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50-482: Historically Vimperk has been known as an important regional trade centre, being located on the Golden Trail from Passau to Prachatice . Vimperk is also renowned for its glass-making and printing traditions. Vimperk is made up of three town parts and 19 villages: Vimperk is located about 17 kilometres (11 mi) south of Prachatice and 50 km (31 mi) west of České Budějovice . The southern half of

100-482: A Jewish merchant. That building, in turn, was referred to as SA barracks . Beginning in 1940, Passau offered the building at Bräugasse 13 to Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle . During World War II, the city also housed three sub-camps of the infamous Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp : Passau I (Oberilzmühle), Passau II (Waldwerke Passau-Ilzstadt) and Passau III (Jandelsbrunn). From January to May 1945, refugees from East Prussia and Silesia passed

150-588: A devastating fire consumed most of the city. Passau was subsequently rebuilt in the Baroque style. Passau was secularised and divided between the Electorate of Bavaria and the Electorate of Salzburg in 1803. The portion belonging to Salzburg became part of Bavaria in 1805. From 1892 until 1894, Adolf Hitler and his family lived in Passau. The city archives mention Hitler being in Passau on four occasions in

200-569: A former bakery on Tassiloplatz, not far from Munich's Ostbahnhof . Rohde & Schwarz already employed 35 workers and offered 24 different devices in its catalog at this time. In 1938, it manufactured the first portable quartz clock with a weight of 36 kg. PTE Started a second factory "Messgerätebau GmbH" in 1941 in Allgäu on the Swiss border. The Wehrmacht's sustained demand for radio equipment forced manufacturers to concede their production as part of

250-769: A state of the art command and information system . Rohde & Schwarz was awarded the contract for 2.9 billion EUR in 2022 for Armed Forces Joint Connected Radio Equipment (Streitkräftegemeinsame verbundfähige Funkausstattung (SVFuA)) and will deliver its Soveron program. Public known users of Soveron are the Portuguese Army , the Canadian Armed Forces and an unidentified Asian armed force. The company supplies measurement solutions for cellular and wireless technologies from 6G , 5G, LTE, GSM , UMTS/HSPA(+), CDMA2000 to Bluetooth, GPS and wireless Internet access via WLAN and WiMAX . It offers devices for

300-753: Is a city in Lower Bavaria , Germany . It is also known as the Dreiflüssestadt ("City of Three Rivers"), as the river Danube is joined by the Inn from the south and the Ilz from the north. Passau's population is about 50,000, of whom about 12,000 are students at the University of Passau , renowned in Germany for its institutes of economics, law, theology, computer science and cultural studies. In

350-495: Is an international electronics group specializing in the fields of electronic test equipment , broadcast & media, cybersecurity , radiomonitoring and radiolocation , and radiocommunication . The company provides also products for the wireless communications, electronics industry , aerospace and defense, homeland security and critical infrastructures. In addition to the Munich headquarters, there are regional headquarters in

400-773: Is notable for its gothic and baroque architecture . The city is dominated by the Veste Oberhaus and the Veste Niederhaus, both parts of the former fortress of the Bishop, on the mountain crest between the Danube and the Ilz. Tourism in Passau focuses mainly on the three rivers, the St. Stephen's Cathedral ( German : Der Passauer Stephansdom ) and the "Old City" ( Die Altstadt ). With 17,774 pipes and 233 registers,

450-427: Is or was on an NSA hit list made public by 2010 surveillance disclosures of Edward Snowden . In 2012 R&S acquired the traditional German manufacturer for oscilloscope technology HAMEG . In 2016 the company was fully integrated to R&S and the products only branded with "Rohde & Schwarz". In 2018 a joint venture with Rheinmetall was established: RRS-MITCOS was designed to develop digital solutions for

500-576: Is possible. The "Transect" fast frequency hopping technology provides robustness against jamming attacks. For bandwidth efficient voice compression is a MELPe codec used. Soveron is already used by a number of NATO and non-NATO forces. When the Russian war of aggression on Ukraine started in 2022, the German government under Chancellor Olaf Scholz (SPD) decided on an off-budget fund ("Sondervermögen") for fitting of German armed forces for example by

