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124-717: The river is located in the region of Slavonia . It rises in the Krndija hills in the Osijek-Baranja County and flows eastwards through lowlands into the Vukovar-Srijem County . It empties into the Danube at the town of Vukovar , which is named for the river. The ancient name of Pannonian Illyrians for Vuka was Volcos. This Vukovar-Syrmia County geography article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to

248-611: A decisive victory over the RSK in August 1995. The remaining occupied areas—eastern Slavonia—were restored to Croatia pursuant to the Erdut Agreement of November 1995, with the process concluded in mid-January 1998. After the war, a number of towns and municipalities in the region were designated Areas of Special State Concern . The Croatian counties were re-established in 1992, but their borders changed in some instances, with

372-626: A volcanic arc related to Alpine orogeny —uplifting of the Dinaric Alps. The Đakovo – Vukovar loess plain, extending eastward from Dilj and representing the watershed between the Vuka and Bosut rivers, gradually rises to the Fruška Gora south of Ilok. The largest rivers in Slavonia are found along or near its borders—the Danube, Sava and Drava. The length of the Danube, flowing along

496-728: A Croat, Ante Pavelić . The new state aspired to include all those territories of the former Austria-Hungary that were inhabited by Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Those representing the Serbs in Vojvodina , however – including those in Banat, Bačka and Baranja  – objected and formed their own administration under the supreme authority of the Serbian National Board in Novi Sad . Vojvodina then joined

620-605: A National Assembly was formed. At the same time, the organizers obtained support from the Croatian People's Peasant Party and the Serb People's Radical Party . On 5 and 6 October, a provisional assembly was convened and the formation of executive committees begun. Seats were apportioned to members of all parties, but not without acrimony over the ad hoc nature of the proceedings. The People's Council ( Serbo-Croatian : Narodno vijeće , Slovene : Narodni svet )

744-466: A ceasefire was agreed to on 2 January 1992, coming into force the next day. After the ceasefire, United Nations Protection Force was deployed to the occupied areas, but intermittent artillery and rocket attacks, launched from Serb-held areas of Bosnia , continued in several areas of Slavonia, especially in Slavonski Brod and Županja . The war effectively ended in 1995 with Croatia achieving

868-602: A federal state as well as a delineation of Croatian and Serbian population that would assume a population transfer . Simović rejected the talk of federalization and Pavelić yielded, and there was no further discussion on either issue. On 14 October 1918, Austrian foreign minister Burián asked for an armistice based on the Fourteen Points outlined in January 1918 by American president Woodrow Wilson , whose Point 10 read: "The people of Austria-Hungary, whose place among

992-665: A form of traditional song, recognized as an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO . The cuisine of Slavonia reflects diverse influences—a blend of traditional and foreign elements. Slavonia is one of Croatia's winemaking areas, with Erdut , Ilok and Kutjevo recognized as centres of wine production. The name Slavonia originated in the Early Middle Ages . The area was named after the Slavs who settled there and called themselves *Slověne. The root *Slověn- appeared in various dialects of languages spoken by people inhabiting

1116-716: A further 10 to the committee by a two-thirds vote. The Kingdom of Hungary signed a truce with the Allies on 13 October 1918. Pavelić and others started negotiating with the Serbian envoy to the National Assembly Dušan T. Simović as soon as Simović had said that their military victory and the treaty with Hungary gave them right to most of the territory of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, whereas Pavelić said that they want unification with Serbia , but that they needed

1240-547: A geographical region, do not necessarily coincide with the borders of the five counties, except in the south and east where the Sava and Danube rivers define them. The international borders of Croatia are boundaries common to both definitions of the region. In the north, the boundaries largely coincide because the Drava River is considered to be the northern border of Slavonia as a geographic region, but this excludes Baranya from

1364-698: A grass-roots meeting was held in Zagreb that included representatives of various aspects of public life as well as members of several political parties, primarily the Mile Starčević faction of the Party of Rights led by Ante Pavelić and the Slovene People's Party . The ruling Croat-Serb Coalition and its opposition the Croatian People's Peasant Party , however, were excluded. The meeting produced

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1488-671: A greater defensive commitment by the Habsburg Monarchy. One year after the 1547 truce ended, Ivan Lenković devised a system of fortifications and troops in the border areas, a forerunner of the Croatian Military Frontier . Nonetheless, in 1552, the Ottoman conquest of Slavonia was completed when Virovitica was captured. Ottoman advances in the Croatian territory continued until the 1593 Battle of Sisak ,

1612-558: A part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes , later renamed Yugoslavia . During the Croatian War of Independence of 1991–1995, Slavonia saw fierce fighting, including the 1991 Battle of Vukovar . The economy of Slavonia is largely based on processing industry , trade, transport, and civil engineering. Agriculture is a significant component of its economy: Slavonia contains 45% of Croatia's agricultural land and accounts for

1736-654: A river in Croatia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Slavonia Slavonia ( / s l ə ˈ v oʊ n i ə / ; Croatian : Slavonija ; Hungarian : Szlavónia) is, with Dalmatia , Croatia proper , and Istria , one of the four historical regions of Croatia . Located in the Pannonian Plain and taking up the east of the country, it roughly corresponds with five Croatian counties : Brod-Posavina , Osijek-Baranja , Požega-Slavonia , Virovitica-Podravina , and Vukovar-Syrmia , although

1860-877: A significant agricultural area. Apple orchards cover 1,261 hectares (3,120 acres), representing 42.3% of Croatia's apple plantations, plums are produced in orchards encompassing 450 hectares (1,100 acres) or 59.7% of Croatia's plum plantations and hazelnut orchards cover 319 hectares (790 acres), which account for 72.4% of hazelnut plantations in Croatia. Other significant permanent crops are cherries, pears, peaches and walnuts. In 2010, only two companies headquartered in Slavonia ranked among top 100 Croatian companies — Belje , agricultural industry owned by Agrokor , and Belišće , paper mill and paper packaging material factory, headquartered in Darda and Belišće respectively, both in Osijek-Baranja County. Belje ranks as

