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133-599: Since 1985, the FLA has been publishing the political journal El Libertario . Prior to that, FLA published Acción Libertaria . The FLA is a member of the International of Anarchist Federations (IAF-IFA), the anarchist international which includes member organisations from Italy, Spain, Great Britain, France, Germany and other nations. In October 1935 , the Federación Libertaria Argentina

266-852: A DIY folk approach to everyday life, including refusal of work , escaping gender roles , and straight edge lifestyle. Prominent anarchist presses include AK Press and Freedom Press . AK Press, founded in 1990, is a collective based in San Francisco that publishes new and out-of-print works. Freedom Press, founded in 1886, is based in East London and operates a bookshop and online news in addition to publishing. Contemporary anarchist periodicals include Fifth Estate , Perspectives on Anarchist Theory , and Green Anarchy . The Institute for Anarchist Studies offers grants for writing and translating works related to anarchism. History of anarchism According to different scholars,

399-800: A Message to the Workers of the West explaining the false path of state socialism was doomed to fail. Disappointed with the course of events, Goldman and Berkman fled the USSR in 1921, the same year Kropotkin died. By 1925, anarchism was banned under the Bolshevik regime. The victory of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution and the resulting Russian Civil War did serious damage to anarchist movements internationally. Many workers and activists saw

532-608: A contradictory movement that resonated with a very broad audience. With the spread of the Renaissance across Europe, anti-authoritarian and secular ideas re-emerged. The most prominent thinkers advocating for liberty, mainly French, were employing utopia in their works to bypass strict state censorship. In Gargantua and Pantagruel (1532–1552), François Rabelais wrote of the Abby of Thelema (from Koinē Greek : θέλημα ; meaning "will" or "wish"), an imaginary utopia whose motto

665-608: A decade. Leading members of the International who survived the bloody suppression of the Commune fled to Switzerland, where the Anarchist St. Imier International would form in 1872. In 1872, the conflict between Marxists and anarchists climaxed. Marx had, since 1871, proposed the creation of a political party, which anarchists found to be an appalling and unacceptable prospect. Various groups (including Italian sections,

798-548: A distinctive approach that takes serious the political challenges of enjoyment or jouissance . Post-left anarchy is a recent current in anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchism's relationship to traditional left-wing politics , such as its emphasis on class struggle , social revolution , labor unions , the working class , and identity politics . Influenced by anti-authoritarian postmodern philosophy , post-leftists reject Enlightenment rationalism and modernism and deconstruct topics such as gender. While

931-498: A few advocate for armed insurrection , most advocate for creating spaces and affinity groups to act freely within current society rather than fighting for a utopian ideal. In the United States, CrimethInc. , Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed , and Green Anarchy are associated with post-leftism, as are many primitivists . CrimethInc, which is influenced by situationism , anarcho-punk , and green anarchy , argues for

1064-542: A fifth committed suicide before his execution. The incident became known as the Haymarket affair and was a setback for the movement and the struggle for the eight-hour day. In 1890 a second attempt, this time international in scope, to organise for the eight-hour day was made. It had the secondary purpose of memorialising those workers killed as a result of the Haymarket affair. Although it had initially been conceived as

1197-482: A form of organisation in place of the state . Egoist anarchists claimed that egoism will foster genuine and spontaneous union between individuals. Stirner was proposing an individual rebellion, which would not seek to establish new institutions nor anything resembling a state. Europe was shocked by another revolutionary wave in 1848 which started once again in Paris. The new government, consisting mostly of Jacobins,

1330-606: A founding member of the Kurdistan Workers' Party who is currently imprisoned in Turkey, is an iconic and popular figure in Rojava and whose ideas shaped the region's society and politics. While in prison, Öcalan corresponded with and was influenced by Murray Bookchin , a social anarchist theorist and philosopher who developed communalism and libertarian municipalism . Modelled after Bookchin's ideas, Öcalan developed

1463-471: A great variety of subjects, such as education and gender equality, helped to increase his influence within the IWA. His main line was that the International should try to promote a revolution without aiming to create a mere government of "experts". Workers should seek to emancipate their class with direct actions, using cooperatives, mutual credit, and strikes, but avoid participation in bourgeois politics. At first,

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1596-424: A lack of organisation was a basic reason of why anarchism had failed. Platformism had the purpose of providing a strategy for class struggle, as Bakunin and Kropotkin had suggested before. The other trend emerged as an organisational alternative to platformism, since it had similarities to party structure. Anarchist intellectual Volin was one of the most notable opponents of platformism, and he pointed toward to what

1729-492: A lesser extent - Marxists. The uprising was greatly influenced by anarchists and had a great impact on anarchist history. Radical socialist views, like Proudhonian federalism, were implemented to a small extent. Most importantly, the workers proved they could run their own services and factories. After the defeat of the Commune, anarchists like Eugène Varlin , Louise Michel , and Élisée Reclus were shot or imprisoned. The French Third Republic persecuted socialist supporters for

1862-489: A long interruption, from 1985 the newspaper El Libertario appeared as its mouthpiece. Editorial Reconstruir, created and promoted by the FLA, has to its credit a large production of books and brochures, in addition to the bimonthly magazine of the same name published until 1976. Although with less intensity, it continues in the work of disseminating books and publishing works with his own stamp. International of Anarchist Federations Contemporary anarchism within

1995-403: A manifestation of the people's "mental enslavement", the foundations of law, property rights and even the institution of marriage. He considered the basic foundations of society as constraining the natural development of individuals to use their powers of reasoning to arrive at a mutually beneficial method of social organisation. In each case, government and its institutions are shown to constrain

2128-735: A more moderate approach, independent scholar Sean Sheehan points out that the French Revolution proved that even the strongest political establishments can be overthrown. William Godwin in England was the first to develop an expression of modern anarchist thought . He is generally regarded as the founder of the school of thought known as philosophical anarchism . He argued in Political Justice (1793) that government has an inherently malevolent influence on society, and that it perpetuates dependency and ignorance. He thought

