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98-479: Dongfeng Motor Corporation ( Chinese : 东风汽车集团有限公司 and previously 东风汽车公司 ) is a separate legal entity from Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd. ( Chinese : 东风汽车有限公司 ). Dongfeng Motor Corporation is a Chinese, state-owned automaker while Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd. is a joint venture between Dongfeng Motor Group ( Chinese : 东风汽车集团股份有限公司 ) and Nissan. Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd. had a subsidiary Dongfeng Automobile Co., Ltd. (DFAC, Chinese : 东风汽车股份有限公司 ) which also had

196-567: A 50-50 joint venture to produce Cummins diesel engines known as Dongfeng Cummins Engine Co. Ltd. Dongfeng sells vehicles under various brand names. Other brands may be associated with products manufactured or assembled by joint-venture companies that see foreign firms cooperate with Dongfeng in order to gain access to the Chinese market. Voyah (岚图) is a premium EV brand directly under Dongfeng Motor Corporation specializing in designing and developing electric vehicles . M-Hero Technology (猛士科技)

294-534: A 70 percent stake in the Swedish engineering company T Engineering AB. In December 2013, Dongfeng and the French automaker Renault agreed to form a 50:50 joint venture, Dongfeng Renault Automotive Co Ltd., to manufacture Renault brand passenger cars for the Chinese market. The two partners agreed to invest an initial 7.76 billion yuan (US$ 1.27 billion) in the venture, which became Dongfeng's sixth joint venture with

392-409: A China-based medium- and heavy-duty truck manufacturing joint venture, Dongfeng Commercial Vehicles, with 55% ownership by Dongfeng Motor and 45% by Volvo. As part of the transaction, Volvo will pay 5.6 billion yuan (US$ 900 million) to Dongfeng, which will pay Nissan Motors to replace it with Volvo in an existing commercial vehicle joint venture. It is unclear if the vehicles produced will be sold under

490-537: A UN counter-offensive two months later. After an abortive Chinese spring offensive , UN forces retook territory roughly up to the 38th parallel. Armistice negotiations began in July 1951, but dragged on as the fighting became a war of attrition and the north suffered heavy damage from U.S. bombing . Combat ended on 27 July 1953 with the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement , which allowed

588-423: A foreign automaker—the most of any Chinese automaker. In February 2014, loss making PSA Peugeot Citroën , a joint venture partner of Dongfeng since 1992, was recapitalized, with Dongfeng Motor Group taking a 14% stake. In 2017, it was announced that Dongfeng Motor Corporation would be re-incorporated as a limited company , renaming to 东风汽车集团有限公司 , which only differ from its subsidiary Dongfeng Motor Group for

686-509: A general attack across the 38th parallel, rather than a limited operation in Ongjin. Kim was concerned that South Korean agents had learned about the plans and that South Korean forces were strengthening their defenses. Stalin agreed to this change. While these preparations were underway in the North, there were clashes along the 38th parallel, especially at Kaesong and Ongjin, many initiated by

784-596: A national political constitution on 17 July and elected Syngman Rhee as president on 20 July. The Republic of Korea (South Korea) was established on 15 August 1948. In the Soviet-Korean Zone of Occupation, the Soviets agreed to the establishment of a communist government led by Kim Il Sung. The 1948 North Korean parliamentary elections took place in August. The Soviet Union withdrew its forces in 1948 and

882-524: A new automobile marque, Venucia ( Chinese : 启辰 ; pinyin : Qǐ Chén ), to sell vehicles tailored specifically for second- and third-tier Chinese cities in the poorer interior of the country. In 2011, a roadmap for additional investment in Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd. by its Japanese and Chinese parents was drawn up as part of a plan to boost annual sales from around 1.3 million vehicles in 2010 to over 2.3 million by 2015. In April 2012, it

980-610: A similar name with Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd.. As of 2011, according to Reuters, about 68% of Dongfeng Motor Group products were connected to Nissan, and, as of 2006, the company was being referred to as "the biggest Sino-foreign vehicle joint venture". Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd. (DFL) was formally established on 9 June 2003 and began operations on 1 July 2003. Initially headquartered in Shiyan, it moved closer to its Chinese parent relocating to Wuhan in June, 2006. In September 2010, DFL unveiled

1078-689: A state-owned enterprise of China, Dongfeng is controlled and managed by SASAC , which under Chinese law performs the functions of an investor. During the Korean war , there was a need for trucks to be used on the battlefield. The Ministry of Machinery planned a factory to build an imitation of the GAZ-51 truck. This was originally planned to be at Qingshan District, Wuhan , and later revised to Wuchang District , also in Wuhan . In 1955, these sites were disregarded as being too vulnerable to air raids , and Chengdu

