91-612: Xu Huansheng ( Chinese : 徐焕升 ; pinyin : Xú Huànshēng ; Wade–Giles : Hsu Huang-sheng ; 1906 – March 4, 1984) was a combat aviator of the Republic of China Air Force . He was from the first graduating class of the Huangpu (Whampoa) Military Academy 's aviation school. Xu Huansheng helped further develop the curriculum at the Central Army Academy Aviation Corps as it transitioned into
182-591: A GDP of one trillion yuan (154 billion US dollars). Moreover, the financial news portal Yicai.com released its 2017 ranking of China's new first-tier cities, and Changsha was a newcomer. As of 2020, more than 164 Global 500 companies have established branches in Changsha. As a new first-tier city, Changsha is rated #10 in terms of its commercial worth. As of 2021, Changsha's GDP exceeded RMB 1.327 trillion (US$ 208 billion in nominal and US$ 318 billion in PPP ), making it
273-509: A certain extent in South Korea , remain virtually identical to traditional characters, with variations between the two forms largely stylistic. There has historically been a debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters . Because the simplifications are fairly systematic, it is possible to convert computer-encoded characters between the two sets, with the main issue being ambiguities in simplified representations resulting from
364-875: A cultural complex designed by the British firm Zaha Hadid Architects overlooking the Meixi Lake at the Meixihu subdistrict of the city. Others include the Young Mao Zedong statue on Orange Isle , Meixi Lake Park , Changsha IFS Tower , Window of the World , Kaifu Temple and Changsha Ice World. Yuelu Mountain is named after the "Nanyue Ji" written in the Liu and Song dynasties in the Southern and Northern dynasties, which states that "the surrounding area of Nanyue
455-493: A moderately developed country. As of 2023, Changsha hosts 59 institutions of higher education , ranking 8th nationwide among all cities in China. The city houses four Double First-Class Construction universities: Hunan , National University of Defense Technology , Central South , and Hunan Normal , making Changsha the seat of several highly ranked educational institutions. It is a major centre of research and innovation in
546-539: A national new area . Changsha is in northeast Hunan Province, the lower reaches of the Xiang River and the western part of the Changliu Basin . It lies between 111°53' to 114°15' east longitude and 27°51' to 28°41' north latitude. The city borders Yichun and Pingxiang of Jiangxi Province in the east, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan in the south, Loudi and Yiyang in the west, and Yueyang and Yiyang in
637-553: A superior prefecture. Under the Qing (17th–20th centuries), Changsha was the capital of Hunan and prospered as one of China's chief rice markets. During the Taiping Rebellion , the city was besieged by the rebels in 1852 or 1854 for three months but never fell. The rebels moved on to Wuhan , but Changsha then became the principal base for the government's suppression of the rebellion. The 1903 Treaty of Shanghai between
728-502: Is Wu Guiying and the current mayor is Zheng Jianxin [ zh ] . Changsha is one of China's 15 most "developed and economically advanced" cities. The city's GDP per capita exceeded $ 20,000 in nominal ($ 30,000 in PPP ) in 2021, which is considered a high-income status by the World Bank and a primary developed city according to the international standard. The HDI of Changsha reached 0.817 (very high) in 2016, which
819-869: Is 産 (also the accepted form in Japan and Korea), while in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan the accepted form is 產 (also the accepted form in Vietnamese chữ Nôm ). The PRC tends to print material intended for people in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese in traditional characters. For example, versions of the People's Daily are printed in traditional characters, and both People's Daily and Xinhua have traditional character versions of their website available, using Big5 encoding. Mainland companies selling products in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan use traditional characters in order to communicate with consumers;
910-624: Is 1,499 millimetres (59.0 in), with a 275-day frost-free period. With a monthly possible-sunshine percentage ranging from 20% in January to 53% in July, the city receives 1,532.8 hours of bright sunshine annually. The four seasons are distinct. The summers are long and very hot, with heavy rainfall, and autumn is comfortable and is the driest season. Winter is chilly and overcast with lighter rainfall more likely than downpours; cold snaps occur with temperatures occasionally dropping below freezing. Spring
1001-603: Is Zhanhu ( 湛湖 ) in Qiaokou Town , 23.5 m (77 ft). The Xiang is the main river in the city, running 74 km (46 mi) northward through the territory. 15 tributaries flow into the Xiang, of which the Liuyang , Laodao , Jinjiang and Wei are the four largest. The Xiang divides the city into two parts. The eastern part is mainly commercial and the west is mainly cultural and educational. On 10 October 2001,
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#17327827984521092-639: Is also a descendant of the Yuelu Academy . Some of its buildings were remodeled from 1981 to 1986 according to their presumed original Song design. During the Mongol conquest of the Southern Song , Tanzhou was fiercely defended by the local Song troops. After the city finally fell, the defenders committed mass suicide. Under the Ming (14th–17th centuries), Tanzhou was again renamed Changsha and made
