Estonian ( eesti keel [ˈeːsʲti ˈkeːl] ) is a Finnic language of the Uralic family . Estonian is the official language of Estonia . It is written in the Latin script and is the first language of the majority of the country's population; it is also an official language of the European Union . Estonian is spoken natively by about 1.1 million people: 922,000 people in Estonia and 160,000 elsewhere.
55-659: United Left may refer to: Current parties [ edit ] Estonian United Left Party European United Left–Nordic Green Left United Left (Chile) United Left (Costa Rica) United Left (Galicia) United Left (Netherlands) United Left (Paraguay) United Left (San Marino) United Left (Spain) United Left (Venezuela) United Left/The Greens–Assembly for Andalusia Former parties [ edit ] United Left (Argentina) United Left (Austria) United Left (Bolivia, 1985) United Left (Bolivia) (1989–c. 2002) United Left (Denmark) ,
110-455: A broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek , Latin and French . Consider roim 'crime' versus English crime or taunima 'to condemn, disapprove' versus Finnish tuomita 'to condemn, to judge' (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik's 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item. Article 1 of
165-402: A comment about the party's apparent obscurity for an interview for Eesti Rahvusringhääling : "The problem is to convey this information to people, because, as I already said, go out into the street, ask: "The United Left Party ...?", they will tell you: "What is this?". Meanwhile, in an opinion article for the online Russian-language edition of Postimees , Valery Saïkovski asserts that the party
220-440: A member of the party. The party reiterated that it agrees with Estonia's existing foreign policy choices, including EU and NATO membership, and expressed support for Ukraine against Russia's aggression. Moreover, the party announced that its main target demographic would be the youth, especially those without a party preference. The party was set to hold a general meeting to elect new leadership on 3 February 2024 but failed to meet
275-737: Is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into the variety of South Estonian called Võro in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). The two languages were united based on Northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle . Writings in Estonian became more significant in
330-734: Is based on central dialects, it has no vowel harmony either. In the standard language, the front vowels occur exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although vowel harmony is still apparent in older texts. Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language . The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object), although often debated among linguists. In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender , but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative , genitive , partitive , illative , inessive , elative , allative , adessive , ablative , translative , terminative , essive , abessive , and comitative , with
385-543: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Estonian United Left Party The Estonian United Left Party ( Estonian : Eestimaa Ühendatud Vasakpartei , EÜVP ), informally Left Alliance ( Estonian : Vasakliit ), is a left-wing political party in Estonia undergoing reformation. Through the Estonian Left Party , the party, founded in 2008,
440-457: Is extensive, and this has made its inflectional morphology markedly more fusional , especially with respect to noun and adjective inflection. The transitional form from an agglutinating to a fusional language is a common feature of Estonian typologically over the course of history with the development of a rich morphological system. Word order is considerably more flexible than in English, but
495-802: Is primarily relevant for Russian minority politics purposes. In 2018, there were posters in Tallinn allegedly from the EÜVP that endorsed Pavel Grudinin , the presidential candidate from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation running in the 2018 Russian presidential election . However, the party has denied that they are responsible for these posters, and the Russian Embassy in Estonia called them "low quality craft". For
550-758: Is pronounced [æ], as in English mat . The vowels Ä, Ö and Ü are clearly separate phonemes and inherent in Estonian, although the letter shapes come from German. The letter õ denotes /ɤ/ , unrounded /o/ , or a close-mid back unrounded vowel . It is almost identical to the Bulgarian ъ /ɤ̞/ and the Vietnamese ơ , and is also used to transcribe the Russian ы . Additionally C , Q , W , X , and Y are used in writing foreign proper names . They do not occur in Estonian words , and are not officially part of
605-492: Is pronounced) and in the use of 'i' and 'j'. Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž , they are replaced by sh and zh in some written texts, although this is considered incorrect. Otherwise, the h in sh represents a voiceless glottal fricative , as in Pasha ( pas-ha ); this also applies to some foreign names. Modern Estonian orthography is based on the "Newer orthography" created by Eduard Ahrens in
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#1732766200810660-691: Is the direct descendant of the Communist Party of Estonia , the former ruling party of Estonia during the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic period . Since 2004, through the Estonian Left Party , the party is a founding member of the Party of the European Left . The party started self-reforming in 2023 to be a more youth-oriented "pro-Estonian, modern and Nordic left party", intending to de jure rebrand as Left-Wingers ( Estonian : Vasakpoolsed , lit. '
715-706: Is the name of the newspaper of the Unified Socialist Party (Morocco) . See also [ edit ] Izquierda Unida (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title United Left . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Left&oldid=1067919028 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Political party disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