1984-421: A significant proportion of Croatia's livestock farming and production of permanent crops . The gross domestic product (GDP) of the five counties of Slavonia is worth 6,454 million euro or 8,005 euro per capita, 27.5% below national average. The GDP of the five counties represents 13.6% of Croatia's GDP. The cultural heritage of Slavonia represents a blend of historical influences, especially those from

2108-509: A zone under German occupation for the duration of World War II . The regime introduced anti-semitic laws and conducted a campaign of ethnic cleansing and genocide against Serb and Roma populations, exemplified by the Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška concentration camps, but to a much lesser extent in Slavonia than in other regions, due to strategic interests of the Axis in keeping peace in

2232-495: Is kulen , one of a handful Croatian products protected by the EU as indigenous products. Slavonia is one of Croatia's winemaking sub-regions, a part of its continental winegrowing region. The best known winegrowing areas of Slavonia are centered on Đakovo , Ilok and Kutjevo , where Graševina grapes are predominant, but other cultivars are increasingly present. In past decades, an increasing quantity of wine production in Slavonia

2356-495: Is Osijek, followed by other county seats—Slavonski Brod, Virovitica, Požega and Vukovar, as well as several other cities, especially Vinkovci. The gross domestic product (GDP) of the five counties in Slavonia combined (in year 2008) amounted to 6,454 million euro , or 8,005 euro per capita—27.5% below Croatia's national average. The GDP of the five counties represented 13.6% of Croatia's GDP. Several Pan-European transport corridors run through Slavonia: corridor Vc as

2480-412: Is a distinct region of Croatia in terms of ethnological factors in traditional music. It is a region where traditional culture is preserved through folklore festivals. Typical traditional music instruments belong to the tamburica and bagpipe family. The tamburica is the most representative musical instrument associated with Slavonia's traditional culture. It developed from music instruments brought by

2604-435: Is a remnant of this outcome. The Ottoman wars instigated great demographic changes. Croats migrated towards Austria and the present-day Burgenland Croats are direct descendants of these settlers. The Muslim population in Slavonia at the end of Turkish rule accounted for almost half of Slavonia's population who was indigenous, primarily Croats, less immigrants from Bosnia and Serbia and rarely genuine Turks or Arabs. In

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2728-526: Is greatest in the production of cereals (53.5%), legumes (46.8%), oilseeds (88.8%), sugar beet (90%), tobacco (97.9%), plants used in pharmaceutical or perfume industry (80.9%), flowers, seedlings and seeds (80.3%) and plants used in the textile industry (69%). Slavonia also contributes 25.7% of cattle, 42.7% of pigs and 20% of the poultry stock of Croatia. There are 5,138 hectares (12,700 acres) of vineyards in Slavonia, representing 18.6% of total vineyards area in Croatia. Production of fruit and nuts also takes up

2852-574: Is home to one university— Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek — as well as three polytechnics in Požega, Slavonski Brod and Vukovar, as well as a college in Virovitica—all set up and run by the government . The University of Osijek, has been established in 1975, but the first institution of higher education in the city was Studium Philosophicum Essekini founded in 1707, and active until 1780. Another historical institution of higher education

2976-513: Is located in the Sava sub-basin. Most of Croatia, including Slavonia, has a moderately warm and rainy humid continental climate as defined by the Köppen climate classification . Mean annual temperature averages 10 to 12  °C (50 to 54  °F ), with the warmest month, July, averaging just below 22  °C (72  °F ). Temperature peaks are more pronounced in the continental areas—the lowest temperature of −27.8  °C (−18.0  °F )

3100-401: Is the eastern half of Central and Eastern (Pannonian) Croatia NUTS-2 statistical unit of Croatia , together with further areas of Central Croatia . Other statistical units correspond to the counties, cities and municipalities. The five counties combined cover area size of 12,556 square kilometres (4,848 square miles), representing 22.2% of territory of Croatia. The boundaries of Slavonia, as

3224-609: The 1974 Yugoslav Constitution , basically fulfilling a goal of the Croatian Spring movement, and providing a legal basis for independence of the federative constituents. In 1947, when all borders of the former Yugoslav constituent republics had been defined by demarcation commissions, pursuant to decisions of the AVNOJ of 1943 and 1945, the federal organization of Yugoslav Baranya was defined as Croatian territory allowing its integration with Slavonia. The commissions also set up

3348-617: The A5 motorway , corridor X as the A3 motorway and a double-track railway spanning Slavonia from west to east, and corridor VII—the Danube River waterway. The waterway is accessed through the Port of Vukovar, the largest Croatian river port, situated on the Danube itself, and the Port of Osijek on the Drava River, 14.5 kilometres (9.0 miles) away from confluence of the rivers. Another major sector of

3472-710: The Adriatic Sea , significant discoveries, for instance in Kaptol near Požega have been made. The Pannonians first came into contact with the Roman Republic in 35 BC, when the Romans conquered Segestica, or modern-day Sisak . The conquest was completed in 11 BC, when the Roman province of Illyricum was established, encompassing modern-day Slavonia as well as a vast territory on the right bank of Danube. The province

3596-621: The Croatian Army in operations named Otkos 10 , and Orkan 91 , which established a front line around Okučani and south of Pakrac that would hold virtually unchanged for more than three years until Operation Flash in May 1995. Armed conflict in the eastern Slavonia , culminating in the Battle of Vukovar and a subsequent massacre , also included heavy fighting and the successful defence of Osijek and Vinkovci. The front line stabilized and

3720-762: The Croatian Littoral ) and Ljubljana (for the Slovene lands ) to advance these policies. In late August, the Croatia-Slavonia parties met again in Zagreb to discuss how to proceed and, in particular, how to gain the support of the Croat-Serb Coalition . On 14 September 1918, Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Stephan Burián von Rajecz issued a statement advocating a settlement of World War I by peace treaty and it became apparent that

3844-599: The Danube , Drava , and Sava rivers. In the west, the region consists of the Sava and Drava valleys and the mountains surrounding the Požega Valley , and plains in the east. Slavonia enjoys a moderate continental climate with relatively low precipitation. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , which ruled the area of modern-day Slavonia until the 5th century, Ostrogoths and Lombards controlled