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1176-574: A sub-brand under one unified Dongfeng brand but remain its independent marque. Dongfeng eπ is the premium EV sub-brand under the Dongfeng brand. The first Dongfeng eπ concept car debuted on 2018 Beijing Auto Show, and its prototype was named as Aeolus eπ01 formerly. In August 2023, Dongfeng Motor announced the consolidation of One Dongfeng brand. The Dongfeng eπ, Aeolus , and Dongfeng Nammi became sub-brands under Dongfeng brand. Dongfeng Nammi (previously known as Dongfeng EV or Dongchuang Zilian)

1274-615: A telegram. Mao accepted the decision made by Kim and Stalin to unify Korea but cautioned Kim over possible US intervention. Soviet generals with extensive combat experience from World War II were sent to North Korea as the Soviet Advisory Group. They completed plans for attack by May and called for a skirmish to be initiated in the Ongjin Peninsula on the west coast of Korea. The North Koreans would then launch an attack to capture Seoul and encircle and destroy

1372-436: Is Dongfeng's brand for budget electric vehicles. The company previously sells the vehicle produced by eGT New Energy Automotive, a joint venture between Dongfeng and Renault-Nissan Alliance in Chinese market. In 2023, it was capital-increased and rename to Dongfeng Nammi, transitioning from a sales company to one with production capabilities. Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor Co., Ltd. is a subsidiary of Dongfeng Motor Group, located in

1470-627: Is Dongfeng's brand for high performance luxury off-road vehicle. The Chinese name of the brand Mengshi (猛士) was inherited from the military vehicle line of Dongfeng. In 2023, the brand unveiled its first full-size luxury off-roader M-Hero 917 , a high performance EV/ EREV . In August 2023, Dongfeng Motor announced restructure of its subsidiary brands Aeolus (Dongfeng Fengshen) , Dongfeng eπ and Dongfeng Nammi . The three brands were consolidated into one "Dongfeng" brand, which unified in marketing and production management. The three brands became sub-brands and remained using independent marques. Aeolus

1568-475: Is a 55% owned listed subsidiary that produces light commercial vehicles under Dongfeng branding. It was formed in 1998 by Dongfeng Motor Corporation, and was transferred to DFL in 2003, who held a 60.1% stake. In 2022, DFL transferred 29.9% stake back to Dongfeng Motor Corporation, who then bought another 25.1% from other investors, obtaining majority stake of 55%, fully streamlining all commercial vehicle production to Dongfeng Motor Corporation direct control. It has

1666-403: Is a 55-45 joint venture between Dongfeng Motor Corporation and Volvo which produces medium-heavy trucks under Dongfeng branding. It was formed in 1975 by Dongfeng Motor Corporation, and was transferred to DFL in 2003. In 2013, DFL sold the medium-heavy truck business back to Dongfeng Motor Corporation, who then formed the joint venture with Volvo in 2015. Dongfeng Automobile Company Ltd . (DFAC)

1764-734: Is a Chinese state-owned automobile manufacturer headquartered in Wuhan , Hubei . Founded in 1969, it is currently the smallest of the " Big Four " state-owned car manufacturers of China with 671,000 sales in 2023, below SAIC Motor , Changan Automobile and FAW Group . The company develops and markets vehicles under its own branding, such as Fengdu , Voyah , Aeolus , Forthing , as well as under foreign-branded joint ventures such as Dongfeng Honda , Dongfeng Nissan and Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën (all via subsidiary Dongfeng Motor Group ). In 2021, foreign-branded cars took 79% of sales. In addition to commercial and consumer vehicles, it also manufactures parts and cooperates with foreign companies. As

1862-521: Is overrun by unprovoked armed attack would start a disastrous chain of events leading most probably to world war." While there was hesitance by some in the US government to get involved, considerations about Japan fed into the decision to engage on behalf of South Korea. After the fall of China to the communists, US experts saw Japan as the region's counterweight to the Soviet Union and China. While there

1960-702: Is the ultimate parent company using the Dongfeng name and is directly controlled by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council . Dongfeng Motor Group (DFG) is a listed subsidiary that is majority owned (66.86%) by Dongfeng Motor Corporation. The Dongfeng Motor Group (DFG) subsidiary is responsible for several joint ventures with foreign car companies, such as Dongfeng Motor Company Limited (DFL or commonly known as Dongfeng Nissan), Dongfeng Honda Automobile, Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile. Of

2058-679: The atomic bombing of Hiroshima . By 10 August, the Red Army had begun to occupy the north of Korea. On 10 August in Washington , US Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were assigned to divide Korea into Soviet and US occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel as the dividing line. This was incorporated into the US General Order No. 1 , which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August. Explaining

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2156-677: The 2013 creation of a partnership with French Renault means it retains this title today. In 2004, intermediate holding company of the group, Dongfeng Motor Group, became a listed company in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange ; Dongfeng Yueda Kia remained in the unlisted portion of the group. Dongfeng announced in November 2006 that they intend to sell their vehicles in Japan. In 2009, it sold 1.9 million vehicles ranking second among domestic automakers and third overall. In 2010,

