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68-785: The United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union , commonly known as the United Steelworkers ( USW ), is a general trade union with members across North America. Headquartered in Pittsburgh , the United Steelworkers represents workers in Canada, the Caribbean , and the United States. The United Steelworkers represent workers in

136-489: A Mine Owners' Association with a secret anti-union agreement, locked out another 1,332 mine workers. The owners hired labor spies to spy on the union, and additional spies to report on replacement workers. Just days after union leaders publicly warned against violence, a violent incident occurred at the Coronado Mine. At least four union miners and one fireman were killed. Colorado Governor McIntire sent

204-534: A Republic Steel mill and killed 10 men. The founder and first president of the USW, Philip Murray , led the union through its first organizing drives and its first decade, when the workers of USW went on strike several times to win the right to bargain collectively with steel companies. Significant job actions of the USW include: The 46,000 members of the Aluminum Workers of America voted to merge with

272-603: A national union federation , the Industrial Workers of the World , in 1905. The WFM had adopted a socialist program in 1901. "Big Bill" Haywood , who joined the union as a silver miner in Idaho , put the union's anti-capitalist stance in the simplest terms: he took the side of workers against the mine owners who "did not find the gold, they did not mine the gold, they did not mill the gold, but by some weird alchemy all

340-524: A state militia was called out to protect striking miners from an armed group supporting mine owners. Further violence was averted by the owners' agreement to return to the eight-hour day and improve miners' pay to three dollars a day – the standard that the union fought for across the west from that point forward. That success enabled the WFM to expand dramatically over the next decade, to the point where it had over two hundred locals in thirteen states. However,

408-688: A struggle against mine owners in Leadville served to radicalize WFM leadership. Representatives of the Cloud City Miners' Union (CCMU), Local 33 of the Western Federation of Miners, asked for a wage increase of fifty cents per day for all mine workers not already making three dollars per day. The union felt justified, for fifty cents a day had been cut from the miners' wages during the depression of 1893. Negotiations broke down and 968 miners walked out. Mine owners, who had formed

476-528: A WFM stronghold, the mine owners did not recognize any miners union from 1914 until 1934. The WFM's defeat led it to look for allies in the battle with employers in the Rockies, a struggle the union didn't want to concede. The Western Labor Union had renamed itself the American Labor Union in 1902. The WFM now sought to join with other advocates of industrial unionism and socialism to found

544-611: A diverse range of industries , including primary and fabricated metals , paper , chemicals , glass , rubber , heavy-duty conveyor belting , tires , transportation , utilities , container industries, pharmaceuticals , call centers , museums , and health care . The United Steelworkers is currently affiliated with the AFL–CIO in the United States and the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC) in Canada as well as several international union federations. On July 2, 2008,

612-523: A five-day convention held in Butte, Montana . First president of the organization was John Gilligan and W.J. Weeks was the union's first secretary-treasurer. Fred W. Thompson and Patrick Murfin have written, The Western Federation of Miners was frontier unionism, the organization of workers who had become "wage slaves" of mining corporations rather recently acquired by back-east absentee ownership. They built their union when they were not yet "broken in" to

680-449: A high barbed-wire fence." Some of the miners, never having been charged with any crime, were eventually allowed to go free, while others were prosecuted. Hundreds more remained in the makeshift prison without charges. The Coeur d'Alene mine owners developed a permit-based hiring system to exclude union miners. At their 1901 convention the WFM miners agreed to the proclamation that a "complete revolution of social and economic conditions"

748-401: A lawyer for the union sought to free the prisoners on a writ of habeas corpus, Bell responded, " Habeas corpus , be damned! We'll give 'em post mortems !" The violence intensified. After a mine explosion on November 21, 1903 killed a superintendent and foreman, Bell announced a vagrancy order that required all strikers to return to work or be deported from the district. When a bomb exploded at

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816-595: A major Canadian forestry workers union. In 2005 it then announced an even larger merger with the Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union (PACE). The resulting new union adopted its current name after the PACE merger. In September 2006, the Independent Oil Workers Union of Aruba, which represents refinery workers on the Caribbean island of Aruba , affiliated with