2261-557: A one-off event, by the following year the commemoration of International Workers' Day on May Day had become firmly established as an international workers' holiday. Syndicalism saw its heights from 1894 to 1914, with roots reaching back to 19th century labour movements and the trade unionists of the First International . Subsequently, anarcho-syndicalism 's main tenet that economic struggles come before political ones can be traced back to Pierre-Joseph Proudhon , and

2394-537: A philosophical anarchism—an attempt to delegitimise the state and question its morality—and were pacifist schools of thought, in contrast with their Western counterparts some centuries later. Former professor emeritus of history at California State University Milton W. Meyer has stated that in his opinion, early Taoists were "early anarchists" who believed in concepts often found in states such as anti-intellectualism and " laissez-faire ". Taoist anarchists did not believe in religious traditions such as rituals and

2527-414: A rejection of, coercive political institutions and hierarchical social relationships. Taoism , which developed in ancient China , has been linked to anarchist thought by some scholars. Taoist sages Lao Tzu and Zhuang Zhou , whose principles were grounded in an "anti-polity" stance and a rejection of any kind of involvement in political movements or organisations, developed a philosophy of "non-rule" in

2660-469: A rupture between generations of anarchism, with those "who often still have not shaken the sectarian habits" of the 19th century contrasted with the younger activists who are "much more informed, among other elements, by indigenous , feminist , ecological and cultural-critical ideas" and who by the turn of the 21st century formed "by far the majority" of anarchists. Around the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence as part of

2793-404: A singular "anarchism") in which common principles are shared between schools of anarchism while each group prioritizes those principles differently. Gender equality can be a common principle, although it ranks as a higher priority to anarcha-feminists than anarcho-communists . New currents which emerged within contemporary anarchism include post-anarchism and post-left anarchy. New anarchism

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2926-408: A use of the phrase new anarchism that does "not specifically refer to David Graeber's use of the term here in his New Left Review article 'The New Anarchists'", Teoman Gee decries the associations of the phrase with anarchist practices that are anti-historical, polemical, or associated with superficial lifestyle anarchism . Post-anarchism is a revision of classical anarchism sometimes through

3059-458: Is "highly relevant to advanced industrial societies". Anarchism continues to generate many philosophies and movements, at times eclectic, drawing upon various sources and syncretic, combining disparate concepts to create new philosophical approaches. Self-avowed anarchist scholars such as David Graeber and Andrej Grubačić have written on trends within contemporary anarchism both individually and in collaboration. Writing together, their emphasis

3192-616: Is a term that has been notably used by several authors to describe the most recent reinvention of the anarchist thought and practice. What distinguishes the new anarchism of today from the new anarchism of the 1960s and 1970s, or from the work of Anglo-American based authors such as Murray Bookchin , Alex Comfort , Paul Goodman , Herbert Read and Colin Ward , is its emphasis on the global perspective. Essays on new anarchism include David Graeber 's "New Anarchists" and Andrej Grubačić 's "Towards Another Anarchism"; other authors have criticized

3325-1150: Is in Spain in the form of the CGT and the CNT , with the CGT membership being estimated at around 100,000 for 2003. Other active anarcho-syndicalist movements include the CNT–AIT in France, the Union Sindicale Italiana in Italy, the Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden and the Swedish Anarcho-syndicalist Youth Federation in Sweden, the Workers Solidarity Alliance in the United States and

3458-544: Is liberty" and argued that it was a bulwark against state power. Mutualists would later play an important role in the First International , especially at the first two Congresses held in Geneva and Lausanne, but diminished in European influence with the rise of anarcho-communism. Instead, Mutualism would find fertile ground among American individualists in the late 19th century. In Spain, Ramón de la Sagra established

3591-405: Is no doubt that 60s anarchism was libertarian and linked to the sexual revolution, liberation of the erotic instincts and what Herbert Marcuse called 'nonrepressive sublimation'. Yet, contemporary anarchism can be seen as a powerful critique of the pseudo-libertarianism of contemporary neo-liberalism , where the sexual revolution has turned the culture industry into the sex industry – ask yourself,

3724-516: Is not the product of his or her labour that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature". Déjacque was also a critic of Proudhon's mutualist theory and anti-feminist views. Returning to New York, he was able to serialise his book in his periodical Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement social . The French anarchist movement, though self-described as "mutualists", started gaining pace during 1860s as workers' associations began to form. The decades of

3857-608: Is property?", a question that he answers with the famous accusation " Property is theft ". Proudhon's theory of mutualism rejects the state, capitalism, and communism. It calls for a co-operative society in which the free associations of individuals are linked in a decentralised federation based on a "Bank of the People" that supplies workers with free credit . He contrasted this with what he called "possession", or limited ownership of resources and goods only while in more or less continuous use. Later, Proudhon also added that "Property

3990-437: Is there today anything less transgressive and more normalizing than pornography? One might say that contemporary anarchism is about responsibility, whether sexual, ecological or socio-economic; it flows from an experience of conscience about the manifold ways in which the West ravages the rest; it is an ethical outrage at the yawning inequality, impoverishment and disenfranchisment that is so palpable locally and globally." Since

4123-418: Is upon a "global revolutionary movement" finding roots in anarchism as opposed to Marxism, and a new generation "much more interested in developing new forms of practice than arguing about the finer points of ideology." Using the phrase "the new anarchists", Graeber elaborates upon practice with regard to globalization, "a 'new language' of civil disobedience", direct democracy, and prefigurative politics. Using

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4256-524: The Tao Te Ching and the Zhuangzi . Taoists were trying to live in harmony with nature according to the precepts of their religion by doing this. There is an ongoing debate whether exhorting rulers not to rule is somehow an anarchist objective. A new generation of Taoist thinkers with anarchic leanings appeared during the chaotic Wei-Jin period. Taoism and neo-Taoism had principles more akin to

4389-484: The Cynics and Stoics . The Cynics Diogenes of Sinope and Crates of Thebes are both supposed to have advocated for anarchistic forms of society, although little remains of their writings. Their most significant contribution was the radical approach of nomos (law) and physis (nature). Contrary to the rest of Greek philosophy, aiming to blend nomos and physis in harmony, Cynics dismissed nomos (and in consequence:

4522-861: The French Anarchist Federation , the Iberian Anarchist Federation and the Italian Anarchist Federation as well as the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation in French exile. In the United Kingdom during the 1970s, this was associated with the punk rock movement as exemplified by bands such as Crass (pioneers of the anarcho-punk subgenre). The housing and employment crisis in most of Western Europe led to

4655-667: The International Workers' Association and the Industrial Workers of the World have existed since the 20th century. Within contemporary anarchism, the anti-capitalism of classical anarchism has remained prominent. Anarchist principles undergird contemporary radical social movements of the left. Interest in the anarchist movement developed alongside momentum in the anti-globalisation movement, whose leading activist networks were anarchist in orientation. As

4788-676: The Jacobin dictatorship, Jean Varlet wrote in 1794 that "government and revolution are incompatible, unless the people wish to set its constituted authorities in permanent insurrection against itself". In his Manifeste des Égaux ( Manifesto of the Equals ) of 1801, Sylvain Maréchal looked forward to the disappearance, once and for all, of "the revolting distinction between rich and poor, of great and small, of masters and valets, of governors and governed". The French Revolution came to depict in

4921-718: The Mexican Revolution of 1910. The revolutionary wave of 1917–23 saw varying degrees of active participation by anarchists. Following the failed 1905 Russian Revolution , anarchists participated again in both the February and October revolutions of 1917 and were initially enthusiastic about the Bolshevik cause. Prior to the revolution, Lenin had won over anarchists and syndicalists with high praises in his 1917 work The State and Revolution . However, anarchist objections quickly arose. They opposed, for example,

5054-583: The Middle Ages included the Hussites and Adamites . 20th-century historian James Joll described anarchism as two opposing sides. In the Middle Ages, zealotic and ascetic religious movements emerged, which rejected institutions, laws and the established order. In the 18th century another anarchist stream emerged based on rationalism and logic. These two currents of anarchism later blended to form

5187-504: The Middle Ages , some religious sects espoused libertarian thought, and the Age of Enlightenment , and the attendant rise of rationalism and science , signalled the birth of the modern anarchist movement. Alongside Marxism , modern anarchism was a significant part of the workers' movement at the end of the 19th century. Modernism, industrialisation, reaction to capitalism and mass migration helped anarchism to flourish and to spread around

5320-598: The New World , the first to use the term "anarchy" to mean something other than chaos was Louis-Armand, Baron de Lahontan in his Nouveaux voyages dans l'Amérique septentrionale , 1703 ( New Voyages in Northern America ). He described indigenous American society as having no state, laws, prisons, priests or private property as being in anarchy. The Quaker sect, mostly because of their ahierarchical governance and social relations, based on their beliefs of

5453-810: The Russian Revolution , but as soon as the Bolsheviks established their authority, anarchist movements, most notably the Makhnovshchina and the Kronstadt rebellion , were harshly suppressed. Anarchism played a historically prominent role during the Spanish Civil War , when an anarchist territory was established in Catalonia. Revolutionary Catalonia was organised along anarcho-syndicalist lines, with powerful labor unions in

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5586-602: The Solidarity Federation in the United Kingdom. The revolutionary industrial unionist Industrial Workers of the World claiming 10,000 paying members and the International Workers' Association , an anarcho-syndicalist successor to the First International, also remain active. The International of Anarchist Federations was founded in 1968 during an international anarchist conference in Carrara by

5719-707: The Spanish Republic against the military coup. The Coordinating Commission for Aid to Spain was then formed and, for its part, FACA promoted the creation of Solidaridad Internacional Antifascista (SIA) and actively participated in the Spanish Propaganda Service founded by the CNT-FAI , appointing and sending delegates from the Federation. Anita Piacenza , Jacobo Prince , Jacobo Maguid and José Grunfeld went to Catalonia to represent

5852-694: The St. Imier Congress , adopting a revolutionary anarchist programme. Anarcho-communism developed out of radical socialist currents after the 1789 French Revolution but was first formulated as such in the Italian section of the First International . It was the convincing critique of Carlo Cafiero and Errico Malatesta that paved the way for anarcho-communism to surpass collectivism; they argued that collectivism would inevitably end in competition and inequality. Essayist Alain Pengam comments that between 1880 and 1890

5985-595: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk . This conflict culminated in the 1921 Kronstadt rebellion , a garrison in Kronstadt where Baltic Fleet sailors and citizens made demands for reforms. The new government suppressed the rebellion. The Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine , led by Nestor Makhno , continued to fight until August 1921 when it was crushed by the state only months after the Kronstadt rebellion. Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman , who had been deported from

6118-676: The Women's March on Versailles , the Storming of the Bastille and the Réveillon riots seen as the revolutionary archetype. Anarchists came to identify with the Enragés ( lit.   ' "enraged ones" ' ) who expressed the demands of the sans-culottes ( lit.   ' "without breeches" ' ; commoners) who opposed revolutionary government as a contradiction in terms. Denouncing

6251-762: The Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front in South Africa, Collective Action in the United Kingdom, Common Struggle/ Lucha Común in the United States and the Revolutionary Confederation of Anarcho-Syndicalists by the name of N. I. Makhno which is an international anarcho-syndicalist and platformist confederation with sections and individual members in Bulgaria, Georgia, Germany, Israel, Latvia, Russia and Ukraine. Organisations inspired by platformism were also among

6384-785: The anti-war , anti-capitalist and anti-globalisation movements. Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the meetings of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Group of Eight and the World Economic Forum . Some anarchist factions at these protests engaged in rioting, property destruction and violent confrontations with police. These actions were precipitated by ad hoc , leaderless and anonymous cadres known as black blocs , although other peaceful organisational tactics pioneered in this time include affinity groups , security culture and

6517-417: The collectivisation of property and the revolutionary overthrow of the state. Bakunin corresponded with other members of the International, seeking to establish a loose brotherhood of revolutionaries who would ensure that the coming revolution would not take an authoritarian course, in sharp contrast with other currents that were seeking to get a firm grasp on state power . Bakunin's energy and writings about

6650-408: The definition of anarchism and hence its history. One group of scholars considers anarchism strictly associated with class struggle . Others feel this perspective is far too narrow. While the former group examines anarchism as a phenomenon that occurred during the 19th century, the latter group looks to ancient history to trace anarchism's roots. Anarchist philosopher Murray Bookchin describes

