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94-790: The idea of establishing a car factory in north-eastern Lublin existed before World War II . In September 1938, the construction of a factory for the Warsaw company Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein began in the Tatary district. The company intended to produce components for passenger cars and trucks under license from the American Chevrolet . It was planned to start the production of engines , front and rear drive axles , steering systems , as well as clutches and gear boxes . The engines were to be produced in numbers of up to 10,000 pieces per year, with production intended for domestic needs. Due to

188-402: A linear function . Force of fully compressed spring where Zero-length spring is a term for a specially designed coil spring that would exert zero force if it had zero length. That is, in a line graph of the spring's force versus its length, the line passes through the origin. A real coil spring will not contract to zero length because at some point the coils touch each other. "Length" here

282-401: A conventional spring, without stiffness variability features, is compressed or stretched from its resting position, it exerts an opposing force approximately proportional to its change in length (this approximation breaks down for larger deflections). The rate or spring constant of a spring is the change in the force it exerts, divided by the change in deflection of the spring. That is, it

376-461: A form (especially a coil) that can return into shape after being compressed or extended. Springs can store energy when compressed. In everyday use, the term most often refers to coil springs , but there are many different spring designs. Modern springs are typically manufactured from spring steel . An example of a non-metallic spring is the bow , made traditionally of flexible yew wood, which when drawn stores energy to propel an arrow . When

470-475: A more varied relief with loess gorges, and eastern, which is flat. In the southern part of the city there is an artificial Zemborzyce Lake created by damming Bystrzyca. The area of the city is 147 km2. The highest point lies at a height of 235.0 m (771.0 ft) and the lowest point at a height of 163.6 m (537 ft). Lublin has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) with cold, damp winters and warm summers. The population of Lublin in 2021

564-488: A new underground gallery ("Alchemy") between and beneath Świętoduska and Lubartowska Streets. The local TVP station, TVP3 Lublin , broadcasts from a 104 m (341 ft)-tall concrete television tower. The station put its first program on the air in 1985. In recent years it contributed programming to TVP3 channel and later TVP Info . The radio stations airing from Lublin include Radio 'eR – 87.9 FM', Radio 'Eska Lublin' – 103.6 FM, Radio Lublin (regional station of

658-453: A piece of inelastic material of the proper length so the zero force point would occur at zero length. A zero-length spring can be attached to a mass on a hinged boom in such a way that the force on the mass is almost exactly balanced by the vertical component of the force from the spring, whatever the position of the boom. This creates a horizontal pendulum with very long oscillation period . Long-period pendulums enable seismometers to sense

752-585: A railway connection to Warsaw and Kovel and Lublin Station were constructed, spurring industrial development. Lublin's population grew from 28,900 in 1873 to 50,150 in 1897 (including 24,000 Jews). Russian rule ended in 1915, when the city was occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian armies. After the defeat of the Central Powers in 1918, Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland -

846-562: A system can be determined through the spring constant k and its displacement x : U = ( 1 2 ) k x 2 {\displaystyle U=\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)kx^{2}} The kinetic energy K of an object in simple harmonic motion can be found using the mass of the attached object m and the velocity at which the object oscillates v : K = ( 1 2 ) m v 2 {\displaystyle K=\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)mv^{2}} Since there

940-444: A variable rate. However, a conical spring can be made to have a constant rate by creating the spring with a variable pitch. A larger pitch in the larger-diameter coils and a smaller pitch in the smaller-diameter coils forces the spring to collapse or extend all the coils at the same rate when deformed. Since force is equal to mass, m , times acceleration, a , the force equation for a spring obeying Hooke's law looks like: The mass of

1034-537: Is a regional centre of IT companies. Asseco Business Solutions S.A., eLeader Sp z o.o., CompuGroup Medical Polska Sp. z o.o., Abak-Soft Sp. z o.o. and others have their headquarters here. Other companies (for example Comarch S.A. , Britenet Sp. z o.o., Simple S.A., Asseco Poland S.A. ) outsourced to Lublin, to take advantage of the educated specialists. There is a visible growth in professionals eager to work in Lublin, due to reasons like quality of life, culture management,

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1128-506: Is appropriate only in the low-strain region. Hooke's law is a mathematical consequence of the fact that the potential energy of the rod is a minimum when it has its relaxed length. Any smooth function of one variable approximates a quadratic function when examined near enough to its minimum point as can be seen by examining the Taylor series . Therefore, the force – which is the derivative of energy with respect to displacement – approximates

