tests. In terms of deep space explorations, after completing the objective of "Orbiting" in 2007, the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program started preparing for
12549-406: The medium-lift Long March 7 ( 长征七号 ), which was equipped with six YF-100 engines, completed its maiden flight in full success, increasing the maximum LEO payload capacity by Chinese rockets to 13.5 tons. The successes of Long March 6 and 7 signified the introduction of the "new generation of Long March rockets" powered by clean and more efficient engines. The maiden launch of Long March 7 was also
12690-413: The mid-1980s. To get rid of such unsatisfying situation, China commenced the study of new propellant selection since the introduction of Project 863 in 1986. After an early study that lasted for over a decade, the development of a 120-ton rocket engine burning LOX and kerosene in staged combustion cycle were formally approved in 2000. Despite setbacks like engine explosions during initial firing tests,
12831-486: The next few years. Despite the uncertain future of Long March 5, China managed to make history in space explorations with existing hardware in the next two years. Due to tidal locking , the Moon has been orbiting the Earth as the only natural satellite by facing it with the same side. Humans had never seen the far side of the Moon until the Space Age . Although humans have already got quite an amount of knowledge about
12972-495: The next year, the U.S. Congress passed the act that put commercial satellites into the list restricted by International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) and prohibited launches of satellites containing U.S. made components onboard Chinese rockets. The regulation abruptly killed the commercial cooperation between China and the United States. The two Iridum satellites launched by Long March 2C on June 12, 1999, became
13113-481: The organization" and are prohibited from any action or influence that would suggest affiliation with a government or organization outside the UN. Headquartered in New York, the secretariat functions through duty stations in Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Beirut, Geneva, Nairobi, Santiago and Vienna, in addition to offices all over the world. One study finds the following factors play a role in the selection of staff for
13254-407: The overall condition of the far side of the Moon in early 21st century with the help of numerous visits by lunar orbiters since the 1960s, no country had ever explored the area in close distance due to lack of communications on the far side. This missing piece was eventually filled by China's Chang'e-4 ( 嫦娥四号 ) mission in 2019. To solve the communications problem, China launched Queqiao ( 鹊桥号 ),
13395-518: The performance of docking procedures and mechanisms. About 9 months later, in June 2012, Tiangong 1 completed the first manual rendezvous and docking with Shenzhou 9 ( 神舟九号 ), a crewed spacecraft carrying Jing Haipeng, Liu Wang ( 刘旺 ) and China's first female astronaut Liu Yang ( 刘洋 ). The successes of Shenzhou 8 and 9 missions, especially the automatic and manual docking experiments, marked China's advancement in space rendezvous and docking. Tiangong 1
13536-403: The political suppression from the United States approached. In 1998, the United States accused Hughes and Loral of exporting technologies that inadvertently helped China's ballistic missile program while resolving issues that caused the Long March rocket launch failures. The accusation ultimately led to the release of Cox Report , which further accused China of stealing sensitive technologies. In
13677-564: The predecessor of Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST). The other parallel medium-lift LV program, also based on the same DF-5 ICBM and known as Long March 2 (CZ-2, 长征二号 ), was started in Beijing by the First Research Academy of the Seventh Ministry of Machine Building, which later became China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT). Both FB-1 and CZ-2 were fueled by N 2 O 4 and UDMH ,
13818-490: The problem, China introduced Long March 2E (CZ-2E, 长征二号E ), the first Chinese rocket with strap-on boosters that can place up to 3,000 kg payload into GTO. The development of Long March 2E began in November 1988 when CGWIC was awarded the contract of launching two Optus satellites by Hughes mostly due to its low price. At that time, neither the rocket nor the launch facility was anything more than concepts on paper. Yet
13959-424: The program was the launch of T-7M , a sounding rocket that eventually reached the height of 8 km on February 19, 1960. It was the first rocket developed by Chinese engineers. The success was praised by Mao Zedong as a good beginning of an indigenous Chinese rocket development. However, all Soviet technological assistance was abruptly withdrawn after the 1960 Sino-Soviet split, and Chinese scientists continued on
