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Tumbes ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtumbes] ) is a coastal department and region in northwestern Peru bordering Ecuador . Due to the region's location near the Equator it has a warm climate, with beaches that are considered among the finest in Peru. Despite its small area, the region contains a wide variety of ecosystems . It is the smallest department in Peru and its third least populous department after Moquegua and Madre de Dios , but it is also its third most densely populated department, after La Libertad and Lambayeque .

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27-654: Zarumilla is a city in the Tumbes Region , in northwestern Peru . It has a population of 54,625 as of 2019, and is the capital of the Zarumilla Province . It is also the main settlement in the Zarumilla District . It is located only a few kilometers away from the border town of Aguas Verdes , which is connected to Ecuador by a bridge. The city's surroundings were the location of the eponymous battle that took place from July 23 to 31 during

54-512: A foreign country. The largest immigrant groups are from the regions of Piura (16.9% of the total population), Lambayeque (3.7%), and the Lima Province / Lima Region (2.8%). The population is spread out, with 49.4% under the age of 20, 10.7% from 20 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 9.7% from 45 to 64, and 3.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The literacy rate in the region is 90.4%. Secondary education has been completed by 31.8% of

81-701: A great variety of ecosystems : mangroves, Tumbes–Piura dry forests , the only coastal tropical forests in Peru, and a rich and warm sea. Around 50% of the region's territory is covered by three protected natural areas: the Manglares de Tumbes National Sanctuary (which is part of the Gulf of Guayaquil–Tumbes mangroves ), the Cerros de Amotape National Park and the Tumbes Reserved Zone . Basically composed of

108-793: A key departure point for his campaign to conquer the Cañaris. The adventure of the Spanish Conquistadores had its beginning in Tumbes: at Puerto Pizarro Francisco Pizarro and his men landed in search of gold. The conquerors set off to the rest of the empire, founding cities and overpowering their people. During colonial times, Tumbes was no more than a crossing point where soldiers and adventurers stopped momentarily to restock themselves, and continue traveling. Tumbes, however, gained permanent importance after Peru's independence; with Ecuador 's long-standing territorial claims over

135-528: A large mestizo population rooted in a mixture between the pre-Incan Tumpis and Tallanes tribes, Spanish , creoles , the African peoples, including mulatos or zambos , and a small Chinese community of mostly Cantonese ancestry. According to the 1993 Census , the Tumbes Region has a population of 155,521 inhabitants, 53% of which (82,426) are male and 47% (73,095) are female. As of 2005 ,

162-525: Is Lambayeque, lasted almost four decades. Pachacuti , Tupac Inca Yupanqui and Huayna Cápac , successively, ruled during the process. In the 16th century, the Spaniard leader Francisco Pizarro took his conquistadors across the region on the way to Cajamarca to conclude the defeat of the Inca empire. He was amazed by the gold exposed in vases and utensils. During Colonial times, a rivalry started between

189-497: The Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática estimates the region's population to be 215,634. The majority of the region's residents (98.3%) speak Spanish as their native tongue; other languages spoken are Quechua (0.4%), foreign languages (0.1%), Aymara (60 speakers, 0.0%), and other indigenous languages (0.1%). Immigrants from other regions make up 29.4% of the population; 0.2% of residents were born in

216-556: The La Libertad Region on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Legend tells that in ancient times, a great float of balsa rafts arrived at the beaches of the existing San José cove . Formed by a brilliant cortege of nine foreign warriors, this float was led by a man of great talent and courage, named Naymlap , the mythical founder of the first northwest civilization. Among the descendants of Naymlap were

243-540: The Loreto Region of Peru, Tumbes's closeness to the border exposed it as a resistance point in some episodes of the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War . As part of the decentralization process in Peru , a referendum was held on October 30, 2005, to decide whether the region would merge with the regions of Piura and Lambayeque to create the new Northern Region ( Spanish : Región Norte ). However, voters in

270-598: The Moche and the Chimú , the latter builders of a great civilization forged in Lambayeque before being conquered by the later Inca Empire . The Chimú grew to acquire a notable state parallel to the Inca. The Chimú moved their capital to the northern area, establishing great urban centers there. They were great farmers, textile experts and, wonderful goldsmiths, with extraordinary works in gold. The Inca conquest of what today

297-641: The Olmos Transandino Project . The water supply project will transfer up to 2 billion m annually of water from the Huancabamba River in the department of Cajamarca east of Lambayeque. In the smaller scale farming of earlier centuries, the Olmos Carob Tree Forest supported goat herds that fed on carobs. The fine goatskins were tanned to create the fine, pale, leather known as "cordoban" or "cordovan", from

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324-432: The 1941 Ecuadorian–Peruvian War . Its economy is focused on farming and the city serves today as a route of international trade with Ecuador. This Tumbes Region geography article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tumbes Region The name "Tumbes" originates from either Tumpis , a group of native peoples from the area, the word tumbos , a species of Passiflora that used to abound in

351-644: The Spanish town of Córdoba , where the process was developed. Goat fat was used to make soap. There are two small islands off the Pacific coast of the department of Lambayeque: Lobos de Afuera , and Lobos de Tierra ; there was a dispute with the department of Piura over ownership of the latter island. The region is bordered by the Piura Region on the north, the Cajamarca Region on the southeast,