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3968-584: The Great Serb Migrations of 1690 and 1737–39. The greatest Serb concentrations were in the eastern Slavonia, and Sremski Karlovci became the see of Serbian Orthodox metropolitans. Part of the colonists came to Slavonia from area south of the Sava , especially from the Soli and Usora areas, continuing the process which already started after 1521. At beginning of the 17th century it seems that there

4092-750: The Great Turkish War of 1683–1699, the Treaty of Karlowitz transferred Kingdom of Slavonia to the Habsburgs . After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , Slavonia became part of the Hungarian part of the realm , and a year later it became part of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . In 1918, when Austria-Hungary dissolved, Slavonia became a part of the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs which in turn became

4216-511: The House of Esterházy , the House of Odescalchi , Philipp Karl von Eltz-Kempenich , the House of Prandau-Normann , the House of Pejačević and the House of Janković . That in turn encouraged an influx of contemporary European culture to the region. Subsequent development of the cities and society saw the influence of Neoclassicism , Historicism and especially of Art Nouveau . The heritage of

4340-669: The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Croatia sided with the Austrians, Ban Josip Jelačić helping to defeat the Hungarian forces in 1849, and ushering in a period of Germanization policy. By the 1860s, failure of the policy became apparent, leading to the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and creation of a personal union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary . The treaty left

4464-630: The Kingdom of Serbia on 25 November 1918. One day earlier, on 24 November 1918, the region of Syrmia , which had become part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, seceded and also joined the Kingdom of Serbia. In order to avoid handing them to the Entente Powers , Emperor Karl assigned the entire Austro-Hungarian Navy , the Austro-Hungarian merchant fleet and all Austro-Hungarian harbours, arsenals and shore fortifications to

4588-527: The Kingdom of Serbia to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . The state's name derives from the three main South Slavic ethnic groups that inhabited it: the Slovenes , Croats , and Serbs . The Croats identified in the name were those residing in the preceding kingdoms of Croatia-Slavonia , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Dalmatia (including Boka Kotorska ). The Serbs identified in

4712-516: The Orljava flowing through Požega, and the Bosut—whose 151-kilometre (94 mi) course in Slavonia takes it through Vinkovci. There are no large lakes in Slavonia. The largest ones are Lake Kopačevo whose surface area varies between 1.5 and 3.5 square kilometres (0.58 and 1.35 square miles), and Borovik Reservoir covering 2.5 square kilometres (0.97 square miles). The Lake Kopačevo is connected to

4836-781: The Pleistocene during the uplift of the Transdanubian Mountains . Ultimately, up to 3,000 metres (9,800 feet) of the sediment was deposited in the basin, and the Pannonian sea eventually drained through the Iron Gate gorge. In the southern Pannonian Basin, the Neogene to Quaternary sediment depth is normally lower, averaging 500 to 1,500 metres (1,600 to 4,900 feet), except in central parts of depressions formed by subduction —around 4,000 metres (13,000 feet) in

4960-778: The Transleithanian Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia on 30 May 1917 resulted in adoption of the May Declaration by the Yugoslav Club, a group of Croatian and Slovene deputies in the Reichsrat (the legislature of Cisleithania in Vienna). The Declaration sought the unification of all the lands in the Habsburg monarchy populated by Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs in one independent entity. On 2–3 March 1918,

5084-430: The United Kingdom , France , Italy and the United States that the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was constituted in the South-Slavic areas that had been part of Austria-Hungary, and that the new state intended to form a common state with Serbia and Montenegro. The same note was sent to the government of the Kingdom of Serbia and the Yugoslav Committee in London. Serbia's prime minister Nikola Pašić responded to

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5208-504: The Zagreb Resolution that proclaimed the unity of the people of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (a "unified nation" with the latter described as equal "tribes" whose peculiar historical positions and desires are to be accommodated), demanded a right of self-determination and possession of the territory they occupied, including the whole of Cisleithania. In July and August 1918, the so-called "People's organizations of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs" were formed in Split (for Dalmatia), Sušak (for

5332-437: The horst and graben structures, believed to have broken the Pannonian Sea surface as islands . The tallest among such landforms in Slavonia are 984-metre (3,228 ft) Psunj , and 953-metre (3,127 ft) Papuk—flanking the Požega Valley from the west and the north. These two and Krndija , adjacent to Papuk, consist mostly of Paleozoic rocks which are 350 – 300 million years old. Požeška Gora and Dilj , to

5456-444: The 101st and headquartered in Virovitica, is the largest company in Virovitica-Podravina County. Đuro Đaković Montaža d.d., a part of metal processing industry Đuro Đaković Holding of Slavonski Brod, ranks the 171st among the Croatian companies and it is the largest business in Brod-Posavina County. Another agricultural industry company, Kutjevo d.d. , headquartered in Kutjevo , is the largest company in Požega-Slavonia County, ranks

5580-415: The 194th in Croatia by business income. Finally, the largest company by income in Vukovar-Syrmia county is another Agrokor owned agricultural production company— Vupik , headquartered in Vukovar, and ranking the 161st among the companies headquartered in Croatia. The cultural heritage of Slavonia represents a blend of social influences through its history, especially since the end of the 17th century, and

5704-454: The 19th century is the Đakovo Cathedral —hailed by the Pope John XXIII as the most beautiful church situated between Venice and Istanbul . Slavonia significantly contributed to the culture of Croatia as a whole, both through works of artists and through patrons of the arts—most notable among them being Josip Juraj Strossmayer . Strossmayer was instrumental in the establishment of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts , later renamed

5828-434: The 2nd half of the 12th century, Croatia and the territory between the Drava and the Sava were governed by the ban of all Slavonia , appointed by the king. From the 13th century, a separate ban governed parts of present-day central Croatia , western Slavonia, and northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina , an area where a new entity emerged named Kingdom of Slavonia ( Latin : regnum Sclavoniae ), while modern-day eastern Slavonia