2254-668: The 38th parallel and establishing English as the official language during military control. On 8 September, US Lieutenant General John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel. Appointed as military governor, Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK 1945–48). In December 1945, Korea

2352-705: The Chinese Civil War, while US forces remained stationed in South Korea. By spring 1950, he believed that the strategic situation had changed: PLA forces under Mao Zedong had secured final victory, US forces had withdrawn from Korea, and the Soviets had detonated their first nuclear bomb , breaking the US monopoly. As the US had not directly intervened to stop the communists in China, Stalin calculated they would be even less willing to fight in Korea, which had less strategic significance. The Soviets had cracked

2450-718: The Chinese PLA during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China. The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. As a token of gratitude, between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans who served in

2548-533: The North. On 28 June, Rhee ordered the massacre of suspected political opponents in his own country. In five days, the ROK, which had 95,000 troops on 25 June, was down to less than 22,000 troops. In early July, when US forces arrived, what was left of the ROK was placed under US operational command of the United Nations Command . The Truman administration was unprepared for the invasion. Korea

2646-636: The PLA were sent back along with their weapons, and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea. China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea. By 1948, a North Korea-backed insurgency had broken out in the southern half of the peninsula. This was exacerbated by the undeclared border war between the Koreas, which saw division-level engagements and thousands of deaths on both sides. The ROK

2744-502: The ROK had 98,000 soldiers (65,000 combat, 33,000 support), no tanks (they had been requested from the U.S. military, but requests were denied), and a 22-plane air force comprising 12 liaison-type and 10 AT-6 advanced-trainer airplanes. Large U.S. garrisons and air forces were in Japan, but only 200–300 U.S. troops were in Korea. At dawn on 25 June 1950, the KPA crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire. It justified its assault with

2842-532: The ROK. The final stage would involve destroying South Korean government remnants and capturing the rest of South Korea, including the ports. On 7 June 1950, Kim called for a Korea-wide election on 5–8 August 1950 and a consultative conference in Haeju on 15–17 June. On 11 June, the North sent three diplomats to the South as a peace overture, which Rhee rejected outright. On 21 June, Kim revised his war plan to involve

2940-529: The ROKA launched a three-pronged assault on the insurgents in South Cholla and Taegu . By March 1950, the ROKA claimed 5,621 guerrillas killed or captured and 1,066 small arms seized. This operation crippled the insurgency. Soon after, North Korea made final attempts to keep the uprising active, sending battalion-sized units of infiltrators under the commands of Kim Sang-ho and Kim Moo-hyon. The first battalion

3038-487: The South Korean interior intensified; persistent operations, paired with worsening weather, denied the guerrillas sanctuary and wore away their fighting strength. North Korea responded by sending more troops to link up with insurgents and build more partisan cadres; North Korean infiltrators had reached 3,000 soldiers in 12 units by the start of 1950, but all were destroyed or scattered by the ROKA. On 1 October 1949,

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3136-474: The South from 5,000 to 1,000. However, Kim Il Sung believed widespread uprisings had weakened the South Korean military and that a North Korean invasion would be welcomed by much of the South Korean population. Kim began seeking Stalin's support for an invasion in March 1949, traveling to Moscow to persuade him. Stalin initially did not think the time was right for a war in Korea. PLA forces were still embroiled in

3234-435: The South, armed by the U.S. military with mostly small arms, but no heavy weaponry. Several generals, such as Lee Kwon-mu , were PLA veterans born to ethnic Koreans in China. While older histories of the conflict often referred to these ethnic Korean PLA veterans as being sent from northern Korea to fight in the Chinese Civil War before being sent back, recent Chinese archival sources studied by Kim Donggill indicate that this

3332-706: The South. The ROK was being trained by the US Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG). On the eve of the war, KMAG commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide "target practice". For his part, Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North, including when US diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June. Though some South Korean and US intelligence officers predicted an attack, similar predictions had been made before and nothing had happened. The Central Intelligence Agency noted

3430-739: The Soviet Union would not move against US forces in Korea. The Truman administration believed it could intervene in Korea without undermining its commitments elsewhere. On 25 June 1950, the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of South Korea with Resolution 82 . The Soviet Union, a veto-wielding power , had boycotted Council meetings since January 1950, protesting Taiwan 's occupation of China's permanent seat . The Security Council, on 27 June 1950, published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to

3528-828: The UK, and the US decided that "in due course, Korea shall become free and independent". At the Tehran Conference in 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War within three months of the victory in Europe . Germany officially surrendered on 8 May 1945, and the USSR declared war on Japan and invaded Manchuria on 8 August 1945, two days after

