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50-465: The Yemaek are believed to be the mix of the Ye (濊) and Maek (貊) people. He Qiutao (何秋涛) believes Ye is the short name of Buyeo . According to Chinese Records of Three Kingdoms , the Ye worshiped tigers. The Chinese characters 貊 and 貉, which were used to transcribe Maek , were also used as a homophonic phonetic loan character to write 貘, meaning "white leopard "; however, Guo Pu believes 貘 means

100-456: A descendant of Buyeo through their direct ancestral ties with Goguryeo and Baekje. This is seen in their representation of palace names that were named after former kingdoms that were considered their forefathers. Toponymy Toponymy , toponymics , or toponomastics is the study of toponyms ( proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names ), including their origins, meanings, usage and types. Toponym

150-509: A flying golden ram. The name, however, is probably derived from an older language, such as Pelasgian , which was unknown to those who explained its origin. In his Names on the Globe , George R. Stewart theorizes that Hellespont originally meant something like 'narrow Pontus' or 'entrance to Pontus', Pontus being an ancient name for the region around the Black Sea , and by extension, for

200-584: A kind of bear, now identified as the giant panda . Gomnaru , the capital of the Baekje Kingdom with ancestral ties to the Yemaek, means "bear port". Historians suggest tigers and bears may have been totems worshiped by Ye and Maek tribes. The Chinese character 狛, a variant form 貊 for Maek, is used in the Japanese language to transcribe Koma ( cf. Komainu ). Koma is sometimes written with

250-595: A military alliance was arranged. Two years later, Buyeo sent troops to the Xuantu commandery to prevent it from being destroyed by Goguryeo when it sent reinforcement to break the siege of the commandery seat. In AD 167, Buyeo attacked the Xuantu commandery but was defeated. When Emperor Xian (AD 189 – AD 220) ruled Eastern Han , Buyeo was reclassified as a tributary of the Liaodong Commandery of Han. In

300-829: A separate branch of macro-Tungusic . According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms , the Buyeo language was similar to those of Goguryeo and Ye , and the language of Okjeo was only slightly different from them. Both Goguryeo and Baekje , two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , considered themselves Buyeo's successors. The mythical founder of the Buyeo kingdom was Hae Mo-su , the Dongmyeong of Buyeo which literally means Holy King of Buyeo. After its foundation,

350-399: A toponym, its specific language, its pronunciation, and its origins and meaning are all important facts to be recorded during name surveys. Scholars have found that toponyms provide valuable insight into the historical geography of a particular region. In 1954, F. M. Powicke said of place-name study that it "uses, enriches and tests the discoveries of archaeology and history and the rules of

400-658: A wide variety of formats, including hard-copy topographic maps as well as digital formats such as geographic information systems , Google Maps , or thesauri like the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names . In 2002, the United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names acknowledged that while common, the practice of naming geographical places after living persons (toponymic commemoration) could be problematic. Therefore,

450-559: Is believed the replacement of the native Yemaek and Gojoseon languages in the existing three kingdoms was accelerated by the southward expansion of a large number of northern people in the late 3rd century. Currently, there are academic attempts to recover Yemaek language based on toponym fragments recorded in the Samguk Sagi from occupied areas of Goguryeo and the Buyeo-Baekje. According to Samguk Sagi , Silla Kingdom

500-632: Is called toponymist . The term toponymy comes from Ancient Greek : τόπος / tópos , 'place', and ὄνομα / onoma , 'name'. The Oxford English Dictionary records toponymy (meaning "place name") first appearing in English in 1876. Since then, toponym has come to replace the term place-name in professional discourse among geographers . Toponyms can be divided in two principal groups: Various types of geographical toponyms (geonyms) include, in alphabetical order: Various types of cosmographical toponyms (cosmonyms) include: Probably