5952-444: The 44th and Belišće as the 99th largest Croatian company by income . Other significant businesses in the county include civil engineering company Osijek-Koteks (rank 103), Saponia detergent and personal care product factory (rank 138), Biljemerkant retail business (rank 145), and Našicecement cement plant (rank 165), a part of Nexe Grupa construction product manufacturing company. Sugar refining company Viro , ranked

6076-512: The Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Baranja, Požega-Slavonia, Virovitica-Podravina and Vukovar-Syrmia counties, including Baranya. Slavonia is entirely located in the Pannonian Basin , one of three major geomorphological parts of Croatia. The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and subsidence of crust structures formed during Late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny . The Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in Papuk , Psunj and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to

6200-457: The Council was to be representative of a 100,000 people. In addition, it comprised five representatives of Croatian Sabor , the Diet of Bosnia and Reichsrat for a total of 95 representatives. 32 voting members were required to form the quorum , and two-thirds majority was needed for any decisions. Members of regional parliaments were allowed to attend as non-voting observers. The Council elected up to 30 Central Committee members, who could appoint

6324-685: The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and the reestablishment of the University of Zagreb . A number of Slavonia's artists, especially writers, made considerable contributions to Croatian culture. Nineteenth-century writers who are most significant in Croatian literature include Josip Eugen Tomić , Josip Kozarac , and Miroslav Kraljević —author of the first Croatian novel. Significant twentieth-century poets and writers in Slavonia were Dobriša Cesarić , Dragutin Tadijanović , Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić and Antun Gustav Matoš . Painters associated with Slavonia, who contributed greatly to Croatian art, were Miroslav Kraljević and Bela Čikoš Sesija . Slavonia

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6448-459: The Croatian-Hungarian Settlement. At that time, the easternmost point of Croatia-Slavonia became Zemun , as all of Syrmia was encompassed by the kingdom. On 29 October 1918, the Croatian Sabor declared independence and decided to join the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs , which in turn entered into union with the Kingdom of Serbia on 4 December 1918 to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes . The Treaty of Trianon

6572-413: The Danube via Hulovski canal, situated within the Kopački Rit wetland , while the Lake Borovik is an artificial lake created in 1978 in the upper course of the Vuka River. The entirety of Slavonia belongs to the Danube basin and the Black Sea catchment area, but it is divided in two sub-basins. One of those drains into the Sava—itself a Danube tributary—and the other into the Drava or directly into

6696-441: The Danube. The drainage divide between the two sub-basins runs along the Papuk and Krndija mountains, in effect tracing the southern boundary of the Virovitica-Podravina County and the northern boundary of Požega-Slavonia County, cuts through the Osijek-Podravina County north of Đakovo, and finally bisects the Vukovar-Syrmia County running between Vukovar and Vinkovci to reach Fruška Gora southwest of Ilok. All of Brod-Posavina County

6820-448: The National Council. The National Council sent diplomatic notes to the Entente governments notifying them that they had taken control of these assets and were not at war. The fleet, however, was soon attacked and dismembered by the Italian navy, the Regia Marina . Austria-Hungary reached an armistice with Italy through the Armistice of Villa Giusti signed on 4 November 1918. This agreement stipulated that Italy could occupy large parts of

6944-406: The Ottomans during their rule of Slavonia, becoming an integral part of the traditional music, its use surpassing or even replacing the use of bagpipes and gusle . A distinct form of traditional song, originating in Slavonia, the bećarac , is recognized as an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO . Out of 122 Croatia's universities and other institutions of higher education , Slavonia

7068-412: The Sabor and declared the autonomy of areas that would soon become the unrecognized self-declared Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK). As tensions rose, Croatia declared independence in June 1991; however the declaration came into effect on 8 October 1991. Tensions escalated into the Croatian War of Independence when the Yugoslav National Army and various Serb paramilitaries attacked Croatia. By

7192-407: The Slavonia-Syrmia depression, 5,500 metres (18,000 feet) in the Sava depression and nearly 7,000 metres (23,000 feet) in the Drava depression, with the deepest sediment found between Virovitica and Slatina. The results of those processes are large plains in eastern Slavonia, Baranya and Syrmia, as well as in river valleys, especially along the Sava, Drava and Kupa . The plains are interspersed by

7316-427: The agreement, the Yugoslav government retained control of defence, internal security, foreign affairs, trade, and transport while other matters were left to the Croatian Sabor and a crown-appointed 'Ban'. In April 1941, Yugoslavia was occupied by Germany and Italy . Following the invasion the territory of Slavonia was incorporated into the Independent State of Croatia , a Nazi-backed puppet state and assigned as

7440-586: The area and encompassing meat packing , fruit and vegetable processing , sugar refining , confectionery and dairy industry . In addition, there are wineries in the region that are significant to economy of Croatia . Other types of the processing industry significant to Slavonia are wood processing , including production of furniture , cellulose , paper and cardboard ; metalworking , textile industry and glass production . Transport and civil engineering are two further significant economic activities in Slavonia. The largest industrial centre of Slavonia

7564-428: The area before the arrival of Avars and Slavs , when the Principality of Lower Pannonia was established in the 7th century. It was later incorporated into the Kingdom of Croatia ; after its decline, the kingdom was ruled through a personal union with Hungary . It became part of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown in the 12th century. The Ottoman conquest of Slavonia took place between 1536 and 1552. In 1699, after

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7688-556: The area near the right bank of the Danube near Vukovar , Vinkovci and Osijek . The Baden culture sites in Slavonia are dated to 3600–3300 BC, and Vučedol culture finds are dated to 3000–2500 BC. The Iron Age left traces of the early Illyrian Hallstatt culture and the Celtic La Tène culture . Much later, the region was settled by Illyrians and other tribes, including the Pannonians , who controlled much of present-day Slavonia. Even though archaeological finds of Illyrian settlements are much sparser than in areas closer to

7812-469: The area west of the Sutla river, as well as between the Sava and Drava rivers— South Slavs living in the area of the former Illyricum . The area bounded by those rivers was called *Slověnьje in the Proto-Slavic language. The word subsequently evolved to its various present forms in the Slavic languages , and other languages adopted the term. Remnants of several Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures were found in all regions of Croatia, but most of