3626-683: The US in 1949. With the end of the war with Japan , the Chinese Civil War resumed in earnest between the Communists and the Nationalist -led government. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with matériel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of supplies while thousands of Koreans served in

3724-631: The USAMGIK declared martial law . Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress, the US government decided to hold an election under UN auspices to create an independent Korea. The Soviet authorities and Korean communists refused to cooperate on the grounds it would not be fair, and many South Korean politicians boycotted it. The 1948 South Korean general election was held in May. The resultant South Korean government promulgated

3822-530: The Volvo brand as a smaller, pre-existing Volvo-Dongfeng joint venture markets and assembles products with a "UD" brand and the Dongfeng brand name is traditionally used on commercial vehicles. A Nissan joint venture engine production base in Shiyan , Hubei province , was producing diesel engines c. 2010, and it is possible this location was one asset of the former Nissan joint venture Dongfeng bought out as part of

3920-689: The Volvo deal. The company uses the Dongfeng Trucks brand. Based in Wuhan , Hubei province, Dongfeng Honda Automobile Company was established in 2003 and manufactures Honda-branded SUVs and automobiles for the Chinese market. Products produced by this joint venture with Honda include the Honda Civic , the CR-V , and the Spirior . As of early 2011, some offerings may incorporate Japanese-made parts. In 2010, its model line included what

4018-588: The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and Zhejiang. As of 2015, a subsidiary, Dongfeng Nissan Passenger Vehicle Company, is listed as having a R&D center as well as a variety of factories including sites in: Dalian, Huadu, Xiangyang, and Zhengzhou. The Dalian location may be the same site that was in the planning stages as of 2012 and slated to produce Nissan-branded automobiles. A corporate campus and design center in Huadu, Guangzhou,

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4116-420: The area to that end. The Truman administration still refrained from committing troops on the ground, because advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power alone. The Truman administration was uncertain whether the attack was a ploy by the Soviet Union, or just a test of US resolve. The decision to commit ground troops became viable when a communiqué was received on 27 June indicating

4214-484: The area". As Rusk's comments indicate, the US doubted whether the Soviets would agree. Joseph Stalin , however, maintained his wartime policy of cooperation, and on 16 August, the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of US forces. On 7 September 1945, General Douglas MacArthur issued Proclamation No. 1 to the people of Korea, announcing US military control over Korea south of

4312-476: The border, starting in May 1949. Border clashes between South and North continued on 4 August 1949, when thousands of North Korean troops attacked South Korean troops occupying territory north of the 38th parallel. The 2nd and 18th ROK Infantry Regiments repulsed attacks in Kuksa-bong, and KPA troops were "completely routed". Border incidents decreased by the start of 1950. Meanwhile, counterinsurgencies in

4410-704: The border, these guerrillas launched an offensive in September aimed at undermining the South Korean government and preparing the country for the KPA's arrival in force. This offensive failed. However, the guerrillas were now entrenched in the Taebaek-san region of the North Gyeongsang Province and the border areas of the Gangwon Province . While the insurgency was ongoing, the ROKA and KPA engaged in battalion-sized battles along

4508-487: The choice of the 38th parallel, Rusk observed, "Even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U. S. [ sic ] forces in the event of Soviet disagreement ... we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops". He noted that he was "faced with the scarcity of U.S. forces immediately available and time and space factors which would make it difficult to reach very far north before Soviet troops could enter

4606-541: The city of Liuzhou , Guangxi, China. Passenger vehicles produced by Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor bears the Forthing (Dongfeng Fengxing) brand. Dongfeng is the Chinese partner in many joint ventures that make trucks and cars. On August 29, 2017, the Renault-Nissan Alliance and Dongfeng Motor Corporation announced the establishment of a joint venture, eGT New Energy Automotive Co., Ltd. This joint venture

4704-554: The claim ROK troops attacked first and that the KPA were aiming to arrest and execute the "bandit traitor Syngman Rhee". Fighting began on the strategic Ongjin Peninsula in the west. There were initial South Korean claims that the 17th Regiment had counterattacked at Haeju; some scholars argue the claimed counterattack was instead the instigating attack, and therefore that the South Koreans may have fired first. However,

4802-638: The codes used by the US to communicate with their embassy in Moscow , and reading dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation. Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments, including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance . In April 1950, Stalin permitted Kim to attack

4900-412: The communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, ethnic Korean units in the PLA were sent to North Korea. In the fall of 1949, two PLA divisions composed mainly of Korean-Chinese troops (the 164th and 166th ) entered North Korea, followed by smaller units throughout the rest of 1949. The reinforcement of the KPA with PLA veterans continued into 1950, with the 156th Division and several other units of

