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175-595: Uppsala University ( UU ) ( Swedish : Uppsala universitet ) is a public research university in Uppsala , Sweden . Founded in 1477, it is the oldest university in Sweden and the Nordic countries still in operation. Initially founded in the 15th century, the university rose to significance during the rise of Sweden as a great power at the end of the 16th century and was then given relative financial stability with
350-445: A common gender with the definite suffix -en and the definite article den , in contrast with the neuter gender equivalents -et and det . The verb system was also more complex: it included subjunctive and imperative moods and verbs were conjugated according to person as well as number . By the 16th century, the case and gender systems of the colloquial spoken language and the profane literature had been largely reduced to
525-477: A guttural or "French R" pronunciation in the South Swedish dialects ; consequently, these dialects lack retroflex consonants . Swedish is a stress-timed language, where the time intervals between stressed syllables are equal. However, when casually spoken, it tends to be syllable-timed . Any stressed syllable carries one of two tones , which gives Swedish much of its characteristic sound. Prosody
700-587: A chair for physiological botany). There were very radical attempts at reforms which were never implemented, but important changes took place. University studies had until this time been very informal in their overall organization, with the all-purpose philosophiæ magister -degree being the only one frequently conferred and many never graduating, as there was no degree applicable to their intended area of work (and well-connected aristocratic students often not graduating as they did not need to). A few professional degrees for various purposes were introduced in 1749–1750, but
875-537: A change from tauþr into tuþr . Moreover, the øy diphthong changed into a long, close ø , as in the Old Norse word for "island". By the end of the period, these innovations had affected most of the Runic Swedish-speaking area as well, with the exception of the dialects spoken north and east of Mälardalen where the diphthongs still exist in remote areas. Old Swedish (Swedish: fornsvenska )
1050-611: A complete overhaul of its administrative structure. It required a much larger class of civil servants and educators than before. Preparatory schools, gymnasiums , were also founded during this period in various cathedral towns, notably Västerås (the first one) in 1623. Besides Uppsala, new universities were founded in more distant parts of the Swedish Realm , the University of Dorpat (present-day Tartu) in Estonia (1632) and
1225-476: A conversation. Due to the close relation between the Scandinavian languages, a considerable proportion of speakers of Danish and especially Norwegian are able to understand Swedish. There is considerable migration between the Nordic countries , but owing to the similarity between the cultures and languages (with the exception of Finnish ), expatriates generally assimilate quickly and do not stand out as
1400-546: A fact that created frictions to the Swedish clergy and nobility. However, the Archbishop soon had his new Church Order ratified, which he had already drawn up in outline during the reign of King Gustav, but had not obtained his approval. This Church Order emphasized continuity with older traditions. It also restored the medieval ecclesiastical organization, with essentially the same dioceses. In 1575, he gave his permission for
1575-505: A few weeks with 1200 men and then surrendered on August 12, 1563, in exchange for the promise of a princely prison (the Siege of Åbo ). He was taken to Sweden and imprisoned at Gripsholm Castle , accompanied by his wife. When John and his wife were brought to Gripsholm on a ship, they passed through Söderport , where the executions of 30 of John's supporters took place. John remained a prisoner for more than four years. However, his imprisonment
1750-595: A fierce temperament and great suspicion. But he lacked sharpness, firmness, prudence and a practical eye. John and his wife Catherine Jagiellon had ensured that their son Sigismund received a Catholic upbringing, probably to help him acquire the Polish crown. This aim was achieved in 1587, and John had thus given Sweden a new union , more unnatural than the one his father had torn apart (the Kalmar Union ), as Sweden and Poland often had directly conflicting interests in
1925-692: A group. According to the 2000 United States Census , some 67,000 people over the age of five were reported as Swedish speakers, though without any information on the degree of language proficiency. Similarly, there were 16,915 reported Swedish speakers in Canada from the 2001 census. Although there are no certain numbers, some 40,000 Swedes are estimated to live in the London area in the United Kingdom. Outside Sweden and Finland, there are about 40,000 active learners enrolled in Swedish language courses. In
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#17327722997322100-526: A history stretching back to the early-to-mid 17th century, but some of them are the result of mergers of older, smaller nations that took place in the early 19th century to facilitate the financing of building projects. The nations at Uppsala University are: Since the 1960s there is a fourteenth nation, the Skånelandens nation (referring to the Scanian lands ) which has no membership fee and exists as
2275-463: A large donation from King Gustavus Adolphus in the early 17th century. Uppsala also has an important historical place in Swedish national culture, and identity for the Swedish establishment: in historiography , religion, literature, politics, and music. Many aspects of Swedish academic culture in general, such as the white student cap , originated in Uppsala. It shares some peculiarities, such as
2450-629: A large proportion of the remaining 100,000 in the Scandinavian countries, France, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Canada and Australia. Over three million people speak Swedish as a second language, with about 2,410,000 of those in Finland. According to a survey by the European Commission , 44% of respondents from Finland who did not have Swedish as a native language considered themselves to be proficient enough in Swedish to hold
2625-444: A legal device to get around the compulsory membership for students who prefer not to become affiliated with the traditional nations. However, this nation was made redundant in 2010, when membership in a nation ceased to be mandatory. The Uppsala Student Union was founded in 1849 as a corporation representing all students, irrespective of nation. The pharmaceutical institute became integrated in Uppsala university during 1968 and formed
2800-400: A lot of time drawing up elaborate plans for buildings, only a small part of which were realized during his lifetime. "Building is our highest desire", writes John himself in one of many letters in which he gives orders to his architects and builders. He called in skilled builders, sculptors and painters from Germany and the Netherlands and also intervened himself, through his own drawings, in
2975-611: A medieval guildhall which, since it was also given to the Finnish congregation, was long called Saint Henry 's church) were restored, while The Church of Saint Clare was built on the site of St. Clare's Priory , which had been demolished by Gustav I. Another new building was St. James' Church . Other churches he planned, such as a Trinity Church, were never built. John III built chapels in all his major castles , with Vadstena Castle partially preserved and Kalmar Castle still well preserved. In this ecclesiastical building activity,
3150-425: A more abstract sense, such as that set of fish; while fisken means "the fish". In certain cases, the definite form indicates possession, e. g., jag måste tvätta hår et ("I must wash my hair"). Adjectives are inflected in two declensions – indefinite and definite – and they must match the noun they modify in gender and number. The indefinite neuter and plural forms of an adjective are usually created by adding
3325-462: A noted educator, activist and writer on women's emancipation and suffrage. Defending a dissertation in history in 1900, she became the second woman to finish a doctorate at a Swedish university. In 1892, she founded the Uppsala Women's Student Association, which set up spex performances and other things enjoyed by male students but from which the women were excluded at the time. The members of
3500-435: A noun. They can double as demonstrative pronouns or demonstrative determiners when used with adverbs such as här ("here") or där ("there") to form den/det här (can also be "denna/detta") ("this"), de här (can also be "dessa") ("these"), den/det där ("that"), and de där ("those"). For example, den där fisken means "that fish" and refers to a specific fish; den fisken is less definite and means "that fish" in
3675-458: A relationship with the lady-in-waiting Karin Hansdotter , with whom he lived between 1556 and 1561, and they had four illegitimate children during these years. When his brother Eric XIV became king and held on to royal rights, the brothers soon fell out. As Duke of Finland, he opposed the efforts of his half-brother King Eric XIV (1560–1569) to secure Reval and other East Baltic ports. It
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#17327722997323850-624: A reunion with the Catholic Church and the Pope in Rome. John III was the son of King Gustav I of Sweden and his second wife Margaret Leijonhufvud . He was the brother of Charles IX and Magnus and half-brother of Eric XIV. He was married from October 4, 1562 to Catherine Jagiellon (1526-1583), with whom he had a daughter Anna Vasa in addition to Sigismund, and from February 21, 1585 to Gunilla Johansdotter (Bielke) (1568-1597). John III