884-463: A particularly stern rebuke to Idaho Governor Frank Gooding , describing such a state of affairs as the "grossest impropriety": If the Governor or the other officials of Idaho accept a cent from the operators or from any other capitalist with any reference, direct or indirect, to this prosecution, they would forfeit the respect of every good citizen and I should personally feel that they had committed

952-564: A period of decline it revived in the early days of the New Deal and helped found the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in 1935. The Mine Mill union was expelled from the CIO in 1950 during the post-war red scare for refusing to shed its Communist leadership. After spending years fighting off efforts by the United Steelworkers of America (USWA) to raid its membership, Mine Mill and

1020-584: A public meeting in a vacant lot across from the Western Federation of Miners union hall in Victor. Speeches against the union gave way to arguments, followed by fist fights and shooting. Two non-union men were killed and five others on both sides were wounded in the melee. WFM members took refuge in their hall, but Company L of the National Guard surrounded the hall and laid siege, firing into

1088-638: A real crime. Roosevelt's strong words came in spite of the fact that he had already concluded the WFM leaders were guilty. Governor Gooding's response to the President provided a severely distorted account of the financial arrangements for the trial, and a promise to return money contributed by the mine owners. Gooding then: ...kept the narrowest construction of his promise to the president... [He then proclaimed publicly and often that] no dollar has been or will be supplied from any private source or organization whatsoever, [and then] went right on taking money from

1156-539: A response to the violence. A short time later Sheriff Robertson, whom the Mine Owner's Association deemed too tolerant of the union, was confronted and ordered to resign immediately or be lynched. Robertson was replaced with Edward Bell, a member of both the Mine Owner's Association and the Citizens' Alliance. In a hostile environment ripe for provocation, the Mine Owner's Association and the Citizens' Alliance called

1224-638: A separate prosecution, Orchard was convicted and sentenced to death. His sentence was commuted, and he spent the rest of his life in an Idaho prison. Orchard died in prison in 1954. The failure of later strikes and the depression of 1914 brought about a sharp decline in the WFM's membership. In 1916 the union changed its name to the International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers . The union had become largely ineffective, riddled with members who passed information on to their employers, and unable to win substantial gains for its members for most of

1292-562: A serious fight, since the Cripple Creek miners were striking in sympathy with their demands. However, when one of the smelter operators refused to accept the deal brokered by the Governor of Colorado, James Hamilton Peabody , the Governor called in federal troops. Peabody was a fierce opponent of unions and of any social legislation that limited businesses' right to run their own affairs as they saw fit. The crucial issue in Colorado

1360-569: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to one or more trade or labor unions is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Western Federation of Miners The Western Federation of Miners ( WFM ) was a labor union that gained a reputation for militancy in the mines of the western United States and British Columbia . Its efforts to organize both hard rock miners and smelter workers brought it into sharp conflicts – and often pitched battles – with both employers and governmental authorities. One of

1428-840: Is unionized. For example, some of the most recognizable and largest companies in the business such as United States Steel (USS) and Cleveland-Cliffs, with their combined hourly workforces at facilities in North America being Steelworkers and represented by the USW, including the largest facilities on the continent, like US Steel's Gary Works in Gary, Indiana, Cleveland-Cliffs's Burns Harbor in Burns Harbor, Indiana, Indiana Harbor East and West in Northwest Indiana, and Cleveland Plant in Cleveland, Ohio, all of which are situated on

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1496-620: The Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers and the Steel Workers Organizing Committee , after almost six years of divisive struggles to create a new union of steelworkers. The drive to create this union included such violent incidents as the infamous Memorial Day , 1937, when Chicago policemen supporting the rival American Federation of Labor (AFL) fired on workers outside

1564-612: The American Smelting and Refining Company 's copper smelter in El Paso, Texas . During the strike, WFM officials competed with IWW officials to organize the workers with their respective unions. The WFM established a local union in El Paso and signed over 400 workers, though neither union was ever in control of the strike. While the strike ended in failure several weeks later, the WFM local remained. In July 1913, locals of

