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47-823: Old Goa ( Konkani : Pornnem Gõy; Adlem Gõy ; Portuguese : Velha Goa , lit.   ''Old Goa'') is a historical site and city situated on the southern banks of the River Mandovi , within the Tiswadi taluka ( Ilhas ) of North Goa district , in the Indian state of Goa . The city was established by the Bijapur Sultanate in the 15th century AD. After the Portuguese conquest of Goa , it served as capital of Portuguese Indian possessions, such as Mumbai/Bombay ( Bom Bahia ) territory and

94-478: A boat and a small creek respectively, in Sanskrit . Thus the modern word Panjim is believed to be a corruption of the old word Panjanakhani as inscribed on the discovered Panjim copper-plates dated 1059 CE, belonging to the rule of Kadamba king Jayakesi I. According to legend, this northern capital city was mentioned in a stone inscription of Kadamba king Jayakesi I dated 1054 CE as 'Panjanakhani', giving him

141-478: A few miles away. The names Vhoddlem Gõy and Thorlem Gõy ("Big Goa") refer to Goa Velha; while Gõy , besides referring to Velha Goa ("Old Goa"), also generally refers to the entire Goa state. The city was founded in the 15th century as a port on the banks of the Mandovi river by the rulers of the Bijapur Sultanate . It was built to replace Govapuri, which lay a few kilometres to the south and had been used as

188-521: A port by the Kadamba and Vijayanagar kings. Old Goa was the second capital after Bijapur of the rule of Adil Shahi Dynasty . It was surrounded by a moat and contained the shah 's palace, mosques , and temples . The city was captured by the Portuguese and was under Portuguese rule from 1510 as the administrative seat of Portuguese India . The viceroy's residence was transferred in 1759 to

235-557: A riverside promenade. There are avenues lined with gulmohar , acacia and other trees. The baroque Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church is located overlooking the main square known as Praça da Igreja. Panaji has been selected as one of a hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under the Smart Cities Mission . Panaji's HDI is almost around 0.90, and is considered to be

282-498: Is Mopa Airport which is 40 kilometres (25 miles) away. Transport is done mainly by buses. Mapusa is the nearest city, from where you can find ample public transport to the coastal areas in the form of buses, cabs, etc State-owned All India Radio has a local station in Panaji which transmits various programs of mass interest. The annual International Film Festival of India (IFFI), is held in Panaji. The Goa government, as well as

329-593: Is Pangim . The city is sometimes spelt as पणजें in Devanagari or Ponnjé in Romi Konkani . The city had been renamed Nova Goa (Portuguese for "New Goa") when it officially replaced the city of Goa (now Old Goa ) as the capital of Portuguese India , though the Viceroy had already moved there in 1759. The justification of the modern word Panaji is derived from the words panjani and khali , which mean

376-579: Is also used in tiatr . There are a huge number of people who solely or primarily use the Roman script. As a result of the recognition of only the Devanagari script, the rich body of Konkani literature written in the Roman script goes unrecognized, unpromoted and unrewarded. When the Sahitya Akademi recognized Konkani in 1975 as an independent and literary language, one of the important factors

423-441: Is argued that giving official recognition to Roman Konkani will help strengthen the language by creating an inclusive environment for users of the Roman script and also to the native Christian majority of Goans . It will avoid people who have difficulty in using the Devanagari script or do not know the Devanagari script from feeling alienated and giving up on the language. Goans who do not know Devanagari are unable to communicate with

470-543: Is celebrated every year on 3 December with novenas beginning on 24 November. Konkani in the Roman script An estimated 500,000 people use Roman Konkani. The use of Devanagari script for Konkani, which is now its official script, first occurred in AD 1187. Roman Konkani was not mandated as official script by law, for decades even after the Konkani language agitation of the 1960s. However in 2013, an ordinance passed by

517-599: Is famous for its beaches, and Miramar, Bambolim , and Dona Paula are three popular beaches located near Panaji. Dona Paula is the meeting point for two of Goa's famous rivers, Zuari and Mandovi. These two rivers meet at the Arabian Sea. The official residence of the governor of Goa, known as Cabo Raj Bhavan, is situated on the westernmost tip of Dona Paula. Miramar Beach is one of the more crowded beaches in Goa, which remains full with local and international tourists throughout

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564-709: Is only possible in Konkani in Devanagari script and in Marathi. However, this recommendation has not yet been implemented. In August 2012, Chief Minister of Goa, Manohar Parrikar announced that he would fulfill four demands of the DKA: Some organizations that promote and support Romi Konkani are: Some periodicals in Konkani written in the Roman script in continuous publication are: Panaji Panaji ( / ˈ p ʌ n ə dʒ i / ; Goan Konkani : Ponnjem , IPA: [pɵɳdʒĩ] ; also known as Panjim )