378-696: The Tumbes River, with dry, low-depth ravines; ancient terraces that have been strongly eroded in the Máncora area; and the Amotape mountain range in the east and south, ending at El Barco Mountain. The delta of the Tumbes river is shallow, and when the tide is low, little sandy keys show up, which get covered by mangrove vegetation. Despite its small area— it is the second-smallest region in Peru— Tumbes has

405-490: The ancient pre- Inca civilization of the Lambayeque . It is the second-smallest department in Peru after Tumbes , but it is also its most densely populated department and its eighth most populous department. The name Lambayeque is a Spanish derivation of the god Yampellec , said to have been worshipped by the first Lambayeque king, Naymlap . The Spanish gave the name to the early people. The vast plains that make up

432-634: The area, or the name of the Tumba cacique , whose son founded and populated the area. The Tumbes Region is bordered by the Ecuadorian provinces of El Oro and Loja on the east; Peru's Piura Region on the south; and by the Pacific Ocean on the north and west. Morphologically, four zones can be defined in the region: the delta of the Tumbes and Zarumilla rivers; an alluvial plain north of

459-469: The department of Lambayeque's territory are watered by rivers that originate in the Andes; cultivation is only possible in a small portion of this parched region with irrigation. The fertile river valleys produce half of the sugar cane crop of Peru. In addition, Lambayeque and the department of Piura provide most of the rice crops consumed in Peru. Increased agricultural harvest is expected with completion of

486-683: The first oilwell in the area, back in 1863. Not far from Zorritos lies the Bocapán beach, where visitors can swim in Hervideros, natural hot springs bubbling with iodized salts . The typical dishes of the Tumbesino cuisine are based on seafood— ceviche of black scallops, crab , or shrimps , or cebiche mixto — and Tumbiresas covered by yucca and banana balls broth with dominicos , meat, red peppers , eggs, olives , raisins , flour , coriander and other herbs . Other specialties include

513-517: The gateway to the National Mangroves Sanctuary. The mangroves have formed vast clumps of saltwater-tolerant coastal forests which have created a unique ecosystem linking the river and the sea. The mangroves are the breeding grounds for black scallops , which are served up in Tumbes' most famous dish, the black scallop ceviche . South of Tumbes lies Zorritos, the town which received its name from workers involved in drilling

540-572: The libertarian ideas and helped get arms for the cause. In November 2019, Peruvian archaeologists led by Walter Alva discovered a 3,000-year-old, 130 feet long megalithic 'water cult' temple with 21 tombs in the Oyotún district in the Zaña Valley . Archaeologists assumed that the temple was abandoned around 250 BC and later used as a burial ground by the Chumy people. Twenty of the tombs belonged to

567-459: The people of Chumy, and one to an adult male buried during the Formative period with a ceramic bottle with two spouts and a bridge handle. According to the excavations, as many as three construction phases took place in the temple: the first was between 1500 BC–800 BC, when people built the foundations of the building from cone-shaped clay; second, between 800 BC–400 BC, when the megalithic temple

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594-411: The people of the towns of Lambayeque and Santiago de Miraflores de Saña. The reason of the conflict was the opulence in which the latter lived, even provoking the greed of pirates. A flood in 1720, however, destroyed Saña and marked the end of a flourishing city. The people of Lambayeque followed Juan Manuel Iturregui as their leader in the struggles for emancipation and independence from Spain. He spread

621-453: The population and 4.5% also have graduated from non-university higher education, while 2.3% have complete university studies. 45.9% only have attended primary education and 5.9% have not had any education. The region is divided into three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular: provincia ), which are composed of twelve districts ( distritos , singular: distrito ). The provinces, with their capitals in parentheses, are: Tumbes

648-550: The region voted against the merge. The fact that Tumbes lies so close to the Equator has determined its landscape, which teems in plant life. The beaches of Tumbes and its warm sea are ideal for surfing and scuba diving. Its pure white sands, sun and warm weather all year long, and a sea ideal for water sports, make the beach of Punta Sal one of the finest on the Peruvian coast. North of the city of Tumbes lies Puerto Pizarro ,

675-475: The shrimp omelette, chupe de cangrejos , and crabmeat omelette. A typical beverage in the region is the chinguirito , which is obtained by combining pipa (the milk of a soft coconut ) with the famous grape brandy called pisco . Lambayeque Region Lambayeque ( Spanish pronunciation: [lambaˈʝeke] ) is a department and region in northwestern Peru known for its rich Moche and Chimú historical past. The region's name originates from

702-555: Was a populated region well before the Inca Empire . The first settlers were fishers and hunters . Most recent cultures that lived there have left evidence of the refinement in their ceramics, and huacas or ruins that still stand today. Tumbes was integrated into the Inca Empire during the reign of Sapa Inca Pachacuti . He introduced a new way of organizing the empire, but the task of integration continued during Tupac Inca Yupanqui 's and Huayna Capac 's reigns. He made it

729-490: Was built under the influence of the pre-Inca civilization known as the Chavin; and finally 400 BC–100 BC, when people added circular pillars used to hold the roof of the temple. The department is divided into 3 provinces ( provincias , singular: provincia ), which are composed of 38 districts ( distritos , singular: distrito ). The provinces, with their capitals in parentheses, are: The most famous composer from Lambayeque

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