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46-536: The park was commissioned by Pope Gregory XVI in 1835 to rebuild the bed of the Aniene River , which had been damaged by the flood of 1826. The Aniene River Valley and Villa Gregoriana were submitted in 2006 for consideration as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Since ancient times, the river formed a wide curve around the acropolis, after which it fell from a limestone spur onto the plain below. The river formed originally four falls, now reduced to two. The site had

92-644: A Madonna with Saints Andrew and Gregory (1734) by Antonio Balestra . The second altar on the left has a Madonna on a Throne with Child and four Saints and Blesseds of the Gabrielli family (1732) by Pompeo Batoni . At the end of the nave, the altar of S. Gregorio Magno has three fine reliefs from the end of the 15th century by Luigi Capponi . Also interesting is the Salviati Chapel , designed by Francesco da Volterra and finished by Carlo Maderno in 1600: it includes an ancient fresco which, according to

138-470: A portico ( illustration, left ) that contains some tombs: these once included that of the famous courtesan Imperia, lover of the rich banker Agostino Chigi (1511), but later it was adapted to serve as the tomb of a 17th-century prelate . A Latin inscription commemorating Sir Edward Carne , the ambassador of Queen Mary I of England and a noted scholar of ancient Greek language and culture, can be made out. The marble cathedra associated with Gregory

184-573: A severe blow on the Catholic royalist party in France. Almost the first act of the new French government was to seize Ancona , thus throwing Italy , and particularly the Papal States , into a state of confusion and political upheaval. Gregory issued a proclamation on 9 February 1831, one week after his election, expressing good will towards his subjects. In the course of the struggle that ensued,

230-469: A strategical importance since it commanded the transumanza path from Abruzzo along the path which later become the Via Valeria . The Romans built hydraulic artifacts there, 12 of which are known by findings today. It had fallen into ruin by the end of the 20th century, but was reopened to the public in 2005 thanks to a major landscape recovery project orchestrated by Fondo Ambiente Italiano (FAI),

276-649: Is a church in Rome , Italy, which is part of a monastery of monks of the Camaldolese branch of the Benedictine Order . On 10 March 2012, the 1,000th anniversary of the founding of the Camaldolese in 1012 was celebrated here at a Vespers service attended by Anglican and Catholic prelates and jointly led by Pope Benedict XVI and Rowan Williams , Archbishop of Canterbury . San Gregorio is located on

322-578: Is an early Christian meeting place and baptismal pool . On the grounds of the monastery was discovered the Aphrodite of Menophantos , a Greco-Roman marble Venus of the Capitoline Venus type. The sculpture soon came into the possession of the House of Chigi . The noted art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann described this sculpture in his History of Ancient Art (published in 1764). It

368-493: The Annales Camaldulenses ordini S. Benedicti ab anno 970 ad anno 1770 (published 1755–1773). The current edifice was rebuilt on the old site to designs by Giovanni Battista Soria in 1629–1633, commissioned by Cardinal Scipione Borghese ; work was suspended with his death, and taken up again in 1642. Francesco Ferrari (1725–1734) designed the interior. The church is preceded by a wide staircase rising from

414-601: The Benedictine monastic family) and entered the Monastery of San Michele in Murano , near Venice . He was ordained a priest in 1787. As a Camaldolese monk , Cappellari rapidly gained distinction for his theological and linguistic skills, and was assigned to teach philosophy and theology at San Michele in 1787, at the age of 22. In 1790, at the age of 25, he was appointed censor librorum for his Order, as well as for

460-620: The Caelian Hill , in front of the Palatine . Next to the basilica and monastery is a convent of nuns and a homeless shelter run by Mother Teresa of Calcutta's congregation, the Missionaries of Charity . The church had its beginning as a simple oratory added to a family villa suburbana of Pope Gregory I , who converted the villa into a monastery, c.  575 –80, before his election as pope (590). Augustine of Canterbury

506-592: The College of Cardinals , the bull resoundingly denounced both the slave trade and the continuance of the institution of slavery. Gregory XVI canonized Veronica Giuliani , an Italian mystic, during his papacy. During his reign, five saints were canonized (notably Alphonsus Liguori ) and thirty-three Servants of God were declared Blessed (including the Augustinian Simon of Cascia ). In addition, many new religious orders were founded or supported and