550-481: Is revered, so they wear wide-sleeved dopo and baji made from white linens, as well as leather shoes. Buyeo had a law that makes the thief reimburse the price that is equivalent to twelve times of the original amount the person stole, and had an eye to eye approach in terms of law. In the 1930s, Chinese historian Jin Yufu (金毓黻) developed a linear model of descent for the people of Manchuria and northern Korea, from

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600-449: Is the general term for a proper name of any geographical feature , and full scope of the term also includes proper names of all cosmographical features. In a more specific sense, the term toponymy refers to an inventory of toponyms, while the discipline researching such names is referred to as toponymics or toponomastics . Toponymy is a branch of onomastics , the study of proper names of all kinds. A person who studies toponymy

650-747: Is the most level and open of the Eastern Dongyi archerian territories. Their land is suitable for cultivation of the five grains; they do not produce the five fruits. Their people are coarsely big; by temperament strong and brave, assiduous and generous, they are not prone to brigandage... For their dress within their state they favor white; they have large sleeves, gowns, and trousers, and on their feet they wear leather sandals... The people of their state are good at raising domestic animals; they also produce famous horses, red jade, sables, and beautiful pearls... For weapons they have bows, arrows, knives, and shields; each household has its own armorer. The elders of

700-683: The Buyeo language was similar to those of its southern neighbours Goguryeo and Ye , and that the language of Okjeo was only slightly different from them. Based on this account, Lee Ki-Moon grouped the four languages as the Puyŏ languages , contemporaneous with the Han languages of the Samhan confederacies in southern Korea. The earliest mentions of the Korean practice of wearing Minbok are also from this source. The text reads: In Buyeo, white clothing

750-717: The Jin Dynasty , Emperor Wu helped King Uira (依羅) revive Buyeo. According to accounts in the Zizhi Tongjian and the Book of Jin , the Murong attacked the Buyeo and forced the Buyeo to relocate several times in the 4th century. Goguryeo's attack sometime before 347 caused further decline. Having lost its stronghold on the Ashi River (within modern Harbin ), Buyeo moved southwestward to Nong'an . Around 347, Buyeo

800-728: The Mongol-Siberian nomadic cultures and that their ethnic origins were distinct from those of the Han Chinese . By the late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age , the Yemaek were technologically and culturally influenced by ancient Han Chinese who introduced ironmaking technology to them. In 705 BC, the Shanrong nomads (山戎) planned to plunder the Yan , Qi and Zhao kingdoms in the Guzhu text(孤竹國). However, these nomads were defeated by

850-537: The Persian Gulf naming dispute . On 20 September 1996 a note on the internet reflected a query by a Canadian surfer, who said as follows: 'One producer of maps labeled the water body "Persian Gulf" on a 1977 map of Iran, and then "Arabian Gulf", also in 1977, in a map which focused on the Gulf States . I would gather that this is an indication of the "politics of maps", but I would be interested to know if this

900-514: The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names recommends that it be avoided and that national authorities should set their own guidelines as to the time required after a person's death for the use of a commemorative name. In the same vein, writers Pinchevski and Torgovnik (2002) consider the naming of streets as a political act in which holders of the legitimate monopoly to name aspire to engrave their ideological views in

950-553: The dissolution of the Soviet Union . After 1830, in the wake of the Greek War of Independence and the establishment of an independent Greek state, Turkish, Slavic and Italian place names were Hellenized, as an effort of "toponymic cleansing." This nationalization of place names can also manifest itself in a postcolonial context. In Canada, there have been initiatives in recent years " to restore traditional names to reflect

1000-479: The philologists ." Toponyms not only illustrate ethnic settlement patterns, but they can also help identify discrete periods of immigration. Toponymists are responsible for the active preservation of their region's culture through its toponymy. They typically ensure the ongoing development of a geographical names database and associated publications, for recording and disseminating authoritative hard-copy and digital toponymic data. This data may be disseminated in