770-531: Is typically subclassified as a Southern Finnic language, and it is the second-most-spoken language among all the Finnic languages. Alongside Finnish, Hungarian , and Maltese , Estonian is one of the four official languages of the European Union that are not Indo-European languages . In terms of linguistic morphology , Estonian is a predominantly agglutinative language . The loss of word-final sounds
825-757: The idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipus . One of the pronunciation features of the Saaremaa dialect is the lack of the 'õ' vowel. A five-metre monument erected in 2020, marking the "border" between the vowels 'õ' and 'ö', humorously makes reference to this fact. South Estonian consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võro and Seto varieties. These are sometimes considered either variants of South Estonian or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their culture and their respective Christian confession. Estonian employs
880-497: The Livonian Chronicle of Henry contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in Estonian was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication. The first extant Estonian book
935-527: The 2023 Estonian parliamentary elections , the party ran informally with members of Together who joined the party due to failing to register their own before the registration deadline. The Estonian United Left Party earned a record high of 2.4% votes in the election and thus qualified for state funding for the very first time, shocking many pundits. Most of the votes earned by the party came from voters of Together founder Aivo Peterson [ et ] . In August 2023, then-party leader Igor Rosenfeld
990-712: The Germanic languages have very different origins and the vocabulary is considered quite different from that of the Indo-European family, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because Estonian has borrowed nearly one-third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon ( Middle Low German ) during the period of German rule , and High German (including standard German ). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent. Prior to
1045-651: The Israeli occupation and the policies of Netanyahu and other rabid nationalists is not antisemitism , and antisemitism is not excused by solidarity with the occupied peoples of Palestine ". Estonian language Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family . Other Finnic languages include Finnish and some minority languages spoken around the Baltic Sea and in northwestern Russia. Estonian
1100-581: The Latin script as the basis for its alphabet . The script adds the letters ä , ö , ü , and õ , plus the later additions š and ž . The letters c , q , w , x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin, and f , z , š , and ž appear in loanwords and foreign names only. Ö and Ü are pronounced similarly to their equivalents in Swedish and German. Unlike in standard German but like Swedish (when followed by 'r') and Finnish, Ä
1155-536: The Proto-Finnic language , elision has occurred; thus, the actual case marker may be absent, but the stem is changed, cf. maja – majja and the Ostrobothnia dialect of Finnish maja – majahan . The verbal system has no distinct future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal"). Although Estonian and
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#17327662008101210-467: The Russian invasion of Ukraine or supporting Vladimir Putin 's regime, adding that anyone with such views can't be a member of the party. The party agrees with Estonia's existing foreign policy choices when it comes to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and Estonia's EU and NATO membership, and expressed support for Ukraine against Russian aggression. After the outbreak of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war ,
1265-485: The 1870s to the 1890s) tried to use formation ex nihilo ( Urschöpfung ); i.e. they created new words out of nothing. The most well-known reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. 'free constructions', Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik's dictionary (1921) lists approximately 4000 words. About 40 of
1320-553: The 18th and 19th centuries based on the dialects of northern Estonia. During the Medieval and Early Modern periods, Estonian accepted many loanwords from Germanic languages , mainly from Middle Low German (Middle Saxon) and, after the 16th-century Protestant Reformation , from the Standard German language. Estonia's oldest written records of the Finnic languages date from the 13th century. The "Originates Livoniae" in
1375-926: The 1930s. There are 9 vowels and 36 diphthongs , 28 of which are native to Estonian. All nine vowels can appear as the first component of a diphthong, but only /ɑ e i o u/ occur as the second component. A vowel characteristic of Estonian is the unrounded back vowel /ɤ/, which may be close-mid back , close back , or close-mid central . Word-initial b, d, g occur only in loanwords and some old loanwords are spelled with p, t, k instead of etymological b, d, g : pank 'bank'. Word-medially and word-finally, b, d, g represent short plosives /p, t, k/ (may be pronounced as partially voiced consonants), p, t, k represent half-long plosives /pː, tː, kː/, and pp, tt, kk represent overlong plosives /pːː, tːː, kːː/; for example: kabi /kɑpi/ 'hoof' — kapi /kɑpːi/ 'wardrobe [ gen sg ] — kappi /kɑpːːi/ 'wardrobe [ ptv sg ]'. Before and after b, p, d, t, g, k, s, h, f, š, z, ž ,
1430-524: The 19th century during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). The birth of native Estonian literature was during the period 1810–1820, when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student to acknowledge his Estonian origin at the then German-language University of Dorpat , is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered
1485-490: The 200 words created by Johannes Aavik allegedly ex nihilo are in common use today. Examples are * ese 'object', * kolp 'skull', * liibuma 'to cling', * naasma 'to return, come back', * nõme 'stupid, dull'. Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items; for example, words from Russian , German , French , Finnish , English and Swedish . Aavik had
1540-603: The Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century. When the Republic of Estonia was established in 1918, Estonian became the official language of the newly independent country. Immediately after World War II , in 1945, over 97% of the then population of Estonia self-identified as native ethnic Estonians and spoke
1595-638: The Left ' or ' the Left-Wingers ' , a mirror of the name used by Parempoolsed ) by early 2024. On 3 February 2024, the party failed to meet the quorum of around half of the members needing to be present to be able to vote on reform proposals in the party congress. Substitute party leader Keijo Lindeberg stated that the party intends to keep the formal name and branding of the Estonian United Left Party while informally using
1650-477: The Russian minority in Estonia) merged to form the Estonian United Left Party ( Eestimaa Ühendatud Vasakpartei ). Despite the party's professed adherence to a left-wing direction, some observers and journalists have noted that the party is perceived to be more interested in catering to Russian minority politics and has been relatively marginal in Estonian politics. In particular, party chairman Mstislav Rusakov made
1705-410: The alphabet. Including all the foreign letters, the alphabet consists of the following 32 letters: Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme , there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t
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1760-441: The basic order is subject–verb–object . The speakers of the two major historical languages spoken in Estonia, North and South Estonian , are thought by some linguists to have arrived in Estonia in at least two different migration waves over two millennia ago, both groups having spoken considerably different vernacular; South Estonian might be a Finnic language rather than a variety of Estonian. Modern standard Estonian evolved in
1815-475: The branding and worldview of Vasakpoolsed. In late 2024, the party announced plans to rebrand as a socially liberal and economically left-wing party with the name Left Alliance ( Estonian : Vasakliit ). On 28 June 2008, the Estonian Left Party (a party comprising most of the remnants of the post-1990 Communist Party of Estonia ) and the Constitution Party (one of two parties representing
1870-413: The case and number of the adjective always agreeing with that of the noun (except in the terminative, essive, abessive and comitative, where there is agreement only for the number, the adjective being in the genitive form). Thus the illative for kollane maja ("a yellow house") is kollasesse majja ("into a yellow house"), but the terminative is kollase majani ("as far as a yellow house"). With respect to
1925-422: The end of the 20th century has brought the proportion of native Estonian-speakers in Estonia now back above 70%. Large parts of the first- and second-generation immigrants in Estonia have now adopted Estonian (over 50% as of the 2022 census). The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in
1980-517: The example of the Finnish Left Alliance . Then-party leader Igor Rosenfeld complained about the party having been taken over by "Russian conservatives" between 2018 and 2022. He also referred to Russia as an empire and said the party supports an independent Ukraine as opposed to one under Russia, adding that it should be "more neutral" and "less aggressive towards Russia". He blames the "Russian elite" and "radicals on both sides" for
2035-535: The founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday, March 14, is celebrated in Estonia as Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem "Kuu" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language: In English: In the period from 1525 to 1917, 14,503 titles were published in Estonian; by comparison, between 1918 and 1940, 23,868 titles were published. In modern times A. H. Tammsaare , Jaan Kross , and Andrus Kivirähk are Estonia 's best-known and most translated writers. Estonians lead
2090-623: The invasion of Ukraine, saying that the " banderite " "Ukrainian radicals" took power in 2014 and that the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia and Rodina are war parties. He also labelled his own party Eurocommunist. After the 2023 parliamentary election, he referred to the Revolution of Dignity as a coup and ruled out further cooperation with Together if they are prosecuted, stating that "we will not be able to cooperate with those people who will be recognized as violating
2145-456: The language. When Estonia was invaded and reoccupied by the Soviet army in 1944, the status of Estonian effectively changed to one of the two official languages (Russian being the other one). Many immigrants from Russia entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the 1970s, the pressure of bilingualism for Estonians was intensified. Although teaching Estonian to non-Estonians in local schools
2200-524: The law" and "we do not want to violate the laws of the Republic of Estonia in any way". He also mentioned that the party doesn't support the Russian world theory promoted by "radical parts" of Together. He also said that a member of Parempoolsed had been appointed to replace him on the party board by the Harju County Court following the court's move to appoint barrister Keijo Lindeberg as
