This is a list of characters in the universe of Cartoon Network 's Ben 10 franchise .
138-526: Voiced by: Portrayed by: Benjamin Kirby "Ben " Tennyson , also known as Ben 10 , is the main protagonist of the franchise. At the start of Ben 10 , he is a 10-year-old boy from Bellwood who, during his summer vacation, discovers the Omnitrix, a device that attaches to his wrist and allows him to transform into various aliens. He uses these powers to fight evil while fleeing from the alien warlord Vilgax, who
276-630: A supporting character , having decided to go to Ivy League College with Kevin; however, she frequently visits Plumber Headquarters and uses her magic to help fight evil. She has also gained the power to transform between her human and Anodite forms more freely. Voiced by: Portrayed by: Maxwell "Max" Tennyson is Ben and Gwen's paternal grandfather. He is 60 years old in the original series, 65 in Alien Force , and 66 in Ultimate Alien and Omniverse . Despite his age, he has been shown to be
414-594: A 15-minute suborbital journey. After being recovered from the Atlantic Ocean, he received a congratulatory telephone call from Eisenhower's successor, John F. Kennedy . Since the Soviet Union had higher lift capacity launch vehicles , Kennedy chose, from among options presented by NASA, a challenge beyond the capacity of the existing generation of rocketry, so that the US and Soviet Union would be starting from
552-489: A Chinese-derived martial art called tōde (Okinawan: tōdī , lit. ' Tang hand ' ) emerged. According to Gichin Funakoshi, a distinction between Okinawan-te and tōde existed in the late 19th century. With the emergence of tōde , it is thought that te also came to be called Okinawa-te (Okinawan: Uchinādī , lit. ' Okinawa hand ' ). However, this distinction gradually became blurred with
690-514: A VHF radio antenna to facilitate communication with the astronauts during their EVA on the lunar surface; a lighter ascent engine; more thermal protection on the landing gear; and a package of scientific experiments known as the Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package (EASEP). The only change in the configuration of the command module was the removal of some insulation from the forward hatch. The CSM
828-506: A cabin for the three astronauts, the only part that returned to Earth; a service module (SM) , which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages—a descent stage for landing on the Moon and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit. After being sent to the Moon by the Saturn V's third stage,
966-586: A capable fighter, and after Ben finds the Omnitrix, supports him any way he can. Max was once a candidate for the Apollo 11 mission and one of the leaders, or "Magisters", of the Plumber organization, but Ben and Gwen did not know of this at first, believing him to have been a literal plumber . Prior to Ben gaining the Omnitrix, he tried to keep the Plumbers a secret from his family to protect them, which fails when
1104-686: A century ago. The Ryukyu Kingdom had been conquered by the Japanese Satsuma Domain and had become its vassal state since 1609, but was formally annexed to the Empire of Japan in 1879 as Okinawa Prefecture . The Ryukyuan samurai ( Okinawan : samurē ) who had been the bearers of karate lost their privileged position, and with it, karate was in danger of losing transmission. However, karate gradually regained popularity after 1905, when it began to be taught in schools in Okinawa. During
1242-541: A chimera of Ben's most recent aliens, despite still retaining some of his humanity. He then goes on a revenge spree against those who wronged him. In "Absolute Power", Kevin absorbs the abilities of Alan Albright, Manny, Helen, Pierce, and Doctor Viktor, whom he places in a comatose state. During a last stand in Los Soledad, Ben defeats Kevin and restores him to human form. In Omniverse , Kevin leaves Bellwood when Gwen moves to Ivy League College and eventually returns as
1380-409: A day before declining. He thought Lovell deserved to command his own mission (eventually Apollo 13 ). The Apollo 11 prime crew had none of the close cheerful camaraderie characterized by that of Apollo 12 . Instead, they forged an amiable working relationship. Armstrong in particular was notoriously aloof, but Collins, who considered himself a loner, confessed to rebuffing Aldrin's attempts to create
1518-476: A few seconds later. Apollo 11 entered a near-circular Earth orbit at an altitude of 100.4 nautical miles (185.9 km) by 98.9 nautical miles (183.2 km), twelve minutes into its flight. After one and a half orbits, a second ignition of the S-IVB engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon with the trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn at 16:22:13 UTC. About 30 minutes later, with Collins in
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#17327914174631656-544: A form composed of steel, tadenite, concrete, and wood, using one of the DNAliens' I.D. masks to appear human. During this second mutation, he can turn his limbs into makeshift weapons at will. After the Omnitrix is destroyed, Kevin reverts to normal but retains his ability to shapeshift. In Ultimate Alien , Kevin absorbs the Ultimatrix's energy to stop Ultimate Aggregor, causing him to lose his mental stability and become
1794-660: A galactic trip with Rook, Kevin, and Gwen. Voiced by: Portrayed by: Gwendolyn "Gwen" Tennyson is Ben's paternal cousin. She is 10 years old in Ben 10 , 15 in Alien Force , and 16 in Ultimate Alien and Omniverse . In the original series, Gwen has a love-hate relationship with Ben. Before discovering her dormant magic powers, she aids Ben using her innate intelligence; she is also a talented martial artist with black belts in Karate and Taekwondo and training in Jujitsu , as well as
1932-506: A highly skilled gymnast. She is a model student, and in Omniverse is shown leaving for an Ivy League College. Her most notable skill is her strong magical abilities . She possesses what Charmcaster calls a "magical aura" and can use various magic artifacts, charms, talismans, spell books, and spells, as well as manipulate pink / magenta energy to create energy blasts and various constructs, such as weapons. On two occasions, Gwen has used
2070-593: A lunar background with the Earth in the distance. The sunlight in the image was coming from the wrong direction; the shadow should have been in the lower part of the Earth instead of the left. Aldrin, Armstrong and Collins decided the Eagle and the Moon would be in their natural colors, and decided on a blue and gold border. Armstrong was concerned that "eleven" would not be understood by non-English speakers, so they went with "Apollo 11", and they decided not to put their names on
2208-519: A lunar module (LM) that had two stages—a descent stage for landing on the Moon, and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit. This design meant the spacecraft could be launched by a single Saturn V rocket that was then under development. Technologies and techniques required for Apollo were developed by Project Gemini . The Apollo project was enabled by NASA's adoption of new advances in semiconductor device , including metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) in
2346-693: A magazine reported a story about Motobu defeating a foreign boxer in Kyoto, karate rapidly became well known throughout Japan. In this era of escalating Japanese militarism , the name was changed from 唐手 ("Chinese hand" or " Tang hand") to 空手 ("empty hand") – both of which are pronounced karate in Japanese – to indicate that the Japanese wished to develop the combat form in Japanese style. After World War II, Okinawa became (1945) an important United States military site and karate became popular among servicemen stationed there. The martial arts movies of
