Ottoman victory
90-463: (Redirected from Ottoman–Habsburg War ) The term Habsburg–Ottoman War or Ottoman–Habsburg War may refer to: Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1529–1533 Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1540–1547 Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1551–1562 Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1565–1568 Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1593–1606 , aka
180-649: A Saxon." In 1648, Prince George I. Rákóczi wrote in a letter: "Our Saxon bishop called us together with his seniors under his bishopric, reporting that since the number of Saxons in Réten had greatly decreased and the Vlachs, vice versa, had multiplied greatly". In 1663, the Wallachian voivode Ghica wrote to Michael I Apafi , Prince of Transylvania regarding the runaway Romanian serfs of the Filipescu boyar. In 1668,
270-572: A conflict known as the "Little War" ( German : Kleinkrieg ). No large armies or sustained campaigns were launched, but authorities on both sides continually struggled with hostile raiders and forays across the poorly-demarcated border. Both sides, however, desired that peace continue. In 1571 the Turks destroyed the Hodejov castle and in 1575 they conquered the Modrý Kameň castle. In 1588 there
360-521: A deep imprint in Hungarian historical memory, and ending in defeat despite the heroic endurance of the defenders. Sultan Suleiman I started his last campaign and he set Szigetvár as his first goal. He besieged the castle of Szigetvár with an army of hundred thousand regular forces, which Zrinski defended with about 2,500 soldiers, resisting the Turkish superiority for 34 days. On September 7, 1566, when
450-592: A few guns to defend Güns ( Kőszeg ). In the siege of Güns , the Grand Vizier of the Ottomans, Ibrahim Pasha , did not realize how well defended Koszeg was. Nonetheless, under the leadership of Croatian Captain Nikola Jurišić , the city fought off every assault. The exact outcome of the battle is unknown since it has two versions that differ depending on the source. In the first version, Nikola Jurišić rejected
540-544: A fort under Ottoman control is a bigger sin than failing to take one. Ali Paşa temporarily lifted the siege and took his men to Babócsa, to rescue the garrison but, on July 23-24, at a battle at the Rinya River, Nikola Zrinski defeated Ali Paşa, who then returned to Szigetvár, which, during his absence, had damaged walls repaired and the garrison reinvigorated. The Ottomans lifted the siege and left Szigetvár - chased and attacked while they fled. The castle, damaged during
630-710: A month and sent a secret letter to prince Selim to take over the throne. The soldiers didn't know that Suleiman died until Selim joined the army in Belgrade. The army supported him to be the successor of Suleiman. Peace was finally concluded in Edirne in 1568 and renewed in 1576, 1584, and 1591. War would not again break out between the Habsburgs and Ottomans until 1593, in the Long Turkish War . However, throughout this period of peace small-scale warfare continued,
720-510: A small number living in the Haţeg district, where the capital of Decebalus is believed to have stood, and who, during the time of John Hunyadi , a native of those places, were granted aristocratic status because they had always taken part in the struggle against the Turks. The rest of them are all commoners, serfs of the Hungarians, having no places of their own, spread all over the territory, in
810-525: A travelogue called the Seyahatnâme "Book of Travel". His trip to Hungary took place between 1660 and 1666. The Transylvanian's state of development in the 17th century was so good that it was an attraction to strangers longing for its territory. Evliya Çelebi wrote in his book that the Romanian serfs moved en masse to Transylvania because of the extreme ruthlessness of the rulers of Romanian lands, and
900-424: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526%E2%80%931568) [REDACTED] Holy Roman Empire Mediterranean Ottoman–Habsburg War (1540–1547) Ottoman–Habsburg War (1551–1562) Habsburg–Transylvanian War (1556–1567) Ottoman–Habsburg War (1565–1568) The Habsburg monarchy and
990-767: The Anti-Trinitarian (Unitarian) creed. In a formal public disputation, Francis David prevailed over the Calvinist Peter Melius ; resulting in 1568 in the formal adoption of individual freedom of religious expression under the Edict of Torda . This was the first such legal guarantee of religious freedom in Christian Europe, but only for Lutherans, Calvinists, Unitarians and Catholics; Eastern Orthodox Christians being "tolerated" with no legal guarantees granted. The Principality of Transylvania
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#17327869879211080-546: The Battle of Gorjani , which was a disaster as big as Mohács , with an Ottoman relief army smashing the Austrians. However, rather than attack Vienna again, Suleiman sent an army of 8,000 light cavalries to attack Otranto in southern Italy the same year. The troops were withdrawn from Italy after an expected French invasion designed to coordinate with Ottoman efforts failed to materialize. Nonetheless, an Ottoman victory at