1222-712: Is compliance, that is: if a spring has a rate of 10 N/mm, it has a compliance of 0.1 mm/N. The stiffness (or rate) of springs in parallel is additive , as is the compliance of springs in series. Springs are made from a variety of elastic materials, the most common being spring steel. Small springs can be wound from pre-hardened stock, while larger ones are made from annealed steel and hardened after manufacture. Some non-ferrous metals are also used, including phosphor bronze and titanium for parts requiring corrosion resistance, and low- resistance beryllium copper for springs carrying electric current . Simple non-coiled springs have been used throughout human history, e.g.

1316-412: Is defined as the distance between the axes of the pivots at each end of the spring, regardless of any inelastic portion in-between. Zero-length springs are made by manufacturing a coil spring with built-in tension (A twist is introduced into the wire as it is coiled during manufacture; this works because a coiled spring unwinds as it stretches), so if it could contract further, the equilibrium point of

1410-454: Is found by taking the inverse of the period: f = 1 T = ω 2 π = 1 2 π k m {\displaystyle f={\frac {1}{T}}={\frac {\omega }{2\pi }}={\frac {1}{2\pi }}{\sqrt {\frac {k}{m}}}} In classical physics , a spring can be seen as a device that stores potential energy , specifically elastic potential energy , by straining

1504-664: Is located about 10 km (6.2 miles) SE of Lublin. With approximately 8 destinations and over 450 000 passengers served in 2018, it is the biggest airport in Eastern Poland. There is a direct train and bus link from the airport to downtown. From Lublin Główny railway station , ten trains depart each day to Warsaw , and three to Kraków , as in other major cities in Poland. Lublin has also direct train connections with Rzeszów , Szczecin , Gdynia , and other Polish cities and towns in

1598-459: Is no energy loss in such a system, energy is always conserved and thus: E = K + U {\displaystyle E=K+U} The angular frequency ω of an object in simple harmonic motion, given in radians per second, is found using the spring constant k and the mass of the oscillating object m : ω = k m {\displaystyle \omega ={\sqrt {\frac {k}{m}}}} The period T ,

1692-478: Is one of only four towns in Poland to have trolleybuses (the others are Gdynia, Sopot, and Tychy). Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and serves as an important regional cultural capital. Since then, many important international events have taken place here, involving international artists, researchers and politicians. Spring (device) A spring is a device consisting of an elastic but largely rigid material (typically metal) bent or molded into

1786-468: Is the gradient of the force versus deflection curve . An extension or compression spring's rate is expressed in units of force divided by distance, for example or N/m or lbf/in. A torsion spring is a spring that works by twisting; when it is twisted about its axis by an angle, it produces a torque proportional to the angle. A torsion spring's rate is in units of torque divided by angle, such as N·m / rad or ft·lbf /degree. The inverse of spring rate

1880-630: The AB-Aktion . On 24 June 1940, the Germans carried out mass arrests of over 800 Poles in Lublin, who were then imprisoned in the castle, along with dozens of Poles who were arrested at the same time in other towns in the region, including Biała Podlaska , Chełm , Puławy . Many of the prisoners were then deported to the Sachsenhausen and Auschwitz concentration camps, while around 500 Poles were murdered in five large massacres carried out in

1974-646: The Intelligenzaktion , the Germans carried out mass arrests of hundreds of Poles, including teachers, judges, lawyers, engineers, priests, lecturers of the local theological seminary, and lecturers and students of the Catholic University of Lublin , which the occupiers closed down. Arrested Poles were held in a prison established in the Lublin Castle, and many were afterwards deported to concentration camps . On 23–25 December 1939,

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2068-704: The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, thus creating the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Lublin witnessed the early stages of the Reformation in the 16th century. A Calvinist congregation was founded and groups of radical Arians appeared in the city, making it an important global centre of Arianism . Until the partitions at the end of the 18th century , Lublin

2162-628: The M-20 Pobeda began in Warsaw. The trucks from Lublin had a load capacity of 2.5 tons, a gasoline engine and a wooden driver's cabin. In 1951, 88 Lublin 51 cars were produced. The following year, production was increased to 2,200 units. The preliminary design envisaged an increase in production to 12,000 cars per year. A total of 17,500 Polish GAZ 51s rolled off the assembly line in Lublin. Licensed production ended in 1958. The management tried to introduce more domestically produced components. From July 22, 1952, all wooden elements (the cabin) came from