6783-460: The history of anarchism either goes back to ancient and prehistoric ideologies and social structures , or begins in the 19th century as a formal movement. As scholars and anarchist philosophers have held a range of views on what anarchism means , it is difficult to outline its history unambiguously. Some feel anarchism is a distinct, well-defined movement stemming from 19th-century class conflict , while others identify anarchist traits long before

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6916-458: The history of anarchism is the period of the anarchist movement continuing from the end of World War II and into the present. Since the last third of the 20th century, anarchists have been involved in anti-globalisation , peace , squatter and student protest movements. Anarchists have participated in armed revolutions such as in those that created the Makhnovshchina and Revolutionary Catalonia , and anarchist political organizations such as

7049-599: The ruling class they had fought against. Followers of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, the mutualists, also opposed Marx's state socialism , advocating political abstentionism and small property holdings. Meanwhile, an uprising after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 to 1871 led to the formation of the Paris Commune in March 1871. Anarchists had a prominent role in the Commune, next to Blanquists and - to

7182-419: The Belgian Federation and the Jura Federation ) rejected Marx's proposition at the 1872 Hague Congress . They saw it as an attempt to create state socialism that would ultimately fail to emancipate humanity. In contrast, they proposed political struggle through social revolution. Finally, anarchists were expelled from the First International. In response, the federalist sections formed their own International at

7315-410: The Bolsheviks' success as setting an example, and communist parties grew at the expense of anarchism and other socialist movements. In France and the United States, for example, members of the major syndicalist movements of the Confédération Générale du Travail (General Confederation of Labour) and Industrial Workers of the World left these organisations to join the Communist International . From

7448-458: The Casa de los Libertarios, the federation carries out regular meetings, administration, attention to visitors and correspondence, it also has a bookstore, library and archive. Each year they hold conferences, round tables, book presentations, film and video exhibitions, commemorative events, fraternization meetings, artistic and musical evenings. Until the beginning of 1971, 210 issues of its journalistic organ Acción Libertaria were published. After

7581-442: The Czech-Slovak Anarchist Federation, the Federation of German speaking Anarchists in Germany and Switzerland and the Anarchist Federation in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Platformism is an important current in international anarchism. Around thirty platformist and specifist organizations are linked together in the Anarkismo project, including groups from Africa, Europe, Latin America and North America. At least in terms of

7714-408: The FLA and gave support to the different libertarian organizations in that region, they directed and collaborated in the CNT newspaper Solidaridad Obrera . The first FACA delegate to arrive in Spain was Jacobo Maguid, who went to Catalonia in November 1936 to serve as head of the organizing committee of the International Anarchist Congress. He also worked actively in the FAI Regional Committee, on

7847-467: The French revolution was a turning point in anarchistic thought, as it promoted the ideals of " Liberty, Fraternity, and Equality ". Yet he felt that the outcome did nothing more than re-shape and modernise the militaristic state. Russian revolutionary and anarchist thinker Peter Kropotkin , however, traced the origins of the anarchist movement further back, linking it to struggles against authority in feudal societies and earlier revolutionary traditions. In

7980-739: The General Union of Anarchists (Draft) in many countries, including Federación Anarco-Comunista de Argentina and Línea Anarco-Comunista in Argentina, the Melbourne Anarchist Communist Group and Sydney Anarchist Communist Trajectory in Australia, Fórum do Anarquismo Organizado in Brazil, Common Cause (Ontario) and Union Communiste Libertaire (Quebec) in Canada, Federación Comunista Libertaria and Organización Comunista Libertaria (OCL) in Chile, Alternative Libertaire and Organisation Communiste Libertaire in France, Federazione dei Comunisti Anarchici in Italy, Alianza de los Comunistas Libertarios in Mexico, Motmakt in Norway, Unión Socialista Libertaria in Peru,

8113-518: The State was harmful, illegitimate, immoral and unnecessary. In Europe, Christianity was overshadowing all aspects of life. The Brethren of the Free Spirit was the most notable example of heretic belief that had some vague anarchistic tendencies. They held anticleric sentiments and believed in total freedom. Even though most of their ideas were individualistic, the movement had a social impact, instigating riots and rebellions in Europe for many years. Other anarchistic religious movements in Europe during

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8246-456: The U.S. in 1917, were amongst those agitating in response to Bolshevik policy and the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising. Both wrote accounts of their experiences in Russia, criticising the amount of state control the Bolsheviks exercised. For them, Mikhail Bakunin 's predictions on the consequences of Marxist rule, that the leaders of the new socialist state would become the new ruling class, had proven true. In 1920, Peter Kropotkin published

8379-449: The United States, Johann Most advocated publicising violent acts of retaliation against counter-revolutionaries because "we preach not only action in and for itself, but also action as propaganda". Russian anarchist-communists employed terrorism and illegal acts in their struggle. Numerous heads of state were assassinated or attacked by members of the anarchist movement. In 1901, the Polish-American anarchist Leon Czolgosz assassinated

8512-409: The abandonment of these kinds of tactics, although state repression may have played an equal role in their adoption. Early proponents of propaganda of the deed, like Alexander Berkman, started to question the legitimacy of violence as a tactic. A variety of anarchists advocated the abandonment of these sorts of tactics in favour of collective revolutionary action through the trade union movement. By

8645-467: The anarchist journal El Porvenir in La Coruña in 1845 which was inspired by Proudhon's ideas. Catalan politician Francesc Pi i Margall became the principal translator of Proudhon's works into Spanish. He would later briefly become president of Spain in 1873 while leader of the Democratic Republican Federal Party, where he tried to implement some of Proudhon's ideas. An influential form of individualist anarchism called egoism or egoist anarchism ,

8778-466: The anarchist movement distanced themselves from both illegalism and propaganda of the deed. Peter Kropotkin, for example, wrote in Le Révolté that "a structure based on centuries of history cannot be destroyed with a few kilos of dynamite". State repression of the anarchist and labour movements , including the infamous 1894 French lois scélérates ("villainous laws"), following a number of successful bombings and assassinations may have contributed to