1170-577: The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sent Spanish troops to help his brother regularly from 1527 to 1553, support that proved instrumental in Hungary remaining inside Christianity . In the spring of 1551, the Ottomans held the Hungarian border forts of Pécs , Fehérvár , Esztergom, Vác, Nógrád, Hatvan and Szeged. During the conquest campaign in 1551, the Turks were defeated by George the Frater at Timișoara (Temesvár) and Lippa, and
1260-596: The Lands of the Hungarian Crown and was a symbol of the survival of Hungarian statehood. It represented Hungarian interests against Habsburg encroachments in the Habsburg-ruled Kingdom of Hungary . Traditional Hungarian law had to be followed scrupulously in the principality; furthermore, the state was predominantly Protestant. After the unsettled period of Rákóczi's War of Independence , it
1350-610: The Ottoman Empire waged a series of wars on the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary and several adjacent lands in Southeastern Europe from 1526 to 1568. The Habsburgs and the Ottomans engaged in a series of military campaigns against one another in Hungary between 1526 and 1568. While overall the Ottomans had the upper hand, the war failed to produce any decisive result. The Ottoman army remained very powerful in
1440-603: The Zápolya -ruled pro-Ottoman " Eastern Hungarian Kingdom " is known as the Little War in Hungary . Following Suleiman 's unsuccessful siege of Vienna in 1529, Ferdinand I launched a counter-attack in 1530 to regain the initiative and avenge the destruction brought by Suleiman's 120,000-strong army. Suleiman's response came in 1532 when he led a massive army of over 120,000 troops to besiege Vienna again. Ferdinand withdrew his army, leaving only 700 men with no cannons and
1530-632: The 18th century, but the ethnic composition was the subject of different modern estimations. Nicolaus Olahus , Primate of Hungary stated in the book Hungaria et Athila in 1536 that in Transylvania "Four nations of different origins live in it: Hungarians, Székelys, Saxons, and Vlachs" Based on a work by Antun Vrančić (1504–1573), Expeditionis Solymani in Moldaviam et Transsylvaniam libri duo. De situ Transsylvaniae, Moldaviae et Transalpinae liber tertius , more estimations exist as
1620-514: The 18th century. After the death of Prince Michael I Apafi , between 1690 and 1703, many people emigrated from Transylvania due to the tax burdens of the government that did not take into account the local circumstances. Furthermore, between 1703 and 1711 the armies of the Habsburg emperors and Francis II Rákóczi fought each other during the Rákóczi's War of Independence . Escapes accompanying
1710-707: The Brave . After 1601 the principality was for a short time under the rule of Rudolf II , who initiated the Germanization of the population, and in order to reclaim the Principality for Catholicism he initiated the Counter Reformation . From 1604 to 1606, the Hungarian nobleman Stephen Bocskay led a successful rebellion against Austrian rule. Bocskay was elected Prince of Transylvania on 5 April 1603 and prince of Hungary two months later. He achieved
1800-489: The Carpathians to the Romanian states of Moldavia and Wallachia, where they were able to assert themselves unfettered on all levels. It is also true that a small part of the Romanian nobility, as much as survived after the attempts of the Hungarian royalty to Catholicize in the previous centuries, in some places embraced one of the new reformed confessions. Food shortages, the famine of 1684–1686, caused by an increase in
1890-561: The Eastern Hungarian Kingdom under Ottoman suzerainty, which later became the Principality of Transylvania, where Austrian and Turkish influences vied for supremacy for nearly two centuries. The Hungarian magnates of Transylvania resorted to a policy of duplicity in order to preserve independence. Transylvania was administrated by Isabella, John Sigismund's mother, from 1541 to 1551, when it fell for five years under Habsburg rule (1551–1556). The House of Zapolya regained
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#17327869879211980-584: The Edict of Torda but interpreted this obligation in an increasingly restricted sense. The latter period of Báthory rule saw Transylvania under Sigismund Báthory – prince of the Holy Roman Empire – enter the Long War , which started as a Christian alliance against the Turks and became a four-sided conflict involving Transylvania, the Habsburgs, the Ottomans, and the voivode of Wallachia , Michael
2070-538: The Hungarian army of the Upper Lands at the battle of Szécsény [ sk ] . The Ottoman armies advancing in Transdanubia managed to occupy all the surrounding fortresses in the years 1540-1550, so Szigetvár was completely left alone. After the Turkish attack, led by Toygun Paşa, governor of Buda, was repulsed by László Kerecsényi in 1555, the first full-scale siege of the fortress took place in