14100-499: The program with extremely limited resources and knowledge. It was under these harsh conditions that China successfully launched the first "missile 1059", fueled by alcohol and liquid oxygen, on December 5, 1960, marking a successful imitation of Soviet missile. The missile 1059 was later renamed as Dongfeng-1 (DF-1, 东风一号 ). While the imitation of Soviet missile was still in progress, the Fifth Academy led by Qian had begun
14241-586: The program, including Shenzhou spacecraft , Long March 2F rocket, human spaceflight launch site in Jiuquan , Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center , and Astronaut Center of China in Beijing. In terms of astronauts, fourteen candidates were selected to form the People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps and started accepting spaceflight training. Since the beginning of 21st century, China has been experiencing rapid economic growth, which led to higher investment into space programs and multiple major achievements in
14382-714: The relatively remote interior (away from the Soviet border), it was decided to construct a new space center in the mountainous region of Xichang in the Sichuan province, code-named Base 27 . After expansion, the Northern Missile Test Site was upgraded as a test base in January 1976 to become the Northern Missile Test Base ( 华北导弹试验基地 ) known as Base 25 . After Mao died on September 9, 1976, his rival, Deng Xiaoping , denounced during
14523-469: The rocket failure, the engineers managed to send the satellite into an elliptic orbit with an apoapsis of 6480 km using the satellite's own propulsion system. A series of tests were then conducted to verify the performance the satellite. Thanks to the hard work by the engineers, the cause of the cryogenic engine failure was located quickly, followed by improvements applied on the second rocket awaiting launch. On April 8, 1984, less than 70 days after
14664-496: The rocket veered off course immediately after clearing the launch platform, crashing 22 seconds later. The crash killed 6 people and injured 57, making it the most disastrous event in the history of Chinese space program. Although the Long March 3 rocket successfully launched APStar 1A communication satellites on July 3, it came across a third stage re-ignition malfunction during the launch of ChinaSat 7 on August 18, resulting in another launch failure. The two launch failures within
14805-537: The same period. Yinghuo-1 ( 萤火一号 ), China's first Mars orbiter, was launched on board the Russian Fobos-Grunt spacecraft as an additional payload in November 2011. Yinghuo-1 was a mission in cooperation with Russian Space Agency . It was a relatively small project initiated by National Space Science Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences instead of a major space program managed by the state space agency. The Yinghuo-1 orbiter weighed about 100 kg and
14946-460: The same propellant used by DF-5. On July 26, 1975, FB-1 made its first successful flight, placing the 1107-kilogram Changkong-1 ( 长空一号 ) satellite into orbit. It was the first time that China launched a payload heavier than 1 metric ton. Four months later, on November 26, CZ-2 successfully launched the FSW-0 No.1 ( 返回式卫星零号 ) recoverable satellite into orbit. The satellite returned to earth and
15087-508: The same year, the Astronaut Center of China organized a joint training in which sixteen Chinese and two ESA astronauts participated. It was the first time that foreign astronauts took part in astronaut training organized by China. In 2018, China performed more orbital launches than any other countries on the planet for the first time in history. On June 5, 2019, China conducted its first Sea Launch with Long March 11 ( 长征十一号 ) in
15228-535: The second largest economy in the world. Due to the rapid development of economy activities across the nation, the demand for high-resolution Earth observation systems increased in a remarkable manner. To end the reliance on foreign high-resolution remote sensing data, China initiated the China High-resolution Earth Observation System program ( 高分辨率对地观测系统 ), most commonly known as Gaofen ( 高分 ), in May 2010. Its purpose
15369-705: The second milestone of its space program after the launch of Dongfanghong-1, marked China's standing as the third country capable of completing independent human spaceflight , ending the over 40-year long duopoly by the Soviet Union/Russia and the United States. The China Manned Space Program did not stop its footsteps after its historic first crewed spaceflight. In 2005, two Chinese astronauts, Fei Junlong ( 费俊龙 ) and Nie Haisheng ( 聂海胜 ), safely completed China's first "multi-person and multi-day" spaceflight mission aboard Shenzhou-6 ( 神舟六号 ) between October 12 and 17. On 25 September 2008, Shenzhou-7 ( 神舟七号 )
