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66-545: Yyteri is famous for its beach, which stretches for about six kilometres. It is very popular among both local people and people from elsewhere in Finland. The beach is one of the longest in Finland and all of Nordic countries, and has also many distinctive dunes. The dune area is unique in Europe because of its size. There was a unisex nudist area in the centre of the beach, which was a few hundred metres wide, one of only two in

132-474: A beach on the island of Rab where King Edward obtained special permission from the local government to swim naked, this event marked the beginning of nudist tourism in Croatia. In Finnish culture, nudism is considered to be a relatively normal way to live. It is not uncommon to see entire families spending time together naked. Families may be naked while bathing, in a sauna , swimming in a pool, or playing on

198-519: A beach, and it is not unusual to see children playing naked in a family yard for example. Nudity as a whole is considered less taboo than in many other countries. Marcel Kienné de Mongeot is credited with starting naturism in France in 1920. His family had suffered from tuberculosis, and he saw naturism as a cure and a continuation of the traditions of the ancient Greeks. In 1926, he started the magazine Vivre intégralement (later titled Vivre ) and

264-677: A common theme is that much of Christianity has misinterpreted the events regarding the Garden of Eden , and that God was displeased with Adam and Eve for covering their bodies with fig leaves . Naturism is usually promoted as not being sexual, but there are resorts where social nudity is practised alongside exhibitionism , voyeurism , and other alternative lifestyles like swinging . Mainstream discourse around naturism sometimes conflates sexual and non-sexual variations, though family-oriented naturism organisations try to resist this stigma. Some naturist clubs have shifted to catering to swingers, and as

330-482: A female branch to the organization was never realized, and it went out of existence when Crawford was transferred to Ratnagiri shortly thereafter. He died in 1894. Correspondence between Crawford and early gay rights activist Edward Carpenter suggests the latter knew of similar groups in Vienna and Munich at the time, but no other evidence of their existence has surfaced. The term Nacktkultur ("naked culture")

396-528: A lifestyle of non-sexual social nudity. A smaller, more rustic, or more basic naturist resort may be called a naturist camp . A naturist club is an association of people who practise naturism together, but the phrase is also frequently used as a synonym for "naturist resort", since in general such a resort will be run by such an association. In the United Kingdom and New Zealand, some naturist clubs are referred to as sun clubs . A naturist community

462-636: A naturist community might be primarily residential but also cater to some paying visitors. Some naturist resorts and communities require nudity as a condition of remaining on the site; others are clothing-optional, allowing people to wear clothing so long as they tolerate others going nude. A few naturist communities are large enough to host businesses such as shops, banks, and restaurants; these may be referred to as naturist villages . Examples include Vera Playa in Spain, and Centre Hélio-Marin Montalivet and

528-655: A part of their naturism. Naturism became a more widespread phenomenon in the 1920s in Germany, the United Kingdom, France and other European countries and spread to the United States, where it became established in the 1930s. By 1951, the various national federations united to form the International Naturist Federation. Some naturists preferred not to join clubs, and after 1945, pressure arose to designate beaches for naturist use. From

594-558: A positive impact on having a well-balanced sexuality, too. For various sociocultural and historical reasons, the lay public, the media, and many contemporary naturists and their organisations have, or present, a simplified view of the relationship between naturism and sexuality. As of 2009 , research has begun to explore this complex relationship. The International Naturist Federation explains: Each country has its own kind of naturism, and even each club has its own special character, for we too, human beings, have each our own character which

660-443: A resort in order to practise naturism. Active recruitment of younger members is being pursued by some organisations. The phenomenon varies by country, with, for example, naturism in France experiencing steady growth in a younger demographic during the 2010s. A similar trend is seen in Germany, with young people eager to depart from social norms and beauty standards. Naturism was part of a literary movement  [ fr ] in

726-479: A result may be expelled from mainstream naturist organizations, whilst some naturist villages, notably Cap d'Agde , have been successfully overtaken by swingers and " libertines ". Others struggle with wanting to maintain a family image while being lax in behavior enforcements for fear of losing revenue and no longer being financially viable. Attempts have been made to legislate naturist activity, such as children's summer camps. Many films and published materials in