2160-434: The Hungarian, Székely and Saxon population decimated by the vicissitudes of the war, and their remaining real estate and property, without any difficulties. As a result of heavy taxes and hard services demanded, many serfs of the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia migrated into Transylvania where the laws were more favorable. According to Hungarian estimations 350,000–500,000 Romanians migrated to Transylvania in
2250-455: The Hungarians were the most numerous ethnic group before the second half of the 17th century, when they were exceeded by Romanians. They assert the following structure of the population: in 1595, out of a total population of 670,000, 52% were Hungarians, 28% Romanians, 19% Germans. Around 1650, in a letter written to the Sultan, Moldavian prince Vasile Lupu affirms that the number of Romanians
2340-823: The Long Turkish War) Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1663–1664 , aka the Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1683–1699 , aka the Great Turkish War Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1716–1718 , aka the Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1737–1739 , aka the Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1788–1791 , aka the Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791) See also [ edit ] Austro-Turkish War (disambiguation) Great War (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
2430-534: The Middle Ages during the foundation of Moldova and Wallachia, was amplified after György Dózsa 's rebellion of 1514, the religious persecutions and the worsening standard of living of Romanian Transylvanians. The fiscal policy of the Principality of Moldavia, indulgent towards newcomers, has allowed many of them to move there, creating new settlements, such as those that are named Ungureni . The juridicial discrimination of Romanian Transylvanians increased from
2520-612: The Ottomans in Hungary; a French artillery unit was dispatched in 1543–1544 and attached to the Ottoman Army . In August 1543, the Ottoman succeeded in the siege of Esztergom The siege was followed by the capture of the Hungarian coronation city of Székesfehérvár in September 1543. Other cities that were captured during this campaign were Siklós and Szeged , in order to better protect Buda . However, continuous delay of
2610-401: The Ottomans, and briefly under Habsburg suzerainty, until 1602. Their rise to power marked the beginning of the Principality of Transylvania as a semi-independent state. Prince Stephen Báthory was the first powerful prince of independent Transylvania, a Hungarian Catholic who later became king under the name Stephen Báthory of Poland. He undertook to maintain the religious liberty granted by
2700-514: The Peace of Vienna in 1606. which afforded religious liberty and political autonomy, the restoration of all confiscated estates, the repeal of all "unrighteous" judgments, and a complete retroactive amnesty for all Hungarians in Royal Hungary , as well as his own recognition as the independent sovereign prince of an enlarged Principality of Transylvania. The Treaty of Vienna (1606) guaranteed
2790-412: The Principality of Transylvania, while the Romanian historiography asserts that there was more emigration towards Moldavia and Wallachia than vice versa. Transylvania survived as a state, and this peace facilitated its reconstruction and a gradual economic recovery, which themselves attracted new settlers from the surrounding countries into Transylvania. In addition, the population density of Transylvania
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2880-715: The Principality. In 1607 the Transylvanian Diet urged the Prince of Transylvania to demand from the Moldovan Voivode the restitution of the runaway serfs to their original lords. In 1609 the Transylvanian Diet requested that "there should be taken measures to stop their (Transylvanian serfs') crossing towards the Principates". In 1635, the delegates of Vasile Lupu solicited the movement of serfs near Cluj to Moldavia. Similarly, in 1662 Michael I Apafi urged
2970-564: The Romanians were the majority during the life of Antun Vrančić. Based on their works, in 1690 there was an absolute Romanian majority, and no significant demographic change happened between the Middle Ages and 1750, when the Austrian administration tracked newcomers, which also explained concerns about Transylvanian Romanians leaving for Wallachia and Moldavia, including Emperor Joseph II . Károly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi argue that
3060-459: The Sultan was outraged. This marked the end of the peace of Drinapolis (Erdine) in 1547. György Fráter deceived the sultan - in fact, he only wanted to gain time and finally hand over Transylvania, which had been under the rule of the Kingdom of Hungary since 1003, to the Hungarian king, Ferdinand of Habsburg. Due to the Turkish threat, on the instructions of Ferdinand I, in 1550–51, on the site of