2256-546: The National Heritage Board of Poland . Archaeological finds indicate a long presence of cultures in the area. A complex of settlements started to develop on the future site of Lublin and in its environs in the sixth to seventh centuries. Remains of settlements dating back to the sixth century were discovered in the centre of today's Lublin on Czwartek ("Thursday") Hill. The early Middle Ages were marked by an intensified settlement of people, particularly in

2350-795: The Polish Radio ) – 102.2 FM, [ Radio Centrum (university radio station)] – 98.2 FM, Radio 'Free' (city station of the Polish Radio) – 89,9 FM, and Radio 'Złote Przeboje' (Golden Hits) Lublin – 95.6 FM. Local newspapers include Kurier Lubelski daily, regional partner of the national newspaper Dziennik Wschodni daily, Gazeta Wyborcza [ Lublin Edition] daily (regional supplement to the national newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza ), [ Metro] (daily, free), and Nasze Miasto Lublin weekly (free). The Lublin Airport (Port Lotniczy Lublin) (IATA: LUZ)

2444-461: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were held in Lublin. In the 16th century, the parliaments ( Sejm ) of the Kingdom of Poland were held in Lublin several times. On 26 June 1569, one of the most important proclaimed the Union of Lublin , which united Poland and Lithuania . Lublin as one of the most influential cities of the state enjoyed voting rights during the royal elections in Poland . Some of

2538-516: The bow (and arrow). In the Bronze Age more sophisticated spring devices were used, as shown by the spread of tweezers in many cultures. Ctesibius of Alexandria developed a method for making springs out of an alloy of bronze with an increased proportion of tin, hardened by hammering after it was cast. Coiled springs appeared early in the 15th century, in door locks. The first spring powered-clocks appeared in that century and evolved into

2632-419: The 1970s. A significant number of employees were educated at the factory's Vocational School Complex, which included a Mechanical Technical Secondary School , a Basic Vocational School and a Secondary Vocational School . The factory was constantly growing, which resulted in the 1973 absorption of Fabryka Samochodów Rolniczych (Farming Vehicles Works) from Poznań-Antoninka (Greater Poland Voivodeship) and

2726-479: The Asian partner was initiated on June 27, and the operations of the new entity "Daewoo Motor Polska" began on October 31, 1995. The Korean side became the majority shareholder, including the Lublin plant in the structures of Daewoo . The Semi Knock Down standard included, among others: Nexia models (November 1995 - April 1998), Musso (September 1998 - 2001) and Korando (late 1998 - 2000). From 1998–2001, 50% of

2820-729: The EU — every fifth Euro will be spent in Poland. In total, we will have at our disposal 120 billion EUR, assigned exclusively for post-development activities. This sum will be an enormous boost for our country. In September 2007, the prime minister signed a bill creating a special economic investment zone in Lublin that offers tax incentives. It is part of "Park Mielec" — the European Economic Development area. At least 13 large companies had declared their wish to invest here, e.g., Carrefour, Comarch, Safo, Asseco, Aliplast, Herbapol, Modern-Expo , and Perła Browary Lubelskie. At

2914-403: The Germans carried out massacres of 31 Poles in several locations in Lublin. Among the victims were lawyers, professors, school principals, starosts of Lublin and Lubartów counties and other well-known and respected citizens of the region. In January and February 1940, the occupiers arrested 23 Capuchin friars and 43 Jesuit friars. Persecution of Polish intelligentsia was continued with

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3008-593: The Intrall Lublin 3Mi model was produced - previously the Lublin II and 3 were produced. Work on the successor of the Lublin, called Lubo , was well advanced. On October 15, 2007, the district court announced the bankruptcy of Intrall Polska . In mid-April 2008, efforts to produce Honker and Lublin began. In January 2009, the Warsaw company "Igma - special and armored vehicles" and DZT Tymińscy entered

3102-592: The Lublin area has to be one of the main beneficiaries of the EU development funds. Jerzy Kwiecinski, the deputy secretary of state in the Ministry for Regional Development at the Conference of the Ministry for Regional Development (Poland in the European Union — new possibilities for foreign investors) said: In the immediate financial outlook, between 2007 and 2013, we will be the largest beneficiaries of