550-522: The Donau-Zeitung , aside from the wolf, some cabalistic signs and inscriptions were added. As a result, the whole practice of placing magical charms on swords to protect the wearers came to be known for a time as "Passau art". Other cities' smiths, including those of Solingen, recognized the marketing value of the Passau wolf and adopted it for themselves. By the 17th century, Solingen was producing more wolf-stamped blades than Passau was. In 1662,

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600-709: The Holocaust , there was a small Jewish community present in Passau, with Jews being mentioned as early as the 10th century. In the Treaty of Passau (1552), Archduke Ferdinand I , representing Emperor Charles V , secured the agreement of the Protestant princes to submit the religious question to a diet . This led to the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. During the Renaissance and early modern period , Passau

650-849: The United States ( Columbia, Maryland ) and in Asia ( Singapore ). Worldwide the company has a total of around 13,800 employees in over 70 countries. The company was founded by Lothar Rohde and Hermann Schwarz who met while studying physics in Jena . They built their first T&M instrument in 1932, and in August 1933, the Physikalisch-Technisches Entwicklungslabor Dr. Rohde & Dr. Schwarz (known as PTE ) started in business. Ceramic insulation for frequencies above 1 MHz were improved in second half of

700-566: The communications systems and equip almost all military units in the German Bundeswehr with its SOVERON digital radio system. With its three Test & Measurement, Technology Systems and Networks & Cybersecurity divisions the company generated net revenue of EUR 2.78 billion in the 2022/23 fiscal year. R&S subsidiary for oscilloscopes HAMEG was producing the standard testing equipment for companies, schools and universities in Germany. In 2010, Rohde & Schwarz launched

750-535: The 1920s for speeches. In addition, Heinrich Himmler spent some time there. In November 1933, the building of Nibelungenhalle (Hall of the Nibelungs) was announced. Intended to hold 8,000 to 10,000 guests, and another 30,000 in front of it, in 1935 the hall also became quarters for a unit of the Austrian Legion . Beginning in 1934, these troops had occupied a building that belonged to Sigmund Mandl,

800-416: The 1920s when German firm Hermsdorf-Schomburg-Isolatoren-Gesellschaft, also known as Hescho produced new types of ceramic material with very low loss at RF, due to the absence of iron. These parts were difficult to measure, but PTE developed suitable test equipment. In 1934, a British manufacturer of electrical insulation placed an order with them for a similar device. In 1937, the small laboratory moved into

850-663: The 2nd century BC, many of the Boii tribe were pushed north across the Alps out of northern Italy by the Romans. They established a new capital called Boiodurum by the Romans (from Gaulish Boioduron ), now within the Innstadt district of Passau. Passau was an ancient Roman colony called Batavis , Latin for "for the Batavi ". The Batavi were an ancient Germanic tribe from area of

900-543: The City of Passau was subdivided into eight statistical districts, which in general coincided with formerly separate municipalities. Since 2013, the city is divided in 16 so-called areas of open council ( German : Bürgerversammlungsgebiete ). Many river cruises down the Danube start at Passau and there is a cycling path all the way down to Vienna . It is on the designated heritage route, the Route of Emperors and Kings. Passau

950-474: The Czech Protestants during the rebellion of 1618. Between 1622 and 1624, Jáchym Novohradský of Kolowrat built new castle buildings over portions of the castle that had been destroyed. This construction and other expensive activities ruined him financially so that he was forced in to sell the castle in 1630 to Oldřich, Count of Eggenberg . The Eggenberg family owned Vimperk Castle until 1719, when

1000-530: The German Bundeswehr. In 2022 R&S acquired the Siegburger company Schönhofer Sales and Engineering GmbH, SSE. The company develops analytic systems for IT and integration of KI analytic tools. In May 2022, Rohde & Schwarz announced the acquisition of UK based technology training and development company The Technology Academy. The technology company specialises in web-based training in