3150-696: The Three Nations") was a pact of mutual aid codified in 1438 by three Estates of Transylvania : the (largely Hungarian ) nobility , the Saxon ( German ) patrician class, and the free military Székelys . The union was directed against the whole of the peasantry, regardless of ethnicity, in response to the Transylvanian peasant revolt . In this feudal estate parliament, the peasants (whether Hungarian, Saxon, Székely or Romanian in origin) were not represented, and they did not benefit from its acts, as
3240-641: The Transylvanian princes of this era strove to win the Transylvanian Romanian population to the cause of development and progress with the help of religious reform, to make the Romanian ethnic element just as useful for Transylvania as the other three nations were: Hungarian, Székely and Saxon. The efforts of these Hungarian princes were so successful that the Transylvanian Romanians became the creators, founders, and then
3330-613: The XVII century claim that Romanians were the most numerous ethnic group in Transylvania during that time, including those of Johannes Tröster, Grigore Ureche , and Miron Costin . The period 1567–1661 had a deep demographic impact on the country. Transylvania was repeatedly ravaged by war between 1657 and 1661. Evliya Çelebi , accompanying Ali Pasha's army into Transylvania in 1661, reported vast areas, comparable in size to counties, being reduced to ashes, entire villages being put to
3420-431: The beginning of the 18th century. In 1720, according to Károly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, out of a total population of 806,221, 50% were Romanians, 37% Hungarians, 12% Germans. The change of ethnic composition of the Principality of Transylvania and the influence of migrations is also subject to debate among historians. The Hungarian historiography claims that a large immigration of ethnic Romanians took place into
3510-466: The campaign they occupied Timișoara , Veszprém, Szécsény , Hollókő , Buják , Lippa , Lugos, Karánsebes, Drégely and several smaller fortresses. Pasha Hadim Ali marched from Buda and Vizier Kara Ahmed marched from the West side of Transylvania (Partium). The Habsburg army under Erasmus von Teufel [ de ] made a belated attempt to stop the Ottoman troops at Plášťovce (then Palást ), but
3600-408: The castle captain. He was tasked with maintaining the last important southern border fortress, still in imperial hands, endangering the security of the military and commercial road between Buda and Nándorfehérvár. After a few years of silence, the battle of Szigetvár took place in the late summer of 1566, which ended in the abandonment of Southern Transdanubia, surpassing all its significance and leaving
3690-475: The commoners were not considered to be members of these feudal "nations". The coalition of the "Three Nations" retained its legal representative monopoly under the prince as before the split of the medieval Hungarian Kingdom occasioned by the Ottoman invasions. According to Dennis P. Hupchick, though there were occasional clashes between the Hungarian plainsmen and the Székely mountaineers, they were united under
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3780-574: The control of Transylvania in 1556, when the Diet of Szászsebes elected Sigismund as prince of Transylvania. Transylvania was now beyond the reach of Catholic religious authority, allowing Lutheran and Calvinist preaching to flourish. In 1563, Giorgio Blandrata was appointed as court physician, and his radical religious ideas increasingly influenced both the young king John II and the Calvinist bishop Francis David , eventually converting both to
3870-608: The dwellers of Bistrița to stop the movement of the impoverished people towards Moldavia. From the 16th century some ethnic Romanians started moving from Transylvania towards Poland, Silesia and Moravia, where they formed the ethnoregion of Moravian Wallachia . According to Árpád Kosztind, the Romanians were not affected by the Counter-Reformation , and no Romanians was forced to flee for religious reasons. On other hand, according to Bolovan Ioan and Ștefan Meteș,
3960-518: The elderly General Wilhelm von Roggendorf was defeated outside of Buda before he could even cross the Danube to take it. The next year Ferdinand besieged Pest but was repulsed. In April 1543 Suleiman launched another campaign in Hungary, bringing back Bran and other forts so that much of Hungary was under Ottoman control. As part of a Franco-Ottoman alliance (see also: Franco-Hungarian alliance and Petar Keglević ), French troops were supplied to
4050-576: The embellishment of their capital, Alba Iulia , which became the main bulwark of Protestantism in Eastern Europe . During their reign, Transylvania was also one of the few European countries where Catholics , Calvinists , Lutherans , and Unitarians lived in mutual tolerance, all of them belonging to the officially accepted religions – religiones receptae , while the Orthodox church, however, were only tolerated. The fall of Nagyvárad to
