72-653: Valencians ( Valencian : valencians [valensiˈans] ; Spanish : valencianos [balenˈθjanos] ) are the native people of the Valencian Community , in eastern Spain . Legally, Valencians are the Spanish inhabitants of the community. Since 2006, the Valencian people are officially recognised in the Valencian Statute of Autonomy as a nationality "within the unity of
144-529: A municipium , was rebuilt and flourished. Hispania was not easily pacified and Romanized, as the Iberian career of Quintus Sertorius makes clear. Saguntum minted coins under his protection, and continued to house a mint in later Roman times. The Romans built a great circus in the lower part of the city and a theatre seating 8,000 spectators. Texts found indicate that the city had an amphitheatre and had about 50,000 inhabitants. This prosperity lasted for most of
216-458: A compromise between the essence and style of Pompeu Fabra 's guidelines, but also allowing the use of Valencian idiosyncrasies. Until its dissolution in November 2013, the public-service Ràdio Televisió Valenciana (RTVV) was the main broadcaster of radio and television in Valencian language. The Generalitat Valenciana constituted it in 1984 in order to guarantee the freedom of information of
288-553: A considerable population increase (still more remarkable during summertime) due to the seasonal migration of tourists. Valencian and Spanish are the official languages of the Valencian Community . Spanish (or Castilian) is the official language of Spain, while Valencian, that is, the varieties of Catalan spoken in the Community, is the language considered by the Statute of Autonomy as llengua pròpia ("native language"). Valencian
360-526: A diverse nature (political, social, economic). In the previous centuries the Catalan spoken in the territory of the Kingdom of Valencia was called in different ways: romanç (13th century) and catalanesch (during the 14th century, for the medieval concept of nation as a linguistic community). The concept of the Valencian language appeared with a particularistic character due to the reinforced nature of
432-562: A formal adoption of the so-called Normes de Castelló (Castelló Norms), a set of guidelines following Pompeu Fabra's Catalan language norms. The letters k , y and w only appear in loanwords. In the case of y it also appears in the digraph ny . Most of the letters are pronounced the same in both standards (Valencian and Catalan). The letters c and g have a soft and hard pronunciation similar to English and other Romance languages, ç (found also in Portuguese and French) always has
504-503: A language different from Catalan, while 41% considered the languages to be the same. By applying a binary logistic regression to the same data, it was also found that different opinions about the unity of the language are different between people with certain levels of studies and the opinion also differs between each of the Valencian provinces. The opinion agreeing on the unity of Valencian and Catalan has significant differences regarding age, level of education and province of residence, with
576-555: A language, that is, a "linguistic system" [...] From this group of varieties, Valencian has the same hierarchy and dignity as any other dialectal modality of that linguistic system [...] The AVL was established in 1998 by the PP - UV government of Eduardo Zaplana . According to El País , Jordi Pujol , then president of Catalonia and of the CiU , negotiated with Zaplana in 1996 to ensure the linguistic unity of Catalan in exchange for CiU support of
648-405: A majority of those aged 18–24 (51%) and those with a higher education (58%) considering Valencian to be the same language as Catalan. This can be compared to those aged 65 and above (29%) and those with only primary education (32%), where the same view has its lowest support. People living in the province of Castellón are more prone to be in favor of the unity of the language, while people living in
720-474: A soft pronunciation and may appear in word final position. The only differences between the main standards are the contrast of b /b/ and v /v/ (also found in Insular Catalan), the treatment of long consonants with a tendency to simplification in Valencian (see table with main digraphs and letter combinations), the affrication ( /d͡ʒ/ ) of both soft g (after front vowels) and j (in most cases),
792-580: A survey sampling more than 6,600 people in the provinces of Castellón, Valencia, and Alicante. The survey simply collected the answers of respondents and did not include any testing or verification. The results were: The survey shows that, although Valencian is still the common language in many areas in the Valencian Community, where slightly more than half of the Valencian population are able to speak it, most Valencians do not usually use Valencian in their social relations. Moreover, according to
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#1732772508276864-606: Is tomata outside of Southern Valencian) and matalaf 'mattress' (which is matalap in parts of Valencia, including the Southern Valencian area). Below are a selection of words which differ or have different forms in Standard Valencian and Catalan. In many cases, both standards include this variation in their respective dictionaries, but differ as to what form is considered primary. In other cases, Valencian includes colloquial forms not present in