3196-431: The Lublin plant. After the first difficult years, FSC began to develop. In April 1954, the standardization department was opened and production began. Two years later, in 1956, a forge was opened, and in 1959 production began in the wheel and spring department. As a result of the factory's continuous development, its fixed assets in 1973 were estimated at PLN 3 billion. Later, the production of rims for other plants became

3290-491: The Polish Rada Główna Opiekuńcza charity organisation, around 2,200 people were released from those two camps. Many of the released people, including hundreds of kidnapped Polish children , were extremely exhausted or sick, and were taken to local hospitals, which quickly became overcrowded. Many exhausted children died soon. Lublin pharmacists and residents organized help for the children, and after leaving

3384-463: The Soviet westward offensive. In the postwar years, Lublin continued to grow, tripling its population and greatly expanding its area. A considerable scientific and research base was established around the newly founded Maria Curie-Skłodowska University . A large automotive factory, Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych (FSO), was built in the city. In 2023, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine ,

3478-579: The USSR. One of the first facilities put into use was the main assembly department along with the welding and painting shop. In accordance with the policy at the time, the plant began production on November 7, 1951 (the 34th anniversary of the October Revolution ). The already obsolete GAZ 51s with the FSC badge and the name " FSC Lublin-51 " came off the assembly lines. At the same time, production of

3572-501: The agreement. The negotiations lasted several months, during which time Igma withdrew from the talks. Finally, in May 2009, DZT Tymińscy purchased from the bankruptcy trustee of Daewoo Motor Polska the rights to produce Honker and Lublin cars as well as the branches of the former DMP plants necessary for car production. The production of a modernized Lublin delivery van called Pasagon was undertaken by DZT Tymińscy in 2011, after taking over

3666-410: The amount of time for the spring-mass system to complete one full cycle, of such harmonic motion is given by: T = 2 π ω = 2 π m k {\displaystyle T={\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {m}{k}}}} The frequency f , the number of oscillations per unit time, of something in simple harmonic motion

3760-494: The areas along river valleys. The settlements were centred around the stronghold on Old Town Hill, which was likely one of the main centres of the Lendians , a Lechitic tribe. When the tribal stronghold was destroyed in the 10th century, the centre shifted to the northeast, to a new stronghold above Czechówka valley and, after the mid-12th century, to Castle Hill. At least two churches are presumed to have existed in Lublin in

3854-568: The artists and writers of the 16th century Polish renaissance lived and worked in Lublin, including Sebastian Klonowic and Jan Kochanowski , who died in the city in 1584. In 1578, the Crown Tribunal , the highest court of the Lesser Poland Province , was established in Lublin. Since the second half of the 16th century, Protestant Reformation movements devolved in Lublin, and a large congregation of Polish Brethren

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3948-618: The basis for a puppet government. The Soviets carried out arrests of Polish resistance members, including the regional delegate of the Polish government-in-exile , Władysław Cholewa, and the commander of the regional branch of the Home Army , Colonel Kazimierz Tumidajski, who was eventually killed in Russian captivity in 1947. The capital of new Poland was moved to Warsaw in January 1945 after

4042-442: The best cities for business in Poland. The Foreign Direct Investment ranking placed Lublin second among larger Polish cities in the cost-effectiveness category. Lublin is noted for its green spaces and a high standard of living ; the city has been selected as the 2023 European Youth Capital and 2029 European Capital of Culture . Its historical Old Town is one of Poland's national monuments ( Pomnik historii ) tracked by

4136-417: The bid to take over the company's assets. It paid PLN 43 million for Daewoo's property, and together with the rights to the car, the company also purchased, including the assembly, paint, welding and stamping facilities, as well as the research and development center. In the announcement of the bid for the purchase of the rights to the production of Honker and the assets of DMP, several conditions were imposed on

4230-417: The bonds between the atoms of an elastic material. Hooke's law of elasticity states that the extension of an elastic rod (its distended length minus its relaxed length) is linearly proportional to its tension , the force used to stretch it. Similarly, the contraction (negative extension) is proportional to the compression (negative tension). This law actually holds only approximately, and only when

4324-547: The city of Lublin was honoured by President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky who granted it the title of "City-Rescuer" in recognition of its humanitarian and financial assistance to Ukraine and the country's war refugees . Lublin lies in eastern Poland on the Lublin Upland . The Bystrzyca  [ pl ] river, a tributary of the Wieprz river, passes through the city and divides it into two parts: western, with