1050-974: The German armed forces, authorities, the military and private industry. The subsidiary's high-security encryption technology is used for both wireless and wireline communications. As early as 2001, Rohde & Schwarz SIT launched the world's first crypto phone TopSec GSM. R&S provides product families for secure communication via WAN-, LAN- and WiFi-networks for business and state authorities. R&S provides ELINT systems for comprehensive intelligence gathering capability especially for modern radar signals. Digital wideband recording preserves all signal properties such as instantaneous amplitude, frequency and phase and detects also frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars and solid-state radars operating at very low power level. R&S supplies interoperable radio communication systems for military, government and civilian use. Like its competitor Thales , Elbit etc,

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1100-592: The House of Eggenberg died out and all of the Eggenberg holdings, including the Český Krumlov estate, fell to the Schwarzenberg family . In 1857, the town suffered yet another fire which caused extensive damage to many of the buildings on the main town square and to the castle. A fundraising was announced, to which Emperor Franz Joseph I also contributed, and within a year all the houses were repaired. After

1150-518: The Jesuits church of St. Michael , the oldest parish church of St. Paul and the pilgrim church Mariahilf on the hill south of the rivers Inn and Danube. Before the cathedral is a large square (Domplatz) with the Lamberg-Palais, where the Peace of Passau was concluded. The medieval Old Residence south of the cathedral and the baroque New Residence further west at Residenzplatz were

1200-519: The King Ferdinand I , the citizens of Vimperk sided with the Czech Protestants. After Ferdinand's eventual triumph he gained Vimperk among his spoils. in 1553 he sold Vimperk to Jáchym of Hradec, but it was seized by William of Rosenberg . William's brother Peter Vok of Rosenberg (the last member of the Rosenberg family ) sold the town in 1601 to Volf Novohradský of Kolowrat, who sided with

1250-735: The National Heritage Institute. A part of the property serves as a museum, and the headquarters of the Šumava National Park and Šumava Protected Landscape Area are also located there. There are three churches in Vimperk: Church of Saint Bartholomew, Church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary, and Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus. Church of Saint Bartholomew is oldest sacral building in

1300-571: The Rhine delta who frequently served in the Roman army as auxiliary troops. Batavis (Passau-Altstadt) was a Roman castrum in the province of Raetia , while another late Roman castrum, Boiotro (Passau-Innstadt), was in the province of Noricum . During the second half of the 5th century, St. Severinus established a monastery here. The site was subject to repeated raids by the Alemanni . In 739,

1350-469: The city, after May, as the result of ethnic cleansing of neighboring Bohemia and Moravia of their German populace, further waves of refugees arrived in the city. On 3 May 1945 a message from Major General Stanley Eric Reinhart ’s 261st Infantry Regiment stated at 3:15 am: "AMG Officer has unconditional surrender of PASSAU signed by Burgermeister, Chief of Police and Lt. Col of Med Corps there. All troops are to turn themselves in this morning." It

1400-608: The company develops software-defined radio devices (SDR). At R&S, radio and telecommunications reconnaissance have always been the highest-earning business areas with a small number of customers. Soveron is a family of SDR radios for military tactical communication, developed by R&S. The radios work at HF, UHF and VHF spectrums and are based on an internationally common Software Communications Architecture standard with backward compatibility. The frequency spectrum ranges from 30 to 600 MHz; simultaneous transmission of voice and data in each radio channel with up to two voice channels

1450-601: The country, Passau has become a major migrant entry point into Germany. Refugees and economic migrants from the Middle East, Asia and Africa who have reached Europe, often entering either overland via Greece or across the sea via the Mediterranean (see Operation Triton ), then head north and sometimes enter Germany. In 2015 the BBC reported that traffickers drive migrants and refugees through Austria and leave them on