2484-472: A military officer on a mission from Qing that visited Ryukyu in 1756, and some believe that karate originated with Kōshōkun. In addition, the will (Part I: 1778, Part II: 1783) of Ryukyuan samurai Aka Pēchin Chokushki (1721–1784) mentions the name of a martial art called karamutō ( からむとう ), along with Japanese Jigen-ryū swordsmanship and jujutsu , indicating that Ryukyuan samurai practiced these arts in
2622-608: A more personal relationship. Aldrin and Collins described the crew as "amiable strangers". Armstrong did not agree with the assessment, and said "... all the crews I was on worked very well together." The backup crew consisted of Lovell as Commander, William Anders as CMP, and Haise as LMP. Anders had flown with Lovell on Apollo 8. In early 1969, Anders accepted a job with the National Aeronautics and Space Council effective August 1969, and announced he would retire as an astronaut at that time. Ken Mattingly
2760-618: A part in exposing the Highbreed conspiracy. He destroys a Xenocyte hatchery by detonating a Null Void Projector and is presumed dead in the aftermath. However, he was instead sent to the Null Void where, calling himself "The Wrench", he fought against Doctor Animo. Following the Highbreed's defeat, Max trains a new group of Plumbers while helping to inform Ben and the team of alien threats. Voiced by: Portrayed by: Kevin Ethan Levin
2898-533: A position of equality. A crewed mission to the Moon would serve this purpose. On May 25, 1961, Kennedy addressed the United States Congress on "Urgent National Needs" and declared: I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade [1960s] is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for
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#17327914174633036-676: A puppet state by Japanese samurai in 1609, after the Invasion of Ryukyu , its cultural ties to China remained strong. Since Okinawans were banned from carrying swords under samurai rule, groups of young aristocrats created unarmed combat methods as a form of resistance, combining Chinese and local styles of martial arts. Training emphasized self-discipline. This blend of martial arts became known as kara-te 唐手 , which translates to "Chinese hand." Initially, there were no uniforms, colored belts, ranking systems, or standardized styles. Many elements essential to modern karate were actually incorporated
3174-605: A recurring character while befriending Rook. In "Showdown", he adopts Zed, who was abandoned by Khyber and becomes his pet. In "The Rooters of All Evil", Kevin regains his memories of the Rooters and manages to escape them while seeking to restore the memories of everyone involved and confront Proctor Servantis. However, Ben's interference forces Kevin to wait to catch Servantis off guard and break his psionic hold on Alan, Manny, and Helen. By this time, Kevin has learned how to maintain his sense of self while absorbing Omnitrix energy. In
3312-454: A special police force that operate in the universe. While some work on Earth, most work in different parts of the universe. Among the known Plumbers are: This group is composed of the children of Plumbers, most of whom are superpowered alien-human hybrids. Voiced by: Voiced by: Voiced by: Voiced by: Voiced by: Voiced by: Voiced by: Voiced by: Voiced by: Voiced by: Voiced by: Voiced by: Voiced by: They are aliens from
3450-473: A very brief time near the end of his life, An'ichi Miyagi (a teacher claimed by Morio Higaonna ). In addition to the three early te styles of karate a fourth Okinawan influence is that of Uechi Kanbun (1877–1948). At the age of 20 he went to Fuzhou in Fujian Province, China, to escape Japanese military conscription. While there he studied under Shū Shiwa (Chinese: Zhou Zihe 周子和 1874–1926). He
3588-584: Is Motobu Udundī ( lit. ' Motobu Palace Hand ' ), which has been handed down to this day in the Motobu family, one of the branches of the former Ryukyu royal family. In the 16th century, the Ryukyuan history book " Kyūyō " ( 球陽 , established around 1745) mentions that Kyō Ahagon Jikki , a favored retainer of King Shō Shin, used a martial art called "karate" ( 空手 , lit. ' empty hand ' ) to smash both legs of an assassin. This karate
3726-427: Is a dormant gene and he does not have the same potential as Gwen. However, “Ben 10,000 Returns” shows that he can utilize magic to some degree, as he produces an energy shield to block Eon's aging ray. In the finale of Alien Force , Ben loses the Omnitrix to Vilgax and is later forced to self-destruct it to prevent him from having it. He then takes the Ultimatrix, a redone version of the Omnitrix, from Albedo, which has
3864-456: Is an orbital maneuver in which two spacecraft navigate through space and meet up. In July 1962 NASA head James Webb announced that lunar orbit rendezvous would be used and that the Apollo spacecraft would have three major parts: a command module (CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, and the only part that returned to Earth; a service module (SM), which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and
4002-458: Is an Osmosian who first appears in the original series as an 11-year-old boy and one of Ben's enemies. However, he later reforms and becomes Ben's best friend and Gwen's love interest. Believing his stepfather Harvey Hackett convinced his mother to abandon him after he accidentally destroyed his family's house when his powers first manifested, Kevin ran away and ended up living in the subways of New York City , where he meets Ben and uses him to siphon
4140-565: Is considered to be not only about fighting techniques, but also about spiritual cultivation. Many karate schools and dōjōs have established rules called dōjō kun , which emphasize the perfection of character, the importance of effort, and respect for courtesy. Karate featured at the 2020 Summer Olympics after its inclusion at the Games was supported by the International Olympic Committee . Web Japan (sponsored by
4278-577: Is his real name because, like Eastern customs, they have their last name first. He is a top Plumber Academy graduate and skilled fighter who possesses many Plumber weapons and technology, such as the Proto-tool, a shapeshifting weapon that can transform into various tools. Despite this, he lacks actual experience and treats Ben as a superior rather than a friend or partner. Rook has limited knowledge of Earth's culture and does not understand sarcasm, in contrast with Ben's wise-cracking personality. Towards
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4416-457: Is prohibited. (2) The possession of weapons owned privately by princes, three magistrates, and samurai is permitted. (3) Weapons must be repaired in Satsuma through the magistrate's office of Satsuma. (4) Swords must be reported to the magistrate's office of Satsuma for approval." It did not prohibit the possession of weapons (except guns) or even their practice. In fact, even after subjugation to
4554-399: Is pursuing him to retrieve the Omnitrix. He is introduced as self-centered and cocky, initially only helping people for the thrill of being a hero, leading people to doubt if he has what it takes to be a hero and is worthy of wielding the Omnitrix's power. However, Ben matures over the course of the series, becoming a capable leader in Alien Force due to Max's disappearance and the threat of