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792-495: A school of naturism in Berlin, encouraging a mixing of the sexes, open air exercises, and a programme of "sexual hygiene". In 1929 the Berlin school hosted the first International Congress on Nudity. Naturist club A naturist resort or nudist resort is an establishment that provides accommodation (or at least camping space) and other amenities for guests in a context where they are invited to practise naturism – that is,

858-630: A survey by The Daily Telegraph , Germans and Austrians were most likely to have visited a nude beach (28%), followed by Norwegians (18%), Spaniards (17%), Australians (17%), and New Zealanders (16%). Of the nationalities surveyed, the Japanese (2%) were the least likely to have visited a nude beach. This result may indicate the lack of nude beaches in Japan; however, the Japanese are open with regard to family bathing nude at home and at onsens (hot springs). From Woodstock to Edinburgh , and Nambassa in

924-575: A thesis on heliotherapy , and in that year, he opened the Club gymnique de France . In 1936, the naturist movement was officially recognised. Albert and Christine Lecocq were active members of many of these clubs, but they left after disagreements, and in 1944, they founded the Club du Soleil with members in 84 cities. Four years later, they founded the Fédération Française de Naturisme  [ fr ] (FFN); in 1949, they started

990-640: Is Denmark, where beach nudity is explicitly allowed on all beaches, except for two in the far west of the country. Organized naturism in Belgium began in 1924 when engineer Joseph-Paul Swenne founded the Belgian League of Heliophilous Propaganda (usually abbreviated to Hélios ) in Uccle . This was followed four years later by De Spar , founded by Jozef Geertz and hosted on the country estate of entrepreneur Oswald Johan de Schampelaere. Belgian naturism

1056-618: Is Koversada just outside Vrsar , which was established in 1961. Naturism now accounts for an estimated 15% of Croatia's tourist industry. More commercial resorts followed in France, notably the Oltra Club in Cap d'Agde , a camping and caravanning site which in the 1970s became the nucleus of the new Naturist Village. Today most naturist clubs with land and facilities operate them as resorts catering to paying guests, although many are still focused primarily on club members. The first two decades of

1122-656: Is a facility that specializes in providing apartments, chalets and camping pitches for visiting holidaymakers. A center is run commercially, and visitors are not members and have no say in the management. Most holiday centers expect visitors to hold an INF card (that is, to belong to an INF-affiliated organization), but some have relaxed this requirement, relying on the carrying of a trade card. Holiday centers vary in size. Larger holiday centres may have swimming pools, sports pitches, an entertainment program, kids' clubs, restaurants and supermarkets. Some holiday centres allow regular visitors to purchase their own chalets, and generations of

1188-438: Is a lifestyle of practicing non-sexual social nudity in private and in public; the word also refers to the cultural movement which advocates and defends that lifestyle. Both may alternatively be called nudism . Though the two terms are broadly interchangeable, nudism emphasizes the practice of nudity, whilst naturism highlights an attitude favoring harmony with nature and respect for the environment, into which that practice

1254-489: Is an intentional community whose members choose to live together and practise naturism on a permanent basis. Naturist communities were once referred to as nudist colonies , and this term still exists in popular culture, but it is avoided by most naturists today due to negative connotations. Naturist resorts and communities exist on a spectrum without sharp distinctions – a naturist resort might be primarily commercial in focus but also accommodate some permanent residents, while

1320-410: Is credited with introducing naturism to France in 1920, seeing it as a potential cure for tuberculosis (which had affected his family). In 1926 he founded the first French naturist club, Sparta Club at Garambouville near Evreux . A court case initiated by him established that nudism was legal on private property that was screened from public view. In 1931, Drs André and Gaston Durville established

1386-419: Is integrated. That said, naturists come from a range of philosophical and cultural backgrounds; there is no single naturist ideology. Ethical or philosophical nudism has a long history, with many advocates of the benefits of enjoying nature without clothing. At the turn of the 20th century, organizations emerged to promote social nudity and to establish private campgrounds and resorts for that purpose. Since

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1452-425: Is most frequently encountered in the contexts of bathing, swimming and using saunas, whether in single-sex groups, within the family, or with mixed-sex friends, but throughout history and in many contemporary tropical cultures, nudity is a norm at many sports events and competitions. The first known use of the word naturisme occurred in 1778. A French-speaking Belgian, Jean Baptiste Luc Planchon (1734–1781), used

