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130-582: Valencian ( valencià ) or the Valencian language ( llengua valenciana ) is the official, historical and traditional name used in the Valencian Community of Spain to refer to the Romance language also known as Catalan , either as a whole or in its Valencia-specific linguistic forms. The Valencian Community's 1982 Statute of Autonomy officially recognises Valencian as the name of

260-670: A nationality of Spain, and in accordance to the second article of the Spanish Constitution which grants autonomy to the " nationalities and regions " that compose the Spanish nation, Valencia was granted self-government and constituted itself as an autonomous community in 1982, with the promulgation of its first Statute of Autonomy , the basic organic law, later approved by the General Courts of Spain. All autonomous communities were organized politically within

390-522: A parliamentary system ; that is, the executive branch of government. The "President" is dependent on the direct support of the legislative power , whose members elect him by majority . A new Statute of Autonomy was promulgated in 2006. The government of Valencia is represented by the Generalitat Valenciana (statutorily referred to simply as La Generalitat ) constituted by three institutions: The Generalitat can also be integrated by

520-515: A compromise between the essence and style of Pompeu Fabra 's guidelines, but also allowing the use of Valencian idiosyncrasies. Until its dissolution in November 2013, the public-service Ràdio Televisió Valenciana (RTVV) was the main broadcaster of radio and television in Valencian language. The Generalitat Valenciana constituted it in 1984 in order to guarantee the freedom of information of

650-810: A definite end with the Expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609 by the Hispanic Monarchy, which represented the loss of up to one third of the population of the Kingdom of Valencia and took the main agricultural labor force away. In 1707, in the context of the War of the Spanish Succession , and by means of the Nova Planta decrees, king Philip V of Spain abolished the Kingdom of Valencia, and

780-470: A diverse nature (political, social, economic). In the previous centuries the Catalan spoken in the territory of the Kingdom of Valencia was called in different ways: romanç (13th century) and catalanesch (during the 14th century, for the medieval concept of nation as a linguistic community). The concept of the Valencian language appeared with a particularistic character due to the reinforced nature of

910-561: A formal adoption of the so-called Normes de Castelló (Castelló Norms), a set of guidelines following Pompeu Fabra's Catalan language norms. The letters k , y and w only appear in loanwords. In the case of y it also appears in the digraph ny . Most of the letters are pronounced the same in both standards (Valencian and Catalan). The letters c and g have a soft and hard pronunciation similar to English and other Romance languages, ç (found also in Portuguese and French) always has

1040-503: A language different from Catalan, while 41% considered the languages to be the same. By applying a binary logistic regression to the same data, it was also found that different opinions about the unity of the language are different between people with certain levels of studies and the opinion also differs between each of the Valencian provinces. The opinion agreeing on the unity of Valencian and Catalan has significant differences regarding age, level of education and province of residence, with

1170-555: A language, that is, a "linguistic system" [...] From this group of varieties, Valencian has the same hierarchy and dignity as any other dialectal modality of that linguistic system [...] The AVL was established in 1998 by the PP - UV government of Eduardo Zaplana . According to El País , Jordi Pujol , then president of Catalonia and of the CiU , negotiated with Zaplana in 1996 to ensure the linguistic unity of Catalan in exchange for CiU support of

1300-525: A major trade market in the Mediterranean by the end of the 15th century and throughout the 16th century. Valencia was one of the first cities in Europe to install a movable type printing press as per the designs of Johannes Gutenberg . Valencian authors such as Joanot Martorell or Ausiàs March conformed the canon of classic Valencian literature to the Valencian. In 1479, Ferdinand ascended to

1430-405: A majority of those aged 18–24 (51%) and those with a higher education (58%) considering Valencian to be the same language as Catalan. This can be compared to those aged 65 and above (29%) and those with only primary education (32%), where the same view has its lowest support. People living in the province of Castellón are more prone to be in favor of the unity of the language, while people living in

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1560-763: A part of the Subbaetic Range . The most emblematic mountain of the Valencian Community is the Penyagolosa , in the Alcalatén area. It is widely thought to be the highest peak with 1,813 m, but actually the highest peak is the Calderón (1,839 m) located in the Rincón de Ademuz , a Valencian exclave between Aragon and Castilla–La Mancha . The most emblematic mountain in the southern part of

1690-431: A precise study of demographic states and processes. Valencian population traditionally concentrated in localities with fertile cultivation and growing lowlands by the most important rivers ( Júcar or Xúquer , Turia or Túria , Segura , and Vinalopó ), also in harbour cities important to the agricultural trade. In actuality, population is particularly dense along the coast as well as in central and southern regions of

1820-474: A soft pronunciation and may appear in word final position. The only differences between the main standards are the contrast of b /b/ and v /v/ (also found in Insular Catalan), the treatment of long consonants with a tendency to simplification in Valencian (see table with main digraphs and letter combinations), the affrication ( /d͡ʒ/ ) of both soft g (after front vowels) and j (in most cases),

1950-509: A survey sampling more than 6,600 people in the provinces of Castellón, Valencia, and Alicante. The survey simply collected the answers of respondents and did not include any testing or verification. The results were: The survey shows that, although Valencian is still the common language in many areas in the Valencian Community, where slightly more than half of the Valencian population are able to speak it, most Valencians do not usually use Valencian in their social relations. Moreover, according to

2080-458: A very considerable population increase, even greater during the summer season, mainly due to the seasonal migrations of the tourism industry workforce. The main metropolitan areas of the Valencian Community according to their population are three, plus a fourth one shared with the Region of Murcia . The most populous one is the metropolitan area of Valencia , which is located in the central area of

2210-606: Is tomata outside of Southern Valencian) and matalaf 'mattress' (which is matalap in parts of Valencia, including the Southern Valencian area). Below are a selection of words which differ or have different forms in Standard Valencian and Catalan. In many cases, both standards include this variation in their respective dictionaries, but differ as to what form is considered primary. In other cases, Valencian includes colloquial forms not present in