936-542: Is a municipality of Spain, located in the province of Valencia , Valencian Community. It belongs to the modern fertile comarca of Camp de Morvedre . It is located approximately 30 km (19 mi) north of the city of Valencia , close to the Costa del Azahar on the Mediterranean Sea . It is best known for the remains of the ancient Iberian and Roman city of Saguntum . The siege of Saguntum in 219 BC
1008-754: Is also variation within Valencia, such as 'corn', which is dacsa in Central and Southern Valencian, but panís in Alicante and Northern Valencian (as well as in North-Western Catalan). Since Standard Valencian is based on the Southern dialect, words from this dialect are often used as primary forms in the standard language, despite other words traditionally being used in other Valencian dialects. Examples of this are tomaca 'tomato' (which
1080-413: Is found in a judicial process of Minorca against Gil de Lozano, dated between 1343 and 1346, in which it is said that the mother of the indicted, Sibila, speaks valencianesch because she was from Orihuela (formerly Oriola). The concept of Valencian language appeared in the second half of the 14th century and it was progressively consolidated at the same time that its meaning changed due to events of
1152-401: Is higher in the central and southern lands and minor in the northern and inner ones, is derived from the traditional distribution of people which originated in the orographic characteristics of the Valencian lands and the possibility to obtain irrigated land agriculture. Demographics were also affected by (being perhaps the exception to the mentioned distribution) the great industrial activity and
1224-750: Is regulated by the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL), following the legacy established by the Castelló Norms , which adapt Catalan orthography to Valencian idiosyncrasies. Some of the most important works of Valencian literature experienced a Golden Age during the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Important works include Joanot Martorell 's chivalric romance Tirant lo Blanch , and Ausiàs March 's poetry. The first book produced with movable type in
1296-515: Is said to have been resettled mostly by people from Murcia, eventually defining the language border there (see Panocho dialect ). The Requena comarca was, like the Alto Vinalopó, part of Castile ( Cuenca province ) until the mid-nineteenth century (1851). Muslim presence in the Kingdom of Valencia was very high, making one third of the entire population at the time of the expulsion (the highest proportion in all of Spain). The coexistence between
1368-592: Is traditionally spoken along the coast and in some inland areas in the provinces of Alicante and Castellón, from Vinaròs (northernmost point of the extension of Valencian on the coast of the Valencian Community) to Guardamar (southernmost point of Valencian). In 2010 the Generalitat Valenciana , or Valencian government, published a study, Coneixement i ús social del valencià (Knowledge and Social Use of Valencian), which included
1440-536: Is traditionally spoken in the densely populated coastal areas rather than inland, where many places have Spanish as their traditional language, also those areas incorporated into the provinces of Alicante and Valencia at their creation in 1833 and which did not form part of the historical Kingdom of Valencia. Consequently, the 1984 Law on the "Use and Education of Valencian" defines certain municipalities as "predominantly Spanish-speaking", and allows them some few optional exceptions as to official use of Valencian, even though
1512-780: The Normes del Puig (Norms of El Puig), drawn up by the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture ( Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana , RACV), an institution founded in 1915 by the Deputation of Valencia, but its use is very marginal. The official status of Valencian is regulated by the Spanish Constitution and the Valencian Statute of Autonomy , together with the Law on the Use and Teaching of Valencian (ca) . Article 6 of
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#17327725082761584-522: The Battle of Saguntum on 25 October 1811. In the weeks before the battle, the Spanish garrison made a valiant and successful defense; but it surrendered the day after the battle. Historian Charles Oman stated that the site was converted into a fortress in 1810–1811 by General Joaquín Blake at the suggestion of British officer Charles William Doyle . At that time, much of the largely intact Roman theater
1656-582: The Christian and Muslim was mostly good, despite some chapters of religious intolerance like the massive Baptism of Muslims during the first Revolt of the Brotherhoods ; however, Valencian Muslims never ceased to speak Arabic . The Christian Valencian elites disapproved of King Philip's plans of Expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609, because the sudden lack of the traditional workforce would lead to
1728-521: The Iberian Peninsula was printed in the Valencian variety. The earliest recorded chess game with modern rules for moves of the queen and bishop was in the Valencian poem Scachs d'amor (1475). The Valencian language is usually assumed to have spread in the Kingdom of Valencia when Catalan and Aragonese colonists settled the territory after the conquests carried out by James I