4418-643: The city's population, Jews - 39.5%. In 1931, 63.7% of the inhabitants were Roman Catholic and 34.7% Jewish. On July 20, 1931, a violent tornado  [ simple ] carved a path of destruction through the city, destroying dozens of structures in downtown and killing six people. This tornado is officially rated F4 on the Fujita scale ; however, the Polish Weather Service estimated winds at 246 to 324 mph (396 to 521 km/h), potentially ranking it as an F5. In early September 1939, during

4512-446: The deformation (extension or contraction) is small compared to the rod's overall length. For deformations beyond the elastic limit , atomic bonds get broken or rearranged, and a spring may snap, buckle, or permanently deform. Many materials have no clearly defined elastic limit, and Hooke's law can not be meaningfully applied to these materials. Moreover, for the superelastic materials, the linear relationship between force and displacement

4606-533: The early medieval period. One of them was most probably erected on Czwartek Hill during the rule of Casimir the Restorer in the 11th century. The castle became the seat of a castellan , first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but was quite possibly present from the start of the 12th or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier. The location of Lublin at

4700-517: The eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it military significance. During the first half of the 13th century, Lublin was a target of attacks by Mongols , Tatars , Ruthenians , and Lithuanians , which resulted in its destruction. It was also ruled by Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia between 1289 and 1302. Lublin was founded as a town by Władysław I the Elbow-high or between 1258 and 1279 during

4794-564: The environment, improving connection to Warsaw, levels of education, or financial, because of usually higher operating margins of global organisations present in the area. The large car factory Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych (FSC) was acquired by the South Korean Daewoo conglomerate in the early 1990s. With Daewoo's financial troubles in 1998 related to the Asian financial crisis , the production at FSC practically collapsed and

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4888-598: The events that greatly contributed to the city's development was the Polish-Lithuanian Union of Krewo in 1385. Lublin thrived as a centre of trade and commerce due to its strategic location on the route between Vilnius and Kraków ; the inhabitants had the privilege of free trade in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . The Lublin Parliament session of 1569 led to the creation of a real union between

4982-464: The factory began to decline, due to, among others, with the political and economic changes in Poland and with the increasingly outdated design of Żuk. Work was also underway on the car's successor. In 1991, the name of the plant was changed from Truck Factory to Automobile Factory in Lublin, and from then on, cars produced by the Lublin factory (Żuk, and later Lublin) were produced under the FS brand. In 1993,

5076-525: The factory entered bankruptcy. Efforts to restart its van production succeeded when the engine supplier bought the company to keep its prime market. With the decline of Lublin as a regional industrial centre, the city's economy has been reoriented toward service industries. Currently, the largest employer is the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University . The price of land and investment costs are lower than in western Poland. However,

5170-540: The factory was taken over on lease from the trustee by Andoria SA . The design of the production-ready Maxus had to be sold (the buyer turned out to be the British company LDV ) to pay off the debts. In 2003, Andoria transferred production to the company "Intrall Polska Sp. z o. o., owned by the British-Russian concern Intrall . In 2007, nearly 500 people were employed at the former FS in Lublin. At that time,

5264-576: The factory's specialty. After the unsuccessful introduction of Lublin-51 to the Polish market, production of the flagship model, the Żuk , began in 1959. The Żuk would remain FSC's flagship model for over 50 years. The Lublin Żuk was entirely a product of Polish technical thought. The main creators of the new FSC product were engineers Stanisław Tański and Roman Skwarek. Constructed by the company's design office and using an engine and drive units from Warszawa, it set off to conquer Polish roads. In 1959, 1,084 Żuks were produced, and in 1973, 16,000 pieces. Thus,

5358-535: The first government of independent Poland operated in Lublin for a short time. In the interwar years, the city continued to modernise and its population grew; important industrial enterprises were established, including the first aviation factory in Poland, the Plage i Laśkiewicz works, later nationalised as the LWS factory. The Catholic University of Lublin was founded in 1918. In 1921, Roman Catholics constituted 58.9% of

5452-471: The first large watches by the 16th century. In 1676 British physicist Robert Hooke postulated Hooke's law , which states that the force a spring exerts is proportional to its extension. On March 8, 1850, John Evans, Founder of John Evans' Sons, Incorporated, opened his business in New Haven, Connecticut, manufacturing flat springs for carriages and other vehicles, as well as the machinery to manufacture