4692-560: Is said that in 1392 a group of professional people known as the " Thirty-six families from Min " migrated to Kume Village (now Kume, Naha City) in Naha from Fujian Province in the Ming Dynasty at that time. They brought with them advanced learning and skills to Ryukyu, and there is a theory that Chinese kenpō, the origin of karate, was also brought to Ryukyu at this time. There is also the " Keichō import theory," which states that karate
4830-473: Is said to have been marked by his kicking foot. It is known that in "Ōshima Writing" (1762), written by Yoshihiro Tobe, a Confucian scholar of the Tosa Domain , who interviewed Ryukyuan samurai who had drifted to Tosa (present-day Kōchi Prefecture ), there is a description of a martial art called kumiai-jutsu ( 組合術 ) performed by Kōshōkun (Okinawan:Kūsankū). It is believed that Kōshōkun may have been
4968-490: Is sometimes referred to as "the Grandfather of Modern Karate." In 1881, Higaonna Kanryō returned from China after years of instruction with Ryu Ryu Ko and founded what would become Naha-te . One of his students was the founder of Gojū-ryū , Chōjun Miyagi . Chōjun Miyagi taught such well-known karateka as Seko Higa (who also trained with Higaonna), Meitoku Yagi , Miyazato Ei'ichi , and Seikichi Toguchi , and for
5106-449: Is thought to refer to te , not today's karate, and Ankō Asato introduces Kyō Ahagon as a "prominent martial artist." However, some believe that Kyō Ahagon's anecdote is a half-legend and that it is unclear whether he was actually a te master. In the 18th century, the names of Nishinda Uēkata , Gushikawa Uēkata , and Chōken Makabe are known as masters of te . Nishinda Uēkata and Gushikawa Uēkata were martial artists active during
5244-548: Is unknown if they taught karate to the Japanese in Tokyo, although there are records that Kyan taught his son karate. In 1908, students from the Okinawa Prefectural Middle School gave a karate demonstration at Butokuden in Kyoto, which was also witnessed by Kanō Jigorō (founder of judo). In May 1922, Gichin Funakoshi (founder of Shotokan ) presented pictures of karate on two hanging scrolls at
5382-412: Is used in many martial arts that survived Japan's transition from feudal culture to modern times . It implies that these arts are not just fighting systems but contain spiritual elements when promoted as disciplines. In this context dō is usually translated as "the way of …". Examples include aikido , judo, kyūdō and kendo . Thus karatedō is more than just empty hand techniques. It is "the way of
5520-634: The Pin'an forms (" Heian " in Japanese) which are simplified kata for beginning students. In 1905, Itosu helped to get karate introduced into Okinawa's public schools. These forms were taught to children at the elementary school level. Itosu's influence in karate is broad. The forms he created are common across nearly all styles of karate. His students became some of the most well-known karate masters, including Motobu Chōyū , Motobu Chōki , Yabu Kentsū , Hanashiro Chōmo , Gichin Funakoshi and Kenwa Mabuni . Itosu
5658-649: The Andromeda Galaxy . Karate This is an accepted version of this page Karate ( 空手 ) ( / k ə ˈ r ɑː t i / ; Japanese pronunciation: [kaɾate] ; Okinawan pronunciation: [kaɽati] ), also karate-do ( 空手道 , Karate-dō ) , is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom . It developed from the indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts (called te ( 手 ) , "hand"; tī in Okinawan) under
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5796-562: The Apollo Lunar Module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC , and Armstrong became the first person to step onto the Moon's surface six hours and 39 minutes later, on July 21 at 02:56 UTC. Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later, and they spent about two and a quarter hours together exploring the site they had named Tranquility Base upon landing. Armstrong and Aldrin collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material to bring back to Earth as pilot Michael Collins flew
5934-544: The Command Module Columbia in lunar orbit , and were on the Moon's surface for 21 hours, 36 minutes, before lifting off to rejoin Columbia . Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida , on July 16 at 13:32 UTC, and it was the fifth crewed mission of NASA 's Apollo program . The Apollo spacecraft had three parts: a command module (CM) with
6072-610: The Eisenhower dollar coin was released in 1971, the patch design provided the eagle for its reverse side. The design was also used for the smaller Susan B. Anthony dollar unveiled in 1979. After the crew of Apollo 10 named their spacecraft Charlie Brown and Snoopy , assistant manager for public affairs Julian Scheer wrote to George Low , the Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office at
6210-717: The Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP) and silicon integrated circuit (IC) chips in the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC). Project Apollo was abruptly halted by the Apollo 1 fire on January 27, 1967, in which astronauts Gus Grissom , Ed White , and Roger B. Chaffee died, and the subsequent investigation. In October 1968, Apollo 7 evaluated the command module in Earth orbit, and in December Apollo 8 tested it in lunar orbit. In March 1969, Apollo 9 put
6348-610: The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs ) claims that karate has 50 million practitioners worldwide, while the World Karate Federation claims there are 100 million practitioners around the world. Originally in Okinawa during the Ryukyu Kingdom period, there existed an indigenous Ryukyuan martial art called te (Okinawan: tī , lit. ' hand ' ). Furthermore, in the 19th century,
6486-668: The Space Race to demonstrate spaceflight superiority, by fulfilling a national goal proposed in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy , "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth." In the late 1950s and early 1960s , the United States was engaged in the Cold War , a geopolitical rivalry with the Soviet Union . On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 ,
6624-490: The Taishō era (1912–1926), karate was introduced to mainland Japan by Gichin Funakoshi and Motobu Chōki . The ultranationalistic sentiment of the 1930s affected every aspect of Japanese culture. To make the imported martial art more relatable, Funakoshi incorporated elements from judo , such as the training uniforms, colored belts, and ranking systems. Karate's popularity was initially sluggish with little exposition but when
6762-779: The logogram pronounced kara by replacing the Chinese character meaning "Tang dynasty" with the character meaning "empty" took place in Karate Kumite ( 空手組手 ) written in August 1905 by Chōmo Hanashiro (1869–1945). In mainland Japan, karate ( 空手 , empty hand) gradually began to be used from the writings of Gichin Funakoshi and Motobu Chōki in the 1920s. In 1929 the Karate Study Group of Keio University (Instructor Gichin Funakoshi) used this term in reference to
6900-588: The 18th century. In 1609, the Japanese Satsuma Domain invaded Ryukyu and Ryukyu became its vassal state, but it continued to pay tribute to the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China. At the time, China had implemented a policy of sea ban and only traded with tributary countries, so the Satsuma Domain wanted Ryukyu to continue its tribute to benefit from it. The envoys of the tribute mission were chosen from among
7038-414: The 1960s and 1970s served to greatly increase the popularity of martial arts around the world, and English-speakers began to use the word karate in a generic way to refer to all striking-based Asian martial arts . Karate schools ( dōjōs ) began appearing around the world, catering to those with casual interest as well as those seeking a deeper study of the art. Karate, like other Japanese martial arts,