8911-445: The anarchist movement, although contemporary anarchism favours actions over academic theory. Anarchism was influential in the counterculture of the 1960s and anarchists actively participated in the protests of 1968 involving students and workers revolts. In 1968, the International of Anarchist Federations was founded during an international anarchist conference held in Carrara by the three existing European federations, namely

9044-442: The ancient precursors of anarchism are often ignored movements within ancient Judaism and Early Christianity . As more contemporary literature shows, anti-state and anti-hierarchy positions can be found in the Tanakh as well as in New Testament texts. In Persia during the Middle Ages a Zoroastrian prophet named Mazdak , now considered a proto-socialist, called for the abolition of private property, free love and overthrowing

9177-418: The authorities, hierarchies, establishments and moral code of polis ) while promoting a way of life, based solely on physis . Zeno of Citium , the founder of Stoicism , who was much influenced by the Cynics, described his vision of an egalitarian utopian society around 300 BC. Zeno's Republic advocates a form of anarchic society where there is no need for state structures. He argued that although

9310-514: The book Les Aventures de Télémaque that infuriated Louis XIV . Some Reformation currents (like the radical reformist movement of Anabaptists ) are sometimes credited as the religious forerunners of modern anarchism. Even though the Reformation was a religious movement and strengthened the state, it also opened the way for the humanistic values of the French Revolution . During the English Civil War , Christian anarchism found one of its most articulate exponents in Gerrard Winstanley , who

9443-526: The centre of his philosophy stood every man's right to freedom of consciousness. Aristippus , a pupil of Socrates and founder of the Hedonistic school , claimed that he did not wish either to rule or be ruled. He saw the State as a danger to personal autonomy. Not all ancient Greeks had anarchic tendencies. Other philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle used the term anarchy negatively in association with democracy which they mistrusted as inherently vulnerable and prone to deteriorate into tyranny . Among

9576-548: The cities and collectivised agriculture in the country, but ended in the defeat of the anarchists. In the 1960s, anarchism re-emerged as a global political and cultural force. In association with the New Left and Post-left tendencies, anarchism has influenced social movements that espouse personal autonomy and direct democracy. It has also played major roles in the anti-globalization movement , Zapatista revolution , and Rojava revolution . Τhere has been some controversy over

9709-471: The collapse of anarchism in the newly formed Soviet Union , two anarchist trends arose. The first, platformism , was propagated in the anarchist journal Dielo Truda by a group of Russian exiles, including Nestor Makhno. Their main objective, as proponent Piotr Arsinov wrote, was to create a non-hierarchical party that would offer "common organisation of our forces on a basis of collective responsibility and collective methods of action". They considered that

9842-460: The collectivists worked with the Marxists to push the First International in a more revolutionary socialist direction. Subsequently, the International became polarised into two camps, with Marx and Bakunin as their respective figureheads. Bakunin characterised Marx's ideas as centralist . Because of this, he predicted that if a Marxist party came to power, its leaders would simply take the place of

9975-422: The concepts of morality and good and evil. Some convictions and ideas deeply held by modern anarchists were first expressed in ancient Greece . The first known political usage of the word anarchy ( Ancient Greek : ἀναρχία ) appeared in plays by Aeschylus and Sophocles in the fifth century BC. Ancient Greece also saw the first Western instance of anarchy as a philosophical ideal mainly, but not only, by

10108-464: The continuation of the "legacy of freedom" of humankind (i.e. the revolutionary moments) that existed throughout history, in contrast with the "legacy of domination" which consists of states, capitalism and other organisational forms. The three most common forms of defining anarchism are the "etymological" (an-archei, without a ruler, but anarchism is not merely a negation); the "anti-statism" (while this seems to be pivotal, it certainly does not describe

10241-586: The country, continuing those previously carried out by the CRRA. One of the first relevant activities it carried out was its participation in the campaign for the freedom of the Bragado Prisoners : Pascual Vuotto, Reclus de Diago and Santiago Mainini were anarchists that had been arbitrarily detained and tortured by the police during the Infamous Decade , falsely accused of having planted a bomb in

10374-530: The creation of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA, also called the "First International") united diverse revolutionary currents - including socialist Marxists, trade unionists, communists and anarchists. Karl Marx , a leading figure of the International, became a member of its General Council. Four years later, in 1868, Mikhail Bakunin joined the First International with his collectivist anarchist associates. They advocated

10507-574: The deluge of violence regularly committed by the state and capital. In Europe, a wave of illegalism (the embracement of a criminal way of life) spread throughout the anarchist movement, with Marius Jacob , Ravachol , intellectual Émile Henry and the Bonnot Gang being notable examples. The Bonnot Gang in particular justified illegal and violent behavior by claiming that they were "taking back" property that did not rightfully belong to capitalists. In Russia, Narodnaya Volya ("People's Will" which

10640-522: The development of one's capacity to live wholly in accordance with the full and free exercise of private judgement. Frenchman Pierre-Joseph Proudhon is regarded as the founder of modern anarchism, a label he adopted in his groundbreaking work What is Property? Or, an Inquiry into the Principle of Right and Government ( French : Qu'est-ce que la propriété? Recherche sur le principe du droit et du gouvernement ) published in 1840. In it he asks "What

10773-587: The divine spirit universally within all people and humanity's absolute equality, had some anarchistic tendencies; such values must have influenced Benjamin Tucker the editor and publisher of the individualist anarchist periodical Liberty . Modern anarchism grew from the secular and humanistic thought of the Enlightenment . The scientific discoveries that preceded the Enlightenment gave thinkers of

10906-407: The earliest civilisations existed. Prehistoric society existed without formal hierarchies , which some anthropologists have described as similar to anarchism . The first traces of formal anarchist thought can be found in ancient Greece and China , where numerous philosophers questioned the necessity of the state and declared the moral right of the individual to live free from coercion. During

11039-468: The early 20th century, revolutionary syndicalism had spread across the world, from Latin America to Eastern Europe and Asia, with most of its activity then taking place outside of Western Europe. The use of revolutionary political violence , known as propaganda of the deed, was employed by a small but influential part of the anarchist movement over a roughly four decade period, beginning in the 1880s. It