2255-581: The name used 1870–95 by the current-day Venstre United Left (East Germany) United Left (France) (2009–2015) United Left (Greece) United Left (Ireland) United Left (Peru) United Left (Poland) United Left (Slovenia) United Left Alliance , Ireland United Left Front (1967) , India United Left Front (Nepal, 1990) United Left Front (Nepal, 2002) United Left for Cusano Milanino European United Left (1989–93) European United Left (1994–95) Other [ edit ] al-Yesaar al-Mouwahid (The United Left)
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2310-434: The needy, establishing fair wages for teachers, police officers, firefighters, and providing additional social security. On social issues, the party described itself as "neither liberal nor conservative". In 2024, the party announced a restart with the intent to position itself as liberal on social issues. The party has stated that it has no tolerance for pro-Kremlin viewpoints, including spreading Kremlin narratives about
2365-663: The party has released a statement calling for a ceasefire in Gaza, labelling Benjamin Netanyahu 's government 'ultranationalist', describing Israel as an apartheid state, supporting South Africa 's position in South Africa v. Israel , as well as stating that "Israel has the right to protect its own people, but not to do so at the expense of the security, well-being and territory of the Palestinians" and that "opposition to
2420-408: The party put out a policy statement, in which the party denounced its cooperation with Together in the 2023 parliamentary election, announced that all contacts had been since cut and that the party has no tolerance for pro-Kremlin viewpoints, including spread of Kremlin narratives about the Russian invasion of Ukraine or support for Vladimir Putin 's regime, adding that anyone with such views can't be
2475-779: The party's new members, former Social Democrats youth organization vice president Robert Kiisler said that he and "like-minded people are trying to create a pro-Estonian, modern and Nordic left party from the basis of the United Left Party, such as the Left Alliance in Finland or the Red-Green Alliance in Denmark ". The party has announced support for a progressive income tax , taxation of corporate profits, inheritance tax , additional social benefits for
2530-527: The party. Lindeberg said that "the party does not question Estonia's current foreign and security policy course", preferring to focus on domestic topics to appeal to the "ordinary worker" and the "less well-off". He added that the party's target voters would be "pro-Estonian" left-wing youth without a party preference as well as voters of the Social Democrats , Centre Party and the Greens . One of
2585-403: The quorum of around half of the members needing to be present to be able to vote on reform proposals in the party congress. The party did not participate in the 2024 European Parliament election in Estonia due to a lack of funds. In late 2024, the party announced plans to rebrand as a socially liberal and economically left-wing party with the name Left Alliance ( Estonian : Vasakliit ) with
2640-492: The second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The "Older orthography" it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writing in Estonian had, by and large, used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography – for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' – persisted well into
2695-448: The sole substitute member of the board after his removal. Rosenfeld commented on the move as a "right-wing dictatorship" attack on the party, tying them together with Together and saying that there was an attempt to liquidate the party, adding that there's a "special Baltic order in the EU" that is " Francoist " and "not a democracy". He was eventually replaced with Lindeberg who began reforming
2750-419: The sounds [p], [t], [k] are written as p, t, k , with some exceptions due to morphology or etymology. Representation of palatalised consonants is inconsistent, and they are not always indicated. ŋ is an allophone of /n/ before /k/. While peripheral Estonian dialects are characterized by various degrees of vowel harmony , central dialects have almost completely lost the feature. Since the standard language
2805-405: The south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, Northeastern coastal Estonian . The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Lääne County and Pärnu County , the saarte murre (islands' dialect) of Saaremaa , Hiiumaa , Muhu and Kihnu , and
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#17327662008102860-514: The wave of new loanwords from English in the 20th and 21st centuries, historically, Swedish and Russian were also sources of borrowings but to a much lesser extent. In borrowings, often 'b' and 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' before another consonant is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'. Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia from
2915-464: The world in book ownership, owning on average 218 books per house, and 35% of Estonians owning 350 books or more (as of 2018). Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment , during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves,
2970-477: Was formally compulsory, in practice, the teaching and learning of Estonian by Russian-speakers was often considered unnecessary by the Soviet authorities. In 1991, with the restoration of Estonia's independence , Estonian went back to being the only official language in Estonia. Since 2004, when Estonia joined the European Union, Estonian is also one of the (now 24) official languages of the EU . The return of former Soviet immigrants to their countries of origin at
3025-452: Was removed by court order and replaced with barrister Keijo Lindeberg as a substitute member of the board until the next party board elections. In September 2023, the party announced its intention to rebrand as Left-Wingers or the Left ( Estonian : Vasakpoolsed ) by early 2024, launching a new website and social media presence after being informed by the court that law requires the former to exist for every single party. On December 18,
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