4025-516: A son. With his mistress Karin Hansdotter (1532–1596) he had at least four illegitimate children. John cared for Karin and their children even after he married Catherine Jagiellon, in 1562. He found Karin a husband who would care for her and the children. In 1561, she married nobleman Klas Andersson (Westgöthe), a friend and servant of John. They had a daughter named Brita. John continued supporting Karin and his illegitimate children as king, from 1568. In 1572 Karin married again, as her first husband
4200-636: A special branch of the Research Institute for the Languages of Finland has official status as the regulatory body for Swedish in Finland. Among its highest priorities is to maintain intelligibility with the language spoken in Sweden. It has published Finlandssvensk ordbok , a dictionary about the differences between Swedish in Finland and Sweden. From the 13th to 20th century, there were Swedish-speaking communities in Estonia , particularly on
4375-442: A suffix ( -t or -a ) to the common form of the adjective, e. g., en grön stol (a green chair), ett grönt hus (a green house), and gröna stolar ("green chairs"). The definite form of an adjective is identical to the indefinite plural form, e. g., den gröna stolen ("the green chair"), det gröna huset ("the green house"), and de gröna stolarna ("the green chairs"). Swedish pronouns are similar to those of English. Besides
4550-694: A time. On 20 February 2013, the university board decided that there will be four student unions at the university from July 2013 – June 2016: the Uppsala Student Union (for students at the faculties of Art, Social Sciences, Languages, Theology, Law, Educational Sciences and Medicine), the Pharmaceutical Student Union (for students at the Faculty of Pharmacy), the Uppsala Union of Engineering and Science Students (at
4725-413: A village, Gammalsvenskby ("Old Swedish Village"). A few elderly people in the village still speak a Swedish dialect and observe the holidays of the Swedish calendar, although their dialect is most likely facing extinction. From 1918 to 1940, when Estonia was independent, the small Swedish community was well treated. Municipalities with a Swedish majority, mainly found along the coast, used Swedish as
4900-722: Is co- official language . Swedish was long spoken in parts of Estonia , although the current status of the Estonian Swedish speakers is almost extinct. It is also used in the Swedish diaspora , most notably in Oslo , Norway, with more than 50,000 Swedish residents. Swedish is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages . In the established classification, it belongs to
5075-419: Is focused on the decoration itself: in the exterior on magnificent portals and windows, ornate gables and richly decorated spires , in the interior especially on the rich paneling and door frames . In particular, Sebastiano Serlio 's books on the art of building seem to have been a frequent source of inspiration. His own taste therefore came to assert itself in many ways, and he may justly be regarded as
5250-481: Is generally seen as adding specific Central Swedish features to the new Bible. Though it might seem as if the Bible translation set a very powerful precedent for orthographic standards, spelling actually became more inconsistent during the remainder of the century. It was not until the 17th century that spelling began to be discussed, around the time when the first grammars were written. Capitalization during this time
5425-538: Is marked primarily through suffixes (endings), complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles . The prosody features both stress and in most dialects tonal qualities. The language has a comparatively large vowel inventory. Swedish is also notable for the voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative , a highly variable consonant phoneme . Swedish nouns and adjectives are declined in genders as well as number . Nouns are of common gender ( en form) or neuter gender ( ett form). The gender determines
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5600-568: Is often one of the most noticeable differences between dialects. The standard word order is, as in most Germanic languages , V2 , which means that the finite verb (V) appears in the second position (2) of a declarative main clause . Swedish morphology is similar to English; that is, words have comparatively few inflections . Swedish has two genders and is generally seen to have two grammatical cases – nominative and genitive (except for pronouns that, as in English, also are inflected in
5775-638: Is one of the official languages of the European Union , and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council . Under the Nordic Language Convention , citizens of the Nordic countries speaking Swedish have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable for interpretation or translation costs. The Swedish Language Council ( Språkrådet )
5950-475: Is termed nusvenska (lit., "Now-Swedish") in linguistics, and started in the last decades of the 19th century. It saw a democratization of the language with a less formal written form that approached the spoken one. The growth of a public school system also led to the evolution of so-called boksvenska (literally, "book Swedish"), especially among the working classes, where spelling to some extent influenced pronunciation, particularly in official contexts. With
6125-423: Is the prorector . There are (also since 1999) three vice rectors, each heading one of the three "disciplinary domains" (Arts and Social Sciences, Medicine and Pharmacy, and Science and Technology) into which the nine faculties are divided. Each faculty has a faculty board and is headed by a dean ( dekanus ). The position of dean is held part-time by a professor of the faculty. Through the division of faculties and
6300-527: Is the predominant language; in 19 municipalities , 16 of which are located in Åland , Swedish is the sole official language. Åland county is an autonomous region of Finland. According to a rough estimation, as of 2010 there were up to 300,000 Swedish-speakers living outside Sweden and Finland. The largest populations were in the United States (up to 100,000), the UK, Spain and Germany (c. 30,000 each) and
6475-455: Is the regulator of Swedish in Sweden but does not attempt to enforce control of the language, as for instance the Académie française does for French . However, many organizations and agencies require the use of the council's publication Svenska skrivregler in official contexts, with it otherwise being regarded as a de facto orthographic standard. Among the many organizations that make up
6650-407: Is the sole official language of Åland (an autonomous province under the sovereignty of Finland), where the vast majority of the 26,000 inhabitants speak Swedish as a first language. In Finland as a whole, Swedish is one of the two "national" languages, with the same official status as Finnish (spoken by the majority) at the state level and an official language in some municipalities . Swedish
6825-631: Is the term used for the medieval Swedish language. The start date is usually set to 1225 since this is the year that Västgötalagen ("the Västgöta Law") is believed to have been compiled for the first time. It is among the most important documents of the period written in Latin script and the oldest Swedish law codes . Old Swedish is divided into äldre fornsvenska (1225–1375) and yngre fornsvenska (1375–1526), "older" and "younger" Old Swedish. Important outside influences during this time came with
7000-465: The Gustav Vasa Bible , a translation deemed so successful and influential that, with revisions incorporated in successive editions, it remained the most common Bible translation until 1917. The main translators were Laurentius Andreæ and the brothers Laurentius and Olaus Petri . The Vasa Bible is often considered to be a reasonable compromise between old and new; while not adhering to
7175-554: The Landsmannschaften which existed at some of the German universities visited by Swedish students. In Sweden, nations exist only in Uppsala and Lund . The nations were originally seen as subversive organisations promoting less virtuous aspects of student life, but in 1663 the consistory made membership in a nation legal, each nation being placed under the inspectorship of a professor. The current thirteen nations all have
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7350-462: The 1569 Plot , the Mornay Plot , and the 1576 Plot . Fear of his possible release constantly worried the king (compare Eric XIV) and led him, as early as 1571, to order the guards, in the event of the slightest danger of an attempted rescue or the like, to assassinate the captured king, and it was probably as a result of such an order that Eric XIV's life was ended in 1577. Even if this was not
7525-679: The East Scandinavian languages , together with Danish , separating it from the West Scandinavian languages , consisting of Faroese , Icelandic , and Norwegian . However, more recent analyses divide the North Germanic languages into two groups: Insular Scandinavian (Faroese and Icelandic), and Continental Scandinavian (Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish), based on mutual intelligibility due to heavy influence of East Scandinavian (particularly Danish) on Norwegian during
7700-467: The French vous (see T-V distinction ). Ni wound up being used as a slightly less familiar form of du , the singular second person pronoun, used to address people of lower social status. With the liberalization and radicalization of Swedish society in the 1950s and 1960s, these class distinctions became less important, and du became the standard, even in formal and official contexts. Though