4140-647: The emperor to oppress or circumvent his subjects, and won reputation abroad by championing the Protestant cause. Three times he waged war on the emperor, twice he was proclaimed King of Hungary , and by the Peace of Nikolsburg (31 December 1621), he obtained for the Protestants a confirmation of the Treaty of Vienna, and for himself seven additional counties in northern Hungary. Bethlen's successor, George I Rákóczi,
4230-414: The expansionist Ottomans on 27 August 1660 marked the decline of the Principality. To counter the Ottoman threat, the Habsburgs determined to gain influence in and perhaps control of this territory. Under Prince Kemeny, the diet of Transylvania proclaimed the secession of a sovereign Transylvania from the Ottomans (April 1661) and appealed for help to Vienna, but a secret Habsburg-Ottoman agreement resulted in
4320-476: The fact that Romanians belonged to the Orthodox Church and not to any Western Christian denomination was the cause of their remaining of political, economic and cultural inferiority to Hungarians, Szekelys and Saxons, making them more willing to emigrate towards Moldova and Wallachia. Not by chance, a good part of the Romanian elite, but sometimes also simple people, emigrated, passing south and east of
4410-487: The fortresses in the Banat region. Hadim Ali Pasha laid siege to the castle at Veszprém and captured it on 2 June. The army of Ali Pasha – about 10,000 to 12,000 strong – got below Drégely Castle on the morning of 6 July. The fall of Drégely started a chain of defeats of castles of Hont and Nógrád counties . Ottoman troops conquered nine-tenths of the castles in the two counties in short order. During
4500-429: The further increase of Habsburg influence. After the defeat of the Ottomans at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Habsburgs gradually began to impose their rule on the formerly autonomous Transylvania. Following the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz , Transylvania was formally attached to Habsburg-controlled Hungary, and subjected to the direct rule of the emperor's governors. From 1711 onward, Habsburg control over Transylvania
4590-403: The inner castle was already on fire, Zrinski and his 300 combat soldiers tried to erupt ("Zrinski's charge"), but all of them died a heroic death at the castle gate. During the siege, the medieval round tower was also destroyed. Immediately after the occupation of the castle, the Ottomans began to rebuild the fortress and the settlement. After Suleiman died, Mehmed Sokollu hid it from the army for
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#17327869879214680-462: The justice, legal order, and low taxes in Transylvania. In Wallachia the beys were very tyrannical over them, therefore these rayahs saying: "Let justice be justice", all moved to Transylvania and pay one gold tribute to the king and they have no other duties. With the various Turkish, Tatar, and Cossack raids, and especially those due to the constant harassment and extortion of the Greeks, who were
4770-407: The looting practiced by Castaldo 's army. The Cluj Diet of 1593 constated that "our haughty serfs, gathered in large groups and raised, immediately can go to the Romanian countries, even if they commit any illegality, they go there freely". In 1602 Giorgio Basta ordered the dwellers of Bistrița to guard the roads, the passes and the paths towards Moldavia, to prevent the Transylvanian serfs getting
4860-427: The majority population in the region during the rule of Stephen Báthory (16th century). In 1600, according to George W. White, Romanians, who were primarily peasants, constituted more than 60 percent of the population. This theory is supported by Ion Ardeleanu, who states that the Romanian population represented "the overwhelming majority" in the age of Michael the Brave . According to Louis Roman, various works from
4950-405: The name Principality of Transylvania . Although the principality was essentially independent, it existed as an Ottoman vassal state for the majority of the 16th and 17th centuries, overseen by Ottoman Turkish sultans but ruled by Hungarian princes. At various points during this period, the Habsburgs also exerted a degree of suzerainty in the region. The principality continued to be a part of
5040-518: The naval Battle of Preveza in 1538 gave the Habsburg-led coalition another defeat. In 1541, the Ottomans failed to take the fortress of Szigetvár . However, a humiliating defeat was inflicted on the Habsburgs in the siege of Buda (1541) . John Szapolyai died in 1540 and his son was only a few weeks old. An Austrian attack on Buda followed the news of the death of John, but the appeals of John's widow to Suleiman were not unanswered, and in 1541