4998-847: The company sold 2.72 million units, making it the second most-productive Chinese vehicle-maker. It reported 1.72 million sales of passenger vehicles that same year. 2011 production figures put the company in second place, in terms of production volume, in its home market; Dongfeng produced 3.06 million vehicles that year. It was the second-largest Chinese automaker in 2012 by production volume, and Dongfeng manufactured over 2.76 million whole vehicles that year with passenger cars comprising 73% of manufacture. The number of cars counted as passenger vehicles may conflate consumer offerings and tiny commercial trucks and vans known as microvans , however. Dongfeng established its first research and development facility outside of China in October 2012 when it acquired

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5096-421: The control of a single business entity and the merger of six truck production bases as well as a number of other companies previously controlled by provincial governments. Post-1985, further reforms took place that allowed Dongfeng greater autonomy; the company was removed from the direct administrative control of the central government. By the mid-1980s, its assets had tripled from those initially given to it by

5194-529: The country. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919 in Nationalist China . It failed to achieve international recognition, failed to unite the nationalist groups, and had a fractious relationship with its US-based founding president, Syngman Rhee . From 1919 to 1925 and beyond, Korean communists led internal and external warfare against the Japanese. In China,

5292-632: The date of its commencement on 25 June. In North Korea, the war is officially referred to as the Fatherland Liberation War ( Choguk haebang chŏnjaeng ) or the " Chosŏn [Korean] War" ( 조선전쟁 ; Chosŏn chŏnjaeng ). In mainland China, the segment of the war after the intervention of the People's Volunteer Army is commonly and officially known as the "Resisting America and Assisting Korea War" ( Chinese : 抗美援朝战争 ; pinyin : Kàngměi Yuáncháo Zhànzhēng ), although

5390-577: The defense of Italy and Greece, and the country was first on the list of the National Security Council 's post-North Korea invasion list of "chief danger spots". Truman believed if aggression went unchecked, a chain reaction would start that would marginalize the UN and encourage communist aggression elsewhere. The UN Security Council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans, and the US immediately began using air and naval forces in

5488-497: The early 2000s. But its first was established in 1992 with French PSA Group . Known as Dongfeng Citroën Automobile Company (DCAC), it was the forerunner to the current Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile Limited (DPCA). By 2003, Dongfeng had established joint ventures with Kia Motors ( Dongfeng Yueda Kia , 2002 ), Honda ( Dongfeng Honda , 2003 ), and Nissan ( Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd. , 2003 ). As of 2011, it had more Sino-foreign joint ventures than any other Chinese automaker, and

5586-509: The economic and military aid promised by the Soviets. Kathryn Weathersby cites Soviet documents which said Kim secured Mao's support. Along with Mark O'Neill, she says this accelerated Kim's war preparations. Chen Jian argues Mao never seriously challenged Kim's plans and Kim had every reason to inform Stalin that he had obtained Mao's support. Citing more recent scholarship, Zhao Suisheng contends Mao did not approve of Kim's war proposal and requested verification from Stalin, who did so via

5684-582: The electric city car targeted at European market. Its main products, the Renault Group's Renault City K-ZE / Dacia Spring , Seres Group 's Fengon E1 and Nissan's Vanucia E30 (second generation) are rebadged by Dongfeng's Nano Box and EX1 city car. Dongfeng established its joint venture with American parts-maker Dana Holding Corporation , Dongfeng Dana Axle Co, c. 2005. As of 2011, Dana and Dongfeng both have 50% ownership of this joint venture. In January 2013, Dongfeng and Volvo agreed to form

5782-453: The end of World War II in 1945, Korea, which had been a Japanese colony for 35 years, was divided by the Soviet Union and the US into two occupation zones at the 38th parallel , with plans for a future independent state. Due to political disagreements and influence from their backers, the zones formed their own governments in 1948. The DPRK was led by Kim Il Sung in Pyongyang , and the ROK by Syngman Rhee in Seoul ; both claimed to be

5880-435: The exchange of prisoners and created a 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) wide Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) along the frontline, with a Joint Security Area at Panmunjom . The conflict caused more than 1 million military deaths and an estimated 2 to 3 million civilian deaths, a larger proportion of civilian deaths than in World War II or the Vietnam War . Alleged war crimes include the mass killing of suspected communists by Seoul and

5978-459: The former Fourth Field Army arriving in February; the PLA 156th Division was reorganized as the KPA 7th Division. By mid-1950, between 50,000 and 70,000 former PLA troops had entered North Korea, forming a significant part of the KPA's strength on the eve of the war's beginning. The combat veterans and equipment from China, the tanks, artillery, and aircraft supplied by the Soviets, and rigorous training increased North Korea's military superiority over

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6076-472: The government and between 2,976 and 3,392 deaths. By May 1949, both uprisings had been crushed. Insurgency reignited in the spring of 1949 when attacks by guerrillas in the mountainous regions (buttressed by army defectors and North Korean agents) increased. Insurgent activity peaked in late 1949 as the ROKA engaged so-called People's Guerrilla Units. Organized and armed by the North Korean government, and backed by 2,400 KPA commandos who had infiltrated through