7875-632: The Gothic traditions, even in detail, lived on. The many castle and fortress projects were partly inherited from the time of Gustav I and Eric XIV, and partly started by John III. The Tre Kronor Palace in Stockholm was significantly extended and redecorated. The northern courtyard, including the castle church, was given the character it retained until the Castle Fire in 1697. The castle in Uppsala (the present southern part and its western extension)
8050-608: The Royal Academy of Turku in Finland (1640). After the Scanian provinces were taken from Denmark, Lund University was founded in 1666. Instrumental in the reforms of the early 17th-century Swedish state was the long-dominant Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna , who had spent his own student days in German universities and who for the last years before his death was also chancellor of the university. King Gustavus Adolphus showed
8225-475: The Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala . The Queen, who would eventually declare her abdication in the great hall of Uppsala Castle , visited the university on many occasions; in 1652 she was present at an anatomical demonstration arranged at the castle for the young physician Olaus Rudbeck . Rudbeck, one of several sons of Johannes Rudbeckius , a former Uppsala professor who became Bishop of Västerås ,
8400-558: The South Asian countries: India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Bangladesh , Maldives and Afghanistan , on the national and international level, with Ferdinando Sardella , Faculty of Theology, serving as the Forum's director. The university library holds about 5.25 million volumes of books and periodicals (131,293 shelf meters), 61,959 manuscripts, 7,133 music prints, and 345,734 maps and other graphic documents. The holdings of
8575-518: The United States , particularly during the 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a significant Swedish-speaking immigrant population. This was notably true in states like Minnesota , where many Swedish immigrants settled. By 1940, approximately 6% of Minnesota's population spoke Swedish. Although the use of Swedish has significantly declined, it is not uncommon to find older generations and communities that still retain some use and knowledge of
8750-529: The fourth most spoken Germanic language , and the first among its type in the Nordic countries overall. Swedish, like the other Nordic languages , is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Age . It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish , although the degree of mutual intelligibility is dependent on
8925-581: The nationalist ideas that emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the languages have separate orthographies , dictionaries, grammars, and regulatory bodies. Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish are thus from a linguistic perspective more accurately described as a dialect continuum of Scandinavian (North Germanic), and some of the dialects, such as those on the border between Norway and Sweden, especially parts of Bohuslän , Dalsland , western Värmland , western Dalarna , Härjedalen , Jämtland , and Scania , could be described as intermediate dialects of
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#17327722997329100-410: The nations , corporations of students traditionally according to the province of origin (not strictly upheld now, for practical reasons). The system of dividing students into nations according to origin can ultimately be traced back to the nations at the medieval University of Paris and other early medieval universities, but the Uppsala nations appear only about 1630–1640, most likely under influence of
9275-410: The object form) – although it is debated if the genitive in Swedish should be seen as a genitive case or just the nominative plus the so-called genitive s , then seen as a clitic . Swedish has two grammatical numbers – plural and singular . Adjectives have discrete comparative and superlative forms and are also inflected according to gender, number and definiteness . The definiteness of nouns
9450-485: The rector magnificus , who was elected for a semester at the time; the latter position circulated among the professors, each of whom sometimes held it several times. During the late 16th and early 17th centuries (and perhaps even earlier), the university was located in the old chapter house parallel to the south side of the cathedral, later renamed the Academia Carolina . In 1622–1625 a new university building
9625-645: The student nation system, with Lund University and the University of Helsinki . Uppsala belongs to the Coimbra Group of European universities and to the Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities . It has ranked among the world's 100 best universities in several international rankings. The university has nine faculties distributed over three disciplinary domains: Humanities and Social Sciences, Medicine and Pharmacy, and Science and Technology. As of 2020, it had approximately 52,000 registered students at
9800-399: The 1950s, when their use was removed from all official recommendations. A very significant change in Swedish occurred in the late 1960s, with the so-called du-reformen . Previously, the proper way to address people of the same or higher social status had been by title and surname. The use of herr ("Mr." or "Sir"), fru ("Mrs." or "Ma'am") or fröken ("Miss") was considered
9975-485: The 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse , evolved into Old Norse. This language underwent more changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, which resulted in the appearance of two similar dialects: Old West Norse (Norway, the Faroe Islands and Iceland) and Old East Norse (Denmark and Sweden). The dialects of Old East Norse spoken in Sweden are called Runic Swedish , while
10150-499: The Association were the first woman to wear student caps in public, an important sign of their status. Elsa Eschelsson (1861–1911) was the first Swedish woman to finish a law degree and the first to become a "docent," but was not permitted to even hold the position of acting professor despite being formally qualified for this in everything but her sex. After years of conflicts with the professor of civil law A. O. Winroth, who wrote
10325-598: The Baltic. He also soon came to regret his decision and vainly demanded the return of Sigismund to Sweden, which the high nobility opposed as they foresaw that this would lead to war with Poland, something Sweden after 28 years of war would find difficult to cope with. John responded with a political shake-up; instead of relying on the council aristocracy as before, he now sought the assistance of his brother Duke Charles, with whom he had been at bitter odds for most of his previous reign. The reasons for this had been many, but one of
10500-463: The Faculty of Pharmacy at Uppsala University, and the pharmaceutical educations moved to Uppsala university during 1972. At the same time, the Pharmaceutical Student Union (Pharmaceutical Association of Uppsala Students) became a Student Union at Uppsala University. The students at the faculty of Pharmacy were also exempt from compulsory membership in the nations, but most pharmacy students belonged to one. However, they were obliged to take up membership in
10675-429: The Faculty of Science and Technology), and Rindi (the union for students at Campus Gotland). In February 2016, two additional associations were given the status as student unions: Uppsala Business & Economics Students Association (for students of economics) and Uppsala Law Student Associations (for students of law). Thus, there are now six student unions at Uppsala university. The University's Royal Academic Orchestra
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#173277229973210850-558: The Hägerström Lectures was taken by Stig Kanger, Chair Professor of Theoretical Philosophy at Uppsala University, from 1968 until his death in 1988. The idea was to invite a distinguished philosopher for a week to give a series of five open lectures unified by a common theme, and provide an opportunity for teachers and students at the Department of Philosophy in Uppsala to meet the guest for informal discussions. The series
11025-471: The Modern Swedish period were the gradual assimilation of several different consonant clusters into the fricative [ʃ] and later into [ɧ] . There was also the gradual softening of [ɡ] and [k] into [j] and the fricative [ɕ] before front vowels . The velar fricative [ɣ] was also transformed into the corresponding plosive [ɡ] . The period that includes Swedish as it is spoken today
11200-426: The Pharmaceutical Student Union, an organisation having the same role as the nations and Uppsala Student union at the rest of the university. The compulsory membership in a student union was abolished on 1 July 2010; however, the unions will still be representing organisations in the university boards and committees. The status as a student union will be decided upon by the university board for periods of three years at
11375-730: The Polish king as a pledge seven permanent castles in Livonia in return for an advance of 120,000 daler. Eric considered this agreement to be in direct conflict with the Articles of Arboga - which it was - and as soon as he learned of it he demanded that John give up the Livonian castles. When the Duke refused to do so, and even gave an evasive answer to the King's demand that he should declare definitely whether he would adhere to Sweden or Poland, he
11550-614: The Polish–Lithuanian and Swedish thrones. He ended the Northern Seven Years' War , but instead Sweden was drawn into the 25 Years' War with Russia, where minor gains were eventually made. He worked for closer relations with Poland. John III was interested in religion and culture . During his reign, he countered the growing Lutheran tendencies of the Church of Sweden under the influence of Duke Charles , and worked for