5130-540: The northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, but the defenders led by István Dobó repelled the attacks and defended the Eger Castle. In 1554, the town of Fiľakovo in south-central Slovakia with the castle of the same name was conquered by the Turks and was the seat of a sanjak until 1593, when it was reconquered by the Imperial troops. On 27 March 1562, Hasszán, the sanjak-bey of Fülek (Fiľakovo) castle, defeated
5220-489: The offer to surrender on favorable terms, and in the second version, the city was offered terms for a nominal surrender. In any case, the Ottomans withdrew at the arrival of the August rains. During their retreat, they suffered a defeat at the Battle of Leobersdorf against an imperial army led by Frederick II, Elector Palatine . The Treaty of Constantinople (1533) was signed between Ferdinand and Suleiman. John Szapolyai
5310-467: The old Szolnok earthen castle, Szolnok was surrounded by a new city wall (partly according to the plan of István Dobó ), and its weak castle was fortified. Lőrinc Nyáry was appointed to the forefront. This new strength did not fit into the Turkish plans to keep central Hungary. Suleyman's main goal was to make a bigger gap between the western part of Hungary and the Principality of Transylvania. For all this, Sultan Suleiman sent another conquering army against
5400-444: The open field but it often lost a significant amount of time besieging the many fortresses of the Hungarian frontier and its communication lines were now dangerously overstretched. At the end of the conflict, Hungary had been split into several different zones of control, between the Ottomans, Habsburgs, and Transylvania , an Ottoman vassal state. The simultaneous war of succession between Habsburg-controlled western "Royal Hungary" and
5490-532: The original text is translated/interpreted in a different way, especially by Romanian and Hungarian scholars. According to Hungarian interpretations, Vrančić wrote about the inhabitants of Transylvania and about the Romanians: "The country is inhabited by three nations, Székelys , Hungarians , and Saxons ; I should also add the Romanians who – even though they easily equal any of the others in number – have no freedom, no aristocracy, no right of their own, besides
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#17327869879215580-506: The patronymic "Magyars" and, with Saxon support, formed a common front against the predominantly Romanian peasantry. There is an ongoing scholarly debate between Hungarian and Romanian historians regarding the medieval population of Transylvania . While some Romanian historians claim continuous Romanian majority, Hungarian historians claim the continuous settlement of Romanians into the Kingdom of Hungary . Official censuses with information on Transylvania's population have been conducted since
5670-447: The plague... while most of the poorest folk died from starvation". According to official estimates made by the Austrian administrative authority ( Verwaltungsgericht ) dating from 1712 to 1713, the ethnic distribution of the population in Transylvania is as follows: 47% Hungarians , 34% Romanians , 19%, Saxons . In Benedek Jancsó 's estimation, there were 250,000 Romanians, 150,000 Hungarians and 100,000 Saxons in Transylvania at
5760-439: The politically divided Kingdom of Hungary. The commander-in-chief of his army, Kara Ahmed , who left Constantinople, was the serdar[general] and other commanders were Mehmed Sokollu beglerbey of Rumelia and Hadim Ali pasha r(governor) of Buda. The poorly paid mercenaries of King Ferdinand and the Hungarian population fled the Turkish armies. Several Hungarian castles were left to their fate without protection. Ahmed's army's aim
5850-420: The population of several Romanian villages migrated to Transylvania and the Romanian voivodes harassed Prince Michael I Apafi with demands that the "runaway villeins" be repatriated, and voivode Ghica was talking about entire Romanian groups. In 1668, the voivode of Wallachia wrote to Michael I Apafi regarding a large number of escaped Romanian villages: "From our realm, a couple of villages have escaped into
5940-458: The price of grains, lead some of inhabitants to leave Transylvania, and many of the villages in the Fundus Regius remained abandoned. The Diet of Vásárhely of December 1694 claims that one third of the population of Făgăraș Country emigrated to Wallachia. On 7 May 1699, the Austrian Emperor Leopold I blamed the Transylvanian ruling class for the fleeing of the population towards the Danubian Principalities and other Ottoman-controlled areas. By
6030-407: The push toward the west, because of the siege of these fortresses, meant that the Ottomans could not launch any new offensive against Austria. From 1548 to the end of the war, a Habsburg Spanish infantry tercio that had fought in the Schmalkaldic War , led by Maestre de campo Bernardo de Aldana , was detached in Hungary to fight against John Zápolya's supporters on behalf of Ferdinand. In fact,