1518-470: Is reflected in our surroundings. The usage and definition of these terms varies geographically and historically. Naturism and nudism have the same meaning in the United States, but there is a clear distinction between the two terms in Great Britain. In naturist parlance, the terms " textile " or "textilist" refer to non-naturist persons, behaviours or facilities (e.g. "the textile beach starts at

1584-476: Is speculated that younger naturists no longer feel they need to join a club or visit a resort in order to practise naturism. Naturist resorts typically offer much the same amenities as other holiday centres, with naturism itself being the main attraction. A naturist resort will reliably have facilities for swimming , whether an artificial pool or access to a natural body of water; in the former case, even resorts that are clothing-optional typically require nudity in

1650-481: Is strictly forbidden in almost all naturist resorts, as are overt sexual invitations. The exceptions, adults-only swingers ' resorts such as Hedonism II in Jamaica, are not affiliated with any naturist organizations, and their practices are not accepted as naturist by most naturists. Some naturist villages, notably Cap d'Agde, have in the 21st century seen infiltration by swingers and " libertines " who have shifted

1716-678: Is usually optional. At naturist swimming pools or sunbathing places, however, complete nudity is expected (weather permitting). This rule is sometimes a source of controversy among naturists. Staff at a naturist facility are usually required to be clothed due to health and safety regulations. Facilities for naturists are classified in various ways. A landed or members' naturist club is one that owns its own facilities. Non-landed (or travel) clubs meet at various locations, such as private residences, swimming pools, hot springs, landed clubs and resorts, or rented facilities. Landed clubs can be run by members on democratic lines or by one or more owners who make

1782-553: The Wandervogel youth movement of 1896, from Steglitz , Berlin, which promoted ideas of fitness and vigour. At the same time, doctors of the Naturheilbewegung (Natural Healing Movement) were using heliotherapy, treating diseases such as tuberculosis, rheumatism, and scrofula with exposure to sunlight. Nacktkultur , a term coined in 1903 by Heinrich Pudor, connected nudity, vegetarianism and social reform, and

1848-591: The International Naturist Federation (INF) held at Agde, France in 1974 defined naturism as: ...a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and for the environment. Many contemporary naturists and naturist organisations advocate that the practice of social nudity should not be linked with sexual activity. Some recent studies show that naturism can help grow self-esteem, and thus have

1914-628: The 1930s; it remains exclusively a naturist sport. The original rules were drawn up by Mr R. Douglas Ogden, a Manchester-based businessman with an interest in sporting activities. Instead of racquets , players use wooden bats known as thugs , which are shaped like a box around the player's hand. The sport is run by the Amateur Miniten Association. Naturist villages generally accommodate businesses providing other amenities, which may include supermarkets , cafés , restaurants , and nightclubs . Sexual activity in social spaces

1980-883: The 1940s and 1950s, including the British Sun Bathers Association (now British Naturism ), the Féderation Française de Naturisme, the Canadian Sunbathing Association (now a division of the AANR), and the New Zealand Sunbathing Association (now the New Zealand Naturist Federation ). In 1953 the national organizations in turn came together to form the International Naturist Federation (INF). The INF

2046-450: The 1960s, with the acceptance of public places for clothing-optional recreation, individuals who do not identify themselves as naturists or nudists have been able to casually participate in nude activities. Nude recreation opportunities vary widely around the world, from isolated places known mainly to locals through officially designated nude beaches and parks, and on to public spaces and buildings in some jurisdictions. The XIV Congress of

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2112-678: The 21st century saw the appearance of the first commercial naturist resorts in South East Asia, with nine operating in Thailand as of the opening of Barefeet Heaven Hill Naturist Resort in December 2019, and two in Bali . Whilst tolerance for nudity in general is increasing over time, and higher among younger generations, naturist club membership numbers have fallen in recent decades and average members are increasingly older people. It

2178-715: The Naturist Village in Cap d'Agde , both in France. Some Europeans reserve the term "naturist resort" for communities of this scale. The earliest known naturist club, the Fellowship of the Naked Trust, was founded in Matheran in British India in 1891 by a District and Sessions judge named Charles Crawford. The club had just two other members, brothers Andrew and Kellogg Calderwood. A proposal to add