11725-849: The Pope, which failed completely, partly because John's confidant in these matters, Peter Fecht , drowned during his trip to the Holy See in Rome. He also sought to enlist the help of the papacy in gaining release of his wife's family assets, which were frozen in Naples . Furthermore, he allowed Jesuits to secretly staff the Royal Theological College in Stockholm. From time to time, he was also at odds theologically with his younger brother Duke Charles of Sudermannia (afterwards Charles IX of Sweden ), who had Calvinist sympathies, and did not promote King John's Liturgy in his duchy. This
11900-522: The Protestant universities in Germany, especially Wittenberg . There is some evidence of academic studies in Uppsala during the 16th century; the Faculty of Theology is mentioned in a document from 1526, King Eric XIV appointed Laurentius Petri Gothus (later archbishop) rector of the university in 1566, and his successor and brother John III appointed several professors in the period 1569–1574. At
12075-513: The Skyttean chair in Eloquence and Government which still exists. The university received a stable structure with its constitution of 1626. The head of the university was to be the chancellor , and his deputy was the " pro-chancellor " (always the archbishop ex officio ). The immediate rule was the responsibility of the consistory , to which belonged all the professors of the university, and
12250-601: The Swedish Language Council, the Swedish Academy (established 1786) is arguably the most influential. Its primary instruments are the spelling dictionary Svenska Akademiens ordlista ( SAOL , currently in its 14th edition) and the dictionary Svenska Akademiens Ordbok , in addition to various books on grammar, spelling and manuals of style. Although the dictionaries have a prescriptive element, they mainly describe current usage. In Finland,
12425-507: The Uppsala University Choral Centre was inaugurated in 2000. The centre arranges courses in choral directing. Uppsala universitets Körcentrum Like many cities, there is a shortage of housing in Uppsala, a problem which has existed for many years. Both native Swedes and foreign students are finding it difficult to find accommodation when first enrolling on the university. This problem is however not as bad as it
12600-598: The addition of a previously independent school of Pharmacy as a new faculty, the traditional four-faculty organization of European universities has evolved into the present nine faculties. The disciplinary domains and their faculties are as depicted below. Uppsala University also hosts the Forum for South Asia Studies , a collaborative academic effort by its six faculties: Theology, Law, History and Philosophy, Social Sciences, Languages, and Educational Sciences. The Forum aims to facilitate and promote research and education related to
12775-502: The administrative language and Swedish-Estonian culture saw an upswing. However, most Swedish-speaking people fled to Sweden before the end of World War II , that is, before the invasion of Estonia by the Soviet army in 1944. Only a handful of speakers remain. Swedish dialects have either 17 or 18 vowel phonemes , 9 long and 9 short. As in the other Germanic languages, including English, most long vowels are phonetically paired with one of
12950-496: The air was healthier than in the city. But there was no improvement, and in high summer the condition worsened. He died in Stockholm on November 17, 1592, leaving his kingdom weakened by external and internal strife, in disorder and neglect, and for the immediate future threatened by the greatest dangers. John III is buried in Uppsala Cathedral . As king, John was oriented towards the Baltic, aiming to take control of
13125-489: The appearance of cities. The cathedrals of Uppsala, Västerås , Linköping and Skara were restored to their former glory; in Finland, Turku Cathedral was restored and given a new chancel ; in Estonia, Reval (Tallinn) was restored. Among the more or less destroyed monastery churches that were renovated are Varnhem , Vreta Abbey , Alvastra , Askeby and Gudhem , and Naantali in Finland. In Stockholm, Storkyrkan , Riddarholmen Church and The German Church (originally
13300-531: The basis of the consensus of the first five centuries of Christianity ( consensus quinquesaecularis ). He was far from alone in listening to this message; both the Polish king Sigismund II Augustus and the emperors Ferdinand I and Maximilian II , who had multiple faiths in their empires, were also sensitive to it. John approved the publication of the Lutheran Swedish Church Order of Archbishop Laurentius Petri in 1571 but also got
13475-510: The case, the fact remains that John III did not shrink from the possible murder of his half-brother and that it was not against his will if it was carried out. John III often likened himself to his father for propaganda purposes, and in particular he tried to emphasize that while his father had "liberated Sweden" from the "bloodhound" Christian II , he had saved the population from the "tyrannical" Eric XIV, his own brother. He had some similar characteristics to his father and brothers; violent, with
13650-508: The center of the interesting art movement which arose during his reign. In the large circle of artists and craftsmen around John III there were some more prominent, such as the Swede Anders målare ("Anders Painter"), mostly active as a builder, Willem Boy , important both as a sculptor and architect (creator of John's tomb in Uppsala ), Vadstena architects Arendt de Roy and Hans Fleming . But John needed more skilled people. Among
13825-457: The characteristic cupola for which the building is today known. A gifted scientist, architect and engineer, Rudbeck was the dominant personality of the university in the late 17th century who laid some of the groundwork for Linnaeus and others, but he is perhaps more known today for the pseudohistorical speculations of his Atlantica , which consumed much of his later life. When large parts of Uppsala burned down in 1702, Gustavianum, which contained
14000-598: The church to approve an addendum to the church order in 1575, Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica that displayed a return to patristic sources . This set the stage for his promulgation of the Swedish-Latin Red Book , entitled Liturgia suecanae ecclesiae catholicae & orthodoxae conformis , which reintroduced several Catholic customs and resulted in the Liturgical Struggle , which lasted for twenty years, and attempts to negotiate with
14175-511: The collection of manuscripts and music include, among other things, the Gothic Bible manuscript Codex Argenteus . The most widely recognized building of the university library is Carolina Rediviva , the "revived Carolina," thus named in reference to Academia Carolina (see illustration), which held the university library from the earliest times until 1691, when it was moved to the upper floor of Gustavianum, where it miraculously survived
14350-504: The colloquial spoken language of its day, it was not overly conservative in its use of archaic forms. It was a major step towards a more consistent Swedish orthography . It established the use of the vowels "å", "ä", and "ö", and the spelling "ck" in place of "kk", distinguishing it clearly from the Danish Bible, perhaps intentionally, given the ongoing rivalry between the countries. All three translators came from central Sweden, which
14525-421: The counties were increased by up to 20 parishes. The counts were given jurisdiction over the county's population. John III was very interested in art, especially architecture. He was undoubtedly the most building-minded monarch Sweden ever had. Like his brother Eric, he was highly artistic and aesthetically gifted. However, his sense of beauty found its most obvious expression in the field of architecture. He spent
14700-445: The crown. When King Magnus Ladulås granted tax exemption, it was in return for an obligation, namely to provide horsemen. The majority of the frälse -men were actually wealthy peasants, lived much like them and were counted as commoners. Before John's time, it had been customary for the frälse who could no longer afford to fulfill their army service obligation to descend to the peasantry again. John's noble privileges began to blur
14875-403: The declension of the adjectives . For example, the word fisk ("fish") is a noun of common gender ( en fisk ) and can have the following forms: The definite singular form of a noun is created by adding a suffix ( -en , -n , -et or -t ), depending on its gender and if the noun ends in a vowel or not. The definite articles den , det , and de are used for variations to the definitiveness of
15050-508: The dialect and accent of the speaker. Standard Swedish , spoken by most Swedes , is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century, and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties and rural dialects still exist, the written language is uniform and standardized . Swedish is the most widely spoken second language in Finland where its status
15225-541: The dialects of Denmark are referred to as Runic Danish . The dialects are described as "runic" because the main body of text appears in the runic alphabet . Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, which had only 16 letters. Because the number of runes was limited, some runes were used for a range of phonemes , such as
15400-436: The earliest hospital, founded in Uppsala in 1302, and much later merged with the university clinic. This was used for 400 years until the great fire of 1702 which destroyed large parts of central Uppsala. A new hospital, which later became the Uppsala county hospital, was built in its place but was moved out of the town in 1811. The first clinic with the specific intention to facilitate the practical education of medical students