7936-495: The area. The largest massacre occurred in 1942 in Voćin . Armed resistance soon developed in the region, and by 1942, the Yugoslav Partisans controlled substantial territories, especially in mountainous parts of Slavonia. The Serbian royalist Chetniks , who carried out genocide against Croat civilian population, struggled to establish a significant presence in Slavonia throughout the war. Partisans led by Josip Broz Tito took full control of Slavonia in April 1945. After

8060-464: The areas north of the Drava river, and Baranja County where they represented the majority before World War I. Since the end of the 19th century there was substantial economic emigration abroad from Croatia in general. After World War I, the Yugoslav regime confiscated up to 50 percent of properties and encouraged settlement of the land by Serb volunteers and war veterans in Slavonia, only to have them evicted and replaced by up to 70,000 new settlers by

8184-512: The arrival of Pannonian Avars and Slavs, who established control of Pannonia by the year 582. After the fall of the Avar Khaganate at the beginning of the 9th century, in Lower Pannonia there was a principality , governed by Slavic rulers who were vassals of Francs . The invasion of the Hungarian tribes overwhelmed this state. The eastern part of Slavonia in the 9th century may have been ruled by Bulgars . The first king of Croatia Tomislav defeated Hungarian and Bulgarian invasions and spread

8308-431: The border between Habsburg and Ottoman empires, with Virovitica becoming the most significant defensive Habsburg fortress and Požega the most significant Ottoman centre in Slavonia, as Ottoman advances to Sisak and Čazma were made, including a brief occupation of the cities. Further westward efforts of the Turkish forces presented a significant threat to Zagreb and the rest of Croatia and the Hungarian kingdom, prompting

8432-425: The delegation members who negotiated with Regent Alexander instead. Stjepan Radić 's Peasant Party participated in the National Council, but after it decided to merge with Serbia, they started to back off, calling the move foolish, and disputing the decision based on the fact that the Croatian Parliament never explicitly approved it. On 1 December, Regent Alexander proclaimed unification of "Serbia with lands of

8556-401: The distribution of precipitation throughout the year normally result in snow cover, and freezing rivers—requiring use of icebreakers , and in extreme cases explosives, to maintain the flow of water and navigation. Slavonia receives more than 2,000 hours of sunshine per year on average. Prevailing winds are light to moderate, northeasterly and southwesterly. According to the 2011 census,

8680-460: The east of Psunj and enveloping the valley from the south, consist of much more recent Neogene rocks, but Požeška Gora also contains Upper Cretaceous sediments and igneous rocks forming the main, 30-kilometre (19 mi) ridge of the hill and representing the largest igneous landform in Croatia. A smaller igneous landform is also present on Papuk, near Voćin. The two mountains, as well as Moslavačka gora , west of Pakrac, are possible remnants of

8804-459: The eastern border of Slavonia and through the cities of Vukovar and Ilok, is 188 kilometres (117 miles), and its main tributaries are the Drava 112-kilometre (70 mi) and the Vuka. The Drava discharges into the Danube near Aljmaš , east of Osijek, while mouth of the Vuka is located in Vukovar. Major tributaries of the Sava, flowing along the southern border of Slavonia and through cities of Slavonski Brod and Županja are 89-kilometre (55 mi)

8928-664: The economy of Slavonia is agriculture, which also provides part of the raw materials for the processing industry. Out of 1,077,403 hectares (2,662,320 acres) of utilized agricultural land in Croatia, 493,878 hectares (1,220,400 acres), or more than 45%, are found in Slavonia, with the largest portion of the land situated in the Osijek-Baranja and Vukovar-Syrmia counties. The largest areas are used for production of cereals and oilseeds , covering 574,916 hectares (1,420,650 acres) and 89,348 hectares (220,780 acres) respectively. Slavonia's share in Croatia's agriculturally productive land

9052-576: The end of 1991, a high intensity war fought along a wide front reduced Croatia to controlling about two-thirds of its territory. In Slavonia, the first armed conflicts were clashes in Pakrac , and Borovo Selo near Vukovar. Western Slavonia was occupied in August 1991, following an advance by the Yugoslav forces north from Banja Luka across the Sava River. This was partially pushed back by

9176-432: The end of hostilities is not complete—a majority of Croat refugees returned, while fewer Serbs did. In addition, ethnic Croats moved to Slavonia from Bosnia and Herzegovina and from Serbia. The economy of Slavonia is largely based on wholesale and retail trade and processing industry . Food processing is one of the most significant types of the processing industries in the region, supporting agricultural production in

9300-477: The end of the 17th century, when Slavonia started recovering from the Ottoman wars , and its traditional culture. Slavonia contributed to the culture of Croatia through art, writers, poets, sculptors, and art patronage . In traditional music, Slavonia comprises a distinct region of Croatia, and the traditional culture is preserved through folklore festivals, with prominence given to tamburica music and bećarac ,

9424-558: The entire, contiguous South-Slavic area of the former Austria-Hungary with the Kingdom of Serbia and Montenegro into a unified State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs". 28 members of the council were appointed to implement that decision based on National Council's adopted directions on implementation of the agreement of organization of the unified state with the government of the Kingdom of Serbia and representatives of political parties in Serbia and Montenegro. The instructions were largely ignored by

9548-500: The ethnic composition of Slavonian counties occurred between censuses conducted in 1991 and 2001. The 1991 census recorded a heterogenous population consisting mostly of Croats and Serbs—at 72 percent and 17 percent of the total population respectively. The Croatian War of Independence, and the ethnic fracturing of Yugoslavia that preceded it, caused an exodus of the Croat population followed by an exodus of Serbs. The return of refugees since

9672-569: The figure of 62,000 recorded in the 1953 census. The 1940s and the 1950s in Yugoslavia were marked by colonisation of settlements where the displaced Germans used to live, by people from the mountainous parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, and migrations to larger cities spurred on by the development of industry. In the 1960s and 1970s, another wave of economic migrants left—largely moving to Canada , Australia , New Zealand and Western Europe . The most recent changes to