2244-448: The beginning: Crawford and two sons of an Anglican missionary, Andrew and Kellogg Calderwood. The commune fell apart when Crawford was transferred to Ratnagiri ; he died soon after in 1894. In 1902, a series of philosophical papers was published in Germany by Dr. Heinrich Pudor under the pseudonym Heinrich Scham, who coined the term Nacktkultur . In 1906 he wrote a three-volume treatise with this term as its title, which discussed

2310-477: The benefits of nudity in co-education and advocated participating in sports while being free of cumbersome clothing. Richard Ungewitter ( Nacktheit , 1906, Nackt , 1908, etc.) proposed that combining physical fitness, sunlight, and fresh-air bathing, and then adding the nudist philosophy, contributed to mental and psychological fitness, good health, and an improved moral-life view. Major promoters of these ideas included Adolf Koch and Hans Suren. Germany published

2376-422: The centre of Pori. The well-being of Yyteri's local pinetrees is threatened by Acantholyda posticalis , the control of which is being tested with roundworms in 2011. 61°34′00″N 021°32′00″E  /  61.56667°N 21.53333°E  / 61.56667; 21.53333 This Western Finland location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Nudism Naturism

2442-659: The direction to a remote naturist beach. In some European countries, such as Denmark, all beaches are clothing optional, and in others like Germany (and experimentally in France) there are naturist sunbathing areas in public parks (e.g., in Munich and Berlin). Beaches in some holiday destinations, such as Crete, are clothing optional except some central urban beaches. There are two centrally located clothes-optional beaches in Barcelona. Sweden allows nudity on all beaches. In

2508-432: The early 20th century, the brothers Gaston and André Durville , both physicians, studied the effects of psychology, nutrition, and environment on health and healing. They became convinced of the importance of natural foods and the natural environment on human well-being and health. They named this concept naturisme . The profound effect of clean air and sunlight on human bodies became evident to them and so nudity became

2574-606: The entire country in Finland; however, it was closed due to complaints from concerned parents in April 2021. In 1965 Rolling Stones played their first ever Finnish concert in Yyteri. As well as the beach, Yyteri also has a spa , hotels and a restaurant. An 18-hole golf course is located in the Yyteri area and there are also many other outdoor activities including surfing, beach volley, riding and over 30 kilometres (19 mi) of hiking routes. Bus routes operate daily between Yyteri and

2640-474: The exhibition of nudity. They were mainly shot in naturist resorts, but featured attractive glamour models in main roles. Acting and production standards were not high and outlets for exhibition were limited. Many films were re-released under new titles to trick patrons into seeing the films additional times. Notable examples include Garden of Eden (1954), Naked as Nature Intended (1961), and Gentlemen Prefer Nature Girls (1963). The subgenre petered out in

2706-425: The first French naturist club, Sparta Club , at Garambouville, near Évreux. The court action that he initiated established that nudism was legal on private property that was fenced and screened. Drs. André and Gaston Durville bought 70 hectares (170 acres) on the Île du Levant where they established the village of Héliopolis, which was open to the public. In 1925, Dr. François Fougerat de David de Lastours wrote

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2772-602: The first journal of nudism from 1902 to 1932. The wide publication of those papers, and others, contributed to an explosive worldwide growth of nudism in which nudists participated in various social, recreational, and physical fitness activities in the nude. The first organized club for nudists on a large scale, Freilichtpark (Free-Light Park), was opened near Hamburg in 1903 by Paul Zimmerman. In 1919, German doctor Kurt Huldschinsky discovered that exposure to sunlight helped to cure rickets in many children, causing sunlight to be associated with improved health. In France in

2838-607: The first naturist village, Héliopolis, on the Île du Levant . The first landed naturist club in the United Kingdom was the "Moonella Group", established in Wickford , Essex , in 1924. Club membership was carefully vetted, and the founding members used pseudonyms to protect their identity, including the eponymous "Moonella", who owned the house and land on which the club met. It closed in 1926 because of building on adjacent land. More "sun clubs" were established in Britain through