1183-979: Is eight hundred miles, with Huiyan as the head and Yuelu as the foot." Yuelu Mountain is located on the west bank of the Xiangjiang River in Yuelu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province; Orange Island is located in the middle of the Xiangjiang River, running through the center of the river from south to north, looking at Yuelu to the west and the ancient city to the east. There are 977 species of plants in 559 genera and 174 families in Yuelu Mountain Scenic Area. They are mainly typical subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests and subtropical warm coniferous forests. In some areas, large areas of native evergreen broad-leaved secondary forests are preserved. A large number of precious endangered tree species and ancient and famous trees. Orange Island
1274-588: Is especially rainy and humid with the sun shining less than 30% of the time. The minimum temperature ever recorded since 1951 at the current Wangchengpo Weather Observing Station was −12.0 °C (10.4 °F), recorded on 9 February 1972. The maximum was 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) on 13 August 1953 and 2 August 2003 [the unofficial record of 43.0 °C (109.4 °F) was set on 10 August 1934]. The municipality of Changsha exercises jurisdiction over six districts , one county and two county-level cities : (2010 census) The current CPC Party Secretary of Changsha
1365-424: Is in Changsha and produces some of the most popular programs in China, including Super Girl . These programs have also brought a new entertainment industry into the city, which includes singing bars, dance clubs, theater shows, as well as related businesses including hair salons, fashion stores, and shops for hot spicy snacks at night (especially during summer). While Changsha has developed into an entertainment hub,
1456-498: Is located in the center of the Xiangjiang River in Yuelu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province. The original area is about 17 hectares, and the overall developed land area of the scenic spot reaches 91.64 hectares. It is the largest sandbar among the many alluvial sandbars in the lower reaches of the Xiangjiang River, and is known as "China's First Continent" . Orange Island has Mao Zedong Youth Art Sculpture, Wen Tiantai and other attractions. According to historical records, Orange Island
1547-587: Is no firm evidence of such a link. Evidence exists that people lived and thrived in the area during the Bronze Age . Numerous examples of pottery and other objects have been discovered. Later Chinese legends related that the Flame and Yellow Emperors visited the area. Sima Qian 's history states that the Yellow Emperor granted his eldest son Shaohao the lands of Changsha and its neighbors. During
1638-516: Is now a museum that includes Mao's living quarters, photographs and other historical items from the 1920s. Until May 1927, communist support remained strong in Changsha before the massacre carried out by the right-wing faction of the KMT troops. The faction owed its allegiance to Chiang Kai-shek during its offensive against the KMT's left-wing faction under Wang Jingwei , who was then allied closely with
1729-503: Is projected to be among the world's top 50 largest cities according to a study by Oxford Economics in 2035 and its nominal GDP per capita will reach US$ 41,000 in 2030. The Changsha ETZ was founded in 1992. It is located in Xingsha in eastern Changsha. The total planned area is 38.6 km (14.9 sq mi) and the current area is 38.6 km (14.9 sq mi). Near the zone are National Highways 319 and 107 as well as
1820-553: Is regulated by the Ministry of Education and standardized in the Standard Form of National Characters . These forms were predominant in written Chinese until the middle of the 20th century, when various countries that use Chinese characters began standardizing simplified sets of characters, often with characters that existed before as well-known variants of the predominant forms. Simplified characters as codified by
1911-680: Is roughly comparable to a moderately developed country. Changsha is now one of the core cities in the South Central China region, the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the Belt and Road Initiative , a Beta- (global second-tier) city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network , a new Chinese first-tier city and also a pioneering area for China-Africa economic and trade cooperation. Known as
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#17327827984522002-414: Is said that Xu Huansheng was featured among the "12 most notable aviators" in a 1944 issue of Life magazine , and in it he is described as the first man who led an air raid on Japan, before Doolittle . Traditional Chinese characters Traditional Chinese characters are a standard set of Chinese character forms used to write Chinese languages . In Taiwan , the set of traditional characters
2093-522: Is the pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of the Chinese name 長沙 or 长沙 , meaning "long sandy place". The name's origin is unknown. It is attested as early as the 11th century BC , when a vassal lord of the area sent King Cheng of Zhou a gift described as a "Changsha softshell turtle " ( 长沙 鳖 ; 長沙 鼈 ; Chángshā biē ). In the 2nd century AD, historian Ying Shao wrote that