1632-603: The Canadian Auto Workers merged in 1967 and were able to retain the name Mine Mill Local 598 . After hard rock miners made sporadic and often unsuccessful efforts to organize during previous decades , the Western Federation of Miners was established on May 15, 1893. The federation was formed through the merger of several miners' unions representing copper miners from Butte, Montana , silver and lead miners from Coeur d'Alene, Idaho , gold miners from Colorado and hard rock miners from South Dakota , and Utah at

1700-754: The Colorado National Guard to Leadville. The WFM affiliated with the American Federation of Labor in 1896, but WFM delegates came away from the AFL convention in Cincinnati , ...not only disappointed with the refusal to aid their big fight in Leadville , but with a feeling that they had not been associating with union men, or with men possessing the moral or intellectual fibre ever to become good union men. The WFM withdrew from

1768-526: The Italian Hall Disaster . Shortly after the disaster, WFM president Charles Moyer was shot and then forcibly placed on a train headed for Chicago . The strikers held out until April 1914, but then gave up the strike. The WFM was left with almost no funds to run its operations or future strikes. In 1914, the copper miners at Butte, Montana, split between those loyal to the WFM, and those supporting more militancy, many of whom sympathized with

1836-485: The Make-A-Wish Foundation and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center . The USW has consistently stated that such charitable causes are important to its mission. The presidents of the United Steelworkers are: General union Proponents of general unions claim that their broader range of members allows more opportunities for solidarity action and better coordination in general strikes and

1904-635: The New Democratic Party and continues to be an affiliated union. The USW has contributed to various charitable and philanthropic causes since its creation. The USW has enthusiastically supported The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential (IAHP), a nonprofit organization that works with brain-injured children. The USW has hosted the IAHP's founder, Glenn Doman, at their annual convention. The USW has also held fundraising events for

1972-797: The United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and Plastic Workers of America (URW) (1995); the Aluminum, Brick and Glass Workers Union (ABG) (1996); the Canadian Division of the Transportation Communications International Union (1999); and the American Flint Glass Workers' Union (AFGWU) (2003). In June 2004, the USW announced a merger with the 57,000 member Industrial, Wood and Allied Workers of Canada (IWA Canada),

2040-459: The proposed acquisition of U.S. Steel by Japanese steel company Nippon Steel . USW International President David McCall stated in March 2024 that “Allowing one of our nation’s largest steel manufacturers to be purchased by a foreign-owned corporation leaves us vulnerable when it comes to meeting both our defense and critical infrastructure needs.” The United Steelworkers was a founding partner of

2108-684: The "finishing touches" on the merger, that the merger had been endorsed by Unite officials, and that the USW would discuss the plan at its forthcoming convention in July. Once completed, the new merged entity would represent more than 3 million workers in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland and the Caribbean. The unions have further announced that the new entity would target further mergers with labor groups in Australia and in

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2176-717: The AFL the following year. With the support of other organizations, including the State Trades and Labor Council of Montana, which issued a proposition to organize a new federation , the WFM created its own alternative to the AFL, the Western Labor Union (WLU). The WLU was formed in 1898 at a convention in Salt Lake City . Its goal was organizing all workers in the West. Another confrontation in Coeur d'Alene

2244-529: The Great Lakes freshwater system. On the other hand, some steel companies, usually at facilities known as "mini-mills", like Nucor Steel and its facility in Crawfordsville, Indiana, are non-union shops not represented by the United Steelworkers. The USW was established May 22, 1942, in Cleveland, Ohio, through the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) by a convention of representatives from

2312-651: The Independence Depot near Victor, Colorado on June 6, 1904, killing thirteen strikebreakers, Sheriff H.M. Robertson went to investigate. The situation became very volatile, with throngs of angry men gathered in the streets. The Cripple Creek Mine Owners' Association and an anti-union vigilante organization, the Cripple Creek District Citizens' Alliance , called a meeting at the Victor Military Club to formulate

2380-553: The USW and the Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists (ACTRA) announced that they had formed a strategic alliance to take on the globalization of the culture industry and to address a range of common issues. In July 2006, the USW announced a similar arrangement with the United Transportation Union (UTU), to address common issues in the transportation industry, including the globalization of