6120-409: The realm of your greatness, some to Fogaras (Făgăraș) county, some to Brassó (Brașov), some to Szeben (Sibiu), and they did not flee because of their rascality but only for the heaviness of the tax." And in 1676, the Moldavian voivode Rosetti wrote twice to the Transylvanian prince because of his runaway serfs. The Romanian peasantry, which flooded into Transylvania in this way, could take the place of
6210-503: The right of Transylvanians to elect their own independent princes, but Georg Keglević , who was the Commander-in-chief, General, Vice- Ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, was since 1602 Baron in Transylvania. It was a very difficult and complicated peace treaty after a long war. Under Bocskay's successors Transylvania had its golden age, especially under the reigns of Gábor Bethlen and George I Rákóczi . Gábor Bethlen, who reigned from 1613 to 1629, perpetually thwarted all efforts of
6300-437: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Habsburg–Ottoman War . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habsburg–Ottoman_War&oldid=1249642941 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
6390-418: The siege, was rebuilt under the leadership of the captain and with the involvement of the Italian military engineer Pietro Ferrabosco, using the most modern military techniques, as a result of which it became the most modern and strongest border fortress in Hungary by the end of the 1550s, protected by a rampart wall, corner bastions, and moats. After the death of Márk Horváth, in 1561 Nikola IV Zrinski became
6480-522: The summer of 1556. Despite the extraordinary efforts of the Ottomans the castellan in charge of the defense, Marko Horvat Stančić [ hr ], kept the fortress against the multiple attacks led by Ali Pasha, governor of Buda. While Szigetvár was besieged, on July 18, a Habsburg army besieged the Ottoman fort at Babócsa , on the west side of the Rinya River, 45 km west of Szigetvár. The commanders were Hungarian Palatine Tamás Nádasdy and Croatian Ban Nikola IV Zrinski . Ali Paşa knew that for Süleymân, losing
6570-539: The sword, and groups of 3,000–8,000 captives. The Transylvanian populations suffered huge losses, the Partium and the counties of Belső-Szolnok , Doboka , Kolozs , Közép-Szolnok , and Kraszna were laid waste. According to the Nagysink diet in 1664: "Over an area of five or six miles around a village, one would not find a single hut left standing, nor a single man alive, for they had been abducted, slain, or felled by
6660-457: The tenants of the incomes of the two neighboring Romanian voivodeships, the entire population of some villages fled to Transylvania. In a diploma of Prince Gabriel Bethlen : "The Saxon priests belonging to the Kézdi chapter inform us that before that a village called Kövesd was inhabited by all Saxons, but now due to the many wars, it has been so destroyed that there are more Vlachs living in it like
6750-403: The time of the Diet of 1502, and their economic position worsened. From the Diet of 1552, for example, in comparison to Hungarians and Saxons, it was easier for ethnic Romanians to be accused before the law. Such discriminations were also noticed by foreign visitors in Transylvania. In 1552, the Hungarian nobles in the area of Deva complained about a "massive fleeing" towards Wallachia, due to
6840-412: The transmitters of Romanian culture to their brothers living beyond the Carpathians. Enjoying the full help of the princely power, the Transylvanian Romanians were able to grow numerically, according to Árpád Kosztin. Evliya Çelebi (1611–1682) was an Ottoman explorer who traveled through the territory of the Ottoman Empire and neighboring lands over a period of forty years, recording his commentary in
6930-427: The war, famines and epidemics – mainly the plague – also greatly decimated the population. The ordeals of the Counter-Reformation carried out by military force also contributed to the decline of the population. Many Protestant families and groups – Hungarians , Székelys and Saxons – were forced to flee. Many Romanians also migrated from Transylvania towards Moldavia and Wallachia. This phenomenon, also existing in
7020-453: The whole country, sparsely inhabited in open regions, mountains and forests, they mostly live out their miserable lives hiding together with their flocks." In Romanian interpretations, it is noted that the proper translation of the first part of the sentence would be: "...I would nevertheless add the Romanians , who – even though they easily equal the others in number – ..." Romanian historians Ioan Bolovan and Sorina-Paula Bolovan argue that
7110-427: Was a battle near the town of Szikszó , where the Hungarian army defeated the Turks. Principality of Transylvania (1570%E2%80%931711) The Principality of Transylvania ( Hungarian : Erdélyi Fejedelemség ; Latin : Principatus Transsilvaniae ; German : Fürstentum Siebenbürgen ; Romanian : Principatul Transilvaniei / Principatul Ardealului ; Turkish : Erdel Voyvodalığı / Transilvanya Prensliği )