2184-529: Is the former residence of Comrade Liu Shaoqi, the revolutionary great man and former president of the country. Hunan Museum, located at No. 50 Dongfeng Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, is one of the first batch of national first-level museums in China, one of the eight national key museums jointly built by the central and local governments, and the largest comprehensive history and art museum in Hunan Province. The Hunan Provincial Museum
2275-493: The Chinese Commercial News , World News , and United Daily News all use traditional characters, as do some Hong Kong–based magazines such as Yazhou Zhoukan . The Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified characters. DVDs are usually subtitled using traditional characters, influenced by media from Taiwan as well as by the two countries sharing the same DVD region , 3. With most having immigrated to
2366-750: The 2020 Chinese census , the prefecture-level city of Changsha had a population of 10,047,914 inhabitants. Changsha has a history of more than 2,400 years of urban construction, and the name "Changsha" first appeared in the Yi Zhou Shu written in the pre-Qin era. In the Qin dynasty , the Changsha Commandery was set up, and in the Western Han dynasty , the Changsha Kingdom was established. The Tongguan Kiln in Changsha during
2457-696: The Central Aviation Academy based at Jianqiao Airbase , accepting training of officers and new pilots as well as integrating experienced pilots from the various warlord air forces as conflict loomed between China and the Empire of Japan . Xu Huansheng had pursued advanced studies at the Jiangsu Medical University , aviation academics in Germany and Italy, and then serving as a medical flight officer and pilot training at
2548-688: The Central Aviation Academy. He also served as a pilot for the transport of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek . Major General Tang Duo of the PLAAF and General Wang Shuming of the RoCAF were both student-interns along with Xu Huansheng in the inaugural class of military aircraft studies at the site of the Guangzhou Dashatou Aircraft Factory at the Dashatou Aerodrome in 1925, of which Hawaiian-born Sen Yet Young
2639-561: The Communists . The purge of communists and suspected communists was part of Chiang's plans for consolidating his hold over the KMT, weakening Wang's control, and thereby over the entire China. In a period of twenty days, Chiang's forces killed more than ten thousand people in Changsha and its outskirts. During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45), Changsha's strategic location made it the focus of four campaigns by
2730-794: The G4 Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway . The zone is also very close to Changsha's downtown area and the railway station, while the distance between the zone and the city's airport is a mere 8 km (5.0 mi). The major industries in the zone include the high-tech industry, the biology project technology industry, and the new material industry. The Liuyang ETZ is a national biological industry base created on 10 January 1998, located in Dongyang Town . Its pillar industry comprises biological pharmacy , Information technology and Health food . As of 2015 , It has more than 700 registered enterprises. The total industrial output value of
2821-520: The GaWC , a new Chinese first-tier city and also a pioneering area for China-Africa economic and trade cooperation. Known as the "Construction machinery capital of the world", Changsha has an industrial chain with construction machinery and new materials as the main industries, complemented by automobiles, electronic information, household appliances, and biomedicine. Since the 1990s, Changsha has begun to accelerate economic development, and then achieved
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2912-631: The Imperial Japanese Army to capture it from the Nationalist Army : these campaigns were the 1st Changsha , the 2nd Changsha , the 3rd Changsha , and the 4th Changsha . The city was able to repulse the first three attacks thanks to Xue Yue 's leadership, but ultimately fell into Japanese hands in 1944 for a year until the Japanese were defeated in a counterattack and forced to surrender. Before these Japanese campaigns,
3003-672: The Kensiu language . Changsha Changsha is the capital of Hunan , China. It is the 17th most populous city in China with a population of over 10 million, and the third-most populous city in Central China , located in the lower reaches of the Xiang River in northeastern Hunan. The city forms a part of the Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region along with Zhuzhou and Xiangtan , also known as Changzhutan City Cluster. Greater Changsha
3094-767: The People's Republic of China are predominantly used in mainland China , Malaysia, and Singapore. "Traditional" as such is a retronym applied to non-simplified character sets in the wake of widespread use of simplified characters. Traditional characters are commonly used in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and Macau , as well as in most overseas Chinese communities outside of Southeast Asia. As for non-Chinese languages written using Chinese characters, Japanese kanji include many simplified characters known as shinjitai standardized after World War II, sometimes distinct from their simplified Chinese counterparts . Korean hanja , still used to
