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76-607: Potočari may refer to the following places in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Potočari, Srebrenica , a local community consisting of the two villages: Donji Potočari Gornji Potočari Potočari, Brčko , a village in the Brčko District See also [ edit ] Potočani (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with

152-482: A postal service and other things were introduced. Although the Austrian rulers tried to stop the spread of nationalism and favoured a multi-religious and multi-cultural makeup with religious tolerance under their hegemony, Serbian nationalism was viewed with suspicion and hostility, since it demanded a unification of Bosnia with Serbia. As modern education raised the levels of general literacy, ideas spread through

228-543: A Pale inspired plan to overrun the enclave. The BSA action is in direct response to BiH pressure on a BSA line of communication and the BSA reacted by forcing BiH back towards Srebrenica. The Serbs found that there was little resistance so they were able to exploit further than their original objective. When Serbs entered the town, General Mladić threatened to shell the Dutch camp if UN troops did not disarm Bosniak troops. However,

304-564: A conspiracy , so he sent a contingent to Bosnia, but Ninoslav subsequently made peace. In 1248, Ninoslav cunningly saved his lands from yet another papal crusade requested by the Hungarian archbishop. The remainder of his reign, Ban Ninoslav Matej dealt with inner matters in Bosnia. His death after 1249, possibly in 1250, brought some conflicts over the throne; as the Bosnian Church desired someone from their own sphere of interest, and

380-667: A great number of refugees and casualties." The British National Archives in Kew released the documents dating back to July 1995 which deal with communication between British military and political actors during the Bosnian war. Several of the reports appear to blame the Bosniak Army (BiH) for provoking the Srebrenica attack. British intelligence doubted that Pale (Bosnian Serb headquarters) had any plans to overrun Srebrenica. Instead,

456-404: A part of the country by the end of the month, including the areas of Donji Kraji, Rama (where he then resided), Hum, and Usora. Throughout the following year, Tvrtko forced Vuk southwards, eventually compelling him to flee to Ragusa. Sanko, Vuk's last supporter, submitted to Tvrtko in late summer and was allowed to retain his holdings. Ragusan officials made an effort to procure peace between

532-665: A preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018): [REDACTED]   Una-Sana [REDACTED]   Central Bosnia [REDACTED]   Posavina [REDACTED]   Herzegovina-Neretva [REDACTED]   Tuzla [REDACTED]   West Herzegovina [REDACTED]   Zenica-Doboj [REDACTED]   Sarajevo [REDACTED]   Bosnian Podrinje [REDACTED]   Canton 10 Banate of Bosnia The Banate of Bosnia ( Serbo-Croatian : Banovina Bosna / Бановина Босна), or Bosnian Banate ( Bosanska banovina / Босанска бановина),

608-643: A relative of Ninoslav, Prijezda I , converted back to Catholicism (he previously switched to the Bosnian Church for a short period of time). Ninoslav eventually became a protector of the Bosnian Church. In 1234 Hungarian king Andrew II gave the Banate of Bosnia to Duke Coloman . To make matters worse, the legitimate successor for the Bosnian throne of the Kulinić dynasty , count Sibislav of Usora, son of former Ban Stjepan, started to attack Ninoslav positions, attempting to take Banate for himself. Pope Gregory IX replaced

684-798: Is known as: Srebrenitza in German , Srebrenicë/a in Albanian , Srebrenitsa in Turkish , Szrebrenica in Hungarian and Srebrenița in Romanian . Illyrians inhabited Srebrenica and mined the silver in a nearby mine. Silver was also the main reason behind the Roman invasion of the area. During the Roman times, there was a settlement of Domavia, known to have been near a mine. Silver ore from there

760-555: The Bosnian Kingdom . The earliest reference to the name Srebrenica was in 1376, by which time it was already an important centre for trade in the western Balkans, based especially on the silver mines of the region. (Compare modern srebro "silver".) By that time, a large number of merchants of the Republic of Ragusa were established there, and they controlled the domestic silver trade and the export by sea, almost entirely via

836-697: The Bosnian War in 1995, Srebrenica was the site of genocidal killing of more than 8,000 Bosniak men and boys, which was subsequently designated as an act of genocide by the ICTY and the International Court of Justice . Perpetrated by units of the Bosnian Serb Army of Republika Srpska under Ratko Mladić , though the Serb paramilitary unit Scorpions also participated. As of 2013,