1050-647: The Guguryeo court eastward through Okjeo and into the lands of the Yilou. On their return journey they were welcomed as they passed through the land of Buyeo. It brought detailed information of the kingdom to China. In 285 the Murong tribe of the Xianbei , led by Murong Hui , invaded Buyeo, pushing King Uiryeo (依慮) to suicide, and forcing the relocation of the court to Okjeo . Considering its friendly relationship with

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1100-564: The Indigenous culture wherever possible ". Indigenous mapping is a process that can include restoring place names by Indigenous communities themselves. Frictions sometimes arise between countries because of toponymy, as illustrated by the Macedonia naming dispute in which Greece has claimed the name Macedonia , the Sea of Japan naming dispute between Japan and Korea , as well as

1150-688: The Royal Court. Written in the Yi Zhou Shu , there are the Ye and Bal , but no Maek . Due to this, it is believed Balhae people and Gojoseon may have lived in adjacent areas. The main culture is the Seodansan culture . Korean historians believe the Yemaek established their cultural zone in the 12th to 10th century BC. These tribes began to grow more heterogeneously by the 7th and 8th centuries BC due to different geographical and environmental circumstances. The Yemaek are believed influenced by

1200-482: The Yemaek did also influence Chinese culture and had an overall large cultural impact in all of Northeast Asia , and that some other related ancestry around East Asia are the Dongyi , and some of which were of proto-Korean origin. Buyeo Buyeo ( Korean :  부여 ; Korean pronunciation: [pu.jʌ] ; Chinese : 夫餘/扶餘 ; pinyin : Fūyú/Fúyú ), also rendered as Puyŏ or Fuyu ,

1250-512: The Yemaek. Japanese researcher Shiratori Kurakichi is the first to connect between Yemaek tribal people and the origins of the " Korean race ." He believed that Korean racial origins can be traced to Manchuria and treated the Ye and the Yemaek as a single racial entity. However, Pai argues that the Ye or Maek could not have referred to a homogeneous tribe or racial unity, or a unified state. Chinese records were inconsistent and frequently mentions Ye without any connections to Maek . It

1300-733: The allied Yan and Qi (660 BC) and were pushed north. There were many northern peoples within the Shanrong Alliance for plunder, one of them is believed to be the Bal (發). After the Gojoseon–Yan War and Han conquest of Gojoseon , the Bal people (發) moved east and became absorbed into the Maek tribe. It is believed the Gojoseon , the first Korean kingdom in history, was established by

1350-512: The beginning of a period of decline. A second Xianbei invasion in 346 finally destroyed the state excepting remnants in its core region; these survived as vassals of Goguryeo until their final annexation in 494. Inhabitants of Buyeo included the Yemaek tribe. There are no scholarly consensus on the classification of the languages spoken by the Puyo, with theories including Japonic , Amuric and

1400-679: The characters 高麗 " Go(gu)ryeo , Goryeo ." The similarity between the pronunciation of Koma (bear) and gōm (bear) is notable. A recent study believes the ancestor of Maek (貊) is the Bal (發). According to Records of the Grand Historian , the Balhae people lived next to the Shanrong nomads and the Sushen . According to Guanzi , the Bal-Joseons once sold patterned fur skins and visited

1450-678: The early 3rd century, Gongsun Du , a Chinese warlord in Liaodong , supported Buyeo to counter Xianbei in the north and Goguryeo in the east. After destroying the Gongsun family , the northern Chinese state of Cao Wei sent Guanqiu Jian to attack Goguryeo . Part of the expeditionary force led by Wang Qi ( Korean :  왕기 ; Hanja :  王頎 ), the Grand Administrator of the Xuantu Commandery , pursued

1500-630: The early third century BC. In the later Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD), Buyeo established close ties with the Xuantu Commandery , one of Four Commanderies of Han according to the Book of the Later Han volume 85 Treatise on the Dongyi, although it proceeded to becoming a nominal tributary-state and practical ally of Eastern Han in 49 AD. This was advantageous to the Han as an ally in the northeast would curb