3185-502: The Qin use of the name "Changsha" for the area was a continuance of its old name. The name originally described the area. The Chu metropolis was known as Qingyang . The capital of the Kingdom of Changsha —within the present-day city of Changsha—was known as Linxiang , meaning "[place] Overlooking the Xiang River ". Development started around 3000 BC when Changsha developed with the proliferation of Longshan culture , although there
3276-501: The Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) , Changsha was a staging post for expeditions south into Guangdong that led to its conquest and the establishment of the Nanyue kingdom. Under the Han (3rd century BC – 3rd century AD), Linxiang was the capital of the kingdom of Changsha . At first this was a client state held by Liu Bang 's Baiyue ally Wu Rui that served as a means of controlling
3367-493: The Republican Era , Changsha became one of the major home fronts in the Second Sino-Japanese War , but the subsequent Wenxi Fire in 1938 and the three Battles of Changsha from 1939 to 1942 ( 1939 , 1941 and 1941–42 ) hit Changsha's economy and urban construction hard. Changsha is now one of the core cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the Belt and Road Initiative , a Beta- (global second-tier) city by
3458-640: The Shanghainese -language character U+20C8E 𠲎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-20C8E —a composition of 伐 with the ⼝ 'MOUTH' radical—used instead of the Standard Chinese 嗎 ; 吗 . Typefaces often use the initialism TC to signify the use of traditional Chinese characters, as well as SC for simplified Chinese characters . In addition, the Noto, Italy family of typefaces, for example, also provides separate fonts for
3549-595: The Spring and Autumn period (8th–5th century BC), the Yue culture spread into the area around Changsha. During the succeeding Warring States period , Chu took control of Changsha. Its capital, Qingyang, became an important southern outpost of the kingdom. In 1951–57 archaeologists explored numerous large and medium-sized Chu tombs from the Warring States Era. More than 3,000 tombs have been discovered. Under
3640-580: The Tang dynasty produced the world's earliest underglaze porcelain , which was exported to Western Asia , Africa and Europe . In the period of the Five Dynasties , Changsha was the capital of Southern Chu . In the Northern Song dynasty , the Yuelu Academy (later Hunan University ) was one of the four major private academies over the last 1000 years. In the late Qing dynasty , Changsha
3731-721: The Yali School . Following the Xinhai Revolution , further development followed the opening of the railway to Hankou in Hubei province in 1918, which was later extended to Guangzhou in Guangdong Province in 1936. Although Changsha's population grew, the city remained primarily commercial in character. Before 1937, it had little industry apart from some small cotton - textile , glass, and nonferrous -metal plants and handicraft enterprises. Mao Zedong ,
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3822-518: The Yuan before being restored in the late 15th century under the Ming . Early 19th-century graduates of the academy formed what one historian called a "network of messianic alumni", including Zeng Guofan , architect of the Tongzhi Restoration , and Cai E , a major leader in the defense of the Republic of China . In 1903 the academy became Hunan High School. Modern-day Hunan University
3913-436: The "Construction Machinery Capital of the world", Changsha has an industrial chain with construction machinery and new materials as the main industries, complemented by automobiles, electronic information, household appliances, and biomedicine. Since the 1990s, Changsha has begun to accelerate economic development, and then achieved the highest growth rate among China's major cities during the 2000s. The Xiangjiang New Area ,
4004-469: The 14th Bomber Squadron, numbered "1403" and 1404", flying out from Wuhan Wangjiadun Airbase (武汉王家墩空军基地), and landing at the forward-auxiliary Ningbo Lishe Airbase (宁波栎社空军基地) for refueling, before proceeding on the 885 kilometres (550 mi) flight towards southern Japan through inclement weather which cleared up as the Chinese airmen approached the coast of Kyushu , Japan . The Chinese bombers entered
4095-520: The 1990s, becoming one of the important cities in the central and western regions. At the end of 2007, Changsha, Zhuzhou, and Xiangtan received approval from the State Council for the " Chang-Zhu-Tan (Greater Changsha) Resource-Saving and Environment-Friendly Society Comprehensive Reform Pilot Area", an important engine in the Rise of Central China plan . In 2015, Xiangjiang New Area was approved as
4186-537: The 5th most wealthy city in the South-Central China region after Shenzhen , Guangzhou , Hong Kong , and Wuhan and the 2nd richest city in the Central China region after Wuhan. Changsha's GDP (nominal) was US$ 208 billion in 2021, exceeding that of Ukraine and Hungary, with GDPs of US$ 200 billion and US$ 182 billion, the 22nd and 23rd largest economies in Europe respectively. Changsha has also led
4277-465: The Asia-Pacific with a high level of scientific research, ranking 23rd globally in 2024. Changsha is the birthplace of super hybrid rice , the Tianhe-1 supercomputer , China's first laser 3D printer, and China's first domestic medium-low speed maglev line. Changsha has been named the first "UNESCO City of Media Arts" in China. The city is home to the Hunan Broadcasting System (HBS), the most influential provincial TV station in China. Chángshā