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912-560: The Dinaric Alps to the seashore by Via Narenta , where they were bought chiefly by the Republics of Ragusa and Venice. Access to Via Narenta was crucial for Bosnian economy, which was possible only after ban Stephen II managed to take control of the trading route during his conquests of Hum . The main trading centres were Fojnica and Podvisoki . Christian missions emanating from Rome and Constantinople started pushing into

988-639: The High Middle Ages , the Bishop of Bosnia was a local cleric chosen by Bosnians and then sent to the Archbishop of Ragusa solely for ordination . Although the Papacy already insisted on using Latin as the liturgical language , Bosnian Catholics retained Church Slavonic language . The Franciscans order arrived in Bosnia in the later half of the 13th century, aiming to eradicate the teachings of

1064-579: The Republic of Ragusa on 22 May 1240, stating that he placed it under his protection in case of an attack by Serbian king Stefan Vladislav . The support from Ragusa was essential to support Matej Ninoslav warfare. The only significant impact the Bosnian Crusade had was augmenting the anti-Hungarian sentiment among the local population, a major factor in politics that contributed to the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia in 1463 and lasted beyond it. It

1140-640: The Serbian Despotate prior to the Ottoman conquest. With the town coming under Ottoman rule, becoming less influenced by the Republic of Ragusa, the economic importance of Srebrenica went into decline, as did the proportion of Christians in the population. The Franciscan church of St. Nicholas was converted into the White Mosque , but the large number of Catholics, Ragusan and Saxon, caused

1216-713: The United Nations declared the Bosnian Muslim/Bosniak enclave a UN safe area , to be "free from any armed attack or any other hostile act", and guarded by a small Dutch unit operating under the mandate of United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), which did not get permission to use force from the UN, which they needed to defend the local population. Srebrenica and the other UN safe areas of Žepa and Goražde were isolated pockets of Bosnian government-held territory in eastern Bosnia. In July 1995, despite

1292-459: The 2016 elections Mladen Grujičić , a Bosnian Serb and native of the town of Srebrenica, was elected as mayor . The municipality emblem was developed during the Yugoslav period and depicts a red and white stylised "S" with a depiction of the mineral water spring in the lower middle and a tree in the upper middle. The spring underscores the historical importance to the town's economy and the tree

1368-670: The Balkans in the 9th century, Christianizing the South Slavs and establishing boundaries between the ecclesiastical jurisdictions of the See of Rome and the See of Constantinople . The East–West Schism then led to the establishment of Roman Catholicism in Croatia and most of Dalmatia , while Eastern Orthodoxy came to prevail in Serbia . Lying in-between, the mountainous Bosnia

1444-624: The Bosnian nobility in Bilino Polje seem to have been errors of practice, stemming from ignorance, rather than heretical doctrines. Kulin also reaffirmed his allegiance to Hungary, but despite this, Hungary's authority remained only nominal. Andrew II in 1225 gave Bosnia to Pope who expected that king as lord of Bosnia do cleaning of heretics but it is transferred to Archbishop Ugrin Csák Hungarian king's ambitions remained unchanged long after Kulin's death in 1204. Kulin's policy

1520-628: The Drina (1804), Vasić asked Karađorđe for an army to liberate Osat; Lazar Mutap was dispatched and the region came under rebel rule. In 1808, the Ottomans cleared out Osat, and by 1813, the rebels left the region. The town came under Austro-Hungarian rule in 1878, when the Congress of Berlin approved the occupation of the Bosnia Vilayet , which later in 1908 became a condominium under

1596-647: The Hungarian King, seeing that he had lost the war, made peace in 1348. Ban of Croatia Mladen II Šubić was greatly opposed to Stephen II's policy, accusing him of treason and the relations between the two Bans worsened ever afterwards. By 1342 the Franciscan Vicariat of Bosnia was established. During the reign of Stjepan II Kotromanić all three churches (Bosnian Church, Orthodox, Catholic) were active in Bosnian Banate. Tvrtko, however,

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1672-422: The Hungarian crown. In 1284 this contiguous territory was granted to King Ladislaus IV of Hungary 's brother-in-law, the deposed Serbian king Dragutin . The same year Prijezda arranged the marriage of his son, Stephen I , with Dragutin's daughter Elizabeth . The marriage had great consequences in the subsequent centuries, when Stephen and Elizabeth's Kotromanić descendants claimed the throne of Serbia. Prijezda