2904-683: The flag", "they are a mixed couple – he is naturist, she is textile"). "Textile" is the predominant term used in the UK ("textilist" is unknown in British naturist magazines, including H&E naturist ), but some naturists avoid using this term due to perceived negative or derogatory connotations. "Textilist" is said to be used interchangeably with "textile", but no dictionary definition to this effect exists, nor are there any equivalent examples of use in mainstream literature such as those for "textile". At naturist-organised events or venues, clothing

2970-705: The following decade. Naturist clubs appeared in Canada , New Zealand , and the United States in the 1930s. Having been established, naturist clubs coalesced in various countries to form national organizations. An early forerunner was the American Sunbathing Association, which was founded in 1931, and has now become the American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR). Most of the national organizations were created in

3036-409: The future of the movement. The clubs' aging memberships may have put younger people off. A rise in social conservatism , re-asserting a nudity taboo, also may have contributed to the decline. However, since tolerance for nudity in general is increasing over time, and is higher among younger generations, an alternative hypothesis is that younger naturists no longer feel they need to join a club or visit

3102-757: The late 19th century (see the writings of André Gide ) that also influenced the art movements of the time, specifically Henri Matisse and other Fauve painters. This movement was based on the French concept of joie de vivre , the idea of reveling freely in physical sensations and direct experiences and a spontaneous approach to life. Naturist activities can have positive psychological benefits including greater life satisfaction, more positive body image, and higher self-esteem. Social nudity leads to acceptance in spite of differences in age, body shape, fitness, and health. Christian naturism includes various members associated with most denominations . Although beliefs vary,

3168-442: The late 19th century. Records of regular games in clubs can be found as early as the 1920s. By the 1960s, a volleyball court could be found in almost all naturist resorts. A large nude volleyball tournament (over 70 teams) has been held each autumn since 1971 at White Thorn Lodge in western Pennsylvania and several smaller tournaments occur each year throughout North America. Miniten is a tennis -like game created by naturists in

3234-417: The loosest, it is forbidden to photograph adults without their permission or children other than one's own. For hygiene reasons, nude persons are required to cover furniture with a towel before sitting on it. Many films in the middle decades of the 20th century were presented as documentaries of the naturist lifestyle. In fact this was largely a pretext to exploit a loophole in censorship laws restricting

3300-573: The magazine Vie au Soleil , and in 1950, they opened the CHM Montalivet , the world's first naturist holiday centre, where the INF was formed. Henri Zisly was another prominent figure and primitivist in the French naturism movement who wrote on a return to lifestyles based on self-sufficiency. German naturism ( Freikörperkultur , FKK) was part of the Lebensreform movement and

3366-430: The middle decades of the 20th century were presented as documentaries of the naturist lifestyle. In fact this was largely a pretext to exploit a loophole in censorship laws restricting the exhibition of nudity. Additionally, child pornography has been distributed under the guise of naturist media. Precisely defining the distinction has proved challenging for law enforcers, as it depends on the subjective question of whether

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3432-449: The middle of the 20th century, with changing leisure patterns, commercial organisations began opening holiday resorts to attract naturists who expected the same – or better – standards of comfort and amenity offered to non-naturists. More recently, naturist holiday options have expanded to include cruises. In the early 21st century, many organised clubs saw a decline in attendance by young people, which worried many naturists about

3498-475: The naturist village of Charco del Palo on Lanzarote , Canary Islands; Vera Playa in Spain; and Vritomartis Resort in Greece are examples. In US usage, a naturist resort can mean a holiday centre. Freikörperkultur (FKK)—literally translated as 'free body culture'—is the name for the general movement in Germany. The abbreviation is recognised outside of Germany and can be found on informal signs indicating

3564-610: The norm away from these rules of conduct; naturists resent and resist these changes as an "invasion". In some cases formerly non-sexual naturist clubs have shifted to catering to swingers, and as a result have been expelled from their national naturist organization. Historically, most naturist clubs and resorts refused entry to men who were not accompanied by women, and these restrictions still remain in many places. Many naturist clubs and resorts have rules against genital jewellery , although an increasing number are relaxing them in practice. Most clubs have restrictions on photography ; at