2448-555: The United Steelworkers signed an agreement to merge with the United Kingdom and Ireland–based union Unite to form a new global union entity called Workers Uniting . As of 2023, the International President of the United Steelworkers is David McCall, who was installed as president after the death of Tom Conway . Rank-and-file members, as well as representatives, of the United Steelworkers refer to themselves, and are most often referred to, as Steelworkers. The use of

2516-638: The United Steelworkers, becoming the first USW union local outside of the US (including Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands ) and Canada. In April 2007, the USW also merged with the Independent Steelworkers Union, adding 1,150 members at Arcelor-Mittal's Weirton, West Virginia steel mill. In addition to mergers, the USW has also formed strategic alliances with several other unions as well as other groups. In April 2005,

2584-487: The WFM to work for the IWW. The WFM rejoined the AFL in 1911. When Frank Steunenberg , a former governor of Idaho , was murdered on December 30, 1905, the authorities arrested Charles Moyer , president of the union, Bill Haywood , its secretary, and George Pettibone , a former member, in Colorado and put them on trial for Steunenberg's murder. The prosecution relied heavily on the testimony of Harry Orchard , who claimed that

2652-531: The WFM. Although the courts eventually acquitted all union members charged with the bombing of the railroad station during the 1903–04 strike and awarded damages to those who had been deported, the strike and the union were broken in Cripple Creek; similar measures were resorted to in Telluride, Colorado . The actions effectively drove the WFM out of many of the mining camps in Colorado. On 18 September 1912, about 4,800 miners struck Utah Copper Company "and all

2720-547: The Western Federation of Miners called a general strike against all mines in the Michigan Copper Country . The strike was called without approval by the national WFM, which was extremely low on funds after the recent strikes in the west. The union supported the strike, but faced great difficulties providing pay and supplies to the strikers. Hundreds of strikers surrounded the mine shafts to prevent others from reporting to work. Almost all mines shut down, although

2788-421: The Western Federation of Miners, which sought to organize miners throughout the West. Violence occurred in later strikes as well. At Cripple Creek, Colorado , after mine owners increased the working day from eight hours to ten, miners dynamited mine buildings and equipment. The county sheriff hired thousands of armed deputies, and then lost control of them. This 1894 struggle was one of the few strikes in which

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2856-617: The budding steelworker union that was the USW in June 1944. Eventually, eight more unions joined the USW as well: the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers (1967); the United Stone and Allied Product Workers of America (1971); International Union of District 50, Allied and Technical Workers of the United States and Canada (1972); the Upholsterers International Union of North America (1985);

2924-483: The building from nearby rooftops. Forty union members eventually surrendered, with four of them sporting fresh wounds. The Citizen's Alliance entered the building and trashed it. Vigilantes subsequently destroyed every union hall in the area, while General Bell used the National Guard to deport hundreds of strikers. General Bell closed the Portland Mine, owned by James Burns, because it had come to an agreement with

2992-507: The capitalized single word Steelworker or Steelworkers , as opposed to the lowercase two-worded steel worker or steel workers , is also an identifier of those who are part of, or affiliated with, the United Steelworkers International Union rather than being general non-union workers within the steel industry. This distinction is important in North America wherein a vast majority of the steel industry

3060-524: The confrontation, the Coeur d'Alene miners received considerable assistance from the Butte Miners' Union in Butte, Montana , who mortgaged their buildings to send aid. There was a growing concern that local unions were vulnerable to the power of Mine Owners' Associations like the one in Coeur d'Alene. In May 1893, about forty delegates from northern hard rock mining camps met in Butte, and established

3128-572: The discipline of business management. [The WFM] had the militancy of the undisciplined recruits ... From the founding of the Western Federation in 1893, its story for twelve years is that of a continuous search for solidarity ... The miners who formed the union had already experienced a number of hard-fought battles with mine owners and governmental authorities: in the Coeur d'Alene strike in February 1892, after company guards shot five strikers to death,

3196-640: The emerging economies of Asia , Latin America and Eastern Europe . On July 2, 2008, USW and Unite leadership formally signed the merger agreement to create the new entity, to be called Workers Uniting. In the 2006 election, the USW led a political mobilization program that eventually grew to include 350 full-time political organizers in 26 states, a majority of whom were rank and file USW members who took time from work to organize their communities and educate fellow union members. The USW turned out some 5,000 USW volunteers on Election Day, including over 1,000 each in