1800-700: The Reconquista , this being because they were conquered by Aragon but reserved for Castile under a treaty, hence they were repopulated by people from both crowns at different times, and the Alt Vinalopó ( Villena influence area) was actually part of Murcia ( Albacete province ) until the nineteenth century. Following the Black Death and later the Expulsion of the Moriscos, the then Valencian-speaking Bajo Segura (to which Orihuela and Torrevieja belong)
1872-591: The Royal Academy of Valencian Culture ( Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana , RACV), which considers itself a rival language academy to the AVL, and promotes an alternative orthography , treating Valencian as an independent language, as opposed to a variety of Catalan. Compared to Standard Valencian, this orthography excludes many words not traditionally used in the Valencian Community, and also prefers spellings such as ⟨ch⟩ for /tʃ/ and ⟨y⟩ for /j/ (as in Spanish ). Besides, these alternative Norms are also promoted and taught by
1944-662: The Valencian language ( llengua valenciana ) is the official, historical and traditional name used in the Valencian Community of Spain to refer to the Romance language also known as Catalan , either as a whole or in its Valencia-specific linguistic forms. The Valencian Community's 1982 Statute of Autonomy officially recognises Valencian as the name of the regional language. Valencian displays transitional features between Ibero-Romance languages and Gallo-Romance languages . According to philological studies,
2016-690: The 15th century, the so-called Valencian Golden Age, the name "Valencian" was already the usual name of the predominant language of the Kingdom of Valencia , and the names of vulgar , romanç or catalanesch had fallen into disuse. Joanot Martorell , author of the novel Tirant lo Blanch , said: " lit. ' Me atrevire expondre: no solament de lengua anglesa en portuguesa. Mas encara de portuguesa en vulgar valenciana: per ço que la nacio d·on yo so natural se·n puxa alegrar ' ." ("I dare to express myself: not only in English in Portuguese. But even so from Portuguese to vulgar Valencian: for that
2088-508: The 5th c. BC the Iberians built a walled settlement on the hill overseeing the plain; a stretch of cyclopean limestone slabs from the former Temple of Diana survives, close to the modern church of Santa Maria. The city traded with coastal colonies in the western Mediterranean such as Carthage and, under their influence, minted its own coins . During this period, the city was known as Arse ( Iberian : Arsesken ) By 219 BC, Saguntum
2160-520: The Conqueror . A new resettlement in the 17th century, after the expulsion of the Moriscos , largely led by Castilians, defined the Spanish language varieties of inland Valencia. However, Valencian has historically been the predominant and administrative language in the kingdom. The first documental reference to the usage of the term valencià to refer to the spoken language of the Valencians
2232-535: The IEC standard. Primary forms in each standard are shown in bold (and may be more than one form). Words in brackets are present in the standard in question, but differ in meaning from how the cognate is used in the other standard. Valencian and Catalan use the Latin script , with some added symbols and digraphs. The Catalan-Valencian orthographies are systematic and largely phonologically based. Standardisation of Catalan
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2304-617: The Jews , there is documentation that 500 Jews left Sagunto to North Africa and other parts of Europe. The Judería is one of the most well-preserved Jewish quarters in Spain. The entrance of the quarter is through an arch called "Portal de la juheria," which lies between Sang Vella Street and Castillo Street. CD Acero is the town's association football team. Its stadium is El Fornás , located in El Puerto de Sagunto. Official website of
2376-624: The PP, RTVV announced in 2012 a plan to shed 70% of its labour. The plan was nullified on 5 November 2013 by the National Court after trade unions appealed against it. On that same day, the President de la Generalitat Alberto Fabra (also from PP ) announced RTVV would be closed, claiming that reinstating the employees was untenable. On 27 November, the legislative assembly passed the dissolution of RTVV and employees organised to take control of
2448-519: The Spanish nation". The official languages of Valencia are Valencian and Spanish . The Valencian Community is politically divided in three provinces, from south to north: Alicante , Valencia and Castellon . Its capital is the city of Valencia . In 1237, the Andalusi Taifa of Valencia was taken by king James I the Conqueror of the Crown of Aragon . The population of the new kingdom
2520-419: The Valencian Community regarding its status as a glottonym or as an independent language, since official reports show that the majority of the people in the Valencian Community consider it as a separate language, different from Catalan , although the same studies show that this percentage decreases among younger generations and people with higher studies. According to the 2006 Statute of Autonomy , Valencian
2592-534: The Valencian Community, including the television channel À Punt, which started broadcasting in June 2018. Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian community, the Valencian Language Academy ( Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) considers Valencian and Catalan to be two names for