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#17327914174637176-531: The 40th anniversary of Apollo 11. The initial crew assignment of Commander Neil Armstrong , Command Module Pilot (CMP) Jim Lovell , and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Buzz Aldrin on the backup crew for Apollo 9 was officially announced on November 20, 1967. Lovell and Aldrin had previously flown together as the crew of Gemini 12 . Due to design and manufacturing delays in the LM, Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 swapped prime and backup crews, and Armstrong's crew became
7314-462: The Apollo 11 mission include the following. The Apollo 11 mission emblem was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for "peaceful lunar landing by the United States". At Lovell's suggestion, he chose the bald eagle , the national bird of the United States, as the symbol. Tom Wilson, a simulator instructor, suggested an olive branch in its beak to represent their peaceful mission. Collins added
7452-558: The Atlantic ? Why does Rice play Texas ? We choose to go to the Moon! We choose to go to the Moon ;... We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard; because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one we intend to win, and
7590-453: The Charms of Bezel are destroyed. Gwen later learns that her powers are not magic in origin, but rather alien, as her paternal grandmother, Verona, is an Anodite who can manipulate mana, the essence of magic and life. Gwen can take on an Anodite energy form when she is angered or stressed. In Ledger Domain, her innate magical and Anodite powers are further magnified. In Omniverse , she becomes
7728-459: The Charms of Bezel to become the superheroine "Lucky Girl". At first, her magical ability is drawn from the luck-granting Charm of Bezel, which causes any action she takes to result in a beneficial chain reaction. She later revives this identity after obtaining the Keystone of Bezel, which strengthens her agility, endurance, and natural abilities, to superhuman levels, but retires the identity after
7866-442: The Highbreed invasion, his false memories of his father influence him to reconcile with Ben and, over time, become romantically involved with Gwen. He has a muscle car, based on a 1970's Dodge Challenger equipped with Plumber and other alien technology. Despite turning over a new leaf, Kevin still occasionally acts out of self interest and has trouble forgiving others. During Vilgax's challenge to Ben, Kevin accidentally mutates into
8004-504: The Highbreed invasion. Despite his immaturity, he is motivated by the desire to help and protect people, especially his loved ones. Though others often consider him to be stupid, Ben proves to be resourceful when needed, such as adapting when the Omnitrix does not provide him with the form he intended. At some point between the original series and Alien Force , Ben stopped using the Omnitrix and returned to normal life. However, after he learns that Max has mysteriously disappeared, he takes up
8142-503: The MSC, to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft. The name Snowcone was used for the CM and Haystack was used for the LM in both internal and external communications during early mission planning. The LM was named Eagle after the motif which was featured prominently on the mission insignia. At Scheer's suggestion, the CM was named Columbia after Columbiad ,
8280-510: The Moon landing a joint project, but Khrushchev did not take up the offer. Kennedy again proposed a joint expedition to the Moon in a speech to the United Nations General Assembly on September 20, 1963. The idea of a joint Moon mission was abandoned after Kennedy's death. An early and crucial decision was choosing lunar orbit rendezvous over both direct ascent and Earth orbit rendezvous . A space rendezvous
8418-399: The Omnitrix again to find Max. After defeating the Highbreed, Ben gains fame and is celebrated as a hero, causing him to eventually return to his immature personality. He also loses Azmuth's trust after unsuccessfully attempting to hack the Omnitrix to unlock its full potential. He also discovers that he, Gwen, his father Carl, and his uncle Frank have heritage from the alien Anodites, though it
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#17327914174638556-563: The Omnitrix and Vilgax come to Earth. Max drives a recreational vehicle nicknamed the "Rust Bucket", which conceals various Plumber weapons and technology. Max is an old friend of the alien Xylene, who has flight, telepathy, and telekinesis abilities. She intended to send the Omnitrix to him, but Ben found it instead. He also had a close romantic relationship with the Anodite alien Verdona; together, they had two sons; Ben's father Carl and Gwen and Ken's father Frank. In Alien Force , Max plays
8694-541: The Omnitrix in "Omni-Tricked", destroying the Galvan Mechamorph strain as part of it fuses with a sample of his human DNA. Glitch has Ben's playful nature and stubbornness, but is far more patient and serious; he also possesses knowledge on the Omnitrix's functions. After "Innervasion", Glitch transfers into the Rustbucket and enhances it while being welcomed as a new addition to the family. The Plumbers are
8832-499: The Omnitrix's energies to take revenge on those who demonized him. However, in the process he is infused with the DNA of Ben's current aliens and becomes an unstable chimeric hybrid of them. Later in the series, Kevin ends up in the Null Void, where he manages to return to normal and master his abilities under the guidance of a fellow inmate. He later escapes and is found by the Rooters, who train him and use his power to turn themselves and
8970-490: The Plumbers Kids into alien-hybrids to further the organization's plan to assassinate Ben. This attempt later ends in failure, with Kevin's memories altered to have no recollection of the Rooters, making him believe his father was an alien involved with the intergalactic black market . Despite lacking formal education, Kevin has extensive knowledge of alien life and paraphernalia. While teaming up with Ben and Gwen during
9108-416: The Satsuma Domain in 1609. Through the two policies, the popular belief that Ryukyuan samurai, who were deprived of their weapons, developed karate to compete with Satsuma's samurai has traditionally been referred to as if it were a historical fact. But in recent years many researchers have questioned the causal relationship between the policy of banning weapons and the development of karate. For example, as
9246-495: The Satsuma Domain, a number of Ryukyuan masters of swordsmanship, spearmanship, archery, and other arts are known. Therefore, some researchers criticize the theory that karate developed due to the policy of banning weapons as "a rumor on the street with no basis at all." Karate began as a common fighting system known as te (Okinawan: tī ) among the Ryukyuan samurai class. There were few formal styles of te, but rather many practitioners with their own methods. One surviving example
9384-758: The Saturn V. The Soviets tried to beat the US to return lunar material to the Earth by means of uncrewed probes . On July 13, three days before Apollo 11's launch, the Soviet Union launched Luna 15 , which reached lunar orbit before Apollo 11. During descent, a malfunction caused Luna 15 to crash in Mare Crisium about two hours before Armstrong and Aldrin took off from the Moon's surface to begin their voyage home. The Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories radio telescope in England recorded transmissions from Luna 15 during its descent, and these were released in July 2009 for