5546-540: The first years of the occupation, many expelled Poles from Gdańsk and German-annexed Pomerania were deported to Lublin, and later on, in 1943, around 9,000 expelled Poles from the nearby Zamojszczyzna region were brought to Lublin and imprisoned in the Majdanek concentration camp and in a transit camp at Krochmalna Street; many were afterwards deported to forced labour in Germany. In August 1943, thanks to efforts of

5640-515: The force with which the spring pushes back is linearly proportional to the distance from its equilibrium length: where Most real springs approximately follow Hooke's law if not stretched or compressed beyond their elastic limit . Coil springs and other common springs typically obey Hooke's law. There are useful springs that don't: springs based on beam bending can for example produce forces that vary nonlinearly with displacement. If made with constant pitch (wire thickness), conical springs have

5734-513: The former FSC in Lublin. These vehicles are manufactured by Fabryka Samochodów Honker Sp. z o. o., owned by DZT Tymińscy SJ. Employment in a factory in Lublin. The forecast assumed up to 20,000. people. From 1963 to 1970 the company manufactured (together with a factory in Czechoslovakia ) the armoured personnel carrier OT-64 SKOT . Around 4,500 were produced for the Polish and Czechoslovak armies as well as export customers. Some of

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5828-421: The future buyer, including: continuation of Honker production in Poland, based on domestic entrepreneurs; continuation of car production at the plant in Lublin; carrying over employees involved in car production; implementation of supply contracts and warranty contracts concluded with customers by the current manufacturer; ensuring the supply of spare parts and assemblies in the quantities ordered by customers during

5922-537: The hospital, the people were taken in by the inhabitants of the surrounding villages, which resulted in an epidemic typhus outbreak, which caused many deaths among the population. On 24 July 1944, the city was taken by the Soviet Army and became the temporary headquarters of the Soviet-controlled communist Polish Committee of National Liberation established by Joseph Stalin, which was to serve as

6016-525: The infamous Lublin Ghetto and ultimately murdered. The yeshiva became a centre of learning of Talmud and Kabbalah , leading the city to be called "the Jewish Oxford ". In 1567, the rosh yeshiva (headmaster) received the title of rector from the king along with rights and privileges equal to those of the heads of Polish universities. The city declined due to the disastrous Deluge , when it

6110-409: The initial displacement and velocity of the mass. The graph of this function with B = 0 {\displaystyle B=0} (zero initial position with some positive initial velocity) is displayed in the image on the right. In simple harmonic motion of a spring-mass system, energy will fluctuate between kinetic energy and potential energy , but the total energy of the system remains

6204-452: The joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland , which started World War II , the Polish government evacuated a portion of the Polish gold reserve from Warsaw to Lublin, and then further east to Łuck , before the city was occupied by Germany , and found itself in the newly formed General Government territory. The Polish population became a target of severe Nazi persecutions focusing on intelligentsia and Polish Jews. In November 1939, during

6298-500: The king Władysław II Jagiełło . With the coming of peace between Poland and Lithuania, it developed into a trade centre, handling a large portion of commerce between the countries. In 1474, the area around Lublin was carved out of Sandomierz Voivodeship and combined to form the Lublin Voivodeship , the third voivodeship of Lesser Poland. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the town grew rapidly. The largest trade fairs of

6392-522: The outbreak of World War II, the investment was interrupted. The idea was resumed after 1945, when the surviving part of the plant in Lublin became the basis for the "Truck Factory". The decision to establish the factory was made at the Unification Congress of the PPS and PPR in 1948. The establishment of the Lublin factory significantly influenced the formation of the new city emerging after

6486-501: The outskirts of the city. Almost all of Lublin's Jews were murdered during the Holocaust in Poland . The secret Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota" , established by the Polish resistance movement operated in the city. There are also known cases of local Polish men and women, who were captured and sent to either forced labour or concentration camps by the Germans for sheltering and aiding Jews . Poles who saved Jews in other places in

6580-436: The period of 10 years of vehicle operation; acquisition of materials and semi-finished products for the production of Honker and tools for car production. The plant also prepared a specialized car for the copper ore mine ( KGHM ). Moreover, from 2011 to 2014, Ursus SA assembled Chinese ZX Grand Tiger pick-ups in Lublin (on the premises of the former FSC). Since 2012, Honker 4 X 4 and Honker Cargo have been produced in