2664-472: The Valencian Statute of Autonomy sets the legal status of Valencian, establishing that: Passed in 1983, the Law on the Use and Teaching of Valencian develops this framework, providing for the implementation of a bilingual educational system, regulating the use of Valencian in the public administration and judiciary system, where citizens can freely use it when acting before both, or establishing
2736-449: The Valencian people in their own language. It was reopened again in 2018 in the same location but under a different name, À Punt, and it is owned by À Punt Media, a group owned by the Generalitat Valenciana . The new television channel claims to be plural, informative and neutral for all of the Valencian population. It is bilingual, with a focus on the Valencian language. It is recognised as a regional TV channel. Prior to its dissolution,
2808-612: The Valencian-speaking domain, as well as words shared with other Catalan varieties, especially with North-Western ones . Words are rarely spread evenly over the Valencian Community, but are usually contained to parts of it, or spread out into other dialectal areas. Examples include hui 'today' (found in all of Valencia except transitional dialects, in Northern dialects avui ) and espill 'mirror' (shared with North-Western dialects, Central Catalan mirall ). There
2880-656: The administration of RTVV under the People's Party (PP) had been controversial due to accusations of ideological manipulation and lack of plurality. The news broadcast was accused of giving marginal coverage of the Valencia Metro derailment in 2006 and the indictment of President de la Generalitat Francisco Camps in the Gürtel scandal in 2009. Supervisors appointed by the PP were accused of sexual harassment . In face of an increasing debt due to excessive expenditure by
2952-414: The affrication ( /t͡ʃ/ ) of initial and postconsonantal x (except in some cases) and the lenition (deaffrication) of tz /d͡z/ in most instances (especially the - itzar suffix). The Academy of Valencian Studies ( Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua , AVL), established by law in 1998 by the Valencian autonomous government and constituted in 2001, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing
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3024-530: The appointment of José María Aznar as Prime Minister of Spain . Zaplana has denied this, claiming that "[n]ever, never, was I able to negotiate that which is not negotiable, neither that which is not in the negotiating scope of a politician. That is, the unity of the language". The AVL orthography is based on the Normes de Castelló , a set of rules for writing Valencian established in 1932. A rival set of rules, called Normes del Puig , were established in 1979 by
3096-441: The availability of media in the Valencian language is extremely limited. All the other autonomous communities in Spain , including the monolingual ones, have public-service broadcasters, with the Valencian Community being the only exception despite being the fourth most populated. In July 2016 a new public corporation, Valencian Media Corporation , was launched in substitution of RTVV. It manages and controls several public media in
3168-501: The broadcast, starting a campaign against the PP. Nou TV's last broadcast ended abruptly when Spanish police pulled the plug at 12:19 on 29 November 2013. Having lost all revenues from advertisements and facing high costs from the termination of hundreds of contracts, critics question whether the closure of RTVV has improved the financial situation of the Generalitat, and point out to plans to benefit private-owned media. Currently,
3240-566: The city became part of the Caliphate of Cordoba and at that time the city reached an era of splendor, with baths, palaces, mosques and schools open for its cosmopolitan population. Then, the town was known as Morvedre in latin ( Morviedro in Spanish). Morvedre was also the origin of the Arabic name of the city مُرْبَاطَرُ or مُرْبِيطَرُ (Morbāṭar or Morbīṭar), furthermore, the latin name
3312-512: The commerce of agriculturally derived products during the 20th century of noncoastal cities like Alcoy ( Alcoi ), Elda , Ontinyent , Petrer , Villena , and La Vall d'Uixó . In the last years, concentration in the great capitals and its metropolitan areas has augmented considerably (e.g. Torrent , Mislata , Paterna , Burjassot , Sant Vicent del Raspeig , etc.) especially in all the coastal cities and towns. Thus, traditionally small populations such as Benidorm or Torrevieja have undergone
3384-620: The cultural association Lo Rat Penat . Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the North-Western varieties spoken in Western Catalonia ( Province of Lleida and most of the Province of Tarragona ). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%) Despite the position of the official organisations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that
3456-570: The drafting of the European Constitution , the regional governments of Spain where a language other than Spanish is co-official were asked to submit translations into the relevant language in question. Since different names are used in Catalonia ("Catalan") and in the Valencian Community ("Valencian"), the two regions each provided one version, which were identical to each other. Sagunto Sagunto ( Valencian : Sagunt )