1748-689: The Hungarians side desired someone that they could easily control. Eventually, King Bela IV conquered and pacified Bosnia and succeed in putting Ninoslav 's Catholic cousin Prijezda as the Bosnian Ban. Ban Prijezda ruthlessly persecuted the Bosnian Church. In 1254 the Croatian Ban shortly conquered Zahumlje from Serbian king Stefan Uroš I during Hungary's war against Serbia, but peace restored Zahumlje to Serbia. Another Hungarian campaign

1824-755: The ICTY was followed by an admission to and an apology for the massacre by the Republika Srpska government. Under the 1995 Dayton Agreement which ended the Bosnian War, Srebrenica was included in the territory assigned to Bosnian Serb control as the Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although guaranteed under the provisions of the Dayton Agreement, the return of survivors was repeatedly obstructed. In 2007, verbal and physical attacks on returning refugees continued to be reported in

1900-641: The Neretva to Konavle, with areas significant Orthodox population under Archbishopric of Ohrid and mixed Orthodox and Catholic population in coastal areas and around Ston. He also expanded into Završje , including the fields of Glamoč , Duvno and Livno . Immediately after the death of Serbian King Stefan Uroš II Milutin in 1321, he had no problem in acquiring his lands of Usora and Soli , which he fully incorporated in 1324. In 1329, Ban Stephen II Kotromanić pushed another military attempt into Serbia , assaulting Lord Vitomir of Trebinje and Konavle , but

1976-656: The advent of newspapers and publications. The region became increasingly restless as nationalism spread to all groups. During the First World War , one of the region's main battle areas was in Eastern Bosnia and the Drina, from where the units of Austria-Hungary advanced towards the Kingdom of Serbia. In late summer 1914 Srebrenica was taken over by Serbian volunteers under Kosta Todorović but later retaken by Austro-Hungarian units. Following World War I, Bosnia

2052-507: The campaign of forcible transfer (ethnic cleansing) that followed the outbreak of war in April 1992 the town of Srebrenica was occupied by Serb/Serbian forces. It was subsequently retaken by Bosniak resistance groups. Refugees expelled from towns and villages across the central Drina valley sought shelter in Srebrenica, swelling the town's population. The town and its surrounding area was surrounded and besieged by Serb forces . On 16 April 1993,

2128-443: The communist Yugoslav period and wellness spa and taking to the waters became an important part of the local economy. The Banja Guber was constructed for that purpose. Up to the 1990s over 90,000 overnight stays were recorded and an annual income of about three million dollars generated. The town of Srebrenica came to global prominence as a result of events during the Bosnian War (1992–1995). The strategic objectives proclaimed by

2204-526: The country. There are plans to revive the mineral water and spa business again. The reconstruction of the Banja Guber was scheduled for 2019 but experienced delays. In 2007, Srebrenica's municipal assembly adopted a resolution demanding independence from the Republika Srpska entity (although not from Bosnia's sovereignty); the Serb members of the assembly did not vote on the resolution. In

2280-650: The feuding brothers, and in 1368, Vuk asked Pope Urban V to intervene with King Louis I on his behalf. Those efforts were futile; but by 1374, Tvrtko had reconciled with Vuk on very generous terms. The death of Dušan the Mighty and the accession of his son Uroš the Weak , in December 1355, was soon followed by the breakup of the once-powerful and threatening Serbian Empire . It disintegrated into autonomous lordships that, by themselves, could not resist Bosnia. This paved

2356-571: The first known Bosnian ruler in 1154, as a Hungarian vassal, who participated in the Siege of Braničevo as part of the Hungarian King's forces. In 1167 he was involved in offensives against the Byzantines when he provided troops for Hungarian armies. War ended with the retreat of Hungarian army in Battle of Sirmium , near Belgrade in 1167. Borić's involvement in the war indicates that Bosnia

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2432-412: The first time and created the title " Ban of Bosnia", initially only as an honorary title for his grown son Ladislaus II of Hungary . During the 12th century, rulers within the Banate of Bosnia acted increasingly autonomously from Hungary and/or Byzantium. In reality, outside powers had little control of the mountainous and somewhat peripheral regions which made up Bosnian Banate. Ban Borić appears as