4368-508: The Chang (Sha) Ping (Jiang) Basin, was formed. Beginning of the new generation, the entire Changping Basin has risen to land. About 3.5 million years ago, the third ice age occurred on the earth, and Liuyang retained the remains of glacier landforms. Changsha has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ), with annual average temperature being at 17.8 °C (64.0 °F), with a mean of 5.3 °C (41.5 °F) in January and 29.4 °C (84.9 °F) in July. Average annual precipitation
4459-595: The Chinese bombers were flying over Sanmenwan off the coast of Zhejiang when Imperial Japanese warships moored below started firing Anti-aircraft artillery at the Chinese B-10s, without any effect. The two bombers reaching separate refueling points: B-10 #1404 landed at Yushan Airbase (玉山空军基地) at 0848 and B-10 #1403 landed at Qingyunpu Airbase (青云谱空军基地) at 0932; both Capt. Xu and Lt. Tong and their crews returned to Wangjiadun Airbase by midday, where they were greeted with fanfare by top dignitaries including Premier Kung Hsiang-hsi and chief CCP-KMT liaison Zhou Enlai . It
4550-409: The Hui, Tujia, and Miao peoples. The 2000 census showed that 48,564 members of ethnic minorities live in Changsha, 0.7% of the population. The other minorities make up a significantly smaller part of the population. Twenty ethnic minorities have fewer than 1,000 members living in the city. Hunan Broadcasting System is China's largest television after China Central Television (CCTV). Its headquarters
4641-451: The People's Republic of China, traditional Chinese characters are standardised according to the Table of Comparison between Standard, Traditional and Variant Chinese Characters . Dictionaries published in mainland China generally show both simplified and their traditional counterparts. There are differences between the accepted traditional forms in mainland China and elsewhere, for example the accepted traditional form of 产 in mainland China
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#17327827984524732-418: The Qing and Japanese empires opened the city to foreign trade effective 1904. Most favored nation clauses in other unequal treaties extended the Japanese gains to the Western powers as well. Consequently, international capital entered the town and factories, churches, and schools were built. A college was started by Yale alumni, which later became a medical centre named Xiangya and a secondary school named
4823-494: The Six Dynasties, Hunan's food culture was rich and active. The Ming and Qing dynasties are the golden age for the development of Hunan cuisine. The unique style of Hunan cuisine is basically a foregone conclusion. At the end of the Qing dynasty, there were two kinds of Hunan cuisine restaurants in Changsha. In the early years of the Republic of China, the famous Dai (Yang Ming) School, Sheng (Shan Zhai) School, Xiao (Lu Song) School, and Zuyu School appeared in various genres, which laid
4914-419: The United States during the second half of the 19th century, Chinese Americans have long used traditional characters. When not providing both, US public notices and signs in Chinese are generally written in traditional characters, more often than in simplified characters. In the past, traditional Chinese was most often encoded on computers using the Big5 standard, which favored traditional characters. However,
5005-406: The Xiang River Basin. According to the tributary grading there are 24 primary tributaries, 128 secondary tributaries, 118 third tributaries, and 32 tributaries; and 13 are Zijiang water systems; a fairly complete water system is formed, and the river network is densely distributed. Hydrological characteristics of Changsha: the water system is complete, the river network dense; the water volume greater,
5096-448: The airspace over Nagasaki at 0245, 20 May 1938, without any response from Japanese defenses, reducing altitude and dropping a flare bomb to help with the payload release, and starting their "bombing" of Nagasaki before splitting up and proceeding to other civilian centers including Fukuoka , Saga , among other cities, reconnoitering Japanese commercial, military and industrial assets. The Japanese defenses in Nagasaki eventually determined
5187-457: The city has also become increasingly westernized and has attracted a growing number of foreigners. Various types of cuisine are found in Changsha, yet the hot and spicy Hunan cuisine typical of the region remains the most popular. The snack chain Juewei Duck Neck , which now has over 10,000 outlets, originates from Changsha. The city has its own siu yeh culture. In May 2008, the BBC broadcast, as part of its Storyville documentary series,
5278-529: The city was already virtually destroyed by the 1938 Changsha Fire , a deliberate fire ordered by Kuomintang commanders who mistakenly feared the city was about to fall to the Japanese; Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek had suggested that the city be burned so that the Japanese force would gain nothing after entering it. Following the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War , Changsha slowly recovered from its former damage. Since Deng Xiaoping 's Reform and Opening Up Policy , Changsha has rapidly developed since