15575-577: The eastern Baltic from a Russian threat. John also cooperated with his brother Eric, and traveled to London on his behalf, while Eric looked after John's interests in Livonia. The marriage would have secured Swedish access to Western Europe. That mission failed, but in England John observed the reintroduction of Protestantism and the Book of Common Prayer (1559). The Finnish duke had liturgical and theological interests. During this time he also began
15750-484: The end of the century, the situation had changed, and Uppsala became a bastion of Lutheranism, which Duke Charles, the third of the sons of Gustavus Vasa to eventually become king (as Charles IX ) used to consolidate his power and eventually oust his nephew Sigismund III Vasa from the throne. The Uppsala Synod in 1593 established Lutheran orthodoxy in Sweden, and Charles and the Council of state gave new privileges to
15925-416: The era. He also modified Gustavianum , designed a new conservatory for Linnaeus' botanical garden and built the new Consistory house, which was to be the administrative core of the university. Another magnificent royal donation was that of the large baroque garden of the castle, given by Gustav III to the university when it was obvious that the old botanical garden was insufficient. A large new conservatory
16100-605: The faculties of theology and the licentiate degree in Law were made accessible for women. The first female student in Sweden was Betty Pettersson (1838–1885), who had already worked as a private tutor for several years when she took "studentexamen" in 1871. With a royal dispensation, she was allowed to enter university in Uppsala in 1872, the year before studies at the Philosophical faculty would actually be made generally available to women. She studied modern European languages and
16275-618: The fall of 1567 (see the Sture Murders ), John's release was secured in October 1567, after which negotiations were begun for the Duke's restoration to his rights. John further initiated peace talks with Denmark–Norway and Lübeck to end the Scandinavian Seven Years' War but rejected the resulting Treaties of Roskilde in which his envoys had accepted far-reaching Danish demands. After two more years of fighting,
16450-545: The firm establishment of the Christian church and various monastic orders, introducing many Greek and Latin loanwords. With the rise of Hanseatic power in the late 13th and early 14th century, Middle Low German became very influential. The Hanseatic league provided Swedish commerce and administration with a large number of Low German -speaking immigrants. Many became quite influential members of Swedish medieval society, and brought terms from their native languages into
16625-507: The first half of 1568 were likely to arouse John's fears that his newly won freedom would be taken away from him again. John therefore entered into an agreement with his brother Charles and some of the nobility for a joint rising against Eric's hated regiment. This revolt began in July and spread so rapidly that by mid-September the army of the dukes was already outside Stockholm, whose gates were opened to them on 29 September 1568. An important ally
16800-485: The foreign masters he employed were the three members of the Pahr family of architects, originally from Lombardy , Franciscus Pahr , Johan Baptista Pahr and Dominicus Pahr, the former of whom had his name attached to Uppsala, the latter two to Borgholm and Kalmar castles, the stucco artist and master builder Antonius Watz, the chief builder of Finland and Livonia Peter Hertig, the carvers Markus Wulfrum and Urban Schultz,
16975-598: The gap between the newly established Lutheran Church of Sweden and the Catholic Church , as well as his conflict with and possible murder of his brother. He was also, quite autonomously, the Duke of Finland from 1556 to 1563. In 1581 he assumed the title Grand Prince of Finland . His first wife was Catherine Jagiellon of the Polish–Lithuanian ruling family, and their son Sigismund eventually ascended both
17150-461: The great city fire of 1702. In the mid-18th century, there were plans to move it back to Academia Carolina or a new building in the same spot. The building was demolished in 1778 to make place for a new library, but this was never built and the area next to the cathedral where it stood is today a lawn. The present Carolina Rediviva was built in a different place and completed in 1841. The present university library system comprises 19 branches, including
17325-512: The history of the nobility; and special privileges were granted to the higher nobility which consolidated and developed the distinction between the various classes of the nobility which is of such profound significance in the history of the Swedish nobility . Although power was now in King John's hands, he did not feel secure on his throne as long as his captured half-brother was alive. Three plots were uncovered during these years to depose him:
17500-430: The industrialization and urbanization of Sweden well under way by the last decades of the 19th century, a new breed of authors made their mark on Swedish literature . Many scholars, politicians and other public figures had a great influence on the emerging national language, among them prolific authors like the poet Gustaf Fröding , Nobel laureate Selma Lagerlöf and radical writer and playwright August Strindberg . It
17675-614: The islands (e. g., Hiiumaa , Vormsi , Ruhnu ; in Swedish, known as Dagö , Ormsö , Runö , respectively) along the coast of the Baltic , communities that today have all disappeared. The Swedish-speaking minority was represented in parliament , and entitled to use their native language in parliamentary debates. After the loss of Estonia to the Russian Empire in the early 18th century, around 1,000 Estonian Swedish speakers were forced to march to southern Ukraine , where they founded
17850-484: The language, particularly in rural communities like Lindström and Scandia . Swedish is the official main language of Sweden. Swedish is also one of two official languages of Finland. In Sweden, it has long been used in local and state government, and most of the educational system, but remained only a de facto primary language with no official status in law until 2009. A bill was proposed in 2005 that would have made Swedish an official language, but failed to pass by
18025-490: The last millennium and divergence from both Faroese and Icelandic. By many general criteria of mutual intelligibility, the Continental Scandinavian languages could very well be considered dialects of a common Scandinavian language. However, because of several hundred years of sometimes quite intense rivalry between Denmark and Sweden, including a long series of wars from the 16th to 18th centuries, and
18200-404: The line between the frälse and the commoners. They meant that nobles who were too poor to serve in the army could still retain a noble shield. John also appointed new counts and barons and granted large estates in land, called countships and baronies. These were to be inherited by the nearest male heir. During the reign of Eric XIV, only the counts had been given estates, and these were small. Now
18375-770: The male choir Orphei Drängar , founded in 1853, and the Academy Chamber Choir of Uppsala, founded in 1957. A number of other choirs and orchestras are affiliated with the nations. An important name in the recent history of the choirs is Eric Ericson , who was the conductor of both Orphei Drängar and the Chamber Choir. In honour of Ericson, the FöreningsSparbanken endowed the Eric Ericson Chair in Choral Directing, and
18550-470: The most important sees in Sweden proper since Christianity first spread to this region in the ninth century. Uppsala had also long been a hub for regional trade and had contained settlements dating back into the deep Middle Ages . As was also the case with most medieval universities, Uppsala had initially been chartered through a papal bull . Uppsala's bull, which granted the university its corporate rights,
18725-466: The most important had been that John III, as king, had sought to apply the same principles with regard to royal rights within Charles's principality that he had so ardently opposed as duke. In 1587 he had finally succeeded in persuading his brother to approve statutes very similar to the Articles of Arboga , which he himself had repealed in 1569, but judging from a proposal in 1590 for a new arrangement of
18900-596: The most popular housing accommodations for students are Flogsta, Kantorsgatan, Studentstaden, Studentvägen, Klostergatan, Rackarbergsgatan and many more. Flogsta is one of the international students' biggest and most popular housing choices. Swedish language Swedish ( endonym : svenska [ˈsvɛ̂nːska] ) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family , spoken predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland . It has at least 10 million native speakers, making it
19075-577: The narrowest possible margin (145–147) due to a pairing-off failure. A proposal for a broader language law, designating Swedish as the main language of the country and bolstering the status of the minority languages, was submitted by an expert committee to the Swedish Ministry of Culture in March 2008. It was subsequently enacted by the Riksdag , and entered into effect on 1 July 2009. Swedish
19250-421: The national standard languages. Swedish pronunciations also vary greatly from one region to another, a legacy of the vast geographic distances and historical isolation. Even so, the vocabulary is standardized to a level that make dialects within Sweden virtually fully mutually intelligible. East Germanic languages West Germanic languages Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Danish Swedish In