2508-609: The fourteenth century, Stephen ruled the lands from Sava to the Adriatic and from Cetina to Drina . He doubled the size of his state, and achieved full independence from surrounding countries. Ban Stephen II played Venice and Hungarian kings against each other, slowly ruling more and more independently and soon initiated a conspiracy with some members of the Croatian and Hungarian nobility against his Hungarian liege and father-in-law. In 1346 Zadar finally returned to Venice, and

2584-590: The heretical Bosnian bishop in 1235 with John of Wildeshausen , then Master General of the Dominican Order and later declared a saint, and confirmed Duke Coloman as the new legitimate Ban of Bosnia. The Bosnian Crusade led by bishop John and Coloman lasted for five full years. The war only funnelled more support to Ninoslav, as only Sibislav took the Pope's side in the Crusade. Ninoslav issued an edict to

2660-599: The important fortress of Ključ , but Vukac Hrvatinić succeeded in defending the Soko Grad fortress in the župa of Pliva , forcing the Hungarians to retreat. In Usora, the Srebrenik Fortress held out against a "massive attack" by the royal army, which suffered the embarrassment of losing the King's seal. The successful defense of Srebrenik marked Tvrtko's first victory against Hungarian king. The unity of

2736-497: The joint control of Austria and Hungary . The natural mineral water springs Crni Guber ("Black Guber") developed into an important part of the local economy. The Bohemian company Mattoni established a distribution infrastructure to tap and export the water named Guber-Quelle ("Guber Spring") throughout the monarchy and abroad. The construction of a spa was recommended. Modern infrastructure such as administration , electricity , roads , schools , telephone , healthcare ,

2812-599: The local magnates waned as soon as the Hungarians were defeated, weakening Tvrtko's position and that of a united Bosnia. The anarchy escalated, and in February the following year, the magnates revolted against Tvrtko and dethroned him. He was replaced by his younger brother Vuk , Tvrtko and Jelena took refuge at the Hungarian royal court, where they were welcomed by Tvrtko's former enemy and overlord, King Louis. Tvrtko returned to Bosnia in March and reestablished control over

2888-594: The logistical, moral and financial support of Serbia and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) – destroyed 296 predominantly Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) villages in the region around Srebrenica, forcibly uprooting some 70,000 Bosniaks from their homes and systematically massacring at least 3,166 Bosniaks (documented deaths) including many women, children and the elderly. According to the Naser Orić trial judgement : "Between April 1992 and March 1993, Srebrenica town and

2964-606: The main portion of his force was defeated by the Young King Dušan who commanded the forces of King Stefan Dečanski at Priboj . The Ban's horse was killed in the battle, and he would have lost his life if his vassal Vuk had not given him his own horse. By doing so, Vuk sacrificed his own life, and was killed by the Serbian troops in open battle. Thus the Ban managed to add Nevesinje and Zagorje to his realm. Throughout his reign in

3040-416: The manoeuvre came as a response due to repeated Bosniak Army (BiH) attacks on BSA (Bosnian Serb Army) supply lines. The recent BSA (Bosnian Serb Army) attack on Srebrenica enclave was prompted by constant BiH (Bosniak Army) attacks over the previous 3 months on BSA supply route to the south of the enclave. The BSA attacks are almost certainly initiated by the local commander and we don't think they are part of

3116-407: The nature and forests of the region. The municipality (општина or opština ) is further subdivided into the following local communities (мјесне заједнице or mjesne zajednice ): The borders of the municipality in the 1953 and 1961 census were different. In 1953, a distinctive Muslim nationality had been yet to emerge as an ethnicity, leading Slavic Muslims to identify as Yugoslavs . As Yugoslav

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3192-645: The pope. At Bilino Polje Kulin signed abjuration stating that he was always a faithful Catholic, and saved Banate of Bosnia from outside intervention. In 1203, Kulin moved to defuse the threat of foreign intervention. A synod was held at his instigation on 6 April. Following the Abjuration of Bilino Polje , Kulin succeeded in keeping the Bosnian Diocese under the Ragusan Archdiocese, thus limiting Hungarian influence. The errors abjured by

3268-497: The port of Ragusa ( Dubrovnik ). During the 14th century, many German miners moved into the area. There were often armed conflicts about Srebrenica because of its mines. According to Czech historian Konstantin Josef Jireček , from 1411 to 1463, Srebrenica switched hands several times, being Hungarian one time, Serbian five times, Bosnian four times, and Ottoman three times. The mines of Bosnian Podrinje and Usora were part of