1500-599: The development and production of chipsets, mobile devices and base stations. Network operators use Rohde & Schwarz products to plan, build and monitor their networks. R&S has developed suitable signal generators and analyzers for 5G and LTE Advanced. Rohde & Schwarz develops measuring devices for radio links as well as radar and satellite communication systems for the aviation and defense industries. The company also offers complete systems for EMC and field strength meters . These are used for example to detect electromagnetic interference in automotive electronics. From

1550-622: The early days R&S developed transmitter for various use. After WW II the company developed transmitters and instruments for radio and TV broadcasting. Rohde & Schwarz provides transmitters for analog and digital TV; in the US also in the ATSC standard, in Asia and South-America for ISDB-T and in DVB-T2 for europe. By acquiring smaller companies since 2015, R&S could offer a whole portfolio also for TV- and radio production, as well as transmitting

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1600-484: The end of World War I , by 24 November 1918, the town became part of Czechoslovakia . In 1938, Vimperk was annexed by Nazi Germany and administered as part of the Reichsgau Sudetenland . All non-Germanic people were expelled. At the end of World War II, all German people were expelled from Vimperk. In 1945, American Allied Forces liberated Vimperk, which is commemorated by a plaque in the centre of

1650-449: The fields of radio frequency, wireless and microwave engineering technology. R&S has grown from just over 6,500 employees in 2010 to over 13,000 in 2022 and is represented at 70 locations worldwide. This growth was not exclusively organic, but also included company acquisitions such as Lancom - one of the leading manufacturers of network infrastructure. In 2023, R&S received a comprehensive contract worth several billion to update

1700-625: The largest employers in the entire region. The I/4 road, which connects Strakonice with the Czech-German border, passes through the town. Vimperk is located on the railway line Strakonice– Volary . The Vimperk Castle is the main landmark of the town. The Schwarzenberg family was the last private proprietor of the castle. In 1947, the Vimperk Castle was nationalized by the Czechoslovak state. Since 2015, it has been owned by

1750-679: The militarization of the Third Reich's Economy . The measurement equipment for HF-technology promoted the development of radar and radio systems of Wehrmacht in WW2 . After business activities were resumed in 1945, the US Army placed a major order to equip the then United States Air Force base in Erding that ensured the company's continued existence. In the same year the company was renamed Rohde & Schwarz (R&S). The company became one of

1800-585: The most important suppliers for radar and reconnaissance companies of the newly founded Bundeswehr . The company also quickly worked closely with the German Federal Intelligence Service , which was founded in 1956. Although the US secret services operated SIGINT reconnaissance stations in cooperation with BND, for example in Bad Aibling , Rohde & Schwarz's communications were also intercepted by NSA. Rohde & Schwarz

1850-638: The municipal territory lies the Bohemian Forest and is protected as the Šumava Protected Landscape Area; the northern part lies in the Bohemian Forest Foothills . The highest point is the Šerava mountain at 1,061 m (3,481 ft) above sea level. Other high mountains include Kamenná hora at 1,057 m (3,468 ft) and Kupa at 1,044 m (3,425 ft). The town is situated in the Volyňka River valley. The whole area

1900-458: The organ at St. Stephen's was long held to be the largest church pipe organ in the world and is today second in size only to the organ at First Congregational Church of Los Angeles , which was expanded in 1994. Organ concerts are held daily between May and September. St. Stephen's is a true masterpiece of Italian Baroque , built by Italian architect Carlo Lurago and decorated in part by Carpoforo Tencalla . Among many other churches are

1950-653: The palaces of the Prince-Bishops within the city. Right beside the 14th century Gothic city hall with its neo-Gothic tower and the big 19th-century former Hauptzollamtsgebäude (Main Customs Office) at the Danube is the Scharfrichterhaus , an important jazz and cabaret stage on which political cabaret is performed. Due to its location on the German–Austrian border, and in the south-east of

2000-514: The program. Since 2016, Rohde & Schwarz has been manufacturing body scanners under the product name QPS (Quick Personnel Security Scanner). The devices are used in addition to baggage screening in airport check-in areas and other access-controlled areas. R&S is equipping German Bundeswehr and German Intelligent agency as well as military and state agencies worldwide. According to their own webpage, R&S has delivered technology to more than 40 navies. In 2013 it became known that R&S