2340-754: Is also variation within Valencia, such as 'corn', which is dacsa in Central and Southern Valencian, but panís in Alicante and Northern Valencian (as well as in North-Western Catalan). Since Standard Valencian is based on the Southern dialect, words from this dialect are often used as primary forms in the standard language, despite other words traditionally being used in other Valencian dialects. Examples of this are tomaca 'tomato' (which

2470-412: Is found in a judicial process of Minorca against Gil de Lozano, dated between 1343 and 1346, in which it is said that the mother of the indicted, Sibila, speaks valencianesch because she was from Orihuela (formerly Oriola). The concept of Valencian language appeared in the second half of the 14th century and it was progressively consolidated at the same time that its meaning changed due to events of

2600-480: Is intended to be the modern conception of self-government of the Valencian Community from the first autonomist movements during Second Spanish Republic , but also joining it to the traditional conception of Valencian identity, as being the successor to the historical Kingdom of Valencia. In fact, after a bipartisan reform of the Valencian Statute of Autonomy in 2006, it records the foral civil law , using

2730-414: Is made up of the municipalities of Castellón de la Plana , Almassora , Villarreal , Benicàssim , Borriol and Burriana or Borriana, and has 309,420 inhabitants (INE 2008) and an area of 340 km²; Castellón de la Plana is the main centre and most populous municipality of this metropolitan area. The Murcia - Orihuela metropolitan area includes the urban area of Orihuela in the Valencian Community, plus

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2860-475: Is managed through occasional nocturnal restrictions during summer and exploitation of aquifers. Valencia's water needs result in harsh contention with neighbouring autonomous communities such as Castilla–La Mancha and Catalonia. Agriculture—more specifically, citrus cultivation for the export market—was responsible for Valencia's first economic boom in the late 19th century, after centuries of slow development and even decay. Although in absolute terms

2990-525: Is more diversified with a higher presence of vegetables , especially in the Vega Baja del Segura area. Though the low insulation rate and overall stable weather during the summer may pose a threat to water supplies for agriculture and human consumption, conversely this climate allows tourism to be the province's main industry. Very dense residential housing along the coast, occupied by locals, people from inland Spain and from other EU countries (mostly from

3120-437: Is the town in the Valencian Community with the smallest number of inhabitants. The study of the demographic evolution of the Valencian Community can be divided into two clearly differentiated periods, which belong to two different moments of the demographic transition: the old demographic cycle or regime (until the 18th century), characterized by high mortality and high birth rates, and the modern demographic regime or cycle (from

3250-517: Is traditionally spoken along the coast and in some inland areas in the provinces of Alicante and Castellón, from Vinaròs (northernmost point of the extension of Valencian on the coast of the Valencian Community) to Guardamar (southernmost point of Valencian). In 2010 the Generalitat Valenciana , or Valencian government, published a study, Coneixement i ús social del valencià (Knowledge and Social Use of Valencian), which included

3380-483: Is very unevenly distributed: it is concentrated on the coastal strip and has an average population density of 224.3 inhabitants/km². The community has shown strong demographic growth from the 1960s until 2023, when it reaches its maximum; 17.03% of its population is of foreign nationality (INE 2023). Despite the high population rate, there are 24 municipalities, most of them in the province of Castellón, that have less than 100 inhabitants. Castell de Cabres with 19 inhabitants

3510-566: The Furs (charters) of Valencia ; these charters granted it wide self-government under the Crown of Aragon and, later on, under the Spanish Kingdom. The boundaries and identity of the present Spanish autonomous community of the Valencian Community are essentially those of the former Kingdom of Valencia. The conquest of what would later become the Kingdom of Valencia started in 1232 when

3640-777: The Normes del Puig (Norms of El Puig), drawn up by the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture ( Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana , RACV), an institution founded in 1915 by the Deputation of Valencia, but its use is very marginal. The official status of Valencian is regulated by the Spanish Constitution and the Valencian Statute of Autonomy , together with the Law on the Use and Teaching of Valencian (ca) . Article 6 of

3770-565: The Christian colonization of the newly acquired territories, governed under the Lleis de Repartiments . Finally the Aragonese nobles were granted several domains, but they managed to obtain only the interior lands, mostly mountainous and sparsely populated parts of the Kingdom of Valencia. The king reserved the fertile and more densely populated lands in the coastal plains for free citizens and

3900-550: The Comité Econòmic i Social (Social and Economic Committee). Prior to the 1833 territorial division of Spain Valencia was divided into four administrative provinces of Spain : Alicante , Castellón , Valencia and Xàtiva . From 1833, the current three-province system was consolidated: The Valencian Community is further divided into 34 comarques (including the city of Valencia) and 542 municipalities (141 in

4030-844: The Fall of the Western Roman Empire , during the Barbarian Invasions in the 5th century AD, the region was first invaded by the Alans and finally ruled by the Visigoths (see Valencian Gothic ), until the arrival of the Arabs in 711, which left a broad impact in the region, still visible in today's Valencian landscape and culture. After the fall of the Caliphate of Cordova , two main independent taifas were established at

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4160-690: The Germanies in 1520, a full-fledged revolt broke out, the Revolt of the Brotherhoods ( Revolta de les Germanies ). It lasted well into 1522, and shared many traits with the contemporaneous Revolt of the Comuneros in Castile. Aside from economic resentment of the aristocracy, the revolt also featured a strong anti-Muslim aspect, as the superstitious populace blamed Muslims for a plague that struck

4290-671: The House of Bourbon , a new Kingdom of Spain was formed implementing a more centralized government and absolutist regime than the former Habsburg Spain . The first attempt to gain self-government , or autonomous government, for the Valencian Community in modern-day Spain was during the Second Spanish Republic , in 1936, but the Civil War broke out and the autonomist project was suspended. In 1977, after Franco 's dictatorship Valencia started to be partially autonomous with