3344-524: The possessions and privileges of the noblemen of "all of Bosnia , Donji Kraji , Zagorje , and the Hum land ". At the start of his personal rule the young Ban somehow considerably increased his power. Although he constantly emphasized his subordinance to the King, Tvrtko started regarding the loyalty of the Donji Kraji noblemen to Louis as treachery against himself. In 1363, a conflict broke out between

3420-491: The region around Srebrenica. In 1992, Bosniak villages around Srebrenica were under constant attacks by Serb forces. The Bosnian Institute in the United Kingdom has published a list of 296 villages destroyed by Serb forces around Srebrenica three years before the genocide and in the first three months of war (April–June 1992): More than three years before the 1995 Srebrenica genocide, Bosnian Serb nationalists – with

3496-462: The report confirms no Bosniak army soldiers remained at the camp, all 2,000 armed Muslims "had simply left during the night" in the direction of Tuzla. The town has a religious makeup of roughly half Muslim and half Orthodox. Most of the town's 23 mosques that were destroyed were reconstructed with donations and aid, also from abroad. Unemployment rates are high since the economy was destroyed and reconstruction progresses slowly, as in many parts of

3572-411: The same meaning of its old Latin name Argentaria . Before the war, Srebrenica also had a big spa and the town prospered from wellness tourism from the Crni Guber ("Black Guber") ferruginous spring water and other springs. Nowadays, Srebrenica has some tourism but a lot less developed than before the war. Currently, a pension, motel and a hostel are operating in the town. The following table gives

3648-456: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potočari&oldid=1089093306 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Srebrenica During

3724-407: The secessionist Bosnian Serb presidency included the creation of a border separating the Serb people from Bosnia's other ethnic communities and the abolition of the border along the River Drina separating Serbia and the Bosnian Serbs' Republika Srpska. The Bosnian Muslim/Bosniak majority population of the Drina Valley posed a major obstacle to the achievement of these objectives. In the early days of

3800-452: The south remained independent, but we do not know its rulers, successors of ban Ninoslav. He was inherited by Prijezda II who ruled independently from 1287–1290, but later together with his brother Stephen I Kotromanić . During the end of the 13th and about the first quarter of the 14th century, till the Battle of Bliska Bosnian banate was under the rule of Croatian bans from Šubić family. After defeat in Battle of Bliska, Mladen II

3876-463: The town has a population of 2,607 inhabitants, while the municipality has 13,409 inhabitants. Before the war, the municipality's Bosniak population was 27,542 (75.12%) and the Serb population was 8,315 (22.68%). As of 2013, the equivalent figures were 7,248 Bosniaks (54.05%) and 6,028 Serbs (44.95%). The town's name (Srebrenica) ( Serbian Cyrillic : Сребреница ) means "silver mine", the same meaning of its old Latin name Argentaria. In other languages it

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3952-416: The town's UN-protected status, it was attacked and captured by the Army of Republika Srpska led by general Ratko Mladić . Following the town's capture, all men of fighting age who fell into Bosnian Serb hands were massacred in a systematically organised series of summary executions . The women of the town and men below 12 years of age and above 65 were transferred by bus to Tuzla . The Srebrenica massacre

4028-460: The trade relations with the city of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) . Kulin's rule also marked the start of a controversy involving the indigenous Bosnian Church (a branch of Bogomilism ), a Christian sect considered heretical by both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church . Under him, the "Bosnian Age of Peace and Prosperity" would come to exist. In 1203, Serbian Grand Prince Vukan Nemanjić accused Kulin of heresy and lodged an official appeal to

4104-416: The transformation of the town to Islam to be slower than in most of the other towns in the area. The area of Osat was liberated for a short time during the First Serbian Uprising (1804–13), under the leadership of Kara-Marko Vasić from Crvica . Upon the breakout of the uprising, Metropolitan Hadži Melentije Stevanović contacted Vasić, who met with the rebel leadership. After participating in battles on

4180-399: The two men. By April, the Hungarian King had begun amassing an army An army led by Louis himself attacked Donji Kraji , where the nobility was divided in its loyalties between Tvrtko and Louis. A month later an army led by the Palatine of Hungary Nicholas Kont and the Archbishop of Esztergom Nicholas Apáti struck Usora. Vlatko Vukoslavić deserted to Louis and surrendered to him