3528-612: The empire, and is attested by inscriptions and ruins (notably a theatre , demolished by Napoleon's marshal Louis Gabriel Suchet , who also destroyed the Roman tower of Hercules). Under the Arian Visigothic kings , Saguntum received its Catholic patron saint , a bishop named Sacerdos , "the priest", who died peacefully of natural causes about AD 560. In the early 8th century, the Muslim Arabs conquered Hispania and
3600-644: The first settlers of Sagunto were Armenian families, the Sagas, who came to the peninsula with Tubal and laid the first foundations of the city naming it Sagunt (Armenian: of Saga). There is also speculation that Achaeans, probably from the Greek island of Zakynthos , could have founded Saguntum as one of the 5 colonies of the Greeks on the western coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the 5th century BC. During
3672-664: The kingdom's ruin. The Valencian population traditionally concentrated in localities with fertile cultivation and growing lowlands by the most important rivers ( Júcar , or Xúquer in Valencian, Turia , or Túria , Segura and Vinalopó ), also in harbour cities important to the agricultural trade. The most important population centres used to be, during the Roman times, Sagunto and Dénia ; later on in history, Valencia ( València ), Alicante ( Alacant ), Xàtiva , Orihuela , Elche ( Elx ), Gandia , Villarreal ( Vila-real ) and, more recently, Alzira and Castellón de la Plana ( Castelló de la Plana ). The population density which
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#17327725082763744-405: The language has never been questioned since studies of the Romance languages , part of Valencian public opinion believes and affirms that Valencian and Catalan are different languages, an idea that began to spread during the turbulent Valencian transition by sectors of the regionalist right and by the so-called blaverisme (Blaverism). There is an alternative secessionist linguistic regulation,
3816-610: The legal entity of the Kingdom of Valencia for being the Mediterranean commercial power during the 14th and 15th centuries, becoming in the cultural and literary centre of the Crown of Aragon. Thus, the Valencians, together with the Majorcans, presented themselves to other peoples as Catalans while they referred to themselves as Valencians and Majorcans to themselves to emphasise the different legal citizenship of each kingdom. In
3888-419: The majority (65%) of the Valencian people (both Valencian and Spanish speakers) consider Valencian different from Catalan: this position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicate that younger people educated in Valencian speaking areas are considerably less likely to hold these views. According to an official poll in 2014, 54% of Valencians considered Valencian to be
3960-487: The most recent survey in 2021, there is a downward trend in everyday Valencian users. The lowest numbers are in the major cities of Valencia and Alicante , where the percentage of everyday speakers is at single-digit numbers. However, the percentage of residents who claim to be able to understand and read Valencian seems to have increased since 2015. Due to a number of political and social factors, including repression, immigration and lack of formal instruction in Valencian,
4032-475: The nation I am from born can rejoice"). Since the Spanish democratic transition , the autonomy or heteronomy of Valencian with respect to the rest of the Valencian-Catalan linguistic system has been the subject of debate and controversy among Valencians, usually with a political background. Although in the academic field (universities and institutions of recognszed prestige) of linguists the unity of
4104-661: The number of speakers has severely decreased, and the influence of Spanish has led to the appearance of a number of barbarisms . This is a list of features of the main forms of Valencian. There is a great deal of variety within the Valencian Community, and by no means do the features below apply to every local version. For more general information about other linguistic varities, see Catalan language . The Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL) specifies Standard Valencian as having some specific syntax, vocabulary, verb conjugations and accent marks compared to Standard Catalan . Valencian vocabulary contains words both restricted to
4176-410: The province of Alicante are more prone to be against the unity of the language, especially in the areas where Valencian is not a mandatory language at schools. Later studies also showed that the results differ significantly depending on the way the question is posed. The ambiguity regarding the term Valencian and its relation to Catalan has sometimes led to confusion and controversy. In 2004, during
4248-430: The rest of Aragonese settlers would've brought eastern Spanish and Aragonese varieties which would mix into Churro Spanish, which in much of the interior is the traditional language, as Valencian is in the coast, where most of the new inhabitants had Catalan or, less usual, Occitan origins. The Vega Baja del Segura and Vinalopó comarcas / comarques were lands disputed between the crowns of Castile and Aragon since
4320-632: The right to be informed by media in Valencian among others. Valencian is also protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , ratified by Spain. However, the Committee of Experts of the Charter has pointed out a considerable number of deficiencies in the application of the Charter by the Spanish and Valencian governments. Unlike in other bilingual autonomous communities , Valencian has not historically been spoken to