15510-420: The secretariat: a desire to achieve a minimum number of officials from each state; population size; and lo assessment of dues. The most overrepresented states in the secretariat are small, rich democracies. The Nordic states stand out, in particular, when it comes to overrepresentation. Representation of women in the UN, particularly at managerial and decision-making positions at the D-1 level and above, has been
15651-420: The secretary-general to prioritize the recruitment and promotion of women to reach to 50/50 representation in D1 and above posts by 2000. In Feb 2004, gender parity target for the secretariat was once again revised to 2015. In 2009, despite the plans, and General Assembly resolutions, the representation of women in the UN secretariat remained well below parity at 29.2 percent. The representation of women in
15792-515: The selection of astronauts. The first crewed space program, known as Project 714 , was officially adopted in April 1971 with the goal of sending two astronauts into space by 1973 aboard the Shuguang spacecraft . The first screening process for astronauts had already ended on March 15, 1971, with 19 astronauts chosen. But the program was soon canceled in the same year due to political turmoil, ending China's first human spaceflight attempt. While CZ-1
15933-474: The supporting blocks, the rocket filled with propellant was still standing on the launch pad when the dust settled. After a rescue mission that lasted for 39 hours, the payload, rocket, and launch facilities were all preserved intact, avoiding huge losses. Less than five months later, on August 14, a new Long March 2E rocket successfully lifted off from Xichang, sending the Optus satellite into orbit. In June 1993,
16074-450: The technical and administrative aspects. The strict quality management system remarkably increased the success rate ever since. Within the next 15 years, from October 20, 1996, up until August 16, 2011, China had achieved 102 consecutive successful space launches. On August 20, 1997, Long March 3B accomplished its first successful flight on its second attempt, placing the 3,770 kg Agila-2 communications satellite into orbit. It offered
16215-426: The time of planning. On October 24, 2007, the first lunar orbiter Chang'e-1 ( 嫦娥一号 ) was successfully launched by a Long March 3A rocket, and was inserted into Moon orbit on November 7, becoming China's first artificial satellite of the Moon. It then performed a series of surveys and produced China's first lunar map. On March 1, 2009, Chang'e-1, which had been operating longer than its designed life span, performed
16356-572: The use of space technology - UN-Space (resolution 3234 implementing the United Nations Programme on Space Applications (resolution 2601A (XXIV)) and the UN-SPIDER Programme for disaster risk management and emergency response (resolution 61/110). The Office also coordinates and cooperates with space agencies and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations involved in space-related activities and, on behalf of
16497-666: The very first launch from Wenchang Space Launch Site ( 文昌航天发射场 ) located in Wenchang , Hainan Province . It marked the inauguration of Wenchang on the world stage of space activities. Compared with the old Jiuquan, Taiyuan, and Xichang, the Wenchang Space Launch Site, whose construction began in September 2009, is China's latest and most advanced spaceport. Rockets launched from Wenchang can send ten to fifteen percent more payloads in mass to orbit thanks to its low latitude. Additionally, due to its geographic location,
16638-497: The work of ICG, the Office was designated as the Executive Secretariat of ICG. In that capacity, UNOOSA is organizing regional workshops, training courses, and international meetings focusing on capacity-building in the use of GNSS-related technologies in various rapidly growing fields of science and industry. Citizens of more than 50 countries have served as staff members, consultants, and interns. Staff members of
16779-470: Was a derivative of Long March 2C with an additional third stage, designed to send payloads to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO). When the development of Long March 3 began in the early 1970s, the engineers had to make a choice between the two options for the third stage engine: either the traditional engine fueled by the same hypergolic fuels used by the first two stages, or the advanced cryogenic engine fueled by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen . Although
16920-543: Was approved in just a few months. On October 8, China's first missile research institute, the Fifth Research Academy under the Ministry of National Defense, was established with less than 200 staff, most of which were recruited by Qian. The event was later recognized as the birth of China's space program. To fully utilize all available resources, China kick-started its missile development by manufacturing