9796-461: The first decisive Ottoman defeat, and a more lasting stabilisation of the frontier. During the Great Turkish War (1683–1698), Slavonia was regained in between 1684 and 1691 when the Ottomans abandoned the region—unlike western Bosnia , which had been part of Croatia before the Ottoman conquest . The present-day southern border of Slavonia and the border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina

9920-604: The fleeing Croats the Habsburgs called on the Orthodox populations of Bosnia and Serbia to provide military service in the Croatian Military Frontier. Serb migration into this region peaked during the Great Serb Migrations of 1690 and 1737–39. Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918, the Hungarian population declined, due to emigration and ethnic bias. The changes were especially significant in

10044-677: The formation of a stratovolcanic chain in the basin 17 – 12  Mya (million years ago) and intensified subsidence observed until 5 Mya as well as flood basalts about 7.5 Mya. Contemporary uplift of the Carpathian Mountains prevented water flowing to the Black Sea , and the Pannonian Sea formed in the basin. Sediments were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains , with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in

10168-413: The geographic region's definition even though this territory is part of a county otherwise associated with Slavonia. The western boundary of the geographic region is not specifically defined and it was variously defined through history depending on the political divisions of Croatia. The eastern Croatia, as a geographic term, largely overlaps most definitions of Slavonia. It is defined as the territory of

10292-585: The highest density recorded in Brod-Posavina county and the lowest in Virovitica-Podravina county. Osijek is the largest city in Slavonia, followed by Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci and Vukovar. Other cities in Slavonia have populations below 20,000. According to the 2001 census, Croats account for 85.6 percent of population of Slavonia, and the most significant ethnic minorities are Serbs and Hungarians , comprising 8.8 percent and 1.4 percent of

10416-504: The influence of Croatian kings northward to Slavonia. The medieval Croatian kingdom reached its peak in the 11th century during the reigns of Petar Krešimir IV (1058–1074) and Dmitar Zvonimir (1075–1089). When Stjepan II died in 1091, ending the Trpimirović dynasty, Ladislaus I of Hungary claimed the Croatian crown. Opposition to the claim led to a war and personal union of Croatia and Hungary in 1102, ruled by Coloman . In

10540-638: The issue of Croatia's status to Hungary as a part of Transleithania —and the status was resolved by the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868, when the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia were united as the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . After Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina following the 1878 Treaty of Berlin , the Military Frontiers were abolished and the Croatian and Slavonian Military Frontier territory returned to Croatia-Slavonia in 1881, pursuant to provisions of

10664-511: The joining of the Habsburg monarchy in 1527, the Hungarian and German speaking population of Croatia began gradually increasing in number. The processes of Magyarization and Germanization varied in intensity but persisted until the beginning of the 20th century. The Ottoman conquests initiated a westward migration of parts of the Croatian population; the Burgenland Croats are direct descendants of some of those settlers. To replace

10788-421: The latest revision taking place in 2006. Slavonia consists of five counties— Brod-Posavina , Osijek-Baranja , Požega-Slavonia , Virovitica-Podravina and Vukovar-Syrmia counties—which largely cover the territory historically associated with Slavonia. The western borders of the five-county territory lie in the area where the western boundary of Slavonia generally has been located since the Ottoman conquest, with

10912-676: The latter was deposed the next day. Numerous mass rallies were held in Zagreb in support the Yugoslav cause, especially on 22 October. On 28 October, Gyula Andrássy the Younger sent a peace note to the American government while the Ban of Croatia , Antun Mihalović , reported to the Emperor and was dismissed with the instruction "Do as you please". The Ministry of War had also decided to allow

11036-433: The local military commands to approach the people's councils in order to help maintain law and order. All this was taken as a sign that the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was disintegrating and that the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was an attainable goal. The state was proclaimed officially on 29 October 1918. Its first president was a Slovene, Anton Korošec . The two vice presidents were a Serb, Svetozar Pribićević , and

11160-1181: The most representative ones among them being manor house in Virovitica and the Pejačević manor house in Našice . Further east, along the Danube, there are Odescalchi manor house in Ilok, and Eltz manor house in Vukovar—the latter sustained extensive damage during the Battle of Vukovar in 1991, but it was reconstructed by 2011. In the southeast of the region, the most prominent are Kutjevo Jesuit manor house , and Cernik manor house , located in Kutjevo and Cernik respectively. The period also saw construction of Tvrđa and Brod fortifications in Osijek and Slavonski Brod. Older, medieval fortifications are preserved only as ruins —the largest among those being Ružica Castle near Orahovica . Another landmark dating to

11284-514: The name were those residing in Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia-Slavonia, Dalmatia (including Boka Kotorska and Montenegrin Littoral ), not those residing in the Kingdom of Serbia (which included the territory of the present-day North Macedonia ), nor those living in the Kingdom of Montenegro or Vojvodina (including Banat , Bačka , Baranya ). The Slovenes identified in the name were

11408-602: The nationalities was no longer enough. On 19 October, the National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs declared itself the supreme representative body of all South-Slavic peoples in the monarchy. On 21 and 22 October, members of the Pure Party of Rights who still advocated a trialist monarchy secured formal support for a trialist manifesto from Emperor Karl and Prime Minister Sándor Wekerle in Hungary, but

11532-539: The nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development ." Two days later, Emperor Karl issued a proclamation ("Imperial Manifesto of 16 October 1918"), which envisaged a significant modification the structure of the Empire by granting wide autonomy to its peoples, including federalization of Cisleithania. Karl's proposal was rejected on 18 October by U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing who said autonomy for

11656-456: The new kingdom. The political situation in the new kingdom deteriorated, leading to the dictatorship of King Alexander in January 1929. The dictatorship formally ended in 1931 when the king imposed a more unitarian constitution transferring executive power to the king, and changed the name of the country to Yugoslavia. The Cvetković–Maček Agreement of August 1939 created the autonomous Banovina of Croatia incorporating Slavonia. Pursuant to