611-497: Is the capital of the Indian state of Goa and the headquarters of North Goa district. Previously, it was the territorial capital of the former Portuguese India . It lies on the banks of the Mandovi river estuary in the Tiswadi sub-district ( taluka ) . With a population of 114,759 in the metropolitan area, Panaji is Goa's largest urban agglomeration , ahead of Margao and Mormugao . Panaji has terraced hills, concrete buildings with balconies and red-tiled roofs, churches, and

658-491: Is used very little as compared to Roman script in Goa or Kannada script in coastal Karnataka Prominent among the critics are Konkani Catholics in Goa, who have been at the forefront of the Konkani language agitation in 1986–1987 and have for long used the Roman script including producing literature in Roman script. They are demanding that Roman script be given equal status to Devanagari. Tiatr artists and tiatr aficionados are another group which supports Romi Konkani. It

705-669: Is usually between 31 °C (88 °F) and 23 °C (73 °F). The monsoon period is from June to October with heavy rainfall and gusty winds. The annual average rainfall is 2,932 mm (115.43 in). The heart of the city is the Praça da Igreja (Church Square) where the Jardim Garcia de Orta (municipal garden) with the Portuguese Baroque Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Imaculada Conceição , originally built in 1541. Other tourist attractions include

752-551: The Antruzi ( Ponda ) dialect written in Devanagari. In the 16th century, Christian missionaries studied the Konkani language in depth. They even prepared Konkani grammar, dictionaries and studied various facets of literature. The Jesuits established the first printing press in Asia in Goa in 1556. Since then, a rich tradition of Konkani literature in the Roman script has developed. Fr. Thomas Stephens made vital contributions to

799-743: The Goa Su-Raj Party announced in its manifesto for the 2017 assembly elections that it supports official status for Roman Konkani. In September 2008, the advisory board of the Official Language Cell of the Government of Goa recommended the use of Konkani in Roman script in government offices. As per the recommendation, Konkani in the Roman script would be permitted for communication purposes, and government employees may submit applications, appeals or representations and receive orders or notices in Roman script. At present, this

846-541: The Government of Goa allows the use of the Roman script alongside Devanagari Konkani and Marathi for official communication. The terms 'Konkani in the Roman script' and 'Roman Konkani' do not merely refer to the fact that the language is written in the Roman script, but they also refer to the dialects traditionally written in this script, namely, the Bardesi ( Bardes ) and Saxtti ( Salcette ) variants as opposed to

893-531: The Indian government , has its major offices in Goa. The Goa Legislative Assembly is situated at Alto Porvorim , about 2 km (1.2 mi) from Panaji. The hillock called Altinho houses some major central government offices and the residences of prominent officials and politicians. Panaji is part of Panaji (Goa Assembly constituency) and North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency) . The current chief minister of Goa, Pramod Sawant, resides here. The Corporation of

940-944: The Patriarch of the East Indies . Unlike the patriarchs and the major archbishops of the Eastern Catholic Churches , the Patriarch of the East Indies only enjoys honorary title and is fully subject to the Pope . He has a place in the Latin Church similar to the Patriarchs of Venice and Lisbon . This title was conferred upon the Archbishop of Goa as part of a settlement between the Holy See and

987-800: The Portuguese government concerning the link between religious and political aspects of its territories. Old Goa contains churches including the Se Cathedral (the seat of the Archbishop of Goa ), the Church and Convent of St. Francis of Assisi , the Chapel of Our Lady of the Mount , the Church of St. Caetano and, notably, the Basilica of Bom Jesus which contains the relics of Saint Francis Xavier , who

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1034-575: The UNESCO . Old Goa is approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) east of the current state capital of Panjim ( Portuguese : Nova Goa , lit.   ''New Goa''). The name "Old Goa" was first used in the 1960s in the address of the Romi Konkani monthly magazine, dedicated to spread the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus , Dor Mhoineachi Rotti , which was shifted to the Basilica of Bom Jesus in 1964. Postal letters were returned to

1081-647: The City of Panaji (CCP) administers the city and its Mayor is Rohit Monserrate. Vasant Agshikar is the Deputy Mayor. The governor of Goa stays at the Cabo Raj Bhavan at Dona Paula , about 8 km (5 mi) from Panaji. The current governor is S. Pillai . Two of Goa's premier association football clubs Dempo S.C. and Sporting Clube de Goa are based in Panaji and they both compete in India's one of