2050-571: The properties of Janovic family forfeited to the royal crown. From the end of the 14th century, the Vimperk estate was a property of the Kaplíř of Sulevice noble family. During their rule, the settlement and the castle were merged into a single fortified unit and an outpost, mighty round tower Haselburg, was built. Despite the era of the Hussite Wars , Vimperk prospered, and in 1479, it was granted

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2100-536: The recently consecrated English archbishop Boniface founded the diocese of Passau , which for many years was the largest diocese of the German Kingdom / Holy Roman Empire , covering territory in southern Bavaria and most of what is now Upper and Lower Austria . From the 10th century the bishops of Passau also exercised secular authority as Prince-Bishops in the immediate area around Passau (see Prince-Bishopric of Passau  [ de ] ). Before

2150-554: The side of the autobahn . The migrants and refugees then often walk unaccompanied into Passau, the first German town northwards. This situation has caused the government of Passau to divert funds from flood prevention to housing and feeding the refugees and migrants, around 10% of whom are unaccompanied children. Passau is twinned with: Rohde %26 Schwarz Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co KG ( / ˈ r oʊ d ə  ...   ˈ ʃ w ɔːr t s / ROH -də ... SHWORTS , German: [ˈʁoːdə ʔʊnt ˈʃvaʁts] )

2200-517: The town rights by King Vladislaus II . After it was owned by the Malovec of Chýnov family for a short period, Vimperk was acquired by the Rosenberg family in the 16th century. During their rule, the trade on the Golden Trail reached its peak. Probably during the 16th century the castle began to be rebuilt into the Renaissance residence. During the war in 1547 led by Czech Protestants against

2250-580: The town. In the 19th century, Vimperk became an industrial centre of the Bohemian Forest region. The industrial character of the town remained in the years 1945–1989. After 1989, the industry began to decline and many businesses closed. The town began to focus more on tourism. The largest employer based in the town is a branch of the Rohde & Schwarz company, which is a manufacturer of electrical devices. It has more than 900 employees and belongs to

2300-440: The town. It was built in the second half of the 13th century in its today's form is in the pseudo-Gothic style. The Church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary is located on the town square and since its construction it has been the spiritual centre of Vimperk. It was built in the 14th century, before 1365. Vimperk is twinned with: Passau Passau ( German: [ˈpasaʊ] ; Central Bavarian : Båssa )

2350-458: The world's first oscilloscope with a digital trigger. More than 200 airports deploy Rohde & Schwarz radiocommunications systems. In 2011, the company began selling voice communications systems for air traffic control (ATC). These systems are based on a product from Topex SA, a company in which Rohde & Schwarz acquired a majority interest in 2010. Rohde & Schwarz SIT GmbH develops crypto products and systems for government agencies,

2400-434: Was covered by deep forest until the middle of the 13th century, when the Vimperk Castle was founded. The castle was most likely founded by King Ottokar II to protect the border and the new branch of the Golden Trail, the important trade route from Passau to Bohemia. In the 1260s, Ottokar II lent the manor and the castle, which included the walled fortress with a tower house and a palace, to the noble family of Janovic. In 1370,

2450-405: Was one of the most prolific centres of sword and bladed weapon manufacture in Germany (after Solingen ). Passau smiths stamped their blades with the Passau wolf, usually a rather simplified rendering of the wolf on the city's coat-of-arms. Superstitious warriors believed that the Passau wolf conferred invulnerability on the blade's bearer, and thus Passau swords acquired a great premium. According to

2500-473: Was the site of a post World War II American sector displaced persons camp . On 2 June 2013, the old town suffered from severe flooding as a result of several days of rain and its location at the confluence of three rivers. Peak elevations of floods as early as 1501 are displayed on a wall at the Old City Hall. Flood water reaches the base of that wall on average once every 5 years. Until 2013,

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