11780-572: The new ruler of Croatia, under the condition that he provide protection to Croatia against the Ottoman Empire, while respecting its political rights. The period saw the rise to prominence of a native nobility such as the Frankopans and the Šubićs , and ultimately to numerous bans from the two families. The present coat of arms of Slavonia, used in an official capacity as a part of the coat of arms of Croatia , dates from this period—it

11904-658: The note on 8 November, recognizing the National Council in Zagreb as "legal government of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes living in the territory of the Austria-Hungary", and notified the governments of the United Kingdom, France, Italy and the United States asking them to do the same. On 23–24 November, the National Council declared "unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs formed on

12028-588: The political situation in Yugoslavia deteriorated with national tension fanned by the 1986 Serbian SANU Memorandum and the 1989 coups in Vojvodina, Kosovo and Montenegro . In January 1990, the Communist Party fragmented along national lines, with the Croatian faction demanding a looser federation. In the same year, the first multi-party elections were held in Croatia, with Franjo Tuđman 's win raising nationalist tensions further. The Serbs in Croatia , intent on achieving independence from Croatia, left

12152-636: The population respectively. The largest portion of the Serb minority was recorded in Vukovar-Syrmia county (15 percent), while the largest Hungarian minority, in both relative and absolute terms, was observed in Osijek-Baranja county. The census recorded 85.4% of the population declaring themselves as Catholic , with further 4.4% belonging to Serbian Orthodox Church and 0.7% Muslims . 3.1% declared themselves as non-religious , agnostics or declined to declare their religion. The most widely used language in

12276-639: The present-day 317.6-kilometre (197.3 mi) border between Serbia and Croatia in Syrmia, and along the Danube River between Ilok and mouth of the Drava and further north to the Hungarian border, the section south of confluence of the Drava matching the border between the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and the Bács-Bodrog County that existed until 1918 and the end of World War I. In the 1980s

12400-548: The regime during World War II. During World War II and in the period immediately following the war, there were further significant demographic changes, as the German-speaking population, the Danube Swabians , were either forced or otherwise compelled to leave—reducing their number from the prewar German population of Yugoslavia of 500,000, living in Slavonia and other parts of present-day Croatia and Serbia, to

12524-665: The region includes numerous landmarks , especially manor houses built by the nobility in largely in the 18th and the 19th centuries. Those include Prandau-Normann and Prandau-Mailath manor houses in Valpovo and Donji Miholjac respectively, manor houses in Baranja—in Bilje , at a former Esterházy estate in Darda, in Tikveš , and in Kneževo . Pejačevićs built several residences,

12648-479: The region is Croatian , declared as the first language by 93.6% of the total population, followed by Serbian (2.6%) and Hungarian (1.0%). The demographic history of Slavonia is characterised by significant migrations, as is that of Croatia as a whole, starting with the arrival of the Croats, between the 6th and 9th centuries. Following the establishment of the personal union of Croatia and Hungary in 1102, and

12772-1062: The remaining borders being at the international borders of Croatia . This places the Croatian part of Baranya into the Slavonian counties, constituting the Eastern Croatia macroregion . Terms Eastern Croatia and Slavonia are increasingly used as synonyms. The Brod-Posavina County comprises two cities —Slavonski Brod and Nova Gradiška —and 26  Municipalities of Croatia . The Osijek-Baranja County consists of seven cities— Beli Manastir , Belišće , Donji Miholjac , Đakovo, Našice, Osijek and Valpovo—and 35 municipalities. The Požega-Slavonia County comprises five cities— Kutjevo , Lipik , Pakrac, Pleternica and Požega—and five municipalities. The Virovitica-Podravina County covers three cities—Orahovica, Slatina and Virovitica—and 13 municipalities. The Vukovar-Srijem County encompasses five cities—Ilok, Otok , Vinkovci, Vukovar and Županja—and 26 municipalities. The whole of Slavonia

12896-512: The residents of the Duchy of Carniola , Duchy of Styria , Duchy of Carinthia and Prekmurje . In 1918, the final year of the War, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was suffering from an internal crisis accompanied by unrest amongst the multiple Slavic peoples within its borders. The South Slavic peoples were divided between various subdivisions of the monarchy: Activities of the pro-Yugoslav forces in

13020-524: The role of the administrative and military centre of the newly formed Kingdom of Slavonia from Požega. The 1830s and 1840s saw romantic nationalism inspire the Croatian National Revival , a political and cultural campaign advocating unity of all South Slavs in the empire. Its primary focus was the establishment of a standard language as a counterweight to Hungarian , along with the promotion of Croatian literature and culture. During

13144-601: The second half of the 16th century Vlachs from Slavonia were no longer an exclusive part of population because the Vlach privileges were attractive for many non-Vlachs who mixed with the Vlachs in order to get their status. To replace the fleeing Croats, the Habsburgs called on the Orthodox populations of Bosnia and Serbia to provide military service in the Croatian Military Frontier. Serb migration into this region peaked during

13268-658: The sites are found in the river valleys of northern Croatia, including Slavonia. The most significant cultures whose presence was found include the Starčevo culture whose finds were discovered near Slavonski Brod and dated to 6100–5200  BC , the Vučedol culture , the Baden culture and the Kostolac culture . Most finds attributed to the Baden and Vučedol cultures are discovered in

13392-481: The territory of the counties includes Baranya , and the definition of the western extent of Slavonia as a region varies. The counties cover 12,556 square kilometres (4,848 square miles) or 22.2% of Croatia, inhabited by 806,192—18.8% of Croatia's population. The largest city in the region is Osijek , followed by Slavonski Brod and Vinkovci . Slavonia is located in the Pannonian Basin , largely bordered by

13516-412: The territory that had been included in the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Italian troops then occupied Istria and much of Dalmatia and remained there until 1921, when the Treaty of Rapallo came into effect. The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs did not obtain international diplomatic recognition before it ceased to exist. In a note of 31 October, the National Council informed the governments of