4392-519: The right to use and to receive education in Valencian is guaranteed by the Statute of Autonomy (Art. 6.2) anywhere in Valencia. Paella is a rice dish which originated in Valencia near lake Albufera , a lagoon in eastern Spain. Valencians consider paella their main national dish . Other famous Valencian dishes are the orxata drink, and the bunyols : the sweet pastry eaten in falles . Valencian language Valencian ( valencià ) or
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#17327725082764464-770: The same extent throughout the Valencian Community . Slightly more than a quarter of its territory, equivalent to 10-15% of the population (its inland and southernmost areas), is Spanish-speaking since the Middle Ages. Additionally, it is also spoken by a small number of people in the Carche comarca , a rural area in the Region of Murcia adjoining the Valencian Community. Nevertheless, Valencian does not have any official recognition in this area. Nowadays about 600 people are able to speak Valencian in Carche. The Valencian language
4536-409: The same language. [T]he historical patrimonial language of the Valencian people , from a philological standpoint, is the same shared by the autonomous communities of Catalonia and Balearic Islands , and Principality of Andorra . Additionally, it is the patrimonial historical language of other territories of the ancient Crown of Aragon [...] The different varieties of these territories constitute
4608-403: The use of Valencian. Currently, the majority of people who write in Valencian use this standard. Standard Valencian is based on the standard of the Institute of Catalan Studies ( Institut d'Estudis Catalans , IEC), used in Catalonia , with a few adaptations. This standard roughly follows the Castelló Norms ( Normes de Castelló ) from 1932, a set of othographic guidelines regarded as
4680-422: The varieties of this language spoken in the Valencian Community and Carche cannot be considered a single dialect restricted to these borders: the several dialects of Valencian (Alicante's Valencian, Southern Valencian, Central Valencian or Apitxat , Northern Valencian or Castellon's Valencian and Transitional Valencian) belong to the Western group of Catalan dialects. There is a political controversy within
4752-426: Was a large and commercially prosperous town, which sided with the local colonists and Rome against Carthage, and drew Hannibal 's first assault, his siege of Saguntum , which triggered the Second Punic War, one of the most important wars of antiquity. After stiff resistance over the course of eight months Saguntum was captured by Hannibal. Seven years later, the town was retaken by the Romans. In 214 BC, it became
4824-424: Was among the topics discussed during the First International Congress of the Catalan Language, held in Barcelona October 1906. Subsequently, the Philological Section of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC), founded in 1911, published the Normes ortogràfiques in 1913 under the direction of Antoni Maria Alcover and Pompeu Fabra . In 1932, Valencian writers and intellectuals gathered in Castelló de la Plana to make
4896-490: Was by far mostly Muslim, so the crown started a campaign of repopulation of the lands with Christians, as usual in the Reconquista . The new Christian arrivals came from Catalonia and Aragon . Aragonese presence was most dominant in the interior parts of the kingdom (as can be assumed by geographical factors); those Aragonese from the eastern comarcas of Aragon (Matarranya, Casp, Baix Cinca, Llitera and Ribargorça) would have brought with them Catalan language varieties, whereas
4968-401: Was derived from muri veteres "ancient walls." However, as Valencia grew, Saguntum declined. In 1098, the city was conquered by El Cid but the Muslims recovered it shortly thereafter. The city had been under the Muslim Arab rule for over 500 years when James I of Aragon conquered it in 1238. During the Peninsular War , a Spanish attempt to raise the French siege of the castle failed in
5040-411: Was dismantled to provide stone for restoring the old walls. Saguntum was badly damaged in warfare, but has retained many Valencian Gothic structures. In the late 19th century, a steel-making industry grew up that supported the modern city, which extends in the coastal plain below the citadel hill. The last steel oven closed in April 1984. It has been restored and is now a tourist attraction. Sangunto
5112-408: Was once home to a Jewish community. According to a Jewish legend, a tombstone was found in Sangunto with the inscription "Adoniram, treasurer of King Solomon , who came to collect the tax tribute and died." Jews were already living in the city during Muslim rule. After the Massacre of 1391 , the Jewish community in Sagunto became the only surviving community in Valencia. During the 1492 expulsion of
5184-641: Was the trigger of the Second Punic War between the Carthaginians and the Romans. The municipality includes three differentiated urban nuclei: Ciutat Vella (Sagunto), Grau Vell [ es ] and Puerto de Sagunto . Over half of the population lives in the coastal settlement of Puerto de Sagunto. Gaspar Juan Escolano, in his Decades of the History of Valencia (1610-11), writes that
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