1550-531: The first toponymists were the storytellers and poets who explained the origin of specific place names as part of their tales; sometimes place-names served as the basis for their etiological legends. The process of folk etymology usually took over, whereby a false meaning was extracted from a name based on its structure or sounds. Thus, for example, the toponym of Hellespont was explained by Greek poets as being named after Helle , daughter of Athamas , who drowned there as she crossed it with her brother Phrixus on

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1600-615: The god of the Amnok River or, according to an alternative interpretation, the sun god Haebak ( Korean :  해밝 ). The Buyeo state emerged from the Bronze Age polities of the Xituanshan and Liangquan archaeological cultures in the context of trade with various Chinese polities. In particular was the state of Yan which introduced iron technology to Manchuria and the Korean peninsula after its conquest of Liaodong in

1650-542: The incipient Goguryeo or its capital city. In 37 BC, Jumong became the first king of Goguryeo . Jumong went on to conquer Okjeo , Dongye , and Haengin, regaining some of Buyeo and former territory of Gojoseon. According to Chapter 30 "Description of the Eastern Archerians, Dongyi" in the Chinese Records of the Three Kingdoms (3rd century), the Buyeo were agricultural people who occupied

1700-522: The influence of Goguryeo. Buyeo paid tribute once to Northern Wei in 457–8, but otherwise seems to have been controlled by Goguryeo. In 494, Buyeo was under attack by the rising Wuji (also known as the Mohe , Korean :  물길 ; Hanja :  勿吉 ), and the Buyeo court moved and surrendered to Goguryeo. Many ancient historical records indicate the "Jolbon Buyeo" ( Korean :  졸본부여 ; Hanja :  卒本夫餘 ), apparently referring to

1750-527: The kingdoms of Buyeo, Goguryeo , and Baekje , to the modern Korean nationality. Later historians of Northeast China built upon this influential model. Goguryeo and Baekje , two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , considered themselves successors of Buyeo. King Onjo , the founder of Baekje, is said to have been a son of King Dongmyeong , founder of Goguryeo. Baekje officially changed its name to Nambuyeo (South Buyeo, Korean :  남부여 ; Hanja :  南夫餘 ) in 538. Goryeo also considered itself

1800-593: The later Western Han . Buyeo entered into formal diplomatic relations with the Eastern Han dynasty by the mid-1st century AD as an important ally of that empire to check the Xianbei and Goguryeo threats. Jurisdiction of Buyeo was then placed under the Liaodong Commandery of the Eastern Han. After an incapacitating Xianbei invasion in 285, Buyeo was restored with help from the Jin dynasty . This, however, marked

1850-626: The most useful geographical reference system in the world. Consistency and accuracy are essential in referring to a place to prevent confusion in everyday business and recreation. A toponymist, through well-established local principles and procedures developed in cooperation and consultation with the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN), applies the science of toponymy to establish officially recognized geographical names. A toponymist relies not only on maps and local histories, but interviews with local residents to determine names with established local usage. The exact application of

1900-414: The new map to specify the detailed topographical portrayal and after consulting with and authorization of messr. Theodor von Heuglin and count Karl Graf von Waldburg-Zeil I have entered 118 names in the map: partly they are the names derived from celebrities of arctic explorations and discoveries, arctic travellers anyway as well as excellent friends, patrons, and participants of different nationalities in

1950-470: The newest northpolar expeditions, partly eminent German travellers in Africa, Australia, America ...". Toponyms may have different names through time, due to changes and developments in languages, political developments and border adjustments to name but a few. More recently many postcolonial countries revert to their own nomenclature for toponyms that have been named by colonial powers. Place names provide

2000-470: The northeastern lands in Manchuria (North-East China) beyond the great walls . The aristocratic rulers subject to the king bore the title ka (加) and were distinguished from each other by animal names, such as the dog ka and horse ka . Four ka s existed in Buyeo, which were horse ka , cow ka , pig ka , and dog ka , and ka is presumed to be of similar origin with the title khan . The ka system