6174-527: The government in the South, under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if needed. For Kim, this was the fulfillment of his goal to unite Korea. Stalin made it clear Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat, to avoid a direct war with the US Kim met with Mao in May 1950 and differing historical interpretations of the meeting have been put forward. According to Barbara Barnouin and Yu Changgeng, Mao agreed to support Kim despite concerns of American intervention, as China desperately needed

6272-462: The government. At 02:00 on 28 June the ROK blew up the Hangang Bridge across the Han River in an attempt to stop the KPA. The bridge was detonated while 4,000 refugees were crossing it, and hundreds were killed. Destroying the bridge trapped many ROK units north of the river. In spite of such desperate measures, Seoul fell that same day. Some South Korean National Assemblymen remained in Seoul when it fell, and 48 subsequently pledged allegiance to

6370-454: The influence of China over Korea in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), ushering in the short-lived Korean Empire . A decade later, after defeating Imperial Russia in the Russo-Japanese War , Japan made the Korean Empire its protectorate with the Eulsa Treaty in 1905, then annexed it with the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 . The Korean Empire fell, and Korea was directly ruled by Japan between 1910–45. Many Korean nationalists fled

6468-684: The insurgent war and border clashes. The first socialist uprising occurred without direct North Korean participation, though the guerrillas still professed support for the northern government. Beginning in April 1948 on Jeju Island , the campaign saw arrests and repression by the South Korean government in the fight against the South Korean Labor Party, resulting in 30,000 violent deaths, among them 14,373 civilians, of whom ~2,000 were killed by rebels and ~12,000 by ROK security forces. The Yeosu–Suncheon rebellion overlapped with it, as several thousand army defectors waving red flags massacred right-leaning families. This resulted in another brutal suppression by

6566-439: The invasion force, the North had 114 fighters, 78 bombers, 105 T-34-85 tanks, and some 30,000 soldiers stationed in reserve in North Korea. Although each navy consisted of only several small warships, the North and South Korean navies fought in the war as seaborne artillery for their armies. In contrast, the South Korean population was estimated at 20 million, but its army was unprepared and ill-equipped. As of 25 June 1950,

6664-427: The invasion. UN forces comprised 21 countries, with the US providing around 90% of military personnel. Seoul was captured on 28 June, and by early August, the Republic of Korea Army (ROKA) and its allies were nearly defeated, holding onto only the Pusan Perimeter in the peninsula's southeast. On 15 September, UN forces landed at Inchon near Seoul, cutting off KPA troops and supply lines. UN forces broke out from

6762-487: The joint ventures, DFL (or Dongfeng Nissan), formed in 2003, is the largest and sells Nissan-branded vehicles under its Dongfeng Nissan Passenger Vehicle Company (DFN) division. The DFN division also produces cars using Infiniti and Venucia branding. In 2017, DFL acquired 51% stake in Zhengzhou Nissan (total 79.651%) from its own subsidiary (at the time) Dongfeng Automobile Company Ltd. (DFAC) to consolidate Nissan China operations under DFL. Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle (DFCV)

6860-521: The national and provincial levels. Alongside First Automotive Works it saw the successful dismantling of the Automobile Corporation, a central government entity presumably tasked with preventing non-competitive business practices through dictating output volumes and curtailing purchasing as well as exasperation at the right of the State to make managerial appointments. The Chinese partner in many Sino-foreign joint venture companies, Dongfeng initiated most of these cooperative efforts with foreign firms in

6958-436: The nationalist National Revolutionary Army and the communist People's Liberation Army (PLA) helped organize Korean refugees against the Japanese military, which had also occupied parts of China. The Nationalist-backed Koreans, led by Yi Pom-Sok , fought in the Burma campaign (1941-45). The communists, led by, among others, Kim Il Sung , fought the Japanese in Korea and Manchuria . At the Cairo Conference in 1943, China,

7056-531: The operation was conducted under the auspices of the UN. It has been sometimes referred to in the English-speaking world as "The Forgotten War" or "The Unknown War" because of the lack of public attention it received during and afterward, relative to the global scale of World War II, which preceded it, and the subsequent angst of the Vietnam War , which succeeded it. Imperial Japan diminished

7154-524: The percentage of consumer offerings was likely lower as passenger car counts may include microvans , tiny commercial vehicles that are popular in China. Between 1978 and 1985 alongside the market-based Chinese economic reforms instituted by Deng Xiaoping , Dongfeng was transformed from a manufacturer of two heavy-duty trucks with fragmented operations and ownership into a single, centrally managed enterprise. This process included placing all Dongfeng operations—from part manufacture to vehicle assembly—under