4420-519: The Iberian Peninsula was printed in the Valencian variety. The earliest recorded chess game with modern rules for moves of the queen and bishop was in the Valencian poem Scachs d'amor (1475). The Valencian language is usually assumed to have spread in the Kingdom of Valencia when Catalan and Aragonese colonists settled the territory after the conquests carried out by James I

4550-459: The Moriscos (Muslim "converts"). Because of the exhausted forces left after clashes between the nobles and their allies in the high bourgeoisie versus the general populace and the lesser bourgeoisie, the king was able to use the power vacuum to enlarge his share of power and gradually diminish that of the local authorities. This meant that his requests for money in order to enlarge or consolidate

4680-505: The Romans under the name of Valentia Edetanorum , or simply Valentia , which translates to "strength" or "valour", in full "strength of the Edetani " (the centre of Edetania was Edeta , an important old Iberian settlement 25 km north of Valencia, in what is now modern day Llíria , other important nearby settlements included Arse–Saguntum , Saetabis and Dianium ). With

4810-645: The Royal Academy of Valencian Culture ( Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana , RACV), which considers itself a rival language academy to the AVL, and promotes an alternative orthography , treating Valencian as an independent language, as opposed to a variety of Catalan. Compared to Standard Valencian, this orthography excludes many words not traditionally used in the Valencian Community, and also prefers spellings such as ⟨ch⟩ for /tʃ/ and ⟨y⟩ for /j/ (as in Spanish ). Besides, these alternative Norms are also promoted and taught by

4940-681: The Segura in the province of Alicante, whose source is in Andalusia , and the Júcar (or Xúquer ) in the province of Valencia, whose source is in Castilla–La Mancha . Both are subjected to very intense human regulation for cities, industries and, especially, agricultural consumption. The river Turia (or Túria ) is the third largest and has its source in Aragon . Most rivers in the area, such as

5070-569: The Spanish colonization of the Americas and its possessions in Europe, rather than its Iberian territories. During the 16th century, Valencia lost its status as a preeminent commercial center of Europe to the rapidly developing cities of Northern and Central Europe. Within Spain, the Atlantic trade favored the cities of Andalusia such as Cádiz . This was largely due to diminishing profits from

5200-506: The Vinalopó , are usually short, have little current (due to agricultural usage, climatic reasons or both) and are often completely dry during the summer. Other Valencian rivers are the Serpis and Sénia . The Valencian Community is, with 5,216,195 inhabitants (INE 2023), the fourth autonomous community in Spain by population, and represents 10.85% of the national population. Its population

5330-473: The desertic climate ( Köppen BWh ) are also found in the Valencian Community. The Csb climate is more common and is found in inland, high altitude areas (generally starting above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft)) across the 3 provinces of the Valencian Community, especially in the interior of Castellón but also in El Rincón de Ademuz and the north of Los Serranos comarcas in the province of Valencia . In

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5460-494: The power vacuum left by rapid socio-economic change was readily filled by an increasingly emboldened monarchy. The Kingdom of Valencia as a legal and political entity was finally ended in 1707 as a result of the Spanish War of Succession . The local population mostly took the side of and provided troops and resources for Archduke Charles , the pretender who was arguably to maintain the legal status quo . His utter defeat at

5590-690: The 15th century, the so-called Valencian Golden Age, the name "Valencian" was already the usual name of the predominant language of the Kingdom of Valencia , and the names of vulgar , romanç or catalanesch had fallen into disuse. Joanot Martorell , author of the novel Tirant lo Blanch , said: " lit.   ' Me atrevire expondre: no solament de lengua anglesa en portuguesa. Mas encara de portuguesa en vulgar valenciana: per ço que la nacio d·on yo so natural se·n puxa alegrar ' ." ("I dare to express myself: not only in English in Portuguese. But even so from Portuguese to vulgar Valencian: for that

5720-790: The 2006 Statute of Autonomy , Valencian is regulated by the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL), following the legacy established by the Castelló Norms , which adapt Catalan orthography to Valencian idiosyncrasies. Some of the most important works of Valencian literature experienced a Golden Age during the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Important works include Joanot Martorell 's chivalric romance Tirant lo Blanch , and Ausiàs March 's poetry. The first book produced with movable type in

5850-449: The 20th century, including Alcoy or Alcoi , Elda , Ontinyent , Petrer , Villena , and La Vall d'Uixó . In recent decades, the concentration of population around the large capitals has increased and large metropolitan areas have been formed, although the demographic concentration has also occurred in coastal towns and cities, so that traditionally small populations, such as Benidorm , Gandia , Calpe or Torrevieja have experienced

5980-550: The British Isles, Benelux, Germany and Scandinavia), boosts the summertime population (and hydrological demands). In 2004, Valencia's GDP was 93.9% of the European Union average, although this figure may be too low because of the important presence of foreign residents either from other regions of Europe or as economic immigrants, who are not properly represented in the official statistics. As in all of Spain, there

6110-519: The Conqueror . A new resettlement in the 17th century, after the expulsion of the Moriscos , largely led by Castilians, defined the Spanish language varieties of inland Valencia. However, Valencian has historically been the predominant and administrative language in the kingdom. The first documental reference to the usage of the term valencià to refer to the spoken language of the Valencians

6240-578: The Crown's economic capital. Local institutions and laws continued during the dynastic union of the early modern Spanish Monarchy , but were suspended in 1707 as a result of the Spanish War of Succession . Valencian nationalism emerged towards the end of the 19th century, leading to the modern conception of the Valencian Country . The current autonomous community under the Generalitat Valenciana self-government institution