3264-561: The form of Colorado's National Guard , whose salaries were paid by the business community, not the State. Their commanding officer, General Sherman Bell , began arresting union leaders, strikers, and local public officials by the hundreds. Bell prohibited local newspapers from printing any material unfavorable to the military and ordered the arrest of the entire staff of a newspaper whose editorial had offended him. In Bell's words, "Military necessity recognizes no laws, either civil or social". When

3332-502: The gallows if he testified that an "inner circle" of Western Federation of Miners leaders had ordered the crime. The prosecution of that "inner circle" of the union was then funded, in part, by direct contributions from the Ceour d'Alene District Mine Owners' Association to prosecuting attorneys who were, ostensibly, working for the state rather than for private interests. Upon hearing of this circumstance, president Theodore Roosevelt issued

3400-421: The gold belonged to them!" Haywood was the first chairman of the IWW; he defined its work as "socialism with its working clothes on". But factional differences the following year between the "revolutionists" and "reformists" within the IWW, which also divided the leadership of the WFM, led to the departure of the WFM from the IWW in 1907. After the split, former WFM leaders Bill Haywood and Vincent St. John left

3468-481: The industry. In July 2007, the USW inked yet another strategic alliance with the Canadian Region of the Communications Workers of America . Beyond its affiliations with other unions, in June 2006, the USW announced the formation of a 'Blue-Green Alliance' with the Sierra Club , with the goal of pursuing a joint public policy agenda. In October 2009, the USW announced a framework for collaboration between US and Canadian Steelworkers with Mondragon Internacional, S.A. ,

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3536-581: The key states of Pennsylvania and Ohio. Exit polls suggested union families made up 23 percent of the total vote and supported Democratic candidates by a substantial 32 percent margin, 65 percent to 33 percent. Based on these numbers, the United Steelworkers, in conjunction with the rest of the labor movement, took substantial credit for the eventual Democratic victory. The USW endorsed Barack Obama 's presidential campaign and re-election, Hillary Clinton 's presidential campaign, and Joe Biden 's presidential campaign. In 2023 and 2024, USW expressed opposition to

3604-423: The like. Detractors claim that the broader remit means they tend to be more bureaucratic and respond less effectively to events in a single industry. In the United Kingdom, general unions include the GMB and the Transport and General Workers' Union . In Australia a good example of a general union is the Australian Workers' Union . This article about a business, industry, or trade-related organization

3672-435: The military to indiscriminately round up 1,000 men and put them into bullpens . Emma Langdon , a union sympathizer, charged in a 1908 book that Governor Steunenberg deposited $ 35,000 into his bank account within a week after troops arrived in the Coeur d'Alene district, implying that there may have been a bribe from the mine operators. J. Anthony Lukas later confirmed the donation in his book Big Trouble , In 1899, when

3740-519: The mine owners. In addition to Idaho mine owners, powerful and wealthy industrialists outside of Idaho were also tapped in an effort to destroy the Western Federation of Miners. Donations for the prosecutorial effort estimated in the range of $ 75,000 to $ 100,000 were simultaneously solicited and forwarded from the Colorado Mine Owners' Association and other wealthy Colorado donors. Mining interests in other states – Nevada and Utah, for example – were approached as well. The defense hired Clarence Darrow ,

3808-478: The miners disarmed the guards and marched more than a hundred strikebreakers out of town. In response Governor N.B. Willey asked for federal troops to restore order; President Benjamin Harrison sent General John Schofield , who declared martial law , arrested 600 strikers and then held them in a stockade prison without the right to trial, bail or habeas corpus . Schofield then ordered local mine owners to discharge any union members they had rehired. During

3876-410: The more radical Industrial Workers of the World . The militants attacked WFM officials marching in the annual Union Day parade, and later blew up the WFM headquarters with dynamite. The dissidents established their own rival union, but neither the WFM or the new militant union was able to keep peace among the miners, so the mine owners recognized neither union. The result was that at Butte, for many years