19425-424: The north. An early change that separated Runic Danish from the other dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong é , as in stæinn to sténn "stone". This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain and the later stin . There was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr "dead". This change is shown in runic inscriptions as
19600-420: The oncology clinic at Uppsala University Hospital . Such an accelerator and its gantries costs between $ 60 million and $ 100 million, and makes Uppsala University Hospital one of the approximately 40 centres in the world to provide such cancer treatment. The Hägerström Lectures are a yearly series of talks by prominent philosophers hosted by the Department of Philosophy at Uppsala University. The initiative for
19775-622: The one in the Carolina building. The Uppsala Academic Hospital or Akademiska sjukhuset , which functions as a teaching hospital for the Faculty of Medicine and the Nursing School, is run by the Uppsala County Council in cooperation with the university. As of 2003, the hospital had 7,719 employees and as of 2004 1,079 places for patients. The university hospital is actually older than the university, as it goes back to
19950-441: The only acceptable way to begin conversation with strangers of unknown occupation, academic title or military rank. The fact that the listener should preferably be referred to in the third person tended to further complicate spoken communication between members of society. In the early 20th century, an unsuccessful attempt was made to replace the insistence on titles with ni —the standard second person plural pronoun)—analogous to
20125-402: The original Germanic three- gender system. Nouns , adjectives , pronouns and certain numerals were inflected in four cases; besides the extant nominative , there were also the genitive (later possessive ), dative and accusative . The gender system resembled that of modern German , having masculine, feminine and neuter genders. The masculine and feminine genders were later merged into
20300-457: The painters Johan Baptista van Uther and Arent Lambrechts, the stonemasons and sculptors Roland Mackle, Peter de la Koche, Lukas van der Werdt and others. Experts from abroad were also called in to help with agricultural matters, including foresters from the German principalities and Denmark. A particular aspect of John III's interest in building is his concern for the preservation of older monumental buildings. His zeal also extended to care for
20475-476: The paper on "Om tjenstehjonsförhållandet" and with the university board, she died in 1911 from an overdose of sleeping powder. According to the constitution of 1809, only "native Swedish men" could be appointed to higher civil servant positions, including professorships. This was changed in 1925, and the first woman to hold a professorial chair at Uppsala University was Gerd Enequist , appointed professor of human geography in 1949. Hildegard Björck who studied at
20650-415: The patronage of the university chancellor Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie , Rudbeck was made full professor in 1660, was elected rector for two terms, despite his youth, and started a revision of the work of the other professors and a building spree with himself as an architect. His most significant remaining architectural work is the anatomical theatre, which was added to Gustavianum in the 1660s and crowned with
20825-450: The princely rights, he gave up the claims he had previously stubbornly maintained after the break with the high nobility. Even his newfound friendship with his brother Charles soon cooled, however, and for the last few months of his life John III was completely alone. In the spring of 1592, he fell ill with a fever that made him very anxious. He hoped to get better by moving to a pleasure garden he had built on Skeppsholmen , where he thought
21000-564: The prolific building activity that he provoked in so many places. His surviving letters on building also show that he understood architecture and that he was familiar with the principles of the Italian Renaissance , specifically the High and Late Renaissance . In his letters he advises and admonishes his architects and builders, he corrects their drawings and revels in the details of architecture and decoration. Above all, his interest
21175-419: The radical suggestion of binding students to a single program of study adapted to a particular profession was never implemented. The reforms of this era have been compared to those of the 1960s and 1970s (Sten Lindroth). Although it took some time after the fire of 1702, Uppsala Cathedral and Uppsala Castle were both eventually restored, both by Carl Hårleman , perhaps the most important Swedish architect of
21350-480: The reform was not an act of any centralized political decree, but rather the result of sweeping change in social attitudes, it was completed in just a few years, from the late 1960s to early 1970s. The use of ni as a polite form of address is sometimes encountered today in both the written and spoken language, particularly among older speakers. Swedish is the sole official national language of Sweden , and one of two in Finland (alongside Finnish ). As of 2006, it
21525-450: The remaining Catholic convents in Sweden to start receiving novices again. All of this can be seen as an expression of the mediating theology that John was strongly influenced by, aimed at reducing the contradictions between the various rival faiths that were tearing Europe apart at the time. However, John himself was a learned follower of the mediating theologian George Cassander . He sought reconciliation between Rome and Wittenberg on
21700-558: The rich trade on Russia. After ending the Seven Years' War in 1570 and making peace with Denmark and Lübeck, he went to war with Russia. This war lasted with varying intensity until 1595. The capture of Narva in 1581 was his greatest military success. John's relations with the Church were initially good, although Archbishop Laurentius Petri hesitated for a long time before sanctioning the rebellion. In domestic politics, John showed clear Catholic sympathies inspired by his Polish wife,
21875-471: The right to study and complete degrees at the faculties of Medicine in Uppsala and Lund and at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. A common view was that female sensitivity and compassion would make women capable of working as physicians, but their right to work was still restricted to private practice. Women's rights to higher education were extended in 1873 when all degrees except those in
22050-468: The rune for the vowel u , which was also used for the vowels o , ø and y , and the rune for i , also used for e . From 1200 onwards, the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden. The innovations spread unevenly from Denmark, creating a series of minor dialectal boundaries, or isoglosses , ranging from Zealand in the south to Norrland , Österbotten and northwestern Finland in
22225-522: The said site was commissioned by his son Sigismund in Danzig (from the sculptor Willem van den Blocke ), but only came to Sweden in 1782 through Gustav III 's care and was erected in its present location in 1818, albeit with an incorrect arrangement, which was however redesigned by Agi Lindegren during the church's restoration in the early 1890s. The Finnish city of Pori uses Deus Protector Noster (John III's motto ) as its motto. A statue of Duke John
22400-444: The short /e/ (transcribed ⟨ ɛ ⟩ in the chart below). There are 18 consonant phonemes, two of which, / ɧ / and /r/ , vary considerably in pronunciation depending on the dialect and social status of the speaker. In many dialects, sequences of /r/ (pronounced alveolarly) with a dental consonant result in retroflex consonants ; alveolarity of the pronunciation of /r/ is a precondition for this retroflexion. /r/ has
22575-428: The short vowels, and the pairs are such that the two vowels are of similar quality , but with the short vowel being slightly lower and slightly centralized. In contrast to e.g. Danish, which has only tense vowels, the short vowels are slightly more lax, but the tense vs. lax contrast is not nearly as pronounced as in English, German or Dutch. In many dialects, the short vowel sound pronounced [ɛ] or [æ] has merged with
22750-428: The student nations and student unions. However, the student housing is insufficient to accommodate all students. About 40,000 students are eligible to live in the 11,000 available rooms and apartments. Because of the low rent in these apartments and the general lack of housing in Uppsala the student apartments are highly attractive and many try to hold on to the contracts as long as possible even after graduating. Some of
22925-404: The subject in a clause, a trait that is restricted to North Germanic languages: John III of Sweden John III ( Swedish : Johan III , Finnish : Juhana III ; 20 December 1537 – 17 November 1592) was King of Sweden from 1569 until his death. He attained the Swedish throne after a rebellion against his half-brother Eric XIV . He is mainly remembered for his attempts to close
23100-534: The two cases and two genders of modern Swedish. A transitional change of the Latin script in the Nordic countries was to spell the letter combination "ae" as æ – and sometimes as a' – though it varied between persons and regions. The combination "ao" was similarly rendered a , and "oe" became o . These three were later to evolve into the separate letters ä , å and ö . The first time the new letters were used in print