9522-538: The Showa era (1926–1989), other Okinawan karate masters also came to mainland Japan to teach karate. These included Kenwa Mabuni , Chōjun Miyagi , Kanken Tōyama , and Kanbun Uechi . Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was a spaceflight conducted by the United States from July 16 to July 24, 1969. It marked the first time that humans landed on the Moon . Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin landed
9660-458: The Sputnik challenge by creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and initiating Project Mercury , which aimed to launch a man into Earth orbit . But on April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person in space, and the first to orbit the Earth. Nearly a month later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, completing
9798-495: The United States; the rest came from 55 other countries. The launch was televised live in 33 countries, with an estimated 25 million viewers in the United States alone. Millions more around the world listened to radio broadcasts. President Richard Nixon viewed the launch from his office in the White House with his NASA liaison officer, Apollo astronaut Frank Borman . Saturn V AS-506 launched Apollo 11 on July 16, 1969, at 13:32:00 UTC (9:32:00 EDT ). At 13.2 seconds into
9936-483: The Vehicle Assembly Building atop the crawler-transporter , bound for Launch Pad 39A, part of Launch Complex 39 , while Apollo 10 was still on its way to the Moon. A countdown test commenced on June 26, and concluded on July 2. The launch complex was floodlit on the night of July 15, when the crawler-transporter carried the mobile service structure back to its parking area. In the early hours of
10074-527: The astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered lunar orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into Eagle and landed in the Sea of Tranquility on July 20. The astronauts used Eagle ' s ascent stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module. They jettisoned Eagle before they performed the maneuvers that propelled Columbia out of
10212-412: The backup crew. They then donned their space suits and began breathing pure oxygen. At 06:30, they headed out to Launch Complex 39. Haise entered Columbia about three hours and ten minutes before launch time. Along with a technician, he helped Armstrong into the left-hand couch at 06:54. Five minutes later, Collins joined him, taking up his position on the right-hand couch. Finally, Aldrin entered, taking
10350-576: The backup for Apollo 8. Based on the normal crew rotation scheme, Armstrong was then expected to command Apollo 11. There would be one change. Michael Collins , the CMP on the Apollo ;8 crew, began experiencing trouble with his legs. Doctors diagnosed the problem as a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae, requiring surgery. Lovell took his place on the Apollo 8 crew, and when Collins recovered he joined Armstrong's crew as CMP. In
10488-426: The basis for King Shō Shin's policy of banning weapons, an inscription on the parapet of the main hall of Shuri Castle ( 百浦添欄干之銘 , 1509), which states that "swords, bows and arrows are to be piled up exclusively as weapons of national defense," has been conventionally interpreted as meaning "weapons were collected and sealed in a warehouse." However, in recent years, researchers of Okinawan studies have pointed out that
10626-434: The center couch. Haise left around two hours and ten minutes before launch. The closeout crew sealed the hatch, and the cabin was purged and pressurized. The closeout crew then left the launch complex about an hour before launch time. The countdown became automated at three minutes and twenty seconds before launch time. Over 450 personnel were at the consoles in the firing room . An estimated one million spectators watched
10764-459: The concept of emptiness in the Heart Sutra , and this terminology was later popularized, especially in Tokyo. There is also a theory that the background for this name change was the worsening of Japan-China relations at the time. On 25 October 1936 a roundtable meeting of karate masters was held in Naha, Okinawa Prefecture, and it was officially resolved to use the name karate (empty hand) in
10902-496: The correct interpretation is that "swords, bows and arrows were collected and used as weapons of the state." It is also known that the policy of banning weapons (a 1613 notice to the Ryukyu royal government), which is said to have been implemented by the Satsuma Domain, only prohibited the carrying of swords and other weapons, but not their possession, and was a relatively lax regulation. This notice stated, "(1) The possession of guns
11040-650: The crater Sabine D . The site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated Ranger 8 and Surveyor 5 landers and the Lunar Orbiter mapping spacecraft, and because it was unlikely to present major landing or EVA challenges. It lay about 25 kilometers (16 mi) southeast of the Surveyor ;5 landing site, and 68 kilometers (42 mi) southwest of Ranger 8's crash site. At 12:52:00 UTC on July 20, Aldrin and Armstrong entered Eagle , and began
11178-409: The crew and this was the first time an Apollo crew was rejected. To give Alan Shepard more training time, Lovell's crew were bumped to Apollo 13. Mattingly would later be replaced by Jack Swigert as CMP on Apollo 13. During Projects Mercury and Gemini, each mission had a prime and a backup crew. For Apollo, a third crew of astronauts was added, known as the support crew. The support crew maintained
11316-435: The dark on the decision until late spring. Slayton told Armstrong the plan was to have him leave the spacecraft first, if he agreed. Armstrong said, "Yes, that's the way to do it." The media accused Armstrong of exercising his commander's prerogative to exit the spacecraft first. Chris Kraft revealed in his 2001 autobiography that a meeting occurred between Gilruth, Slayton, Low, and himself to make sure Aldrin would not be
11454-416: The decline of Okinawa-te . Around 1905, when karate began to be taught in public schools in Okinawa, tōde was read kun’yomi and called karate ( 唐手 , lit. ' Tang hand ' ) in the Japanese style. Both tōde and karate are written in the same Chinese characters meaning "Tang/China hand," but the former is on'yomi (Chinese reading) and the latter is kun'yomi (Japanese reading). Since
11592-477: The descent burn, and 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above the surface of the Moon, the LM guidance computer (LGC) distracted the crew with the first of several unexpected 1201 and 1202 program alarms. Inside Mission Control Center, computer engineer Jack Garman told Guidance Officer Steve Bales it was safe to continue the descent, and this was relayed to the crew. The program alarms indicated "executive overflows", meaning
11730-410: The development of unarmed combat techniques in Ryukyu has conventionally been attributed to a policy of banning weapons, which is said to have been implemented on two occasions. The first was during the reign of King Shō Shin (1476–1526; r. 1477–1527), when weapons were collected from all over the country and strictly controlled by the royal government. The second time was after the invasion of Ryukyu by
11868-449: The distinction between Okinawa-te and tōde was already blurred at that time, karate was used to encompass both. "Kara (から)" is a kun’yomi for the character "唐" (tō/とう in on'yomi ) which is derived from " Gaya Confederacy (加羅)" and later included things deriving from China (specifically from the Tang dynasty ). Therefore, tōde and karate (Tang hand) differ in the scope of meaning of