11172-702: The end of the 19th century, it became clear that propaganda of the deed was not going to spark a revolution. Though it was employed by only a minority of anarchists, it gave anarchism a violent reputation and it isolated anarchists from broader social movements. It was abandoned by the majority of the anarchist movement in the early 20th century. Anarchists were involved in the Strandzha Commune and Krusevo Republic established in Macedonia in Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903, and in

11305-699: The essence of anarchism); and the "anti-authoritarian" definition (denial of every kind of authority, which over-simplifies anarchism). Along with the definition debates, the question of whether it is a philosophy, a theory or a series of actions complicates the issue. Philosophy professor Alejandro de Agosta proposes that anarchism is "a decentralized federation of philosophies as well as practices and ways of life, forged in different communities and affirming diverse geohistories". Many scholars of anarchism, including anthropologists Harold Barclay and David Graeber , claim that some form of anarchy dates back to prehistory. The longest period of human existence, that before

11438-477: The formation of communes , intentional communities and squatter movements like that of Barcelona. In Denmark, squatters occupied a disused military base and declared the Freetown Christiania , an autonomous haven in central Copenhagen. The relationship between anarchism and punk as well as squatting has carried on into the 21st century. In Infinitely Demanding , Simon Critchley wrote: "There

11571-506: The founders of the now-defunct International Libertarian Solidarity network and its successor Anarkismo network which is run collaboratively by roughly thirty platformist and specifists organisations around the world. Anarchist ideas have been influential in the development of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, more commonly known as Rojava , a de facto autonomous region in northern Syria. Abdullah Öcalan ,

11704-435: The globe. Major anarchist schools of thought sprouted up as anarchism grew as a social movement, particularly anarcho-collectivism , anarcho-communism , anarcho-syndicalism , and individualist anarchism . As the workers' movement grew, the divide between anarchists and Marxists grew as well. The two currents formally split at the fifth congress of the First International in 1872. Anarchists participated enthusiastically in

11837-455: The goodness in the nature of men and viewed the state as fundamentally oppressive. Denis Diderot 's Supplément au voyage de Bougainville ( The Supplement to the Voyage of Bougainville ) was also influential. The French Revolution stands as a landmark in the history of anarchism. The use of revolutionary violence by masses would captivate anarchists of later centuries, with such events as

11970-994: The influence of post-structuralists such as Jean Baudrillard , Gilles Deleuze , Michel Foucault , and Jacques Lacan . Post-anarchism is a contested term, with its prefix "post" referring to post-structuralism and/or postmodernism , which themselves are contested terms. Many post-anarchist theorists (e.g., Jason Adams, Todd May , and Saul Newman ) invoke post-structuralist writings. The postmodern aspect of post-anarchism involves rejection of universal values and grand theories in favor of plurality and hybridity. Philosopher Benjamin Franks identified three types of post-anarchism: (1) Lyotardian Post anarchism, which proposes replacing classical anarchist (revolutionary) tactics with those of post-structuralists; (2) redemptive post anarchism, to incorporate post-structural theory into existing anarchist practices; and (3) postmodern anarchism, which applies anarchist approaches to globalized oppressions of

12103-452: The king. He and his thousands of followers were massacred in 582 CE, but his teaching influenced Islamic sects in the following centuries. A theological predecessor to anarchism developed in Basra and Baghdad among Mu'tazilite ascetics and Najdiyya Khirijites . This form of revolutionary Islam was not communist or egalitarian. It did not resemble current concepts of anarchism, but preached

12236-642: The late 19th and the early 20th centuries constitute the belle époque of anarchist history. In this "classical" era, roughly defined as the period between the Paris Commune of 1871 and the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939 (or the 1840s /1860s through 1939 ), anarchism played a prominent role in working-class struggles (alongside Marxism ) in Europe as well as in the Americas, Asia, and Oceania. Modernism, mass migration, railroads and access to printing all helped anarchists to advance their causes. In 1864,

12369-488: The late 21st century. Critics of post-anarchism argue that it ignores principles of class warfare and economic exploitation , not producing political action. Duane Rousselle and Saul Newman have advanced a psychoanalytic post-anarchism inspired by the writings of Jacques Lacan. Duane Rousselle ’s work brings together thinking from the New Lacanian School of Jacques Lacan and Slavoj Zizek to outline

12502-407: The major anarchist current in Europe and abroad—except in Spain where anarcho-syndicalism prevailed. The theoretical work of Kropotkin and Errico Malatesta grew in importance later as it expanded and developed pro-organisationalist and insurrectionary anti-organisationalist sections. Kropotkin elaborated on the theory behind the revolution of anarcho-communism saying, "it is the risen people who are

12635-553: The methods by which these forms should be opposed. The principle of equal liberty is closer to anarchist political ethics in that it transcends both the liberal and socialist traditions. This entails that liberty and equality cannot be implemented within the state, resulting in the questioning of all forms of domination and hierarchy. Contemporary news coverage which emphasizes black bloc demonstrations has reinforced anarchism's historical association with chaos and violence; however, its publicity has also led more scholars to engage with

12768-452: The minds of anarchists that as soon as rebels seize power they become the new tyrants, as evidenced by the state-orchestrated violence of the Reign of Terror . The proto-anarchist groups of Enragés and sans-culottes were ultimately executed by guillotine. The debate over the effects of the French Revolution on the anarchist cause continues to this day. To anarchist historian Max Nettlau ,

12901-477: The movement shaped 21st century radicalism, wider embrace of anarchist principles signaled a revival of interest. Various anarchist groups, tendencies and schools of thought exist today, making it difficult to describe the contemporary anarchist movement. While theorists and activists have established "relatively stable constellations of anarchist principles", there is no consensus on which principles are core and commentators describe multiple "anarchisms" (rather than

13034-513: The necessary instinct of self-preservation leads humans to egotism , nature has supplied a corrective to it by providing man with another instinct, namely sociability . Like many modern anarchists, he believed that if people follow their instincts, they will have no need of law courts or police, no temples and no public worship , and use no money— free gifts taking the place of monetary exchanges. Socrates expressed some views appropriate to anarchism. He constantly questioned authority and at