6370-680: The Ebro river, the Carthaginians occupied the whole region. The dispute over the hegemony of Saguntum , a Hellenized Iberian coastal city with diplomatic contacts with Rome, destroyed by Hannibal in 219 BC, ignited the Second Punic War , which ended with the incorporation of the region to the Roman Empire. The Romans founded the city of Valentia in 138 BC, which, over the centuries overtook Saguntum in importance. After

6500-476: The Gulf of Valencia, around the Valencian Community's capital. It is the third largest in Spain, with 1,774,201 inhabitants (INE 2011). The metropolitan area of Alicante - Elche has 757,085 inhabitants (INE 2014) and is the eighth metropolitan area in Spain by population; it is the sum of the urban areas of Alicante (468,581 inhabitants) and Elche-Crevillent (288,504 inhabitants), therefore a bipolar metropolitan area. The metropolitan area of Castellón de la Plana

6630-433: The IEC standard. Primary forms in each standard are shown in bold (and may be more than one form). Words in brackets are present in the standard in question, but differ in meaning from how the cognate is used in the other standard. Valencian and Catalan use the Latin script , with some added symbols and digraphs. The Catalan-Valencian orthographies are systematic and largely phonologically based. Standardisation of Catalan

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6760-417: The INE, the largest metropolitan areas are: In the process whereby democracy was restored in Spain between 1975 and 1978, the nationalist and regionalist parties pressed to grant home rule to certain territories in Spain. The constitution of 1978 opened a legal way for autonomous communities to be formed from provinces with common historical and cultural links. In recognition of the Valencian Community as

6890-406: The Just, a grandson of James I, initiated in 1296 a final push of his army further southwards than the Biar-Busot pacts. His campaign aimed at the fertile countryside around Murcia and the Vega Baja del Segura whose local Muslim rulers were bound by pacts with Castile and governing by proxy on behalf of this kingdom; Castilian troops often raided the area to assert a sovereignty which, in any case,

7020-465: The Kingdom is assessed today. The Kingdom was initially overwhelmingly populated by Muslims and often subject to popular revolts and the serious threat of subjugation by any Muslim army assembled for this purpose in the Maghreb . The process by which the monarchy strove to free itself from any noble guardianship was not an easy one, as the nobility still held a large share of power and was determined to retain as much of it as possible. This fact marked

7150-429: The Kingdom of Valencia as a third independent country within the Crown of Aragon in 1238. The kingdom developed intensively in the 14th and 15th centuries, which are considered the Golden Age of the Valencian culture, with significant works like the chivalric romance of Tirant lo Blanch . Valencia developed into an important kingdom in Europe economically through the silk trade. It also rose to power politically with

7280-413: The Mediterranean trade. The Spanish Empire was in frequent conflict with the Ottoman Empire which controlled most of the eastern Mediterranean. They prevented each other from reaching certain ports while Ottoman privateers such as Barbarossa preyed on trade ships. The Barbary pirates such as Dragut , operating out of Tunis , Tripoli , Algiers , Salé and ports in Morocco , attacked shipping in

7410-404: The Mediterranean, or by land through Catalonia . The Valencian territory has few natural resources; the only important mineral deposit is the marble quarried in Alicante province. Hydrological resources (see Geography above) are also lacking: the demand for water exceeds the supply, with this imbalance especially serious in Alicante province. In particularly severe drought years, the problem

7540-399: The Moors southward by establishing their respectively desired areas of influence. The Treaty of Almizra established the south line of Aragonese expansion in the line formed by the villes of Biar and Busot, today in the north of the Alicante province . Everything south of that line, including what would be the Kingdom of Murcia , was reserved by means of this treaty for Castile. The matter of

7670-416: The Muslim raiders. The Germanies were artisan guilds who also, at first with the government's permission, served as civilian militias to fight raiding pirates. However, the Germanies also had an economic agenda favoring the commoner-dominated guilds that clashed with the aristocracy. After the recently appointed Viceroy of Valencia Diego Hurtado de Mendoza refused to seat elected officials who favored

7800-455: The PP, RTVV announced in 2012 a plan to shed 70% of its labour. The plan was nullified on 5 November 2013 by the National Court after trade unions appealed against it. On that same day, the President de la Generalitat Alberto Fabra (also from PP ) announced RTVV would be closed, claiming that reinstating the employees was untenable. On 27 November, the legislative assembly passed the dissolution of RTVV and employees organised to take control of

7930-424: The Province of Alicante, 135 in the Province of Castellón, and 266 in the Province of Valencia). Valencia is long and narrow, running mainly north–south; historically, its rather steep and irregular terrain has made communications and the exploitation of the soil difficult, although the soil of the coastal plain is particularly fertile . This coastal axis has facilitated connections with Europe, either by sea through

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8060-474: The Valencian Community were the Iberians , who were divided in several groups (the Contestani , the Edetani , the Ilercavones and the Bastetani ). The Greeks established colonies in the coastal towns of Saguntum and Dianium beginning in the 5th century BC, where they traded and mixed with the local Iberian populations. After the end of the First Punic War between Carthage and Rome in 241 BC, which established their limits of influence in

8190-404: The Valencian Community, including the television channel À Punt, which started broadcasting in June 2018. Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian community, the Valencian Language Academy ( Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) considers Valencian and Catalan to be two names for

8320-403: The Valencian Statute of Autonomy sets the legal status of Valencian, establishing that: Passed in 1983, the Law on the Use and Teaching of Valencian develops this framework, providing for the implementation of a bilingual educational system, regulating the use of Valencian in the public administration and judiciary system, where citizens can freely use it when acting before both, or establishing

8450-399: The Valencian people are a "historical nationality" . Their origins date back to the 1238 Aragonese conquest of the Taifa of Valencia . The newly-founded Kingdom of Valencia enjoyed its own legal entity and administrative institutions as a component of the Crown of Aragon , under the purview of the Furs of Valencia . Valencia experienced its Golden Age in the 15th century, as it became