12006-420: The early modern era, when China was highly revered, many martial artists traveled to China to practice Chinese kenpo, and added it to the ancient kenpo, the so-called 'Okinawa-te'. After further study, they discarded the disadvantages of both, adopted their advantages, and added more subtlety, and karate was born." Early styles of karate are often generalized as Shuri-te , Naha-te , and Tomari-te , named after
12144-456: The empty hand". Since the 1980s the term karate ( カラテ ) has been written in katakana instead of Chinese characters, mainly by Kyokushin Karate (founder: Masutatsu Oyama ). In Japan, katakana is mainly used for foreign words, giving Kyokushin Karate a modern and new impression. There are several theories regarding the origins of karate, but the main ones are as follows. In Okinawa there
12282-441: The end of the series, Rook's performance as a Plumber results in his promotion to the rank of Magister. In the future seen in "The End of an Era," he is to assume the office of Magistratus, which was previously held by Max. By this point, Rook understands metaphors well and uses his original lack of understanding them as a joke between him and Ben. Voiced by: Glitch is a hybrid created as the result of Ben using Upgrade to enhance
12420-433: The event of the launch being delayed. In May 1969, Apollo 10's lunar module flew to within 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) of Site 2, and reported it was acceptable. During the first press conference after the Apollo 11 crew was announced, the first question was, "Which one of you gentlemen will be the first man to step onto the lunar surface?" Slayton told the reporter it had not been decided, and Armstrong added that it
12558-434: The final decision was largely driven by the lunar module's hatch location. Because the astronauts had their spacesuits on and the spacecraft was so small, maneuvering to exit the spacecraft was difficult. The crew tried a simulation in which Aldrin left the spacecraft first, but he damaged the simulator while attempting to egress. While this was enough for mission planners to make their decision, Aldrin and Armstrong were left in
12696-522: The final preparations for lunar descent. At 17:44:00 Eagle separated from Columbia . Collins, alone aboard Columbia , inspected Eagle as it pirouetted before him to ensure the craft was not damaged, and that the landing gear was correctly deployed. Armstrong exclaimed: "The Eagle has wings!" As the descent began, Armstrong and Aldrin found themselves passing landmarks on the surface two or three seconds early, and reported that they were "long"; they would land miles west of their target point. Eagle
12834-550: The first artificial satellite . This surprise success fired fears and imaginations around the world. It demonstrated that the Soviet Union had the capability to deliver nuclear weapons over intercontinental distances, and challenged American claims of military, economic, and technological superiority. This precipitated the Sputnik crisis , and triggered the Space Race to prove which superpower would achieve superior spaceflight capability. President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded to
12972-467: The first Physical Education Exhibition in Tokyo. The following June, Funakoshi was invited to the Kodokan to give a karate demonstration in front of Jigoro Kano and other judo experts. This was the beginning of the full-scale introduction of karate in Tokyo. In November 1922, Motobu Chōki (founder of Motobu-ryū ) participated in a judo versus boxing match in Kyoto, defeating a foreign boxer. The match
13110-447: The first because Armstrong was a civilian, which made Aldrin livid. Aldrin attempted to persuade other lunar module pilots he should be first, but they responded cynically about what they perceived as a lobbying campaign. Attempting to stem interdepartmental conflict, Slayton told Aldrin that Armstrong would be first since he was the commander. The decision was announced in a press conference on April 14, 1969. For decades, Aldrin believed
13248-601: The first to walk on the Moon. They argued that the first person to walk on the Moon should be like Charles Lindbergh , a calm and quiet person. They made the decision to change the flight plan so the commander was the first to egress from the spacecraft. The ascent stage of LM-5 Eagle arrived at the Kennedy Space Center on January 8, 1969, followed by the descent stage four days later, and CSM-107 Columbia on January 23. There were several differences between Eagle and Apollo 10's LM-4 Snoopy ; Eagle had
13386-473: The flight plan, checklists and mission ground rules, and ensured the prime and backup crews were apprised of changes. They developed procedures, especially those for emergency situations, so these were ready for when the prime and backup crews came to train in the simulators, allowing them to concentrate on practicing and mastering them. For Apollo 11, the support crew consisted of Ken Mattingly, Ronald Evans and Bill Pogue . The capsule communicator (CAPCOM)
13524-503: The flight, the launch vehicle began to roll into its flight azimuth of 72.058°. Full shutdown of the first-stage engines occurred about 2 minutes and 42 seconds into the mission, followed by separation of the S-IC and ignition of the S-II engines. The second stage engines then cut off and separated at about 9 minutes and 8 seconds, allowing the first ignition of the S-IVB engine
13662-487: The giant cannon that launched a spacecraft (also from Florida) in Jules Verne 's 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon . It also referred to Columbia , a historical name of the United States. In Collins' 1976 book, he said Columbia was in reference to Christopher Columbus . The astronauts had personal preference kits (PPKs), small bags containing personal items of significance they wanted to take with them on
13800-629: The guidance computer could not complete all its tasks in real-time and had to postpone some of them. Margaret Hamilton , the Director of Apollo Flight Computer Programming at the MIT Charles Stark Draper Laboratory later recalled: To blame the computer for the Apollo 11 problems is like blaming the person who spots a fire and calls the fire department. Actually, the computer was programmed to do more than recognize error conditions. A complete set of recovery programs
13938-403: The influence of Chinese martial arts . While modern karate is primarily a striking art that uses punches and kicks, traditional karate training also employs throwing and joint locking techniques. A karate practitioner is called a karate-ka ( 空手家 ) . Beginning in the 1300s, early Chinese martial artists brought their techniques to Okinawa. Despite the Ryukyu Kingdom being turned into
14076-471: The last of its 30 lunar orbits onto a trajectory back to Earth. They returned to Earth and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on July 24 after more than eight days in space. Armstrong's first step onto the lunar surface was broadcast on live TV to a worldwide audience. He described the event as "one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Apollo 11 effectively proved U.S. victory in
14214-611: The launch of Apollo 11 from the highways and beaches in the vicinity of the launch site. Dignitaries included the Chief of Staff of the United States Army , General William Westmoreland , four cabinet members , 19 state governors , 40 mayors , 60 ambassadors and 200 congressmen . Vice President Spiro Agnew viewed the launch with former president Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird Johnson . Around 3,500 media representatives were present. About two-thirds were from