13167-654: The newspaper Tierra y Libertad and in the magazine Tiempos Nuevos until December 1938 . This social revolution led many militants to participate directly in the conflict, traveling as combatants to Spain or in support tasks from Argentina. Hundreds of anarchists traveled to join the CNT and the FAI , including members of the FORA such as Diego Abad de Santillán and the FACA, such as Anita Piacenza, Jacobo Maguid, Jacobo Prince and José Grunfeld, among others. In its own premises,

13300-531: The number of affiliated organisations, the Anarkismo network is larger than other anarchist international bodies such as the International of Anarchist Federations and the International Workers' Association. However, it is not a formal international and has no intention of competing with these other formations. Today, there are organisations inspired by Dielo Truda 's Organizational Platform of

13433-450: The perspective of a revolution was thought to be closed. Anarcho-communists had anti-organisational tendencies, opposed political and trade-union struggles (such as the eight-hour day) as being overly reformist, and in some cases favoured acts of terrorism. Finding themselves increasingly isolated, they opted to join the workers' movements after 1890. With the aid of Peter Kropotkin's optimism and persuasive writing, anarcho-communism became

13566-470: The phrase another anarchism , Grubačić situates contemporary anarchism in terms of its historical roots, and emphasizes its "anti-sectarian" nature, rejection of vanguardism, internationalism, decentralization, and direct democracy. Using the phrase new anarchism , political scientist Leonard Williams seeks out an "anarchist metaphysic" of contemporary anarchism and emphasizes its anti-authoritarianism, pluralism, and its "theory of practice." While stipulating

13699-502: The president of the United States, William McKinley . Emma Goldman , who was erroneously suspected of being involved, expressed some sympathy for Czolgosz and incurred a great deal of negative publicity. Goldman also supported Alexander Berkman in his failed assassination attempt of steel industrialist Henry Frick in the wake of the Homestead Strike , and she wrote about how these small acts of violence were incomparable to

13832-403: The prime factor in the rise of propaganda of the deed, as historian Constance Bantman outlines, was the writings of Russian revolutionaries between 1869 and 1891, namely of Mikhail Bakunin and Sergei Nechaev who developed significant insurrectionary strategies. Paul Brousse , a medical doctor and active militant of violent insurrection, popularised the actions of propaganda of the deed. In

13965-470: The real agent and not the working class organised in the enterprise (the cells of the capitalist mode of production ) and seeking to assert itself as labour power, as a more 'rational' industrial body or social brain (manager) than the employers". Due to a high influx of European immigrants, Chicago was the centre of the American anarchist movement during the 19th century. On 1 May 1886, a general strike

14098-417: The real issues. The course of events of 1848, radicalised Bakunin who, due to the failure of the revolutions, lost his confidence in any kind of reform. Other anarchists active in the 1848 Revolution in France include Anselme Bellegarrigue , Ernest Coeurderoy and the early anarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque , who was the first person to call himself a libertarian. Unlike Proudhon, Déjacque argued that "it

14231-416: The recorded history of human society, was without a separate class of established authority or formal political institutions. Long before anarchism emerged as a distinct perspective, humans lived for thousands of years in self-governing societies without a special ruling or political class. It was only after the rise of hierarchical societies that anarchist ideas were formulated as a critical response to, and

14364-495: The relation between anarchism and trade unionism. Errico Malatesta and Pierre Monatte strongly disagreed on this issue. Monatte thought that syndicalism was revolutionary and would create the conditions for a social revolution , while Malatesta did not consider syndicalism by itself sufficient. He thought the trade-union movement was reformist and even conservative, citing the phenomenon of professional union officials as essentially bourgeois and anti-worker. Malatesta warned that

14497-537: The revival of anarchism in the mid-20th century, a number of new movements and schools of thought emerged, well documented in Robert Graham 's Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas , Volume Two: The Emergence of the New Anarchism (1939–1977) . Although feminist tendencies have always been a part of the anarchist movement in the form of anarcha-feminism , they returned with vigour during

14630-610: The rich will exploit the poor, using the state as its tool. He also rejected religions, communism and liberalism, as all of them subordinate individuals to God, a collective, or the state. According to Stirner the only limitation on the rights of the individual is their power to obtain what they desire, without regard for God, state, or morality. He held that society does not exist, but "the individuals are its reality". Stirner advocated self-assertion and foresaw unions of egoists , non-systematic associations continually renewed by all parties' support through an act of will, which proposed as

14763-497: The second wave of feminism in the 1960s. The American civil rights movement and the movement in opposition to the Vietnam War also contributed to the revival of North American anarchism. European anarchism of the late 20th century drew much of its strength from the labour movement and both have incorporated animal rights activism. Anarchist anthropologist David Graeber and anarchist historian Andrej Grubačić have posited

14896-472: The slogan, "All power to the Soviet". The dictatorship of the proletariat was incompatible with the libertarian views of the anarchists, and co-operation shortly ended as the Bolsheviks soon turned against anarchists and other left-wing opposition. After their grasp on power was stabilized, the Bolsheviks crushed the anarchists. Anarchists in central Russia were either imprisoned, driven underground, or joined

15029-433: The spread of the use of reason to the masses would eventually cause the government to wither away as an unnecessary force. Although he did not accord the state with moral legitimacy, he was against the use of revolutionary tactics for removing a government from power. Rather, he advocated for its replacement through a process of peaceful evolution. His aversion to the imposition of a rules-based society led him to denounce, as

15162-514: The syndicalist aims were of perpetuating syndicalism itself, whereas anarchists must always have anarchy as their end goal and consequently must refrain from committing to any particular method of achieving it. In Spain, syndicalism had grown significantly during the 1880s but the first anarchist related organisations didn't flourish. In 1910 however, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labour or CNT)

15295-487: The term for being too vague. Anarchists are generally committed against coercive authority in all forms, namely "all centralized and hierarchical forms of government (e.g., monarchy, representative democracy, state socialism, etc.), economic class systems (e.g., capitalism, Bolshevism, feudalism, slavery, etc.), autocratic religions (e.g., fundamentalist Islam, Roman Catholicism, etc.), patriarchy, heterosexism, white supremacy , and imperialism." Anarchist schools disagree on