17061-449: Was being developed, the development of China's first long-range intercontinental ballistic missile , namely Dongfeng-5 (DF-5), has started since 1965. The first test flight of DF-5 was conducted in 1971. After that, its technology was adopted by two different models of Chinese medium-lift launch vehicles being developed. One of the two was Feng Bao 1 (FB-1, 风暴一号 ) developed by Shanghai's 2nd Bureau of Mechanic-Electrical Industry ,
17202-463: Was carried by the Fobos-Grunt probe. It was expected to detach from the Fobos-Grunt probe and injected into Mars orbit after reaching Mars. However, due to an error of the onboard computer, the Fobos-Grunt probe failed to start its main engine and was stranded in the low Earth orbit after launch. Two months later, Fobos-Grunt, along with the Yinghuo-1 orbiter, re-entered and eventually burned up in
17343-422: Was chosen as the launch site of Long March 3 due to its low latitude, which provides better GTO launch capability. On January 29, 1984, Long March 3 performed its maiden flight from Xichang, carrying the first experimental DFH-2 satellite. Unfortunately, because of the cryogenic third-stage engine failed to re-ignite during flight, the satellite was placed into a 400 km LEO instead of its intended GTO. Despite
17484-738: Was commissioned in 1979. The first full-range test of the DF-5 ICBM was conducted on May 18, 1980. The payload reached its target located 9300 km away in the South Pacific ( 7°0′S 117°33′E / 7.000°S 117.550°E / -7.000; 117.550 ( DF-5 ICBM test impact ) ) and retrieved five minutes later by helicopter. In 1982, Long March 2C (CZ-2C, 长征二号丙 ), an upgraded version of Long March 2 based on DF-5 with 2500 kg low Earth orbit (LEO) payload capacity, completed its maiden flight. Long March 2C, along with many of its derived models, eventually became
17625-425: Was considered as a space station prototype, its functionality was still remarkably weaker than decent space laboratories. Tiangong-2 ( 天宫二号 ), the first real space laboratory of China, was launched into orbit on September 15, 2016. It was visited by Shenzhou 11 crew a month later. Two astronauts, Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong ( 陈冬 ) entered Tiangong 2 and were stationed for about 30 days, breaking China's record for
17766-423: Was equipped with a magnetometer and cosmic-ray / x-ray detectors. In addition to the satellite launch, China also made small progress in human spaceflight . The first successful launch and recovery of a T-7A(S1) sounding rocket carrying a biological experiment (it carried eight white mice) was on July 19, 1964, from Base 603 ( 六〇三基地 ). As the space race between the two superpowers reached its climax with
17907-471: Was established in 1958 to assist and advise the ad hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), which was established by the UN General Assembly to discuss the scientific and legal aspects of exploring and using outer space to benefit humankind. The Committee became permanent the following year, with UNOOSA undergoing several structural changes before its relocation in 1993 to
18048-481: Was even more astonishing than before as China launched 24 satellites into medium Earth orbit , 3 into inclined geosynchronous orbit , and 3 into geostationary orbit within just three years. The final satellite of Beidou-3 was successfully launched by a Long March 3B rocket on June 23, 2020. On July 31, 2020, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping made the announcement on the Beidou-3 completion ceremony, declaring
18189-492: Was formally approved on September 21, 1992, by the CCP Politburo Standing Committee as Project 921, has been the most ambitious space program of China since its birth. Its goals can be described as "Three Steps": Crewed spacecraft launch and return; Space laboratory for short-term missions; Long-term modular space station. Due to its complex nature, a series of advanced projects were introduced by
18330-545: Was inserted into orbit ten minutes after launch, making Yang the first Chinese in space. After a flight of more than 21 hours and 14 orbits around the Earth, the spacecraft returned and landed safely in Inner Mongolia in the next morning, followed by Yang's walking out of the return capsule by himself. The complete success of Shenzhou 5 mission was widely celebrated in China and received worldwide endorsements from different people and parties, including UN Secretary General Kofi Annan . The mission, officially recognized by China as