3944-456: The most dramatic of these struggles occurred in the Cripple Creek district of Colorado in 1903–1904; the conflicts were thus dubbed the Colorado Labor Wars . The WFM also played a key role in the founding of the Industrial Workers of the World in 1905 but left that organization several years later. The WFM changed its name to the International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers (more familiarly referred to as Mine Mill) in 1916. After

4012-426: The most renowned lawyer of the day, who had represented Eugene V. Debs several years earlier. In spite of the combined efforts of state and local governments in Idaho and Colorado, the Mine Owners' Associations, the Pinkerton and Thiel Detective Agencies, and other interested industrialists, the jury acquitted Bill Haywood. Pettibone was also acquitted early the next year, and all charges against Moyer were dropped. In

4080-451: The one-man drill, and especially refused to employ Western Federation of Miners members. On Christmas Eve 1913, the Western Federation of Miners organized a party for strikers and their families at the Italian Benevolent Society hall in Calumet . The hall was packed with between 400 and 500 people when someone shouted "fire." There was no fire, but 73 people, 62 of them children, were crushed to death trying to escape. This became known as

4148-420: The principal mines, mills, and smelters of Bingham camp ." Other Utah mine sympathizers brought that number to 9,000. The company enlisted an army of 5,000 besides having the protection of the Utah National Guard . The strike ended in October and at the end of the month, Daniel C. Jackling raised wages. It also saw an end to the Padrone system . In April 1913, several hundred Mexican American workers at

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4216-420: The state needed money for the Coeur d'Alene prosecutions, the Mine Owners' Association had come up with $ 32,000—about a third of it from Bunker Hill and Sullivan—handing $ 25,000 over to Governor Steunenberg for use at his discretion in the prosecution. Some of this money went to pay [attorneys]. Idaho miners were held for "months of imprisonment in the 'bull-pen' — a structure unfit to house cattle – enclosed in

4284-535: The union had directed him to plant the bombs that killed supervisors and strikebreakers during the second Cripple Creek strike and that Haywood, Moyer and Pettibone had hired him to assassinate Governor Steunenberg. The prosecution had depended heavily on the investigative work of James McParland who, acting as an operative for the Pinkerton Detective Agency , had helped convict the Molly Maguires three decades earlier, and felt confident that it would convict all three. McParland persuaded Orchard that he could avoid

4352-426: The workers were said to be sharply divided on the strike question. The union demanded an 8-hour day, a minimum wage of $ 3 per day, an end to use of the one-man drill, and that the companies recognize it as the employees' representative. The mines reopened under National Guard protection, and many went back to work. The companies instituted the 8-hour day, but refused to set a $ 3 per day minimum wage, refused to abandon

4420-430: The world's largest federation of worker cooperatives . In April 2007, Amicus , then the United Kingdom's second-largest trade union, began discussions with the USW about a possible merger. Amicus subsequently merged with the British Transport and General Workers Union to form the new union Unite. Unite and the USW continued the merger talks initiated by Amicus. In May 2008, the unions announced that they were putting

4488-514: Was "the only salvation of the working classes." WFM leaders openly called for the abolition of the wage system. By the spring of 1903 the WFM was the most militant labor organization in the country. The plan to organize the mill workers led to even fiercer battles with the refinery companies, who paid their workers half what miners earned for a ten- to twelve-hour day. When smelter workers went on strike in Colorado City, Colorado in 1903 it appeared that they might be able to win their demands without

4556-416: Was marked by violence. The profitable Bunker Hill Mining Company at Wardner, Idaho fired seventeen workers believed to be union members. On April 29, 250 angry miners seized a train and rode it to a $ 250,000 mill at the Bunker Hill Mine in Wardner. The miners then set off three thousand pounds of dynamite in the mill. At Idaho Governor Frank Steunenberg 's request, President William McKinley sent

4624-430: Was the eight-hour day . When the legislature had enacted a statute limiting the workday in hazardous industries, such as mining and smelting, to eight hours, the Colorado Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional. The voters of Colorado then passed a referendum authorizing the eight-hour day, but the smelter owners and Republican Party fought any efforts to pass a new statute implementing the amendment. That power took

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