1128-513: The Portuguese conquerors renamed it as ‘Idalcao's Palace’ and was the temporary residence of the first ‘Viceroy of Goa’. In 1963 this ancient structure was renovated by Goa government to house Goa Legislative Assembly . This structure today is 'The Goa State Museum '. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary is a bird sanctuary named after the ornithologist Dr. Salim Ali. The sanctuary, located in the village of Chorão, near Panaji, plays host to rare and endangered bird species—both migratory and resident. Goa

1175-715: The Roman script called Romanses . Today, Konkani in the Roman script is mainly used by the Christian community because the liturgy of the Catholic Church in Goa is entirely in the Roman script and the work of the Archdiocese of Goa and Daman is also carried out in the Roman script. However, many writers outside the Christian Community also write in Roman Konkani. Konkani in the Roman script

1222-399: The banks of Mandovi River in the heart of Panaji is ‘Old Secretariat’ building popularly known as ‘Adil Shah's Palace’. It was built by Yusuf Adil Shah of the Bijapur Sultanate in around 1500, as a summer residence and fortress. The building was armed with 55 cannons and surrounded by a moat. The Palace was besieged by Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque in 1510 and in the mid-1500s

1269-544: The banks of the Mandovi River , Panaji is bound by two creeks called pői by the locals, namely Ourém creek and Santa Inêz creek . During the 2011 census of India , Panaji had a population of 114,405. Males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. It had an average literacy rate of 90.9%; male literacy was 94.6% and female literacy 86.9%. In Panaji, 9.6% of the population was under 7 years of age. Panaji comprises three major religions, with Hinduism being

1316-469: The best amongst other major Indian cities. The city was built with stepped streets and a seven kilometre long promenade on a planned grid system after the Portuguese relocated the capital from Velha Goa in the 17th century. It was elevated from a town to a city on 22 March 1843. The city was renamed from Panjim in English to Panaji , its present official name in the 1980s. The Portuguese name

1363-716: The capital city's most discerning assets is the Mahalaxmi Temple. Located on the Dada Vaidya road (Rua de Saudade during the Portuguese times), the Mahalaxmi deity is the chief object of veneration for all Panjimites, irrespective of caste, class, sex or creed. The carnival celebrations in February include a colourful parade on the streets. This is followed by the Shigmo / Xigmo, or Holi . The Narkāsūr parade on

1410-475: The city in the 17th century and it was largely abandoned, only having a remaining population of 1,500 in 1775. It was then that the viceroy moved to Panjim. It continued to be the de jure capital of Goa until 1843, when the capital was shifted to Panjim (Ponnjê in Konkani, Nova Goa in Portuguese and Panaji in Hindi). The abandoned city came to be known as "Velha Goa" (in Portuguese, 'Old Goa'), to distinguish it from

1457-724: The criticism against official recognition of Konkani in the Roman script is that having more than one official script for Konkani will lead to fragmentation of the language. In January 2013, the Goa Bench of the Bombay High Court issued a notice to the state government on a Public Interest Litigation filed by the Romi Lipi Action Front seeking to amend the Official Language Act to grant official language status to Roman Konkani. In 2016,

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1504-434: The demand for official recognition for the Roman script alongside the Devanagari script. Some examples of this are the growing online readership for Vauraddeancho Ixtt and several groups and pages on social networking website Facebook in support of Romi Konkani. The critics of sole recognition of Devanagari script contend that Antruz dialect is unintelligible to most Goans, let alone other Konkanis, and that Devanagari

1551-529: The development of Roman Konkani orthography in the early 1600s. Fr. Eduardo Bruno de Souza launched the first Roman Konkani monthly titled Udentechem Salok (Lotus of The East) in 1889, in Pune . He also wrote the first Konkani novel, Kristanv Ghorabo (Christian Home). Shenoi Goembab wrote seven Konkani books in the Roman script. Konkani literature was dominated by the Roman script before 1961. Reginaldo Fernandes (1914–1994) wrote over 200 Konkani novels in

1598-532: The epithet of Padavalendra which is Kannada for lord of the western ocean . Panaji was made the capital of Portuguese India , after a devastating epidemic decimated the population of the City of Goa in the mid-18th century. Panaji was annexed by India with the rest of Goa and the former Portuguese territories after the Indian annexation of Portuguese India in 1961. It became a state-capital on Goa's elevation to statehood in 1987and between 1961 and 1987, it

1645-506: The future capital, Panjim (a village about 9 kilometres to its west). Few remnants, if any, of the pre-Portuguese period remain at Old Goa. During the mid-16th century, the Portuguese colony of Goa, especially Velha Goa, was the center of Christianisation in the East. The city was evangelized by all religious orders, since all of them had their headquarters there. The population was roughly 200,000 by 1543. Malaria and cholera epidemics ravaged