13640-463: The total population of the five counties of Slavonia was 806,192, accounting for 19% of population of Croatia. The largest portion of the total population of Slavonia lives in Osijek-Baranja county, followed by Vukovar-Syrmia county. Požega-Slavonia county is the least populous county of Slavonia. Overall the population density stands at 64.2 persons per square kilometre. The population density ranges from 77.6 to 40.9 persons per square kilometre, with

13764-417: The traditional culture. A particular impact was made by Baroque art and architecture of the 18th century, when the cities of Slavonia started developing after the Ottoman wars ended and stability was restored to the area. The period saw great prominence of the nobility, who were awarded estates in Slavonia by the imperial court in return for their service during the wars. They included Prince Eugene of Savoy ,

13888-660: The war was coming to an end. By early October, the Slovene-Croat-Serb movement were planning to set up a National Assembly. Svetozar Pribićević , the leader of the Croat-Serb Coalition, confronted Srđan Budisavljević , one of the leaders of this movement, in an effort to determine whether these plans were meant to undermine the Coalition, and the two reached an understanding whereby the Coalition would be invited to join any future National Council before

14012-587: The war, the new Yugoslav government interned local Germans in camps in Slavonia, the largest of which were in Valpovo and Krndija, where many died of hunger and diseases. After World War II, Croatia—including Slavonia—became a single-party Socialist federal unit of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , ruled by the Communists , but enjoying a degree of autonomy within the federation. The autonomy effectively increased after

14136-681: Was Academia Posegana operating in Požega between 1761 and 1776, as an extension of a gymnasium operating in the city continuously, since it opened in 1699 as the first secondary education school in Slavonia. The cuisine of Slavonia reflects cultural influences on the region through the diversity of its culinary influences. The most significant among those were from Hungarian , Viennese , Central European, as well as Turkish and Arab cuisines brought by series of conquests and accompanying social influences. The ingredients of traditional dishes are pickled vegetables, dairy products and smoked meats . The most famous traditional preserved meat product

14260-569: Was a new wave of colonization, about 10,000 families which are assumed to come from Sanjak of Klis or with less possibility from area of Sanjak of Bosnia . The areas acquired through the Treaty of Karlowitz were assigned to Croatia, itself in the union with Hungary and the union ruled by the Habsburgs. The border area along the Una , Sava and Danube rivers became the Slavonian Military Frontier . At this time, Osijek took over

14384-403: Was a part of Hungary. Croatia and Slavonia were in 1476 united under the same ban ( viceroy ), but kept separate parliaments until 1558. The Ottoman conquests in Croatia led to the 1493 Battle of Krbava field and 1526 Battle of Mohács , both ending in decisive Ottoman victories. King Louis II of Hungary died at Mohács, and Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg was elected in 1527 as

14508-597: Was a political entity that was constituted in October 1918, at the end of World War I , by Slovenes , Croats and Serbs ( Prečani ) residing in what were the southernmost parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . Although internationally unrecognised , this was the first incarnation of a Yugoslav state founded on the Pan-Slavic ideology. Thirty-three days after it was proclaimed, the state joined

14632-932: Was accompanied by increasing quality and growing recognition at home and abroad. Grape vines were first grown in the region of Ilok, as early as the 3rd century AD. The oldest Slavonian wine cellar still in continuous use for winemaking is located in Kutjevo—built in 1232 by Cistercians . Slavonian oak is used to make botti , large barrels traditionally used in the Piedmont region of Italy to make nebbiolo wines. 45°27′N 17°55′E  /  45.450°N 17.917°E  / 45.450; 17.917 State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs ( Serbo-Croatian : Država Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba / Држава Словенаца, Хрвата и Срба ; Slovene : Država Slovencev, Hrvatov in Srbov )

14756-549: Was established on 5–8 October 1918 in Zagreb, pursuant to the decisions reached in March 1918. The Council declared itself a political representative body of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs living in Croatia-Slavonia, Fiume, Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Istria , Trieste , Carniola , Gorizia and Gradisca , Styria , Carinthia , Bačka , Banat , Baranya , Međimurje and elsewhere in southwest Hungary. The Council established its own Central Committee and Presidency, while one member of

14880-490: Was granted to Slavonia by king Vladislaus II Jagiellon on 8 December 1496. Following the Battle of Mohács, the Ottomans expanded their possessions in Slavonia seizing Đakovo in 1536 and Požega in 1537, defeating a Habsburg army led by Johann Katzianer , who was attempting to retake Slavonia, at Gorjani in September 1537. By 1540, Osijek was also under firm control of the Ottomans, and regular administration in Slavonia

15004-483: Was introduced by establishing the Sanjak of Pojega . The Ottoman control in Slavonia expanded as Novska surrendered the same year. Turkish conquest continued— Našice were seized in 1541, Orahovica and Slatina in 1542, and in 1543, Voćin , Sirač and, after a 40-day siege, Valpovo . In 1544, Ottoman forces conquered Pakrac . Lessening hostilities brought about a five-year truce in 1547 and temporary stabilization of

15128-445: Was recorded on 24 January 1963 in Slavonski Brod, and the highest temperature of 40.5  °C (104.9  °F ) was recorded on 5 July 1950 in Đakovo. The lowest level of precipitation is recorded in the eastern parts of Slavonia at less than 700 millimetres (28 inches) per year, mostly during the growing season . The western parts of Slavonia receive 900 to 1,000 millimetres (35 to 39 inches) precipitation. Low winter temperatures and

15252-496: Was renamed Pannonia and divided within two decades. After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire , which included the territory occupied by modern-day Slavonia, the area became a part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom by the end of the 5th century. However, control of the area proved a significant task, and Lombards were given increasing control of Pannonia in the 6th century, which ended in their withdrawal in 568 and

15376-604: Was signed in 1920, at the end of World War I , between the Allies of World War I and Hungary as one of the successor states to Austria-Hungary. The treaty established the southern border of Hungary along the Drava and Mura rivers, except in Baranya , where only the northern part of the county was kept by Hungary. The territorial acquisition in Baranya was not made a part of Slavonia, even though adjacent to Osijek, because pre-1918 administrative divisions were disestablished by

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