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552-653: The Congress of Vienna re-established the sovereignty of the Papal States over central Italy and Cappellari was called back to Rome to assume the post of vicar general of the Camaldolese Order. He was then appointed as Counsellor to the Inquisition , and later promoted to be Consultor (29 February 1820) and then, on 1 October 1826, Prefect of the Congregation of Propaganda Fide ("Propagation of

598-465: The Flagellation of Saint Andrew by Domenichino ; a Saint Andrew brought to the temple and Saints Peter and Paul by Reni ; a Virgin with Saints Andrew and Gregory by Cristoforo Roncalli, il Pomarancio ; and finally S. Silvia e S. Gregorio by Giovanni Lanfranco . The oratory to the viewer's right is dedicated to St. Silvia, St. Gregory's mother: it is probably located over her tomb. It

644-844: The Holy Office at Venice. He went to Rome in 1795 and in 1799 published a polemic against the Italian Jansenists titled II Trionfo della Santa Sede ("The Triumph of the Holy See"), which passed through various editions in Italy and was translated into several European languages. In 1800 he became a member of the Academy of the Catholic Religion, founded by Pope Pius VII (1800–1823), to which he contributed memoirs on theological and philosophical questions. In 1805, at

690-718: The Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum , Boston, in Berlin and in the Acropolis Museum . Gisela Richter has suggested that all are replicas of a lost, late Hellenistic original; none of the replicas has preserved the separately-carved base that would have continued the lions' legs, very much as Raphael surmised. The church follows the typical basilican plan, a nave divided from two lateral aisles, in this case by sixteen antique columns with pilasters. Other antique columns have been reused: four support

736-470: The Rhineland (issued on 4 October 1833); Singulari Nos , on the ideas of Hugues Félicité Robert de Lamennais (issued on 25 June 1834), and Commissum divinitus (17 May 1835) on church and state. In supremo apostolatus , an apostolic letter or papal bull , was issued by Pope Gregory XVI regarding the institution of slavery . Issued on December 3, 1839, as a result of a broad consultation among

782-700: The United Kingdom of the Netherlands , a diplomatic task which he completed successfully. He also negotiated a peace on behalf of Armenian Catholics with the Ottoman Empire . He publicly condemned the Polish revolutionaries , who he thought were seeking to undermine Russian Tsar Nicholas I 's efforts to support the Catholic royalist cause in France by forcing him to divert his troops to suppress

828-705: The monarchical power of the Pope over central Italy. Gregory XVI in fact banned railways in the Papal States, calling them chemins d'enfer ("road to hell ", a play on the French for railroad, chemin de fer , literally "iron road"). The insurrections at Viterbo in 1836, in various parts of the Legations in 1840, at Ravenna in 1843 and at Rimini in 1845, were followed by wholesale executions and draconian sentences of hard labour and exile , but they did not bring

874-557: The 12 July 1841 consistory, never revealing his name. According to Philippe Boutry, Alerame Maria Pallavicini (the Master of the Sacred Palace ) was the in pectore cardinal announced on 24 November 1845, however, Pope Pius IX refused to publish his name upon his ascension to the papacy less than a year later. On 20 May 1846, he felt himself failing in health. A few days later, he was taken ill with facial erysipelas . At first,

920-544: The Deacon tells that an angel joined the twelve poor men who gathered at the table to partake of Gregory's beneficence. The marble table-supports take the form of addorsed, winged lions whose heads sprout goats' horns. The grounds of the oratories also include some substructures of the Roman imperial period, that may merely have been tabernae , but one of which exhibits striking features that encourage some experts to think it

966-584: The Faith"), which dealt with all missionary work outside of the Spanish Empire , including missions to the non-Catholic states in Europe. Twice he was offered a bishopric and twice he refused. On 21 March 1825, Cappellari was created cardinal in pectore (published 13 March 1826) by Pope Leo XII , and shortly afterwards he was asked to negotiate a concordat to safeguard the rights of Catholics in

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1012-563: The Great is preserved in the stanza di S. Gregorio in the church; a shrewd and accurate reconstruction of its ancient appearance was illustrated as Gregory's throne by Raphael in the Disputa . The lion-griffin protomes that form its front and appear in Raphael's fresco are continued on the sides in an acanthus scroll. Three more marble thrones of precisely the same model may be seen in

1058-630: The National Trust of Italy. 41°57′56″N 12°48′05″E  /  41.96556°N 12.80139°E  / 41.96556; 12.80139 Pope Gregory XVI Pope Gregory XVI ( Latin : Gregorius XVI ; Italian : Gregorio XVI ; born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari ; 18 September 1765 – 1 June 1846) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 February 1831 to his death in June 1846. He had adopted