7252-805: The perimeter on 18 September, re-captured Seoul, and invaded North Korea in October, capturing Pyongyang and advancing towards the Yalu River —the border with China. On 19 October, the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) crossed the Yalu and entered the war on the side of the north. UN forces retreated from North Korea in December, following the PVA's first and second offensive . Communist forces captured Seoul again in January 1951 before losing it to

7350-494: The report that contained the Haeju claim contained errors and outright falsehoods. KPA forces attacked all along the 38th parallel within an hour. The KPA had a combined arms force including tanks supported by heavy artillery. The ROK had no tanks, anti-tank weapons, or heavy artillery. The South Koreans committed their forces in a piecemeal fashion, and these were routed in a few days. On 27 June, Rhee evacuated Seoul with some of

7448-577: The site in Shiyan, but were abruptly halted. As the Chinese economy improved, and as a result of the Sino-Soviet split , production of military trucks came into the spotlight again, and construction of the Second Automobile Works ( 第二汽车制造厂 ) was included in the third five-year plan in 1965. The company was officially founded in 1969 at a village of 100 residents, that would later grow to become Shiyan city. This remote location

7546-543: The sole legitimate government of all of Korea and engaged in border clashes as internal unrest was fomented by communist groups in the south. On 25 June 1950, the Korean People's Army (KPA), equipped and trained by the Soviets, launched an invasion of the south. In the absence of the Soviet Union's representative, the UN Security Council denounced the attack and recommended member states to repel

7644-444: The southward movement by the KPA but assessed this as a "defensive measure" and concluded an invasion was "unlikely". On 23 June UN observers inspected the border and did not detect that war was imminent. Chinese involvement was extensive from the beginning, building on previous collaboration between the Chinese and Korean communists during the Chinese Civil War. Throughout 1949 and 1950, the Soviets continued arming North Korea. After

7742-474: The state in 1981, and management was desirous of even greater production capacity. But in 1995, the company was experiencing financial difficulties as was the case with many Chinese automobile manufacturers at this time. The situation was still dire in 1998 precipitating a 1999 restructuring of the company. In 1992, the company changed its name to Dongfeng, or "East Wind" in Chinese. This state owned enterprise has come into conflict with authority at both

7840-483: The term " Chosŏn War" ( Chinese : 朝鮮戰爭 ; pinyin : Cháoxiǎn Zhànzhēng ) is sometimes used unofficially. The term " Hán (Korean) War" ( Chinese : 韓戰 ; pinyin : Hán Zhàn ) is most used in Taiwan (Republic of China), Hong Kong and Macau . In the US, the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a " police action " as the US never formally declared war on its opponents, and

7938-458: The torture and starvation of prisoners of war by Pyongyang. North Korea became one of the most heavily bombed countries in history, and virtually all of Korea's major cities were destroyed. No peace treaty has been signed, making the war a frozen conflict . In South Korea, the war is usually referred to as the "625 War" ( 6·25 전쟁 ; 六二五戰爭 ), the "625 Upheaval" ( 6·25 동란 ; 六二五動亂 ; yugio dongnan ), or simply "625", reflecting

8036-478: The word 股份 ) (share). In 2020, Dongfeng dissolved its ventures Dongfeng Renault , Dongfeng Yulon and withdrawn from Dongfeng Yueda Kia in 2021. On June 12, 2020, the mass-produced version of the Dongfeng Sharing-VAN 1.0 rolled off the production line at its technical center, demonstrating Dongfeng's 5G-enabled autonomous vehicle with level 4 applications. Dongfeng Motor Corporation (DFM)

8134-675: Was China's best-selling SUV that year, the CR-V. Other Honda-branded models sold in China are made by Guangqi Honda Automobile , but a 2004 agreement allowed Dongfeng-built CR-Vs to be sold through Guangqi's showrooms . Korean War Korean Demilitarized Zone established Together: 1,742,000 The Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was an armed conflict on the Korean Peninsula fought between North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea; DPRK) and South Korea (Republic of Korea; ROK) and their allies. North Korea

8232-567: Was administered by a US–Soviet Union Joint Commission , as agreed at the Moscow Conference , to grant independence after a five-year trusteeship. Waiting five years for independence was unpopular among Koreans, and riots broke out. To contain them, the USAMGIK banned strikes on 8 December and outlawed the PRK Revolutionary Government and People's Committees on 12 December. Following further civilian unrest,

8330-414: Was almost entirely trained and focused on counterinsurgency, rather than conventional warfare. They were equipped and advised by a force of a few hundred American officers, who were successful in helping the ROKA to subdue guerrillas and hold its own against North Korean military (Korean People's Army, KPA) forces along the 38th parallel. Approximately 8,000 South Korean soldiers and police officers died in

8428-468: Was also the first civilian truck by the company. At its peak the EQ140 held a domestic market share of 66%. In 1986, Dongfeng surpassed 100,000 vehicles produced annually. In 1987, a new 3-ton model was launched. Traditionally manufacturing commercial vehicles, by 2001 these made up about 73% of Dongfeng's production. By 2012, that figure had reversed, and 73% of manufactures were passenger cars. However,

8526-504: Was announced in 2017. In 2018, Dongfeng Motor's overall sales volume reached 1.547 million vehicles, a year-on-year increase of 3.9%. As of 28 December 2020, DFL had the following subsidiaries: After the majority stake of Zhengzhou Nissan, was acquired by Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd., there are three brands of products sold under the firm, including Dongfeng, Fengdu , and Nissan . Electric commercial van products. Dongfeng Motor Corporation Dongfeng Motor Corporation Ltd.