15428-490: The theory of democratic confederalism . In March 2005, Öcalan issued his "Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan", calling upon citizens "to stop attacking the government and instead create municipal assemblies, which he called 'democracy without the state ' ". Noam Chomsky stated that anarcho-syndicalism , a classical anarchist school of thought that remains popular and relevant to contemporary anarchism,

15561-562: The three existing European anarchist federations of France, Italy and Spain as well as the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation in French exile. These organizations were also inspired on synthesis anarchist principles. Currently alongside the previously mentioned federations, the International of Anarchist Federations includes the Argentine Libertarian Federation , the Anarchist Federation of Belarus,

15694-437: The time confidence that humans can reason for themselves. When nature was tamed through science, society could be set free. The development of anarchism was strongly influenced by the works of Jean Meslier , Baron d'Holbach , whose materialistic worldview later resonated with anarchists, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau , especially in his Discourse on Inequality and arguments for the moral centrality of freedom. Rousseau affirmed

15827-532: The town of Bragado on August 5 , 1931. Less than a year after the FLA was founded, on July 19 , 1936 , the Spanish social revolution took place, in the context of the Spanish Civil War launched after the failed coup by nationalist and fascist sectors of the Spanish Army on July 17 . In response, different organizations and parties, both communists and anarchists, formed solidarity committees with

15960-561: The use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet. A significant event of this period was the 1999 Seattle WTO protests . Many commentators have stated that the Occupy Wall Street movement has roots in anarchist philosophy. International anarchist federations in existence include the International of Anarchist Federations and the International Workers' Association . The largest organised anarchist movement today

16093-613: The victorious Bolsheviks. Anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to Ukraine . There, the Makhnovshchina established an autonomous region of four hundred square miles with a population of approximately seven million. Anarchists who had fought in the Russian Civil War at first against the anti-Bolshevik White Army now also fought the Red Army , Ukrainian People's Army , and the German and Austrian forces who fought under

16226-640: Was "Do as Thou Will". Around the same time, French law student Etienne de la Boetie wrote his Discourse on Voluntary Servitude where he argued that tyranny resulted from voluntary submission and could be abolished by the people refusing to obey the authorities above them. Later still in France, Gabriel de Foigny perceived a utopia with freedom-loving people without government and no need of religion, as he wrote in The Southern Land, Known . For this, Geneva authorities jailed de Foigny. François Fénelon also used utopia to project his political views in

16359-447: Was backed by the working class but failed to implement meaningful reforms. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Russian revolutionary Mikhail Bakunin were involved in the events of 1848. The failure of the revolution shaped Proudhon's views. He became convinced that a revolution should aim to destroy authority, not grasp power. He saw capitalism as the root of social problems and government, using political tools only, as incapable of confronting

16492-481: Was called in several United States cities with the demand of an eight-hour work day , and anarchists allied themselves with the workers' movement despite seeing the objective as reformist . On May 3, a fight broke out in Chicago when strikebreakers attempted to cross the picket line . Two workers died when police opened fire on the crowd. The next day anarchists staged a rally at Chicago's Haymarket Square. A bomb

16625-444: Was conceived as a form of insurrectionary action used to provoke and inspire the masses to revolution. This was at a time when anarchists were persecuted and revolutionaries were becoming more isolated. The dismemberment of the French socialist movement and, following the suppression of the 1871 Paris Commune, the execution or the exile of many communards to penal colonies favoured individualist political expression and acts. But

16758-477: Was expounded by one of the earliest and best-known proponents of individualist anarchism, German philosopher Max Stirner . Stirner's The Ego and Its Own ( German : Der Einzige und sein Eigentum ; also translated as The Individual and his Property or The Unique and His Property ), published in 1844, is a founding text of the philosophy. Stirner was critical of capitalism as it creates class warfare where

16891-560: Was founded and gradually became entwined with anarchism. The CNT was affiliated with the International Workers' Association , a federation of anarcho-syndicalist trade unions founded in 1922. The success of the CNT stimulated the spread of anarcho-syndicalism in Latin America. The Federación Obrera Regional Argentina (Argentine Regional Workers' Federation) reached a quarter of a million members, surpassing social democratic unions. By

17024-765: Was founded in La Plata as the Anarcho-Communist Federation of Argentina ( Spanish : Federación Anarco-Comunista Argentina , FACA) as a continuation of the Regional Committee for Anarchist Relations ( Spanish : Comité Regional de Relaciones Anarquistas , CRRA), an anarchist assembly that had met since 1932. The FACA was the first specifically anarchist organization in the country. It established its headquarters in Buenos Aires , and undertook multiple activities in various parts of

17157-508: Was heavily influenced by anarchism. As a grassroots organisation and lab for revolutionary ideas, its structure was exported to other like-minded European organisations. The organisation would later take a reformist path after 1914. In 1907, the International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam gathered delegates from most European countries, the United States, Japan and Latin America. A central debate concerned

17290-606: Was not an anarchist organisation but nevertheless drew inspiration from Bakunin's work), assassinated Tsar Alexander II in 1881 and gained some popular support. However, for the most part, the anarchist movement in Russia remained marginal in the following years. In the Ottoman Empire , the Boatmen of Thessaloniki were a Bulgarian anarchist revolutionary organisation active 1898-1903. As early as 1887, important figures in

17423-514: Was part of the Diggers movement. He published a pamphlet, The New Law of Righteousness , calling for communal ownership and social and economic organisation in small agrarian communities. Drawing on the Bible, he argued that "the blessings of the earth" should "be common to all" and "none Lord over others". William Blake has also been said to have espoused an anarchistic political position. In

17556-406: Was the same issue that led to the schism of the First International. Anarcho-syndicalists advocated that labour syndicates should focus not only on the conditions and wages of workers but also on revolutionary objectives. The French Confédération Générale du Travail (General Confederation of Labour) was one of Europe's most prominent syndicalist organisations and, while rejecting illegalism ,

17689-419: Was thrown from a side alley. In the ensuing panic, police opened fire on the crowd and each other. Seven police officers and at least four workers were killed. Eight anarchists, directly and indirectly related to the organisers of the rally, were arrested and charged with the murder of the deceased officers. They became international political celebrities in the labour movement. Four of the men were executed and

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