8580-447: The Valencian people in their own language. It was reopened again in 2018 in the same location but under a different name, À Punt, and it is owned by À Punt Media, a group owned by the Generalitat Valenciana . The new television channel claims to be plural, informative and neutral for all of the Valencian population. It is bilingual, with a focus on the Valencian language. It is recognised as a regional TV channel. Prior to its dissolution,

8710-487: The Valencian-speaking domain, as well as words shared with other Catalan varieties, especially with North-Western ones . Words are rarely spread evenly over the Valencian Community, but are usually contained to parts of it, or spread out into other dialectal areas. Examples include hui 'today' (found in all of Valencia except transitional dialects, in Northern dialects avui ) and espill 'mirror' (shared with North-Western dialects, Central Catalan mirall ). There

8840-457: The Western group of Catalan dialects. There is a political controversy within the Valencian Community regarding its status as a glottonym or as an independent language, since official reports show that the majority of the people in the Valencian Community consider it as a separate language, different from Catalan , although the same studies show that this percentage decreases among younger generations and people with higher studies. According to

8970-487: The administration of RTVV under the People's Party (PP) had been controversial due to accusations of ideological manipulation and lack of plurality. The news broadcast was accused of giving marginal coverage of the Valencia Metro derailment in 2006 and the indictment of President de la Generalitat Francisco Camps in the Gürtel scandal in 2009. Supervisors appointed by the PP were accused of sexual harassment . In face of an increasing debt due to excessive expenditure by

9100-413: The affrication ( /t͡ʃ/ ) of initial and postconsonantal x (except in some cases) and the lenition (deaffrication) of tz /d͡z/ in most instances (especially the - itzar suffix). The Academy of Valencian Studies ( Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua , AVL), established by law in 1998 by the Valencian autonomous government and constituted in 2001, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing

9230-440: The agricultural sector has continued to grow, the boom in the secondary and tertiary sectors during the Spanish miracle of the 1960s, has meant that its relative importance has decreased over time. The provinces of Castellón and Valencia still have thousands of hectares of citrus-producing groves and citrus continues to be a major source of income on the countryside. Province of Alicante also grows citrus, but its agriculture

9360-528: The appointment of José María Aznar as Prime Minister of Spain . Zaplana has denied this, claiming that "[n]ever, never, was I able to negotiate that which is not negotiable, neither that which is not in the negotiating scope of a politician. That is, the unity of the language". The AVL orthography is based on the Normes de Castelló , a set of rules for writing Valencian established in 1932. A rival set of rules, called Normes del Puig , were established in 1979 by

9490-441: The availability of media in the Valencian language is extremely limited. All the other autonomous communities in Spain , including the monolingual ones, have public-service broadcasters, with the Valencian Community being the only exception despite being the fourth most populated. In July 2016 a new public corporation, Valencian Media Corporation , was launched in substitution of RTVV. It manages and controls several public media in

9620-547: The broadcast, starting a campaign against the PP. Nou TV's last broadcast ended abruptly when Spanish police pulled the plug at 12:19 on 29 November 2013. Having lost all revenues from advertisements and facing high costs from the termination of hundreds of contracts, critics question whether the closure of RTVV has improved the financial situation of the Generalitat, and point out to plans to benefit private-owned media. Currently,

9750-571: The city of Valencia on 9 October 1238, which is regarded as the dawn of the Kingdom of Valencia. A third phase started in 1243 and ended in 1245, when it met the limits agreed between James I and the heir to the throne of Castile, Alfonso the Wise , who would succeed to the throne as Alfonso X in 1252. These limits were traced in the Treaty of Almizra between the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon, which coordinated their Reconquista efforts to drive

9880-401: The city. The mudéjars (Muslims) were seen as allies of the aristocracy, as they worked in the nobility's large farms and undercut the Valencians on wages making them competitors for scarce jobs. During the revolt, the agermanats killed many Muslims and forcibly baptized the rest. Even after the Germanies were suppressed it was ruled that these baptisms were valid, sparking a new revolt of

10010-439: The conflict between two competing names: "Valencian Country" and "Former Kingdom of Valencia". On one hand, "Valencian Country" represented the modern conception of nationality that resurged in the 19th century. It became well-established during the Second Spanish Republic and later on with the works of Joan Fuster in the 1960s, implying the existence of the "Catalan Countries" ( Països Catalans ). This nationalist subtext

10140-682: The creation of the Council of the Valencian Country ( Consell del País Valencià ), and in 1982 the self-government was finally extended into a Statute of Autonomy ( Estatut d'Autonomia ) creating several self-government institutions under the Generalitat Valenciana . The first democratically elected President of the Generalitat Valenciana , Joan Lerma , took office in 1982 as part of the transition to autonomy. The Valencian Statute of Autonomy make clear that Valencia

10270-616: The cultural association Lo Rat Penat . Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the North-Western varieties spoken in Western Catalonia ( Province of Lleida and most of the Province of Tarragona ). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%) Despite the position of the official organisations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that

10400-423: The disputed possessions in Europe were progressively more frequent, more imperative and, conversely, less reciprocated for the Kingdom of Valencia, just as they were elsewhere for the rest of the Spanish Kingdom territories. The expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609 was the final blow for the economy of the Kingdom of Valencia, as tens of thousands of people—mostly peasants serving the nobility—were forced to leave; in

10530-592: The drafting of the European Constitution , the regional governments of Spain where a language other than Spanish is co-official were asked to submit translations into the relevant language in question. Since different names are used in Catalonia ("Catalan") and in the Valencian Community ("Valencian"), the two regions each provided one version, which were identical to each other. Valencian Community According to Valencia's Statute of Autonomy ,

10660-559: The dunes, thus forming now protected areas of remarkable ecologic value. In addition to mainland Valencia, the Valencian territory administers the tiny Columbretes Islands and the coastal inhabited islet of Tabarca . Valencia has a generally pleasant climate, with mild winters and hot summers, heavily influenced by the neighbouring Mediterranean sea. Still, there are important differences between areas: The warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csb ), humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ), oceanic climate ( Köppen Cfb ) and