8624-548: Was announced that Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd. would begin manufacturing models from the range of Nissan's luxury marque, Infiniti , beginning in 2014. In 2017 the majority stake of Zhengzhou Nissan, was acquired from the listed subsidiaries Dongfeng Automobile Company for CN¥ 788 million. As of 2006, the company reportedly had factories in Hubei, Guangdong, the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,

8722-526: Was chosen as its topography consisted of over 40 shallow valleys, allowing factories to be concealed, while also being on the route of the Xiangyang–Chongqing railway . Due to its remote countryside location with limited equipment, the company only managed to produce 200 automobiles by 1972. In 1975, the first EQ240 2.5-ton Dongfeng truck was produced, followed by the EQ140 5-ton model in 1978, which

8820-454: Was chosen as the proposed site. The reasoning is also mentioned in a dictate of Chairman Mao Zedong ; as part of his " Third Front " strategy However, due to the poor state of the economy, the plans were shelved. In 1957, Hunan was picked as the site for the proposed truck factory, as the Yangtze basin area of the province didn't have any heavy industry yet. In 1960 preparations started at

8918-465: Was created for the collaborative development and sale of electric vehicles in China. Renault and Nissan each hold a 25% stake in eGT, while Dongfeng owns the remaining 50% of the shares. eGT has established its production facility in Shiyan City, Hubei Province, located in the central region of China. The joint venture shares the production line and supply chain with Dongfeng Nammi and produces

9016-523: Was launched in July 2009 using the Chinese name Fengshen (风神), and was later renamed to Aeolus as the English name. Several models during the 2010s was produced with support from PSA Peugeot Citroën and in the same factories that produce its Peugeot and Citroën-branded products for the Chinese market. The Aeolus S30 may have been the first instance of Dongfeng using its own "Dual Sparrows" logo in combination with its name. In August 2023, Aeolus became

9114-498: Was no US policy dealing with South Korea directly as a national interest, its proximity to Japan increased its importance. Said Kim: "The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman's decision to intervene ... The essential point ... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of U.S. policy toward Japan." Another consideration

9212-401: Was not included in the strategic Asian Defense Perimeter outlined by United States Secretary of State Dean Acheson . Military strategists were more concerned with the security of Europe against the Soviet Union than that of East Asia . The administration was worried a war in Korea could quickly escalate without American intervention. Diplomat John Foster Dulles stated: "To sit by while Korea

9310-770: Was not the case. Rather, the soldiers were indigenous to China, as part of China's longstanding ethnic Korean community, and were recruited to the PLA in the same way as any other Chinese citizen. According to the first official census in 1949, the population of North Korea numbered 9,620,000, and by mid-1950, North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops, organized into 10 infantry divisions, one tank division, and one air force division, with 210 fighter planes and 280 tanks, who captured scheduled objectives and territory, among them Kaesong, Chuncheon , Uijeongbu , and Ongjin. Their forces included 274 T-34-85 tanks, 200 artillery pieces, 110 attack bombers, 150 Yak fighter planes, and 35 reconnaissance aircraft. In addition to

9408-498: Was reduced to a single man over the course of engagements by the ROKA 8th Division . The second was annihilated by a two-battalion hammer-and-anvil maneuver by units of the ROKA 6th Division , resulting in a toll of 584 KPA guerrillas (480 killed, 104 captured) and 69 ROKA troops killed, plus 184 wounded. By the spring of 1950, guerrilla activity had mostly subsided; the border, too, was calm. By 1949, South Korean and US military actions had reduced indigenous communist guerrillas in

9506-620: Was supported by the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union , while South Korea was supported by the United Nations Command (UNC) led by the United States . The conflict was thus the first major proxy war of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and US. Fighting ended in 1953 with an armistice but no peace treaty , leading to the ongoing Korean conflict characterized by phases of diplomacy and confrontation. After

9604-668: Was the Soviet reaction if the US intervened. The Truman administration was fearful a Korean war was a diversionary assault that would escalate to a general war in Europe once the US committed in Korea. At the same time, "[t]here was no suggestion from anyone that the United Nations or the United States could back away from [the conflict]". Yugoslavia —a possible Soviet target because of the Tito-Stalin split —was vital to

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