5369-548: The development of the night economy and as of 2021, it ranked 2nd nationwide after Chongqing in terms of nighttime economic power according to the "China City Night Economy Impact Report 2021-2022". According to the Hurun Global Rich List, Changsha ranked among the top 35 cities globally as of 2022, and as of 2024, it ranked first in the Central China region and 9th in Greater China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Hangzhou, Taipei, Guangzhou, and Ningbo) in terms of resident billionaires. Changsha's nominal GDP
5460-413: The earliest surviving copies of the Tao Te Ching and other important literary and historical documents. When Wu Rui's descendant Wu Zhu ( 吳 著 , Wú Zhù ) died childless in 157 BC , the kingdom was granted to a cadet branch of the imperial family as their fief. The kingdom was abolished under Wang Mang 's short-lived Xin dynasty and briefly revived by the Eastern Han . In AD 33, its prince
5551-422: The first state-level new area in Central China, was established in 2015. Changsha also has a prominent media and publishing industry, and has been named the first "UNESCO City of Media Arts" in China. Changsha is home to the Hunan Broadcasting System (HBS), the most influential provincial TV station in China. In 2017, Changsha made its way into the 1-trillion-yuan GDP club, becoming the 13th city in China with
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#17327827984525642-416: The founder of the People's Republic of China , began his political career in Changsha. He was a student at the Hunan Number 1 Teachers' Training School from 1913 to 1918. He later returned as a teacher and principal from 1920 to 1922. The school was destroyed during the Chinese Civil War but has since been restored. The former office of the Hunan Communist Party Central Committee where Mao Zedong once lived
5733-451: The four-part The Biggest Chinese Restaurant in the World , which explored the inner workings of the 5,000-seating-capacity West Lake Restaurant ( Xihu Lou Jiujia ) in Changsha. During the Warring States period, Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet, recorded many dishes in Hunan in his famous poem "The Soul"( 招魂 ). During the Western Han dynasty, there were 109 varieties of dishes in Hunan, and there were nine categories of cooking methods. After
5824-403: The highest growth rate among China's major cities during the 2000s. The Xiangjiang New Area , the first state-level new area in Central China, was established in 2015. As of 2023, more than 180 Global 500 companies have established branches in Changsha. The city has the 27th largest skyline in the world . The HDI of Changsha reached 0.817 (very high) in 2016, which is roughly comparable to
5915-469: The intrusion and blacked-out the lights in the city, nonetheless, a clear moonlight provided good illumination for the Chinese aircrews of the landscape and terrain below. The two B-10 bombers rendezvoused at 0332 and reconnoitered for another half-hour before proceeding back to mainland China. As scheduled, radio direction finding signals for Capt. Xu and Lt. Tong were starting transmission from Changsha and Hankou at 0452 and 0550 respectively, and at 0712
6006-493: The inverse is equally true as well. In digital media, many cultural phenomena imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan into mainland China, such as music videos, karaoke videos, subtitled movies, and subtitled dramas, use traditional Chinese characters. In Hong Kong and Macau , traditional characters were retained during the colonial period, while the mainland adopted simplified characters. Simplified characters are contemporaneously used to accommodate immigrants and tourists, often from
6097-725: The mainland. The increasing use of simplified characters has led to concern among residents regarding protecting what they see as their local heritage. Taiwan has never adopted simplified characters. The use of simplified characters in government documents and educational settings is discouraged by the government of Taiwan. Nevertheless, with sufficient context simplified characters are likely to be successfully read by those used to traditional characters, especially given some previous exposure. Many simplified characters were previously variants that had long been in some use, with systematic stroke simplifications used in folk handwriting since antiquity. Traditional characters were recognized as
6188-682: The majority of Chinese text in mainland China are simplified characters , there is no legislation prohibiting the use of traditional Chinese characters, and often traditional Chinese characters remain in use for stylistic and commercial purposes, such as in shopfront displays and advertising. Traditional Chinese characters remain ubiquitous on buildings that predate the promulgation of the current simplification scheme, such as former government buildings, religious buildings, educational institutions, and historical monuments. Traditional Chinese characters continue to be used for ceremonial, cultural, scholarly/academic research, and artistic/decorative purposes. In
6279-916: The merging of previously distinct character forms. Many Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between these character sets. Traditional characters are known by different names throughout the Chinese-speaking world. The government of Taiwan officially refers to traditional Chinese characters as 正體字 ; 正体字 ; zhèngtǐzì ; 'orthodox characters'. This term is also used outside Taiwan to distinguish standard characters, including both simplified, and traditional, from other variants and idiomatic characters . Users of traditional characters elsewhere, as well as those using simplified characters, call traditional characters 繁體字 ; 繁体字 ; fántǐzì ; 'complex characters', 老字 ; lǎozì ; 'old characters', or 全體字 ; 全体字 ; quántǐzì ; 'full characters' to distinguish them from simplified characters. Some argue that since traditional characters are often