10790-440: The end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th), in which the drop in mortality initially caused a demographic transition, with strong increases in the population, which passed in its final moments of demographic stability thanks to the drop in birth rates. In the case of the Valencian Community, and in Spain as a whole, both cycles temporarily coincided with the non-presence of reliable population censuses, which would not allow

10920-537: The establishment of the Muslim Taifa of Valencia , during the Al-Andalus period, the name developed to بلنسية ( Balansiya ). The modern names of the city are Valencia (Spanish) and València (Valencian). The older spellings Valençia , Ualençia and Ualència are also found in pre-reform Spanish and Valencian texts. To distinguish it from its capital city, a number of names have been used for

11050-579: The first of these, he briefly regained Muslim independence for the lands South of the Júcar , but he had to surrender soon after. During the second revolt, king James I was almost killed in battle, but Al-Azraq also was finally subjugated, his life spared only because of a longtime relationship with the Christian monarch. During the third rebellion, Al-Azraq himself was killed but his son would continue to promote Muslim unrest and local rebellions remained always at sight. James II called Jaume II el Just or

11180-642: The former wetlands and salt evaporation ponds in the Santa Pola and Torrevieja area. All of them are key Ramsar sites which make Valencia of high relevance for both migratory and resident seabirds and waterbirds. There are many important coastal dunes in the Saler area near the Albufera and in the Guardamar area, both of them were planted with thousands of trees during the 19th century in order to fix

11310-462: The incipient bourgeoisie , whose cities were given the Furs, or royal charters, regulating civil law and administration locally, but holding them always accountable to the king. These facts had linguistic consequences, which are traditionally sketched this way: A few authors have promoted an alternative view, in which the languages of the conquerors were mixed with a local Romance ( Mozarabic ) which

11440-846: The institutions that the Valencian Courts create. The Courts have approved the creation of the Síndic de Greuges ( Ombudsman ), the Sindicatura de Comptes (Public Audit Office), the Consell Valencià de Cultura (Valencian Council of Culture), the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (Valencian Academy of the Language), the Consell Jurídic Consultiu (Juridic and Consultative Council) and

11570-690: The king of the Crown of Aragon , James I , called Jaume I el Conqueridor (the Conqueror), took Morella , mostly with Aragonese troops. Shortly after, in 1233, Borriana and Peniscola were also taken from the بلنسية Balansiyya ( Valencia in the Arabic language ) taifa . A second and more relevant wave of expansion took place in 1238, when James I defeated the Moors from the Balansiya taifa . He entered

11700-405: The language has never been questioned since studies of the Romance languages , part of Valencian public opinion believes and affirms that Valencian and Catalan are different languages, an idea that began to spread during the turbulent Valencian transition by sectors of the regionalist right and by the so-called blaverisme (Blaverism). There is an alternative secessionist linguistic regulation,

11830-543: The large majority of Mudéjar (Muslim) population, left behind from the progressively more southern combat front, lingered from the very beginning until they finally were expelled en masse in 1609. Up to that moment, they represented a complicated issue for the newly established Kingdom, as they were essential to keep the economy working due to their numbers, which inspired frequent pacts with local Muslim populations, such as Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al Sahuir , allowing their culture various degrees of tolerance but, on

11960-494: The legal entity of the Kingdom of Valencia for being the Mediterranean commercial power during the 14th and 15th centuries, becoming in the cultural and literary centre of the Crown of Aragon. Thus, the Valencians, together with the Majorcans, presented themselves to other peoples as Catalans while they referred to themselves as Valencians and Majorcans to themselves to emphasise the different legal citizenship of each kingdom. In

12090-417: The majority (65%) of the Valencian people (both Valencian and Spanish speakers) consider Valencian different from Catalan: this position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicate that younger people educated in Valencian speaking areas are considerably less likely to hold these views. According to an official poll in 2014, 54% of Valencians considered Valencian to be

12220-424: The media and Spanish written language. However, the variant of "Valencian Country" ( País Valencià ) that emphasizes the nationality status of the Valencian people is still the preferred one by left-wing parties, civil associations, Valencian written language and major Valencian public institutions. "Valencian Community" is a neologism that was specifically adopted after democratic transition in order to solve

12350-565: The metropolitan agglomerations of Murcia, Molina de Segura and Alcantarilla, in the neighboring Region of Murcia . This supraregional metropolitan area has a total population of 776,784 inhabitants (INE 2009), an area of 1,787 km² and a density of 445.54 inhabitants/km², making it the seventh largest in Spain. In recent decades the concentration of the population in the provincial capitals and in their metropolitan areas has increased considerably, in cities such as Torrent , Mislata , Paterna , Burjassot , or San Vicente del Raspeig . According to

12480-486: The most recent survey in 2021, there is a downward trend in everyday Valencian users. The lowest numbers are in the major cities of Valencia and Alicante , where the percentage of everyday speakers is at single-digit numbers. However, the percentage of residents who claim to be able to understand and read Valencian seems to have increased since 2015. Due to a number of political and social factors, including repression, immigration and lack of formal instruction in Valencian,

12610-475: The nation I am from born can rejoice"). Since the Spanish democratic transition , the autonomy or heteronomy of Valencian with respect to the rest of the Valencian-Catalan linguistic system has been the subject of debate and controversy among Valencians, usually with a political background. Although in the academic field (universities and institutions of recognszed prestige) of linguists the unity of

12740-573: The nobility. This development was part of a growing trend evident in the Middle Ages (said to end in 1492 with the final acts of the Reconquista in the capitulation of Kingdom of Granada and the expulsion of the Jews as well as Christopher Columbus's discovery of the Americas for Spain) and well into the era of Habsburg Spain . It is by this historiographical approach that the repopulation of