2050-441: The sea itself. Especially in the 19th century, the age of exploration, a lot of toponyms got a different name because of national pride. Thus the famous German cartographer Petermann thought that the naming of newly discovered physical features was one of the privileges of a map-editor, especially as he was fed up with forever encountering toponyms like 'Victoria', 'Wellington', 'Smith', 'Jones', etc. He writes: "While constructing

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2100-440: The social space. Similarly, the revisionist practice of renaming streets , as both the celebration of triumph and the repudiation of the old regime is another issue of toponymy. Also, in the context of Slavic nationalism , the name of Saint Petersburg was changed to the more Slavic sounding Petrograd from 1914 to 1924, then to Leningrad following the death of Vladimir Lenin and back to Saint-Peterburg in 1991 following

2150-406: The son of heaven (Hae Mo-su Korean :  해모수 ; Hanja :  解慕漱 ) brought the royal court to his new palace, and he was proclaimed to be King. Jumong , the founder of Goguryeo , is described as the son of Hae Mo-su and Lady Yuhwa ( Korean :  유화부인 ; Hanja :  柳花夫人 ) who was the daughter of Habaek ( Korean :  하백 ; Hanja :  河伯 ),

2200-413: The state speak of themselves as alien refugees of long ago. The forts they build are round and have a resemblance to prisons. Old and young, they sing when walking along the road whether it be day or night; all day long the sound of their voice never ceases... When facing the enemy the several Ka themselves do battle; the lower households carry provisions for them to eat and drink. The same text states that

2250-584: The threats of the Xianbei in western Manchuria and eastern Mongolia and Goguryeo in the Liaodong region and the northern Korean peninsula. The Buyeo elites also sought this arrangement as it legitimized their rule and gave them better access to Han's prestige trade goods. During a period of turmoil in China's northeast, Buyeo attacked some of Eastern Han's holdings in 111, but relations were mended in 120 and thus

2300-447: Was an ancient kingdom that was centered in northern Manchuria in modern-day northeast China . It had ties to the Yemaek people , who are considered to be the ancestors of modern Koreans. Buyeo is considered a major predecessor of the Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo and Baekje . According to the Book of the Later Han , Buyeo was initially placed under the jurisdiction of the Xuantu Commandery , one of Four Commanderies of Han in

2350-732: Was attacked by Murong Huang of the Former Yan , and King Hyeon (玄) was captured. According to Samguk sagi , in 504, the tribute emissary Yesilbu mentions that the gold of Buyeo could no longer be obtainable for tribute as Buyeo had been driven out by the Malgal and the Somna and absorbed into Baekje . It is also shown that the Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei wished that Buyeo would regain its former glory. A remnant of Buyeo seems to have lingered around modern Harbin area under

2400-455: Was done to avoid upsetting users of the Iran map and users of the map showing Arab Gulf States'. This symbolizes a further aspect of the topic, namely the spilling over of the problem from the purely political to the economic sphere. A geographic names board is an official body established by a government to decide on official names for geographical areas and features. Most countries have such

2450-565: Was established by the Six Clans of Jihan who were Gojoseon in origin. The Royal Seal of Ye (예왕지인; 濊王之印), used previously by Buyeo Kings , was found in the Silla Kingdom (19 AD) and was presented for King Namhae Chachaung . The Goguryeo , Baekje , Buyeo and Gaya are all believed to have originated from the Yemaek tribes. The Yemaek culture is seen as ancestral to the modern Culture of Korea . Historian Sang-Yil Kim claims

2500-677: Was similarly adopted in Goguryeo . Buyeo is north of the Long Wall, a thousand li distant from Xuantu; it is contiguous with Goguryeo on the south, with the Eumnu on the east and the Xianbei on the west, while to its north is the Ruo River. It covers an area some two thousand li square, and its households number eight myriads. Its people are sedentary, possessing houses, storehouses, and prisons. With their many tumuli and broad marshes, theirs

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