6370-403: The middle canton region. Under the Tang , Changsha prospered as a center of trade between central China and Southeast Asia but suffered during the Anshi Rebellion , when it fell to the rebels. In early 10th century, Changsha served as the capital of the state of Nanchu (南楚), or Southern Chu, established by Ma Yin (马殷) in 907, one of the ten southern war loads. Nanchu, lasted about 50 years,
6461-426: The north. It is about 230 kilometres from east to west and about 88 kilometres from north to south. Changsha covers an area of 11,819 km (4,563 sq mi), of which the urban area of 2,150.9 km (830.5 sq mi), the urban built-up area is 374.64 km (144.65 sq mi). Changsha's highest point is Mount Qixing ( 七星岭 ) in Daweishan Town , 1,607.9 m (5,275 ft). The lowest point
6552-677: The official script in Singapore until 1969, when the government officially adopted Simplified characters. Traditional characters still are widely used in contexts such as in baby and corporation names, advertisements, decorations, official documents and in newspapers. The Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative in Southeast Asia regarding simplification. Although major public universities teach in simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications such as
6643-700: The original standard forms, they should not be called 'complex'. Conversely, there is a common objection to the description of traditional characters as 'standard', due to them not being used by a large population of Chinese speakers. Additionally, as the process of Chinese character creation often made many characters more elaborate over time, there is sometimes a hesitation to characterize them as 'traditional'. Some people refer to traditional characters as 'proper characters' ( 正字 ; zhèngzì or 正寫 ; zhèngxiě ) and to simplified characters as 簡筆字 ; 简笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'simplified-stroke characters' or 減筆字 ; 减笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'reduced-stroke characters', as
6734-451: The restive Chu people and as a buffer state against Nanyue. By 202 BC, Linxiang had city walls to protect it against uprisings and invasions. The famous Mawangdui tombs were constructed between 186 and 165 BC. Lady Xin Zhui was buried in the earliest tomb (No. 2) and, during its excavation in the 1970s, was found to have been very well preserved. More importantly, the tombs included
6825-528: The seat of Changsha City was transferred from Fanzheng Street to Guanshaling . Since then, the economy of both sides of the Xiang River has achieved a balanced development. Most of the rivers in Changsha belong to the Xiang River system. In addition to the Xiangjiang River, 15 tributaries flow into the Xiang, mainly including Liuyang River, Laodao River, Minjiang River, and Qinshui River. 302 tributaries are more than five kilometers long, including 289 in
6916-636: The traditional character set used in Taiwan ( TC ) and the set used in Hong Kong ( HK ). Most Chinese-language webpages now use Unicode for their text. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends the use of the language tag zh-Hant to specify webpage content written with traditional characters. In the Japanese writing system , kyujitai are traditional forms, which were simplified to create shinjitai for standardized Japanese use following World War II. Kyūjitai are mostly congruent with
7007-985: The traditional characters in Chinese, save for minor stylistic variation. Characters that are not included in the jōyō kanji list are generally recommended to be printed in their traditional forms, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there are kokuji , which are kanji wholly created in Japan, rather than originally being borrowed from China. In the Korean writing system , hanja —replaced almost entirely by hangul in South Korea and totally replaced in North Korea —are mostly identical with their traditional counterparts, save minor stylistic variations. As with Japanese, there are autochthonous hanja, known as gukja . Traditional Chinese characters are also used by non-Chinese ethnic groups. The Maniq people living in Thailand and Malaysia use Chinese characters to write
7098-518: The ubiquitous Unicode standard gives equal weight to simplified and traditional Chinese characters, and has become by far the most popular encoding for Chinese-language text. There are various input method editors (IMEs) available for the input of Chinese characters . Many characters, often dialectical variants, are encoded in Unicode but cannot be inputted using certain IMEs, with one example being
7189-499: The water energy resources abundant; the winter not frozen, and the sediment content small. The geological features of Changsha City are: the formation is fully exposed, the granite body is widely distributed, and the geological structure is complex. The strata of each geological and historical period are exposed in Changsha City, and the oldest stratum was formed about one billion years ago. About 600 million years ago, Changsha