12870-660: The number of speakers has severely decreased, and the influence of Spanish has led to the appearance of a number of barbarisms . This is a list of features of the main forms of Valencian. There is a great deal of variety within the Valencian Community, and by no means do the features below apply to every local version. For more general information about other linguistic varities, see Catalan language . The Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL) specifies Standard Valencian as having some specific syntax, vocabulary, verb conjugations and accent marks compared to Standard Catalan . Valencian vocabulary contains words both restricted to

13000-663: The other side, they were deemed as a menace to the Kingdom due to their lack of allegiance and their real or perceived conspiracies to bring the Ottoman Empire to their rescue. There were indeed frequent rebellions from the Moor population against Christian rule, the most threatening being those headed by the Moor chieftain Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al Sahuir, also known as Al-Azraq . He led important rebellions in 1244, 1248 and 1276. During

13130-421: The privileges and liberties of the territories and cities which formed the kingdom and its legal structure and factuality remained intact. A new position, Viceroy of Valencia , was created to manage the officially independent Kingdom. Meanwhile, the rising Spanish Empire had left behind its former status as a Kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula and had emerged as a Great power . The Empire shifted its focus to

13260-410: The process, entire villages were deserted and the countryside lost its main labor force. Some 125,000 people are supposed to have left the land. The expulsion was broadly welcome within the Valencian citizenry, especially for its more popular segments. The expulsion meant the loss of a cheap labor force for the nobility, and consequently a massive socio-economic destabilisation. The nobles together with

13390-407: The province of Alicante are more prone to be against the unity of the language, especially in the areas where Valencian is not a mandatory language at schools. Later studies also showed that the results differ significantly depending on the way the question is posed. The ambiguity regarding the term Valencian and its relation to Catalan has sometimes led to confusion and controversy. In 2004, during

13520-499: The province of Alicante this climate is only found in the highest altitudes of Serra de Mariola and Sierra de Aitana . Both Cfa and Cfb climates can be only found in the interior of the province of Castellón, with marginal presence in the Valencian province, only in the Rincón de Ademuz comarca. The presence of the desertic climates ( BWh ) is marginal to scarcely populated areas south of Elche . There are only two major rivers:

13650-480: The region, Valencia and Dénia , along with the small and short living taifas of Orihuela , Alpuente , Jérica and Sagunt and the short Christian conquest of Valencia by El Cid . However, the origins of present-day Valencia date back to the Kingdom of Valencia , which came into existence in the 13th century. James I of Aragon led the Christian conquest and colonization of the existing Islamic taifas with Aragonese and Catalan colonizers in 1208; they founded

13780-458: The region. After the Christian conquest, it became the Kingdom of Valencia . In the last decades, Valencian Community has become the preferred name to avoid any controversy . "Valencian Community" is the standard translation of the official name in Valencian recognized by the Statute of Autonomy of 1982 ( Comunitat Valenciana ). This is the name most used in public administration, tourism,

13910-504: The regional language. Valencian displays transitional features between Ibero-Romance languages and Gallo-Romance languages . According to philological studies, the varieties of this language spoken in the Valencian Community and Carche cannot be considered a single dialect restricted to these borders: the several dialects of Valencian (Alicante's Valencian, Southern Valencian, Central Valencian or Apitxat , Northern Valencian or Castellon's Valencian and Transitional Valencian) belong to

14040-467: The rest of the states belonging to the former Crown of Aragon and which had retained some autonomy, and subordinated it to the structure of the Kingdom of Castile and its laws and customs. As a result of this, the institutions and laws created by the Law of Valencia ( Furs de València ) were abolished and the usage of the Valencian language in official instances and education was forbidden. Consequently, with

14170-631: The right to be informed by media in Valencian among others. Valencian is also protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , ratified by Spain. However, the Committee of Experts of the Charter has pointed out a considerable number of deficiencies in the application of the Charter by the Spanish and Valencian governments. Unlike in other bilingual autonomous communities , Valencian has not historically been spoken to

14300-727: The rise of the Crown of Aragon, (within which the Kingdom of Valencia had achieved the largest population and the greatest economic power at that time) and the ascension of the Valencian House of Borja in Rome (see Route of the Borjas , Route of the Monasteries and Route of the Classics ). After a slow decline following the dynastic union of the Crown of Aragon with the Kingdom of Castile, Valencia's successful status came to

14430-654: The same extent throughout the Valencian Community . Slightly more than a quarter of its territory, equivalent to 10-15% of the population (its inland and southernmost areas), is Spanish-speaking since the Middle Ages. Additionally, it is also spoken by a small number of people in the Carche comarca , a rural area in the Region of Murcia adjoining the Valencian Community. Nevertheless, Valencian does not have any official recognition in this area. Nowadays about 600 people are able to speak Valencian in Carche. The Valencian language

14560-408: The same language. [T]he historical patrimonial language of the Valencian people , from a philological standpoint, is the same shared by the autonomous communities of Catalonia and Balearic Islands , and Principality of Andorra . Additionally, it is the patrimonial historical language of other territories of the ancient Crown of Aragon [...] The different varieties of these territories constitute

14690-443: The standards of the day, it can be considered as a rather rapid conquest, since most of the territory was gained in less than fifty years and the maximum expansion was completed in less than one century. The toll in terms of social and politic unrest which was to be paid for this fast process was the existence of a large Muslim population within the Kingdom which neither desired to become a part of it nor, as long as they remained Muslim,

14820-859: The territory is the Aitana (1,558 m). The rather thin coastal strip is a very fertile plain without remarkable mountains except those around the Cap de la Nau area in northern Alicante province and the Peñíscola area in the Castellón province. Typical of this coastal area are wetlands and marshlands such as L'Albufera close to Valencia, El Fondo in Elche and Crevillent , La Marjal near Pego , Albufera of Gayanes in Gayanes or El Prat in Cabanes , also