1692-495: The majority with 64.08% followers, Christianity with 26.51% followers, and the smallest being Islam with 8.84% followers. 0.4% of the population count as other which include Buddhist, Jain, and Sikh followers. Panaji features a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen climate classification Am ). The climate in Panaji is hot in summer and equable in winter. During summers (from March to May) the temperature reaches up to 32 °C (90 °F) and in winters (from November to February) it

1739-482: The new capital Nova Goa ( Panjim ) and probably also Goa Velha (also meaning "Old Goa"), which was the Portuguese name for the town on the old site of Govapuri. Velha Goa was incorporated into the Republic of India after its annexation in 1961 , with the rest of Goa. It retains its religious significance in modern-day Goa, notably in its relations with Roman Catholicism. The Archbishop of Goa and Daman holds title as

1786-473: The night before Diwali in the city is very colourful. Well-known places in Panaji are the 18th June Road (a busy thoroughfare in the heart of the town and a shopping area for tourists and locals), Mala area, Miramar beach and the Kala Academy (a cultural centre known for its structure built by architect Charles Correa ). Kala Academy is a place where Goa showcases its art and culture. Situated on

1833-710: The old and rebuilt Adilshahi Palace (or Idalç ão Palace), dating from the sixteenth century, the Institute Menezes Braganza , the Chapel of St. Sebastian and the Fontainhas area—which is considered to be the old Latin Quarter—as well as the nearby beach of Miramar. Panaji hosted the relics of Saint John Bosco (also known as Don Bosco) until 21 August 2011 at the Don Bosco Oratory. One of

1880-405: The outskirts of Panaji. Some other educational institutes in Panaji are: The National Institute of Oceanography (CSIR-NIO) is situated at Dona Paula , on the outskirts of Panaji city. It specialises in marine science research. The nearest airport is Dabolim Airport which is 30 kilometres (19 miles) away. Transport is done mainly by buses. The other recently developed airport near to Panjim

1927-608: The sender, as the name "Old Goa" was unknown then, according to then- and long-time editor of the monthly, the great Goan historian late Father Moreno de Souza , S.J. The village panchayat uses the name Sé-Old Goa, while the lndia Post and the Archaeological Survey of India use the name Velha Goa. The place is popularly called Saibachem Gõy (referring to Saint Francis Xavier as Saib , i.e., Master), Pornnem Gõy , Adlem Gõy , or simply just Gõy in Konkani. Velha Goa should not be confused with Goa Velha lying

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1974-469: The state government in their own language and are forced to use English instead, contributing to the decline of Konkani. The Roman script is widely used for Konkani on the internet. It is also the most convenient script for use with computers. There have been three state-level literary and cultural conventions of Konkani in the Roman script ( Romi Lipi Konkani Sahitya ani Sonvskrutik Sommelan ) held in 2008, February 2010 and February 2011 in Goa. However,

2021-492: The state of Kochi/Cochin ( Cochim ), until its abandonment in the 18th century AD due to a plague . Under Portuguese rule, it is said to have been a city of nearly 200,000 people, from whence the spice trade was carried out across the Portuguese East Indies . The deserted city, containing churches and convents of outstanding architectural and religious importance, has been declared a World Heritage Site by

2068-510: The top-tier league I-League . Clube Tennis de Gaspar Dias in Miramar was founded in the year 1926 and remains among the most sought after Tennis clubs in Goa. The multipurpose Campal Indoor Complex is planned in Campal besides the existing football ground. The Don Bosco college football grounds on General Bernardo Guedes road has been long a long established sports field in the city. It also has

2115-696: The year. Also located near Panaji, is the Goa Science Centre which was opened to the public in December 2001. The Caculo Mall is also located in St. Inez near Panaji. Also Madhuban Complex, at St. Inez is very popular among Panjimites. Panaji is widely acknowledged as being both the Casino capital ₹ Gin capital of India. Goa 's only university, the Goa University , is situated at Taleigão on

2162-724: Was the capital of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu. A new Legislative Assembly complex was inaugurated in March 2000, across the Mandovi River , in Alto Porvorim . Panaji is also the administrative headquarters of North Goa district. Panaji is located at 15°29′56″N 73°49′40″E  /  15.49889°N 73.82778°E  / 15.49889; 73.82778 . It has an average elevation of 7 metres (23 feet ). Panaji has various vāde or sub-divisions, including: Some areas outlying it are: Besides lying on

2209-547: Was the well-preserved literary heritage of Roman Konkani. After Konkani in the Devanagari script was made the official language of Goa in 1987, the Sahitya Akademi supported only writers in the Devanagari script and writers in the Roman script (as also in the Kannada script) are not eligible for the Sahitya Akademi awards and assistance. Recently, there has been a renewed surge in the support for Roman Konkani and in

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