7280-539: The words for simplified and reduced are homophonous in Standard Chinese , both pronounced as jiǎn . The modern shapes of traditional Chinese characters first appeared with the emergence of the clerical script during the Han dynasty c. 200 BCE , with the sets of forms and norms more or less stable since the Southern and Northern dynasties period c. the 5th century . Although
7371-517: The zone hits 85.6 billion yuan (US$ 13.7 billion) and its business income is 100.2 billion yuan (US$ 16.1 billion). Its builtup area covers 16.5 km (6.4 sq mi). Tourism is a major industry in Changsha. Changsha has been consistently ranked as China's top tourist city. There are several sites in Changsha, notably the Yuelu Academy and the Changsha Meixihu International Culture and Arts Centre ,
7462-429: Was a sea, but the sea was not deep. Later, seawater gradually withdrew from the east and west, and most of Liuyang, Changsha, and Wangcheng rose out of the sea and became the northwestern edge of the ancient land of Jiangnan. About 140 million years ago, the sea leaching in the Changsha area ended and it became a land. Due to the influence of crustal movement and geological structure, a long-shaped mountain depression basin,
7553-630: Was decided that the limited strategic bombing of such targets would be of little value in the effort to stem the Imperial Japanese aggressions and war crimes, and thus it was decided that dropping massive amounts of anti-war leaflets in a humanitarian mission to "raise the conscience of the Japanese people against the atrocities committed by the Imperial Japanese warmongers in China" would be more effective. On 19 May 1938, Capt. Xu Huansheng and Lt. Tong Yanbo started their long-planned "strategic bombing" mission into Japan with their B-10 bombers of
7644-583: Was demoted and the area administered as Linxiang County [ zh ] and Changsha Commandery . Following the turmoil of the Three Kingdoms , Emperor Wu of Jin granted Changsha to his sixth son Sima Yi . The local government had over 100 counties at the beginning of the dynasty. Over the course of the dynasty, the local government of Changsha lost control over a few counties, leaving them to local rule. The Sui dynasty (6th century) renamed Xiangzhou to Changsha Tan Prefecture or Tanzhou. It
7735-508: Was formed in the second year of Yongxing (305), the second year of Emperor Hui of the Jin dynasty. It was formed by the alluvial accumulation of rapids and sand and gravel. Huaming Tower: Liu Shaoqi's former residence is a national high-end tourist attraction in China and a national key cultural relics protection unit.Huaming Tower, formerly known as Huamen Tower, is a beautiful town in the southeast of Ningxiang City, Changsha City, Hunan Province. It
7826-519: Was founded in the 23rd year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing dynasty (1897), and the current site is its new museum. As of the 2020 Chinese census , Changsha was home to 10,047,914 people, whom 7,355,198 lived in its built-up ( or metro ) area made of the 6 urban Districts plus Changsha County largely conurbated. The majority of people living in Changsha are Han Chinese. A sizeable population of ethnic minority groups also live in Changsha. The three largest are
7917-553: Was named after Zhaotan in the ninth year of Emperor Kaihuang (589 A.D.) of the Sui dynasty, and the Tanzhou General Manager was established. During the reign of Emperor Yang of the Sui dynasty, Tanzhou was abolished, and Changsha County, a first-level administrative unit, was established, but the jurisdiction area was reduced. Changsha's 3-tier administration was simplified to a 2-tier state and county system, eliminating
8008-497: Was named one of the 13 emerging mega-cities in China in 2012 by the Economist Intelligence Unit . It is also a National Comprehensive Transportation Hub, and one of the first National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in China . Changshanese, a kind of Xiang Chinese , is spoken in the downtown, while Ningxiangnese and Liuyangnese are also spoken in the counties and cities under its jurisdiction. As of
8099-596: Was one of the four major trade cities for rice and tea in China. In 1904, it was opened to foreign trade, and gradually became a revolutionary city. In Changsha, Tan Sitong established the School of Current Affairs, Huang Xing founded the China Arise Society with the slogan "Expel the Tatar barbarians and revive Zhonghua" (驱除鞑虏，复兴中华), and Mao Zedong also carried out his early political movements here. During
8190-645: Was the founding director. In March 1938, then-Captain Xu Huansheng was leading the training at Fenghuangshan Airbase (凤凰山空军基地) for a long-range strategic bombing into the Japanese home islands, choosing the Martin B-10 bomber (a.k.a. Model 139W ) as the ideal aircraft in the Chinese Air Force inventory to take-on the transoceanic mission; specifically with the targeting of Sasebo Naval Base and Yawata (steel works). As training progressed it
8281-574: Was the only independent state in the history that has ever been built in Hunan with Changsha as the capital, being eventually overthrown by Nantang (南唐) in 951. Under the Song dynasty , the Yuelu Academy was founded in 976. It was destroyed by war in 1127 and rebuilt in 1165, during which year the celebrated philosopher Zhu Xi taught there. It was again destroyed by the Mongols during the establishment of
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