14950-469: The territory, and more sparse around the inner and northern regions. Important historical cities include Sagunto and Dénia in Roman times; Valencia , Alicante , Xàtiva , Orihuela , Elche , Gandia , and Villarreal or Vila-real later on in history and, more recently, Alzira and Castellón de la Plana . Another set of noncoastal cities increased significantly in numbers due to industrialization in

15080-406: The throne as King of Aragon . With his earlier marriage to Queen Isabella I of Castile , the modern Kingdom of Spain was born. Valencia began a slow process of integration with the rest of Spain. When Ferdinand and Isabella 's grandson Charles came to the throne, the crowns were permanently joined in personal union . The kings of Habsburg Spain (January 23, 1516 – November 1, 1700) maintained

15210-556: The traditional conception of a kingdom, and, on the other hand, it also recognizes Valencia as a nationality , in accordance with the modern conception. Valencia was affected by the 2024 Spanish floods . The inland part of the territory is craggy, with some of the highest peaks in the Valencia and Castellón provinces forming part of the Iberian Mountain Range . The mountains in the Province of Alicante are in turn

15340-414: The upper class bourgeoisie felt threatened by an increasingly self-confident general populace, and sought the king's protection of their privileges. As a concession to the monarchy, they had to gradually relinquish their check and balance role on its power, which had been one of the distinguishing traits of the Kingdom's autonomy before the Crown. In line with similar processes in other parts of feudal Europe,

15470-511: The use of Valencian. Currently, the majority of people who write in Valencian use this standard. Standard Valencian is based on the standard of the Institute of Catalan Studies ( Institut d'Estudis Catalans , IEC), used in Catalonia , with a few adaptations. This standard roughly follows the Castelló Norms ( Normes de Castelló ) from 1932, a set of othographic guidelines regarded as

15600-511: The western Mediterranean, which included destructive raids in Christian ports along the coast. This decline in trade greatly inhibited the economy in Valencia, which had already been economically affected by the Alhambra decree which had expelled the Jews in 1492. In 1519, the young King Charles I granted the Germanies (literally "brotherhoods") permission to arm themselves to fight off

15730-451: Was already similar to Catalan. No solid evidence for this view has been found. The Kingdom of Valencia achieved its height during the early 15th century. The economy was prosperous and centered around trading through the Mediterranean, which had become increasingly controlled by the Crown of Aragon, mostly from the ports of Valencia and Barcelona . In the city of Valencia the Taula de canvi

15860-824: Was among the topics discussed during the First International Congress of the Catalan Language, held in Barcelona October 1906. Subsequently, the Philological Section of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC), founded in 1911, published the Normes ortogràfiques in 1913 under the direction of Antoni Maria Alcover and Pompeu Fabra . In 1932, Valencian writers and intellectuals gathered in Castelló de la Plana to make

15990-523: Was created, functioning partly as a bank and partly as a stock exchange market; altogether it boosted trading. The local industry, especially textile manufactures, achieved great development and the city of Valencia turned into a Mediterranean trading emporium where traders from all Europe worked. Perhaps the feature which best symbolises this flamboyant period is the Silk Exchange , one of the finest European examples of civil Gothic architecture and

16120-535: Was established in 1982 after the Spanish Transition . Official languages are Spanish and Valencian (the official and traditional name used in the Valencian Community to refer to what is commonly known as the Catalan language ). As of 2020, the population of the Valencian Community comprised 10.63% of the Spanish population. The city of Valencia (capital of the Valencian Community) was founded by

16250-496: Was finally agreed by virtue of the Sentencia Arbitral de Torrellas (1304), amended by the Treaty of Elche (1305), which assigned Orihuela (also Alicante and Elche ) to the Kingdom of Valencia, while Murcia went to the Crown of Castile, so drawing the final Southern border of the Kingdom of Valencia. At the end of the process, four taifas had been wiped out: Balansiya, Alpuente, Denia and Murcia. Taking into account

16380-578: Was formally created in 1238 when the Moorish taifa of Valencia was taken in the course of the Reconquista . It was dissolved, along the other components of the old crown of Aragon , by Philip V of Spain in 1707, by means of the Nueva Planta decrees , as a result of the Spanish War of Succession . During its existence, the Kingdom of Valencia was ruled by the laws and institutions stated in

16510-399: Was given the chance to. Modern historiography sees the conquest of Valencia in the light of similar Reconquista efforts by the Crown of Castile , i.e., as a fight led by the king in order to gain new territories as free as possible of a serfdom subject to the nobility. The new territories would then be accountable only to the king, thus enlarging and consolidating his power versus that of

16640-406: Was not stable but was characterized by the typical skirmishes and ever changing alliances of a frontier territory. The campaign under James II was successful to the point of extending the limits of the Kingdom of Valencia well south of the previously agreed border with Castile. His troops took Orihuela and Murcia. What was to become the definite dividing line between Castile and the Crown of Aragon

16770-699: Was opposed by anti-Catalan blaverists , who proposed "Former Kingdom of Valencia" ( Antic Regne de València ) instead, in order to emphasize Valencian independence from Catalonia. Currently, blaverists have accepted the official denomination. The autonomous community can be homonymously identified with its capital "Valencia". However, this could be disregarding of the provinces of Alicante and Castellón. Other more anecdotal translations have included "Land of Valencia", "Region of Valencia" and "Valencian Region". The term "Region", however, carries negative connotations among many Valencians because it could deny their nationality status. The pre-Roman autochthonous people of

16900-420: Was significant growth in the years immediately following 2004, at least until the 2008–13 Spanish financial crisis . Kingdom of Valencia The Kingdom of Valencia ( Valencian : Regne de València ; Spanish : Reino de Valencia ; Latin : Regnum Valentiae ), located in the eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula , was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon . The Kingdom of Valencia

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