1104-489: The Papal States. Other important encyclicals issued by Pope Gregory XVI were Sollicitudo ecclesiarum , which stated that in the event of a change of government, the church would negotiate with the new government for placement of bishops and vacant dioceses (issued 1831); Mirari Vos , on liberalism and religious indifferentism (issued on 15 August 1832); Quo graviora , on the Pragmatic Constitution in

1150-463: The Pope found it necessary more than once to call in Austrian troops to fight the red-shirted republicans engaged in a guerrilla campaign. The conservative administration of the Papal States postponed their promised reforms after a series of bombings and assassination attempts. The replacement of Tommaso Bernetti by Luigi Lambruschini as Cardinal Secretary of State in 1836 did nothing to appease

1196-528: The age of 40, he was appointed abbot of the Monastery of San Gregorio on Rome's Caelian Hill . When the army of the French Emperor Napoleon took Rome and arrested and deported Pius VII to France in 1809, Cappellari fled to Murano , where he taught in the Monastery of St. Michele of his Order, where he had first become a monk. From there he and a group of monks moved their little college to Padua in 1814. After Napoleon's final defeat,

1242-523: The ancient slope ( Latin : clivus ) that rose from the valley between the Palatine Hill and the Caelian. The decayed church and the small monastery attached to it on the now-isolated hill passed to the Camaldolese monks in 1573. This Order still occupies the monastery. The archives of the monastery were published by the Camaldolese abbot Gian Benedetto Mittarelli in his monumental history,

1288-503: The associated tradition, spoke to St. Gregory, and a marble altar (1469) by Andrea Bregno and pupils. The chapel is used by Rome's Romanian community, which follows the Byzantine rite there. To the left of the church, tightly grouped in the garden, are three oratories commissioned by Cardinal Cesare Baronio at the beginning of the 17th century, as commemorations of Gregory's original monastery. The central oratory has frescoes of

1334-604: The attack was not thought to be very serious, but on 31 May, his strength suddenly failed, and it was seen that the end was near. Gregory XVI died on 1 June 1846 at 9:15 am at age 80. That morning, he received the Extreme Unction from the sub- sacristan Agostino Proja. After his funeral, he was buried in Saint Peter's Basilica . San Gregorio Magno al Celio San Gregorio Magno al Celio , also known as San Gregorio al Celio or simply San Gregorio ,

1380-536: The cardinalate. In 1836, the pope wanted to nominate Charles Joseph Benoît Mercy d'Argenteau to the College of Cardinals, but the archbishop refused the nomination because he did not wish to leave his family and home for a possible position in the Roman Curia. Gregory XVI nominated four in pectore cardinals on 21 April 1845 and one on 24 November 1845; Gregory XVI also named another in pectore cardinal in

1426-470: The cardinals to make a decision was a message from the government of Parma notifying them that revolt was about to break out in the northern Papal States. To resolve the impasse, the cardinals turned to Cappellari, but it took eighty-three ballots for the canonically required two-thirds majority to be reached. At the time of election, Cardinal Cappellari was not yet a bishop: he is the most recent man to be elected pope prior to his episcopal consecration. He

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1472-547: The devotion of the faithful to the Blessed Virgin Mary increased, both in private and public life. The pope created 75 cardinals in 24 consistories, in which the pope elevated 35 cardinals " in pectore ", including his future successor Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, who would become Pope Pius IX . The pope also created six additional cardinals in pectore , though the pope died before these names could be revealed, therefore cancelling their appointments to

1518-402: The encyclical Mirari vos , he pronounced it "false and absurd, or rather mad, that we must secure and guarantee to each one liberty of conscience." He encouraged missionary activity abroad and condemned the slave trade , which at the time of his pontificate was increasingly suppressed. He is the most recent pope to take the pontifical name " Gregory ", the last to govern the Papal States for

1564-601: The fact that he had been abbot of the Monastery of San Gregorio on the Coelian Hill for more than twenty years, and in honour of Gregory XV , the founder of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. The Monastery of S. Gregorio was the same abbey from which Pope Gregory I had dispatched missionaries to England in 596. The revolution of 1830 , which overthrew the House of Bourbon , had just inflicted