23275-517: The two natural genders han and hon ("he" and "she"), there are also the two grammatical genders den and det , usually termed common and neuter . In recent years, a gender-neutral pronoun hen has been introduced, particularly in literary Swedish. Unlike the nouns, pronouns have an additional object form, derived from the old dative form. Hon , for example, has the following nominative, possessive, and object forms: Swedish also uses third-person possessive reflexive pronouns that refer to
23450-615: The undergraduate and postgraduate levels and 2,200 PhD students. Architecturally, Uppsala University has traditionally had a strong presence in Fjärdingen , the neighbourhood around the cathedral on the western side of the river Fyris . Despite some contemporary building developments further away from the centre, Uppsala's historic centre continues to be dominated by the presence of the university. As with most medieval universities, Uppsala University initially grew out of an ecclesiastical centre. The archbishop of Uppsala had been one of
23625-424: The university a keen interest and increased the professorial chairs from eight to thirteen in 1620, and again to seventeen in 1621. In 1624 the king donated "for all eternity" all his own inherited personal property in the provinces of Uppland and Västmanland , some 300 farms, mills and other sources of income. The king's former private tutor, Johan Skytte , who was made chancellor of the university in 1622, donated
23800-416: The university also have three representatives in the consistory; these members have the right to speak but not any right to vote. Since the last reorganization in 1999, the university has had a separate body called the academic senate , which is a wider, but mostly advisory group representing teaching staff/researchers and students. The executive head of the university is the rector magnificus , whose deputy
23975-437: The university became the first Swedish woman to receive an academic degree. The governing board of the university is the consistory , with representatives of the faculties as well as members representing the students and non-academic employees (three professors and three students), and ten university outsiders appointed by the Swedish government . All these members in the consistory have the right to vote. The unions active at
24150-507: The university clinic, and a new building was inaugurated in 1867 on the hill below Uppsala Castle to the southeast. From this building, which is still in use, the present hospital complex has grown. The Svedberg Laboratory (named after Theodor Svedberg ) is a university facility that contains the Gustaf Werner cyclotron , which is used for research as well as for proton therapy for the treatment of cancer with close cooperation with
24325-423: The university has activities or which are significantly connected to its history are listed below. Some of the historic buildings in central Uppsala have had to be retired, as their protected status has made it impossible to make modifications necessary to meet requirements to adjust to the needs of students with disabilities. Up until June 2010, students at Uppsala University were obliged to become members of one of
24500-496: The university library and its many valuable manuscripts, escaped the fire; local lore has it that the ageing Rudbeck stood on the roof directing the work of fighting the fire. The early part of the 18th century was still characterized by the combination of Lutheran orthodoxy and classical philology of the previous century, but eventually, a larger emphasis on sciences and practically useful knowledge developed. The innovative mathematician and physicist Samuel Klingenstierna (1698–1765)
24675-512: The university on 1 August of the same year. Theology still had precedence, but in the privileges of 1593, the importance of a university to educate secular servants of the state was also emphasized. Three of the seven professorial chairs which were established were in Theology; of the other four, three were in Astronomy, Physics (or general natural sciences) and Latin eloquence. A fourth chair
24850-425: The very last session of the estate parliament in 1865 in a motion from Carl Johan Svensén, a member of the farmers' estate. The reception was mixed, with the most negative views coming from the clergy. In the following years, the issue continued to be debated at the universities. In 1870, it was decided to let women take the secondary school examination (" studentexamen ") that gave the right to entry at universities and
25025-439: The vocabulary. Besides a great number of loanwords for such areas as warfare, trade and administration, general grammatical suffixes and even conjunctions were imported. The League also brought a certain measure of influence from Danish (at the time Swedish and Danish were much more similar than today). Early Old Swedish was markedly different from the modern language in that it had a more complex case structure and also retained
25200-543: The war was concluded without many Swedish concessions in the Treaty of Stettin . During the following years he successfully fought Russia in the Livonian War , concluded by the Treaty of Plussa in 1583, a war that meant a Swedish reconquest of Narva . As a whole his foreign policy was affected by his connection to Poland of which country his son Sigismund III Vasa was made king in 1587. However, Eric's actions in
25375-556: Was Bråborg Castle , intended as a widow's seat for Queen Gunilla, while Drottningholm (the older one, burnt down in 1661) was built on one of the islands of Lake Mälaren at the request of Catherine Jagiellon. The rebuilding of Turku Castle, Västerås Castle , Gävle Castle , Stegeborg Castle and Linköping Castle can also be mentioned. Fortifications were present at almost all the castles. More purely as fortresses were Älvsborg , Gullberg , Kronoberg Castle , Kexholm , Vyborg and other places, at which significant fortification work
25550-487: Was John's maternal uncle Sten Leijonhufvud , who was fatally wounded. At deathbed he was made Count of Raseborg . Eric XIV was taken prisoner, and immediately afterwards John had himself hailed as king by the city authorities and by those of the nobility and warriors who were gathered there. Shortly after this John executed his brother's most trusted counsellor, Jöran Persson , whom he held largely responsible for his harsh treatment while in prison. In January 1569, John III
25725-749: Was Konrad Marc-Wogau, Kanger’s predecessor as Chair in Theoretical Philosophy at Uppsala University (1946-1968). The list of speakers since then includes several of the most eminent and influential philosophers of the last half century in a broad range of areas of specialization, including Julia Annas , Alonzo Church , Donald Davidson , Peter Geach , Ian Hacking , Christine Korsgaard , Saul Kripke , John McDowell , Martha Nussbaum , Hilary Putnam , Judith Jarvis Thomson , Willard Van Orman Quine , Wlodek Rabinowicz, Amartya Sen , Patrick Suppes , Kendall Walton , Timothy Williamson and Georg Henrik von Wright . The buildings and locations where
25900-477: Was also named as the university's Chancellor and was charged with maintaining the rights and privileges of the university and its members. The turbulent period of the reformation of King Gustavus Vasa resulted in a drop in the already relatively insignificant number of students in Uppsala, which was seen as a centre of Catholicism and potential disloyalty to the Crown. Swedish students generally travelled to one of
26075-459: Was approximately 150. In 1600 the first post-reformation conferment of degrees took place. In the same year, the antiquarian and mystic Johannes Bureus designed and engraved the seal of the university, which is today used as part of the logotype. The medieval university had mainly been a theology school. The aspirations of the emergent new great power of Sweden demanded a different kind of learning. Sweden both grew through conquests and went through
26250-474: Was born at Stegeborg Castle on December 20, 1537, the son of Gustav I (Vasa) and his second wife, Margareta (Eriksdotter) Leijonhufvud. He was more than once the cause of his father's displeasure, especially when, as hereditary Duke of Finland Proper (since June 27, 1556), he sought to interfere in Livonian affairs behind King Gustav's back. Gustav had placed his son in Finland to secure Swedish territory in
26425-403: Was built by the architect Louis Jean Desprez . Additional grounds adjacent to the baroque garden have since been added. The old garden of Rudbeck and Linnaeus was largely left to decay but was reconstructed in the years between 1918 and 1923 according to the specifications of Linnaeus in his work Hortus Upsaliensis from 1745. The issue of women's right to study at universities was raised during
26600-519: Was built east of the cathedral, the so-called Gustavianum , named after the reigning king. In the 1630s, the total number of students was about one thousand. Queen Christina was generous to the university, gave scholarships to Swedish students to study abroad and recruited foreign scholars to Uppsala chairs, among them several from the University of Strasbourg , notably, the philologist Johannes Schefferus (professor Skytteanus), whose little library and museum building at St Eriks torg now belongs to
26775-437: Was closer to Poland, the perimeter of the courtyard was completed, the floors were laid out on the same level, and in the interior the costly decoration begun under Eric XIV was continued. Borgholm Castle, on the other hand, was Johan III's largest new building, with a completely regular plan, outstanding spaciousness and magnificence, and strong fortifications, but it was not completed during Johan III's reign. Another new building