6674-535: The planned expressway network around the city, that will be built in the coming years, consists of S12 to the east in the direction Chełm , S19 north towards Białystok , and S17 southeast towards Zamość . The expressway bypass of Lublin allows transit traffic to avoid the city centre. Long-distance buses depart from near the Castle in the Old Town and serve most of the same destinations as the rail network. Lublin

6768-466: The present-day district of Rury in 1940. Among the victims of the massacres were both men and women: doctors, engineers, local officials, lawyers, judges, activists, military officers, parliamentarians, Polish resistance members, policemen, teachers and school and university students. An attempt to " Germanise " the city led to an influx of the ethnic Volksdeutsche , increasing the number of German minority from 10–15% in 1939 to 20–25%. Near Lublin,

6862-436: The production lines of the former DMP. The new car was available in panel van, chassis, flatbed and station wagon versions, and featured a completely new front end, more comfortable seats and a redesigned frame. It also has a modernized Andoria engine meeting Euro IV standards. Ultimately, the manufacturer intended to produce 10,000 cars a year, also for export, and employ 350 people at the factory. In 2009, DZT Tymińscy also won

6956-620: The production of Lublin 33 delivery vehicles began and, as part of a joint-venture , the company began assembling the Peugeot 405 car . In the following years, the following were assembled: 1993 – 1,100 pieces, 1994 – 1,679 pieces, 1995 – 1,023 pieces. On March 14, 1995, a preliminary agreement was signed with the South Korean conglomerate Daewoo to establish a company based on the Lublin Car Factory. The agreement with

7050-473: The region as Nałęczów , Chełm or Zamość . The express train to Warsaw takes about two hours. There are other smaller stations in Lublin for local trains: Lublin is located at the intersection of expressways S12 , S17 , and S19. Expressway S17 between Lublin and Warsaw is currently finishing construction and should be ready by the second half of 2020. S19 between Lublin and Rzeszów is currently under construction and should be finished by 2023. The rest of

7144-653: The region were also temporarily imprisoned in the local castle, before being sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp. After the war, some survivors emerged from hiding with the Christian rescuers or returned from the Soviet Union, and re-established a small Jewish community in the city, but their numbers were insignificant. Most survivors left Poland for Israel, the United States and other countries. In

7238-704: The rights to produce the FSR Tarpan agricultural and off-road vehicle. FSC Lublin was repeatedly awarded state distinctions and decorations. Five times, it was awarded the Banner of the Prime Minister , the Order of the Banner of Labor , 1st class on February 20, 1975 by the 1st Sec. Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party , Edward Gierek . At the end of the 1980s, employment in

7332-586: The rule of the prince Bolesław V the Chaste . Casimir III the Great , appreciating the site's strategic importance, built a masonry castle in 1341 and encircled the city with defensive walls. From 1326, if not earlier, the stronghold on Castle Hill included a chapel in honor of the Holy Trinity. A stone church dating to 1335–1370 exists to this day. In 1392, the city received an important trade privilege from

7426-500: The same time, the energy conglomerate, Polska Grupa Energetyczna, which will build Poland's first nuclear power station, is to have its main offices in Lublin. Modern shopping centers built in Lublin like Tarasy Zamkowe (Castle Terraces), Lublin Plaza, Galeria Olimp, Galeria Gala, the largest shopping mall in the city, covering 33,500 square meters of area. Similar investments are planned for the near future such as Park Felin (Felicity) and

7520-399: The same. A spring that obeys Hooke's Law with spring constant k will have a total system energy E of: E = ( 1 2 ) k A 2 {\displaystyle E=\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)kA^{2}} Here, A is the amplitude of the wave-like motion that is produced by the oscillating behavior of the spring. The potential energy U of such

7614-538: The share of the Lublin FSC in the domestic market increased from 30.2% in 1965 to 44.5% in 1973. Lublin Żuks were exported to many countries around the world, including Egypt , where they were assembled at the ELTRAMCO factory under the name ELTRAMCO Ramzes from the 1970 to the 1990s, with parts supplied from Poland. In the years 1963–1971, the factory assembled the licensed SKOT armored personnel carrier, which

7708-603: The shares of the British company LDV belonged to Daewoo Motor Polska . Together with the British design office (ex IAD), work began on the successor of the Lublin 3 , which resulted in the creation of the LD 100 prototype, the rights and equipment for which were later purchased by the LDV company, giving it the name LDV Maxus . After the collapse of Daewoo in the Polish market in 2001,