1610-412: The name Mauro upon entering the religious order of the Camaldolese . Strongly conservative and traditionalist, he opposed democratic and modernising reforms in the Papal States and throughout Europe , seeing them as fronts for liberalism and laicism . Against these trends, Gregory XVI sought to strengthen the religious and political authority of the papacy, a position known as ultramontanism . In

1656-509: The poor of the city in a building attached to the monastery. It is still maintained by her religious congregation, the Missionaries of Charity . The decoration includes stuccoes by Francesco Ferrari ( c.  1725 ), and a Cosmatesque pavement. The vault of the central nave is decorated by a fresco representing the Glory of San Gregorio and San Romualdo and Triumph of Faith over Heresy (1727), by Placido Costanzi . The main altarpiece has

1702-410: The portico on the left of the nave that leads into the former Benedictine burial ground, planted with ancient cypresses , and four more have been reused by Flaminio Ponzio (1607) to support the porch of the central oratory facing into the burial ground on the far side, which is still dedicated to Saint Andrew . In the 1970s, the Camaldolese monks allowed Mother Teresa to set up a food kitchen for

1748-416: The situation. In the northern territories the leaders of the revolt were middle-class gentry opposed to the general inefficiency of the government. Gregory XVI and Cardinal Lambruschini opposed basic technological innovations such as gas lighting and railways, believing that they would promote commerce and increase the power of the bourgeoisie , leading to demands for liberal reforms which would undermine

1794-399: The unrest within the Papal States under the control of the authorities. Gregory XVI made great expenditures for defensive, architectural and engineering works, having a monument to Pope Leo XII built by Giuseppe Fabris in 1837. He also lavished patronage on such scholars as Angelo Mai , Giuseppe Mezzofanti , and Gaetano Moroni . This largesse, however, significantly weakened the finances of

1840-517: The uprising in Poland. Cappellari had never travelled outside Italy and was most familiar with Venice and Rome. He spoke Italian and Latin fluently, but no other European languages, and did not understand European politics. However, he was proficient in Armenian , and Haruti'iwn Awgerian ( Pascal Aucher )'s 1827 Venice edition of works attributed to Severian of Gabala and translated into Armenian

1886-486: The via di San Gregorio, the street separating the Caelian hill from the Palatine. The façade, the most prominent and artistically successful work of Giovanni Battista Soria (1629–33), resembles in its style and material ( travertine ), that of San Luigi dei Francesi ; it is not the façade of the church however, but instead leads into a forecourt or peristyle , at the rear of which the church itself can be reached through

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1932-531: The whole duration of his pontificate, and the most recent not to have been a bishop when elected. Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari was born at Belluno in the Republic of Venice , on 18 September 1765, to an Italian lower noble family . His parents were from a small village named Pesariis, in Friuli . His father was a lawyer. At the age of eighteen Bartolomeo Cappellari joined the order of the Camaldolese (part of

1978-727: Was prior of the monastery before leading the Gregorian mission to the Anglo-Saxons seven years later. The community was dedicated to the Apostle Andrew . It retained its original dedication in early medieval documents, then was normally recorded after 1000 as dedicated to St. Gregory in Clivo Scauri . The term in Clivo Scauri reflected its site along the principal access road, the Clivus Scauri , which ran up

2024-484: Was commissioned around 1602 by Cardinal Baronius . The oratory has frescoes of a Concert of Angels by Reni and David and Isaiah by Sisto Badalocchio . This oratory, with frescoes (1602) by Antonio Viviani , represents the rebuilding by Cardinal Baronio (1602) of the famous triclinium where St. Gregory hosted a meal every day for a dozen poor men of Rome. At the massive marble table on antique Roman bases, at odds with Gregory's reputation for asceticism, John

2070-469: Was consecrated as bishop by Bartolomeo Pacca, Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals , with Pietro Francesco Galleffi , Cardinal Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals , and Tommasso Arezzo, Cardinal Bishop of Sabina , acting as co-consecrators. The choice of Gregory XVI as his regnal name was influenced by

2116-443: Was dedicated to him. On 2 February 1831, after a fifty-day conclave, Cappellari was unexpectedly chosen to succeed Pope Pius VIII (1829–30). His election was influenced by the fact that the cardinal considered the most papabile , Giacomo Giustiniani , was vetoed by King Ferdinand VII of Spain . There then arose a deadlock between the other two major candidates, Emmanuele de Gregorio and Bartolomeo Pacca . What finally drove

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