18471-522: Was later docked with crewed spacecraft Shenzhou 10 ( 神舟十号 ) carrying astronauts Nie Haisheng, Zhang Xiaoguang ( 张晓光 ) and Wang Yaping ( 王亚平 ), who conducted multiple scientific experiments, gave lectures to over 60 million students in China, and performed more docking tests before returning to the Earth safely after 15 days in space. The completion of missions from Shenzhou 7 to 10 demonstrated China's mastery of all basic human spaceflight technologies, ending phase 1 of "Second Step". Although Tiangong 1
18612-461: Was launched into space with three astronauts, Zhai Zhigang ( 翟志刚 ), Liu Boming ( 刘伯明 ) and Jing Haipeng ( 景海鹏 ). During the flight, Zhai and Liu conducted China's first spacewalk in orbit. Around the same time, China began preparation for extraterrestrial exploration, starting with the Moon. The early research of Moon exploration of China dates back to 1994 when its necessity and feasibility were studied and discussed among Chinese scientists. As
18753-416: Was led by the famous satellite expert Sun Jiadong . Since communications satellites works in the geostationary orbit much higher than what the existing carrier rockets could reach, the launching of communications satellites became the next big challenge for the Chinese space program. The task was assigned to Long March 3 (CZ-3, 长征三号 ), the most advanced Chinese launch vehicle in the 1980s. Long March 3
18894-545: Was making remarkable progress in all areas above, the Long March rockets, the absolute foundation of Chinese space program, were also experiencing a crucial revolution. Ever since 1970s, the Long March rocket family had been using dinitrogen tetroxide and UDMH as propellant for liquid engines. Although this hypergolic propellant is simple, cheap and reliable, its disadvantages, including toxicity, environmental damages, and low specific impulse , hindered Chinese carrier rockets from being competitive against other space powers since
19035-407: Was quietly revived again. In March 1986, Project 863 ( 863计划 ) was proposed by four scientists Wang Daheng , Wang Ganchang , Yang Jiachi , and Chen Fangyun . The goal of the project was to stimulate the development of advanced technologies, including human spaceflight. Followed by the approval of Project 863, the early study of Chinese human spaceflight program in the new era had begun. After
19176-425: Was relocated to its current headquarters at the United Nations Office at Vienna. At the start of the 21st century, UNOOSA undertook initiatives and programs to fulfill its mandate of promoting widespread and peaceful international involvement in space. In 2005, the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG) was established to promote compatibility, interoperability and transparency between all
19317-487: Was signed with AsiaSat in January 1989 to launch AsiaSat 1 , a communications satellite manufactured by Hughes . It was previously a satellite owned by Westar but placed into a wrong orbit due to kick motor malfunction before being recovered in the STS-51-A mission in 1984. On April 7, 1990, a Long March 3 rocket successfully launched AsiaSat 1 into target geosynchronous transfer orbit with high precision, fulfilling
19458-421: Was split and then merged into the newly founded Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense while retaining the title of CNSA. The remaining part was split again into China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) and China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC) in 1999. While the Long March rockets were trying to take back the commercial launch market it lost,
19599-427: Was successfully recovered three days later, making China the third country capable of recovering a satellite, after the Soviet Union and the United States. FB-1 and CZ-2, which were developed by two different institutes, were later evolved into two different branches of the classic Long March rocket family : Long March 4 and Long March 2. As part of the Third Front effort to relocate critical defense infrastructure to
19740-412: Was unable to lift off, resulting in a launch abort while being live-streamed to the world. The post-launch investigation revealed that some minor aluminum scraps caused a shortage in the control circuit, triggering an emergency shutdown of all engines. Although the huge vibration brought by the short-lived ignition had led to a rotation of the whole rocket by 1.5 degree clockwise and partial displacement of
19881-475: Was used to develop the Long March 1 (LM-1 or CZ-1, 长征一号 ), with a newly designed spin-up orbital insertion solid-propellant rocket motor third stage added to the two existing Nitric acid / UDMH liquid propellant stages. China's space program benefited from the Third Front campaign to develop basic industry and national defense industry in China's rugged interior in preparation for potential invasion by
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