7802-735: The so-called "reservation" for the Jews was built based on the idea of racial segregation known as the " Nisko or Lublin Plan ". The Germans established and operated a Baudienst forced labour camp for Poles in Lublin. Many Poles from or associated with Lublin, including 94 lecturers, alumni and students of the Catholic University of Lublin were murdered by the Soviets in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940. The Jewish population

7896-537: The spring is small in comparison to the mass of the attached mass and is ignored. Since acceleration is simply the second derivative of x with respect to time, This is a second order linear differential equation for the displacement x {\displaystyle x} as a function of time. Rearranging: the solution of which is the sum of a sine and cosine : A {\displaystyle A} and B {\displaystyle B} are arbitrary constants that may be found by considering

7990-406: The spring, the point at which its restoring force is zero, occurs at a length of zero. In practice, the manufacture of springs is typically not accurate enough to produce springs with tension consistent enough for applications that use zero length springs, so they are made by combining a negative length spring, made with even more tension so its equilibrium point would be at a negative length, with

8084-458: The springs. Evans was a Welsh blacksmith and springmaker who emigrated to the United States in 1847, John Evans' Sons became "America's oldest springmaker" which continues to operate today. Springs can be classified depending on how the load force is applied to them: They can also be classified based on their shape: The most common types of spring are: Other types include: An ideal spring acts in accordance with Hooke's law, which states that

8178-688: The vehicles produced at the factory: *An existing company, but not currently producing any vehicles Lublin Lublin is the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland . It is the capital and the centre of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin is the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River, located 153 km (95 mi) southeast of Warsaw . One of

8272-716: The war for many years. FSC had a direct impact on the development of the surrounding residential districts - Tatar and Bronowice. New communication routes were designed with the production plant in mind. The first work on FSC began in December 1950. Engineers from the USSR supervised all construction and assembly works, and the first employees of the FSC Lublin Factory received training at the Soviet GAZ plants. Technical documents and equipment also began to arrive from

8366-532: Was 334,681. The Lublin region is a part of eastern Poland, which has benefited less from the economic transformation after 1989 than regions of Poland located closer to Western Europe . Despite the fact that Lublin is one of the closest neighbour cities for Warsaw, the investment inflow in services from the Polish capital has secured a steady growth due to relatively fast connection, while external investments are progressing, enabling nearby satellite municipality Świdnik for large-scale industrial investments. Lublin

8460-562: Was a royal city of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. Its delegates and nobles had the right to participate in the royal election . In 1578, Lublin was chosen as the seat of the Crown Tribunal , the highest appeal court in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and for centuries, the city has been flourishing as a centre of culture and higher learning. In 2011, the analytical Financial Times Group found Lublin to be one of

8554-590: Was forced into the newly established Lublin Ghetto near Podzamcze . The city served as headquarters for Operation Reinhardt , the main German effort to exterminate all Jews in occupied Poland. The majority of the ghetto inmates, about 26,000 people, were deported to the Bełżec extermination camp between 17 March and 11 April 1942. The remainder were moved to facilities around the Majdanek concentration camp established at

8648-784: Was invaded by Russo - Cossack forces in 1655, and Sweden in 1656. After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, Lublin was located in the Austrian empire , then following the Austro-Polish War of 1809 it was part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw , and then in 1815 it became part of the Congress Poland in the Russian Partition of Poland. At the beginning of the 19th century, new squares, streets, and public buildings were built. In 1877,

8742-557: Was present in the city. One of Poland's most important Jewish communities was established in Lublin around this time. Jews established a widely respected yeshiva , Jewish hospital, synagogue, cemetery , and education centre ( kahal ) and built the Grodzka Gate (known as the Jewish Gate) in the historic district. Jews were a vital part of the city's life until the Holocaust , during which they were relocated by Nazi Germany to

8836-766: Was produced for the needs of the Armed Forces of the Polish People's Republic and the Czechoslovak People's Army . A total of approximately 4,500 vehicles of various versions were assembled. Half of the vehicles made by the factory were received by the Polish People's Army. In addition to cars, FSC produced many components for domestic manufacturers; wheels, springs , iron castings, forgings, screw products, drive axles, etc. The main recipients of produced supplies included factories in Warsaw , Starachowice , and Bielsko-Biała . FSC's employment peaked in

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