3630-429: The pool. Hot tubs and saunas are also common amenities. As naturism emphasizes outdoor exercise, naturist resorts typically feature grounds for non-contact outdoor sports such as tennis or pétanque . Larger resorts may provide golf or miniature golf courses. The two sports most strongly associated with naturist resorts are volleyball and miniten . Naturists adopted volleyball shortly after its invention in

3696-513: The purpose of the production is sexual. Court cases attempting to differentiate naturist publications from pornography reach back almost a century. Mpenjati beach in KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa has nude-beach status. In most European countries, nudity is not explicitly forbidden. Whether it is tolerated on beaches which are not marked as official nudist beaches varies greatly. The only country with substantially different laws

3762-447: The rules. In either case, they can determine membership criteria and the obligations of members. This usually involves sharing work necessary to maintain or develop the site. The international naturist organizations were mainly composed of representatives of landed clubs. " Nudist colony " is no longer a favored term, but can be used by naturists to address landed clubs that have rigid non-inclusive membership criteria. A holiday centre

3828-574: The same families may visit each year. Holiday centres are more tolerant of clothing than members-only clubs; total nudity is usually compulsory in the swimming pools and may be expected on the beaches, while on the football pitches, or in the restaurants in the evening, it is rare. A naturist resort is, to a European, a private property with accommodation and facilities where naturism is the norm. Centre Helio-Marin in Vendays Montalivet , France (the first naturist resort, established in 1950);

3894-519: The southern hemisphere, communal nudity can be seen at music and counterculture festivals. The Nambassa hippie festivals held in New Zealand in the late 1970s were examples of non-sexual naturism. Of the 75,000 patrons who attended the 1979 Nambassa three-day festival, an estimated 35% of attendees spontaneously chose to remove their clothing, preferring complete or partial nudity. Some nudist festivals are held to celebrate particular days of

3960-570: The term to advocate nudism as a means of improving the hygiène de vie or healthy living. The earliest known naturist club in the western sense of the word was established in British India in 1891. The Fellowship of the Naked Trust was founded by Charles Edward Gordon Crawford, a widower who was a District and Sessions Judge for the Bombay Civil Service . The commune was based in Matheran and had just three members at

4026-402: The warmer summer months. Some regions host first-time naturists and people who have recently started to practice the naturist lifestyle. One study noted that some of these people are seasonal naturists who wear clothes during other times of the year. Nudity in social contexts has been practised in various forms by many cultures and in all time periods. In modern Western society, social nudity

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4092-743: The year, and activities may include nude bodypainting . One example is the Neptune Day Festival held in Koktebel , Crimea to depict mythological events. Another is the Festival Nudista Zipolite organized by the Federación Nudista de México (Mexican Nudist Federation) held annually since 2016 on the first weekend of February. A few camps organize activities in the nude, such as oil wrestling by camp Gymnasium. Naturism tends to be more common during

4158-437: Was coined in 1903 by Heinrich Pudor for Germany's growing naturist movement, which connected nudity with vegetarianism , social reform, and various ideas about health and fitness. It flourished through the 1920s in a network of 200 members' clubs, and became associated with radical socialism . In 1929, Adolf Koch 's new school of naturism in Berlin hosted the first International Congress on Nudity. Marcel Kienné de Mongeot

4224-447: Was founded at the world's first naturist holiday centre, Centre Hélio-Marin (CHM) Montalivet in France, which had been opened three years previously by Albert and Christine Lecocq. Croatia is reputed to have been the first European country to develop commercial naturist resorts, at a time when naturism in other countries was limited to membership clubs (and when Croatia was part of Yugoslavia ). The oldest naturist resort in Croatia

4290-481: Was influenced in equal part by French naturism and German Freikörperkultur . Belgian naturists are represented by the Federatie van Belgische Naturisten (FBN). Croatia is world-famous for naturism, which accounts for about 15% of its tourism industry. It was also the first European country to develop commercial naturist resorts. During a 1936 Adriatic cruise, King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson stopped at

4356-425: Was practised in a network of 200 members clubs. The movement gained prominence in the 1920s by offering a health-giving lifestyle with Utopian ideals. Germany published the first naturist journal from 1902 to 1932, but it became politicised by radical socialists who believed it would lead to classlessness and a breakdown of society. It eventually became associated with pacificism . In 1926, Adolf Koch established

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