14352-425: The left seat and at the controls, the transposition, docking, and extraction maneuver was performed. This involved separating Columbia from the spent S-IVB stage, turning around, and docking with Eagle still attached to the stage. After the LM was extracted, the combined spacecraft headed for the Moon, while the rocket stage flew on a trajectory past the Moon. This was done to avoid the third stage colliding with
14490-500: The long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. We propose to accelerate the development of the appropriate lunar space craft. We propose to develop alternate liquid and solid fuel boosters, much larger than any now being developed, until certain which is superior. We propose additional funds for other engine development and for unmanned explorations—explorations which are particularly important for one purpose which this nation will never overlook:
14628-481: The looming threat of a full-scale war between the two countries. In 1933, the Japanese character for karate was altered to a homophone— a word pronounced identically but with a different meaning. Thus, "Chinese hand" was replaced with "empty hand." But this name change did not immediately spread among Okinawan karate practitioners. There were many karate practitioners, such as Chōjun Miyagi , who still used te in everyday conversation until World War II. When karate
14766-662: The lunar module through its paces in Earth orbit, and in May Apollo 10 conducted a "dress rehearsal" in lunar orbit. By July 1969, all was in readiness for Apollo 11 to take the final step onto the Moon. The Soviet Union appeared to be winning the Space Race by beating the US to firsts, but its early lead was overtaken by the US Gemini program and Soviet failure to develop the N1 launcher , which would have been comparable to
14904-542: The lunar surface by the five uncrewed probes of the Lunar Orbiter program and information about surface conditions provided by the Surveyor program . The best Earth-bound telescopes could not resolve features with the resolution Project Apollo required. The landing site had to be close to the lunar equator to minimize the amount of propellant required, clear of obstacles to minimize maneuvering, and flat to simplify
15042-451: The meantime, Fred Haise filled in as backup LMP, and Aldrin as backup CMP for Apollo 8. Apollo 11 was the second American mission where all the crew members had prior spaceflight experience, the first being Apollo 10. The next was STS-26 in 1988. Deke Slayton gave Armstrong the option to replace Aldrin with Lovell, since some thought Aldrin was difficult to work with. Armstrong had no issues working with Aldrin but thought it over for
15180-416: The middle portion of the speech reads as follows: There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet. Its hazards are hostile to us all. Its conquest deserves the best of all mankind, and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation may never come again. But why, some say, the Moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask, why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, fly
15318-459: The mission. Five 0.5-pound (0.23 kg) PPKs were carried on Apollo 11: three (one for each astronaut) were stowed on Columbia before launch, and two on Eagle . Neil Armstrong's LM PPK contained a piece of wood from the Wright brothers ' 1903 Wright Flyer ' s left propeller and a piece of fabric from its wing, along with a diamond-studded astronaut pin originally given to Slayton by
15456-455: The morning, the fuel tanks of the S-II and S-IVB stages were filled with liquid hydrogen . Fueling was completed by three hours before launch. Launch operations were partly automated, with 43 programs written in the ATOLL programming language . Slayton roused the crew shortly after 04:00, and they showered, shaved, and had the traditional pre-flight breakfast of steak and eggs with Slayton and
15594-581: The others, too. In spite of that, the proposed program faced the opposition of many Americans and was dubbed a " moondoggle " by Norbert Wiener , a mathematician at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . The effort to land a man on the Moon already had a name: Project Apollo . When Kennedy met with Nikita Khrushchev , the Premier of the Soviet Union in June 1961, he proposed making
15732-490: The patch, so it would "be representative of everyone who had worked toward a lunar landing". An illustrator at the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) did the artwork, which was then sent off to NASA officials for approval. The design was rejected. Bob Gilruth , the director of the MSC felt the talons of the eagle looked "too warlike". After some discussion, the olive branch was moved to the talons. When
15870-568: The reboot, Kevin is a bully of Ben who develops a knock-off of the Omnitrix called the Antitrix after gaining the Omnitrix blueprints in a dream. He first appears in the third season and is recruited by the Forever Knights, who exploit his feelings for Gwen. Voiced by: Rook Blonko is a Revonnahgander from the planet Revonnah. He is a Plumber who Max assigns to Ben after Gwen and Kevin leave. According to Revonnahgander tradition, Blonko
16008-421: The reign of King Shō Kei (reigned 1713–1751). Nishinda Uēkata was good at spear as well as te , and Gushikawa Uēkata was also good at wooden sword (swordsmanship). Chōken Makabe was a man of the late 18th century. His light stature and jumping ability gave him the nickname "Makabe Chān-gwā " ( lit. ' little fighting cock ' ), as he was like a chān (fighting cock). The ceiling of his house
16146-488: The reign of King Shō Kei, was a monk who went to the Qing Dynasty to study Chinese martial arts and was reportedly one of the best martial artists of his time in Ryukyu. It is not known when the name tōde ( 唐手 , lit. ' Tang hand ' ) first came into use in the Ryukyu Kingdom, but according to Ankō Asato, it was popularized from Kanga Sakugawa (1786–1867), who was nicknamed "Tōde Sakugawa." Sakugawa
16284-418: The same abilities as the Omnitrix, but can also turn his aliens into “Ultimate” forms. In Ultimate Alien , Ben's secret identity is revealed to the public. In Omniverse , the Plumbers assign Ben a new partner, Rook Blonko, as Gwen has left for college with Kevin, and he learns of Undertown, where aliens live under Bellwood. At the end of the series, after witnessing the birth of a universe, Ben decides to take
16422-636: The samurai class of Ryukyu, and they went to Fuzhou in Fujian and stayed there for six months to a year and a half. Government-funded and privately funded foreign students were also sent to study in Beijing or Fuzhou for several years. Some of these envoys and students studied Chinese martial arts in China. The styles of Chinese martial arts they studied are not known for certain, but it is assumed that they studied Fujian White Crane and other styles from Fujian Province. Sōryo Tsūshin (monk Tsūshin), active during
16560-495: The sense of kūshu kūken ( 空手空拳 , lit. ' without anything in the hands or fists ' ). To commemorate this day, the Okinawa Prefectural Assembly passed a resolution in 2005 to decide 25 October as "Karate Day." Another nominal development is the addition of dō ( 道 ; どう ) to the end of the word karate. Dō is a suffix having numerous meanings including road, path, route and way. It
16698-470: The spacecraft, the Earth, or the Moon. A slingshot effect from passing around the Moon threw it into an orbit around the Sun . On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter lunar orbit . In the thirty orbits that followed, the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquility about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of