26950-484: Was during the 20th century that a common, standardized national language became available to all Swedes. The orthography finally stabilized and became almost completely uniform, with some minor deviations, by the time of the spelling reform of 1906. With the exception of plural forms of verbs and a slightly different syntax, particularly in the written language, the language was the same as the Swedish of today. The plural verb forms appeared decreasingly in formal writing into
27125-524: Was expressed, for example, in the Örebro Articles , where priests in Duke Karl's duchy distanced themselves from the new order of worship. However, John also had support for his church policy, including from Ingelbertus Olai Helsingus and Erasmus Nicolai Arbogensis. John owed his crown primarily to his brother Charles and the nobility. At his coronation, he therefore rewarded this social class with special privileges that no longer required any obligations to
27300-399: Was founded in 1627. Its main purpose is to play at academic ceremonies but holds concerts on other occasions as well. Its leader has the title of director musices . The position has been held by composers such as Wilhelm Stenhammar , Hugo Alfvén and Lars-Erik Larsson . Affiliated with the university are three choirs, the mixed Uppsala University Choir ( Allmänna Sången ), founded in 1830,
27475-526: Was given to Ericus Jacobi Skinnerus, who was also appointed rector, but whose discipline was not mentioned in the charter. Of the professors, several were taken over from the Collegium regium Stockolmense in Stockholm, which had been functioning for a few years but closed in 1593. An eighth chair, in Medicine, was established in 1595 but received no appointee for several years. In 1599 the number of students
27650-656: Was in Aff dyäffwlsens frästilse ("By the Devil's temptation") published by Johan Gerson in 1495. Modern Swedish (Swedish: nysvenska ) begins with the advent of the printing press and the European Reformation . After assuming power, the new monarch Gustav Vasa ordered a Swedish translation of the Bible . The New Testament was published in 1526, followed by a full Bible translation in 1541, usually referred to as
27825-630: Was inaugurated in 1971 and named in honor of the former Chair in Practical Philosophy (1911-1933), Axel Hägerström , the founding father of the Uppsala School of ethics and the jurisprudential movement known as Scandinavian Legal Realism. The Hägerström Lectures were held annually until 2009, biannually between 2009 and 2022, and have been held annually again since 2022. From 2017 onward, the number of lectures each year has been reduced from five to three. The first Hägerström Lecturer
28000-461: Was issued by Pope Sixtus IV in 1477 and established several provisions. Among the most important of these was that the university was officially given the same freedoms and privileges as the University of Bologna . This included the right to establish the four traditional faculties of theology , law ( Canon Law and Roman law ), medicine, and philosophy, and to award the bachelor's, master's, licentiate, and doctoral degrees. The archbishop of Uppsala
28175-499: Was made a professor in 1728, the physicist and astronomer Anders Celsius in 1729, and Carl Linnaeus was made professor of medicine with botany in 1741. The university was not immune to the parliamentary struggle between the parties known as the "Hats" and the "Caps," with the former having a preference for hard sciences and practical knowledge. The Hat government then in power established a chair in economics ( Œconomia publica ) in 1741 and called Anders Berch as its first incumbent. This
28350-523: Was not standardized. It depended on the authors and their background. Those influenced by German capitalized all nouns, while others capitalized more sparsely. It is also not always apparent which letters are capitalized owing to the Gothic or blackletter typeface that was used to print the Bible. This typeface was in use until the mid-18th century, when it was gradually replaced with a Latin typeface (often Antiqua ). Some important changes in sound during
28525-533: Was often undertaken, followed with interest by the king. In the art of fortification, Sweden was at this time at the forefront of the Nordic countries , because the new Italian system had been introduced by the Pahr brothers. Among monumental works of sculpture, the most noteworthy are the funerary monuments of his father Gustav I and his first two wives, and the beautiful tomb of Catherine Jagiellon, both in Uppsala Cathedral. The monument to John III on
28700-526: Was only with the utmost reluctance that John could bring himself to sign the Articles of Arboga in 1561, which restricted his power. The break became open when John, against Eric's will, married Princess Catherine Jagiellon in Vilnius on October 4, 1562, the younger sister of Poland's King Sigismund II Augustus , with whom Eric was at war, and when the two brothers-in-law shortly after the wedding concluded an agreement according to which John would receive from
28875-580: Was rebuilt after the fire of 1572 as a brick building with rusticated plaster and two round towers. Vadstena Castle, like the previous one founded by Gustav I, was expanded into the Renaissance palace it still is today, although it was not completed according to the original plan until the early 17th century. Svartsjö Palace was a curious building, with its circular arcaded courtyard and domed church on either side of an older stone house. At Kalmar Castle, where John often resided there because it
29050-409: Was recognized as king by the same Diet ( Riksdag ) that forced Eric XIV from the throne. But this recognition was not without concessions on the part of John: Duke Charles was confirmed in his dukedom without the restrictions on his power imposed by the Articles of Arboga ; the nobility were granted privileges which, in extending their rights and limiting their duties, represent a significant moment in
29225-473: Was relatively light, especially compared to what Eric would later experience; among other things, the couple was able to receive a large shipment of books. John, who was bookish, also spent much of his time studying and conversing with his wife. Their three children were born in captivity, in 1564 Elizabeth, called Isabella, who died at the age of two, in 1566 Sigismund and in May 1568 Anna. During Eric's insanity in
29400-509: Was sent for a year to the progressive Leiden University in the Netherlands. Returning in 1654, he received an assistantship in Medicine 1655 and had already gone to work on a program for improving aspects of the university. He planted the first botanical garden , the one which would eventually be tended by Carl Linnaeus and is kept today as a museum of 18th-century botany under the name Linnéträdgården ("the Linnaean Garden "). With
29575-667: Was summoned in April 1563 to appear in Sweden to answer the charge of treasonable designs. When the summons was not obeyed by John, he was sentenced in June 1563 by the Estates assembled in Stockholm as guilty of treason, deprived of life, property and hereditary rights to the kingdom. To carry out the sentence, a considerable army was equipped. John, who was unprepared for battle, was locked up in Turku Castle , defended himself there for
29750-653: Was the Nosocomium Academicum , founded in 1708 and located at the Oxenstierna Palace at Riddartorget beside the cathedral (see illustration above). The building (the former residence of the president of the Royal Chancellery Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna ) today houses the Faculty of Law. The present Akademiska sjukhuset was founded in 1850 as an organizational merger of the county hospital and
29925-656: Was the first professorship in economics outside Germany, and possibly the third in Europe (the first chairs having been established in the Martin Luther University of Halle and European University Viadrina in 1727). In 1759, following a donation, another chair in the economy was established, the Borgströmian professorship in "practical economy," which meant the practical application of the natural sciences for economic purposes (it eventually developed into
30100-440: Was the first woman in Sweden to complete an academic degree when she finished a film. kand. in 1875. She became the first woman to be employed as a teacher in a public school for boys. The first woman in Sweden to complete a doctoral degree was Ellen Fries (1855–1900), who entered Uppsala university in 1877 and became a PhD in history in 1883. Other female students of this period include Lydia Wahlström (1869–1954) who later became
30275-537: Was the sole native language of 83% of Swedish residents. In 2007, around 5.5% (c. 290,000) of the population of Finland were native speakers of Swedish, partially due to a decline following the Russian annexation of Finland after the Finnish War 1808–1809. The Fenno-Swedish - speaking minority is concentrated in the coastal areas and archipelagos of southern and western Finland. In some of these areas, Swedish
30450-487: Was unveiled in front of Pori Town Hall in 2008, 450 years after the city was founded by him. John married his first wife, Catherine Jagiellon of Poland (1526–83), of the House of Jagiellon , in Vilnius on 4 October 1562. In Sweden, she is known as Katarina Jagellonica . She was the sister of king Sigismund II Augustus of Poland . He married his second wife, Gunilla Bielke (1568–1592), on 21 February 1585; they had
30625-457: Was with several major housing construction projects having been completed after 2010. There has never been a custom in Sweden for the universities to arrange housing for students, in fact, universities are by law not allowed to own housing. Students are expected to set their own living accommodations on the private market. To make it easier for students to find moderately priced housing, special student rooms and student apartments have been built by
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