7200-483: Was a semi-independent state ruled primarily by Hungarian princes. Its territory, in addition to the traditional Transylvanian lands , also included the other major component called Partium , which was in some periods comparable in size with Transylvania proper. The establishment of the principality was connected to the Treaty of Speyer . However, Stephen Báthory 's status as king of Poland also helped to phase in
7290-621: Was completely defeated in a two-day battle of Palást [ sk ] , and 4,000 German and Italian prisoners were deported to Istanbul. The two armies united under Szolnok, then besieged and conquered the Szolnok Castle , and turned against the gate of Upper Hungary, Eger. At the end of the July there was an enormous gap in the Hungarian border castle system. In 1552, Suleiman's united forces (Kara Ahmed pasha, Hadim Ali pasha, and Mehmed Sokollu beglerbey) laid siege of Eger , located in
7380-555: Was consolidated, and the princes of Transylvania were replaced with governors. Until 1691 Transylvania was ruled by Unio Trium Nationum , the three state-constituting socio-ethnical entities termed "nations", consisting of the Hungarian nobility, the Saxon urban settlers, and the Székely peasant-soldiers, while a significant part of the general population, consisted of Orthodox Romanians, remained deprived of any civil and political rights. The Unio Trium Nationum ( Latin for "Union of
7470-405: Was equally successful. His principal achievement was the Peace of Linz (16 September 1645), the last political triumph of Hungarian Protestantism, in which the emperor was forced to confirm again the articles of the Peace of Vienna. Gabriel Bethlen and George I Rákóczi also did much for education and culture, and their era has justly been called the golden era of Transylvania. They lavished money on
7560-469: Was established in 1570 when John II renounced his claim as King of Hungary in the Treaty of Speyer (ratified in 1571), and became a Transylvanian prince. The treaty also recognized that the Principality of Transylvania belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary in the sense of public law. Upon the death of John II in 1571 the Royal House of Báthory came to power and ruled Transylvania as princes under
7650-576: Was lower than it was in royal Hungary. These circumstances favoured immigration: over these decades, people moved in significant numbers to the principality, mainly from Moldavia, but from Wallachia as well. As a result of two decades of peaceful rule and economic policy of Prince Michael I Apafi , the population in Transylvania increased. The labor shortage that developed as a result of the good economic conditions also favored immigration. The prince's patient and understanding religious policy offered shelter to all groups persecuted because of their religion. All
7740-403: Was one-third of the population. By 1660, according to Miklós Molnár, 955,000 people lived in the principality ( Partium included) and the population consisted of 500,000 Hungarians (including 250,000 Székelys), 280,000 Romanians, 90,000 Germans and 85,000 Serbians, Ukrainians and others and had reached its end-of-century level. On the other hand, according to Dennis P. Hupchick, Romanians were
7830-474: Was proclaimed king of Hungary, Ferdinand from the House of Habsburg also claimed the throne. In the ensuing struggle, John Zápolya received the support of Suleiman, who after Zápolya's death in 1540, occupied Buda and central Hungary in 1541 under the pretext of protecting Zápolya's son, John II Sigismund . Hungary was now divided into three sections: Royal Hungary in the west and north, Ottoman Hungary , and
7920-603: Was recognized as King of Hungary as an Ottoman vassal. However, the Ottomans recognized the land under the Habsburgs' rule in Hungary. This treaty did not satisfy John Szapolyai or Ferdinand, whose armies began to skirmish along the borders. Ottoman sanjak-bey of Bosnia, Gazi Husrev-beg used the chance to occupy Požega in early 1537. Ferdinand, under pressure from the local nobility, decided to respond by launching an offensive in Slavonia in 1537 , sending one of his ablest generals to take Osijek . The siege failed and led to
8010-420: Was subordinated to the Habsburg monarchy. On 29 August 1526, the army of Sultan Suleiman of the Ottoman Empire inflicted a decisive defeat on the Hungarian forces at Mohács . John Zápolya was en route to the battlefield with his sizable army but did not participate in the battle for unknown reasons. The youthful King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia fell in battle, as did many of his soldiers. When Zápolya
8100-543: Was to acquire the Timisoara region, while Hadim Ali had to occupy the castles of Hont and Nógrád , thus securing the way to the rich mining towns of the highlands. In 1552 two Ottoman armies crossed the border into the Hungarian Kingdom. One of them – led by Hadim Ali Pasha – started a campaign against the western and central part of the country whilst the second army – led by Kara Ahmed Pasha – attacked
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