16836-597: The survival of the man who first makes this daring flight. But in a very real sense, it will not be one man going to the Moon—if we make this judgment affirmatively, it will be an entire nation. For all of us must work to put him there. On September 12, 1962, Kennedy delivered another speech before a crowd of about 40,000 people in the Rice University football stadium in Houston , Texas. A widely quoted refrain from
16974-457: The task of the landing radar. Scientific value was not a consideration. Areas that appeared promising on photographs taken on Earth were often found to be totally unacceptable. The original requirement that the site be free of craters had to be relaxed, as no such site was found. Five sites were considered: Sites 1 and 2 were in the Sea of Tranquility ( Mare Tranquillitatis ); Site 3
17112-490: The three cities from which they emerged. Each area and its teachers had particular kata, techniques, and principles that distinguished their local version of te from the others. Around the 1820s, Matsumura Sōkon (1809–1899) began teaching Okinawa-te . Matsumura was, according to one theory, a student of Sakugawa. Matsumura's style later became the origin of many Shuri-te schools. Itosu Ankō (1831–1915) studied under Matsumura and Bushi Nagahama of Naha-te . He created
17250-463: The widows of the Apollo 1 crew. This pin had been intended to be flown on that mission and given to Slayton afterwards, but following the disastrous launch pad fire and subsequent funerals, the widows gave the pin to Slayton. Armstrong took it with him on Apollo 11. NASA's Apollo Site Selection Board announced five potential landing sites on February 8, 1968. These were the result of two years' worth of studies based on high-resolution photography of
17388-595: The words. Japan sent envoys to the Tang dynasty and introduced much Chinese culture. Gichin Funakoshi proposed that tōde /karate may have been used instead of te , as Tang became a synonym for luxury imported goods. According to Gichin Funakoshi, the word pronounced karate ( から手 ) existed in the Ryukyu Kingdom period, but it is unclear whether it meant Tang hand ( 唐手 ) or empty hand ( 空手 ) . The Chinese origins of karate were increasingly viewed with suspicion due to rising tensions between China and Japan and as well as
17526-479: Was "not based on individual desire". One of the first versions of the egress checklist had the lunar module pilot exit the spacecraft before the commander, which matched what had been done on Gemini missions, where the commander had never performed the spacewalk. Reporters wrote in early 1969 that Aldrin would be the first man to walk on the Moon, and Associate Administrator George Mueller told reporters he would be first as well. Aldrin heard that Armstrong would be
17664-528: Was a leading figure of Chinese Nanpa Shorin-ken style at that time. He later developed his own style of Uechi-ryū karate based on the Sanchin , Seisan , and Sanseiryu kata that he had studied in China. When Shō Tai , the last king of the Ryūkyū Kingdom, was ordered to move to Tokyo in 1879, he was accompanied by prominent karate masters such as Ankō Asato and Chōfu Kyan (father of Chōtoku Kyan ). It
17802-466: Was a samurai from Shuri who traveled to Qing China to learn Chinese martial arts. The martial arts he mastered were new and different from te. As tōde was spread by Sakugawa, traditional te became distinguished as Okinawa-te ( 沖縄手 , lit. ' Okinawa hand ' ), and gradually faded away as it merged with tōde . It is generally believed that today's karate is a result of the synthesis of te ( Okinawa-te ) and tōde . Funakoshi writes, "In
17940-491: Was an ancient martial dance called mēkata ( 舞方 ). The dancers danced to the accompaniment of songs and sanshin music, similar to karate kata. In the Okinawan countryside, mēkata remained until the early 20th century. There is a theory that from this mēkata with martial elements, te (Okinawan: tī , hand) was born and developed into karate. This theory is advocated by Ankō Asato and his student Gichin Funakoshi. It
18078-579: Was an astronaut at the Mission Control Center in Houston , Texas, who was the only person who communicated directly with the flight crew. For Apollo 11, the CAPCOMs were: Charles Duke , Ronald Evans, Bruce McCandless II , James Lovell, William Anders, Ken Mattingly, Fred Haise, Don L. Lind , Owen K. Garriott and Harrison Schmitt . The flight directors for this mission were: Other key personnel who played important roles in
18216-466: Was brought to Ryukyu after the invasion of Ryukyu by the Satsuma Domain (Keichō 14, 1609), as well as the theory that it was introduced by Kōshōkun (Okinawan: Kūsankū) based on the description in Ōshima Writing . There are also other theories, such as that it developed from Okinawan sumo ( shima ) or that it originated from jujutsu , which had been introduced from Japan. The reason for
18354-507: Was featured in Japan's largest magazine " King ," which had a circulation of about one million at the time, and karate and Motobu's name became instantly known throughout Japan. In 1922, Funakoshi published the first book on karate, and in 1926 Motobu published the first technical book on kumite. As karate's popularity grew, karate clubs were established one after another in Japanese universities with Funakoshi and Motobu as instructors. In
18492-410: Was first taught in mainland Japan in the 1920s, Gichin Funakoshi and Motobu Chōki used the name karate-jutsu ( 唐手術 , lit. ' Tang hand art ' ) along with karate. The word jutsu ( 術 ) means art or technique, and in those days it was often used as a suffix to the name of each martial art, as in jujutsu and kenjutsu (swordsmanship). The first documented use of a homophone of
18630-609: Was in the Central Bay ( Sinus Medii ); and Sites 4 and 5 were in the Ocean of Storms ( Oceanus Procellarum ). The final site selection was based on seven criteria: The requirement for the Sun angle was particularly restrictive, limiting the launch date to one day per month. A landing just after dawn was chosen to limit the temperature extremes the astronauts would experience. The Apollo Site Selection Board selected Site 2, with Sites 3 and 5 as backups in
18768-662: Was mated on January 29, and moved from the Operations and Checkout Building to the Vehicle Assembly Building on April 14. The S-IVB third stage of Saturn V AS-506 had arrived on January 18, followed by the S-II second stage on February 6, S-IC first stage on February 20, and the Saturn V Instrument Unit on February 27. At 12:30 on May 20, the 5,443-tonne (5,357-long-ton; 6,000-short-ton) assembly departed
18906-486: Was moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch date, at which point Anders would be unavailable. By the normal crew rotation in place during Apollo, Lovell, Mattingly, and Haise were scheduled to fly on Apollo 14 , but the three of them were bumped to Apollo 13 : there was a crew issue for Apollo 13 as none of them except Edgar Mitchell flew in space again. George Mueller rejected
19044-420: Was traveling too fast. The problem could have been mascons —concentrations of high mass in a region or regions of the Moon's crust that contains a gravitational anomaly , potentially altering Eagle 's trajectory. Flight Director Gene Kranz speculated that it could have resulted from extra air pressure in the docking tunnel, or a result of Eagle ' s pirouette maneuver. Five minutes into
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