4256-465: The village or hamlet, expelled or killed the population, who offered no significant resistance and destroyed their homes. During this period, Srebrenica was subjected to indiscriminate shelling from all directions on a daily basis. Potočari in particular was a daily target for Serb artillery and infantry because it was a sensitive point in the defence line around Srebrenica. Other Bosnian Muslim settlements were routinely attacked as well. All this resulted in

4332-457: The villages in the area held by Bosnian Muslims were constantly subjected to Serb military assaults, including artillery attacks, sniper fire, as well as occasional bombing from aircraft. Each onslaught followed a similar pattern. Serb soldiers and paramilitaries surrounded a Bosnian Muslim village or hamlet, called upon the population to surrender their weapons, and then began with indiscriminate shelling and shooting. In most cases, they then entered

4408-448: The way for Tvrtko to expand towards the east, but internal problems prevented him from seizing the opportunity immediately. By the mid-14th century, Bosnian banate reached its peak under young ban Tvrtko Kotromanić who came into power in 1353, and had himself crowned on 26 October 1377. The second Bosnian ruler, Ban Kulin strengthened the country's economy through treaties with Dubrovnik in 1189 and Venice . Charter of Ban Kulin

4484-434: Was a medieval state located in what is today Bosnia and Herzegovina . Although Hungarian kings viewed Bosnia as part of Hungarian Crown Lands , the Banate of Bosnia was a de facto independent state for most of its existence. It was founded in the mid-12th century and existed until 1377 with interruptions under the Šubić family between 1299 and 1324. In 1377, it was elevated to a kingdom. The greater part of its history

4560-506: Was a trade agreement between Bosnia and the Republic of Ragusa that effectively regulated Ragusan trade rights in Bosnia written on 29 August 1189. It is one of the oldest written state documents in the Balkans and is among the oldest historical documents written in Bosančica . The export of metal ores and metalwork (mainly silver, copper and lead) formed the backbone of the Bosnian economy, as these goods along others like wax , silver , gold , honey and rawhide were transported over

4636-469: Was also a response due to the very bad relations between Bosnia and Serbia, as Serbia sent no aid to Ninoslav contrary to the traditional alliance. Coloman passed the governorship of Bosnian Banate to Ninoslav distant cousin, Prijezda, who only managed to hold it for two or three years. In 1241, the Tatars invaded Hungary, so Coloman had to fall back from Bosnia. Matej Ninoslav immediately retook control, while Prijezda fled to Hungary in exile. King Bela IV

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4712-430: Was captured by Charles I who took him to Hungary, which sparked Kotromanić dynasty restoration. Stephen II was the Bosnian Ban from 1314, but in reality from 1322 to 1353 together with his brother, Vladislav Kotromanić in 1326–1353. By 1326 Ban Stephen II attacked Serbia in a military alliance with the Republic of Ragusa and conquered Zahumlje (or Hum) , gaining more of Adriatic Sea coast, from mouth of

4788-402: Was forced to withdraw from the throne in 1287 due to his old age. He spent his last hours on his estate in Zemljenik . Hungarians reasserted their authority over territories as Soli, Usora, Vrbas, Sana in the early 13th century. Territory that Ban Prijezda, a loyal Hungarian vassal, controlled was possibly in northern parts of today's Bosnia between rivers Drina and Bosna. Banate of Bosnia to

4864-550: Was governed by Ban Kulin who managed to free it from Byzantine influence through the alliance to Hungarian king Béla III , and with help of Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanja and his brother Miroslav of Hum , with whom he successfully waged a war in 1183 against the Byzantines. Kulin secured peace, although it continued as a nominal vassal to Hungarian king. but there is no evidence that Hungarians occupied areas of central Bosnia. The Pope emissaries of that time reached to Kulin directly and referred to him as "lord of Bosnia". Kulin

4940-405: Was incorporated into the South Slav kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , which later was renamed Yugoslavia. During the Second World War there were many atrocities committed by the Chetniks and Ustashas . Partisans fought Chetniks and Ustashe during the war and the people of Srebrenica built a partisan memorial cemetery monument for the fallen victims. Tourism gained importance during

5016-413: Was itself not adopted in 1948, they were classified as other and while many self-identified as “Serbs” or “Croats”. Until 1961 census, the municipality of Srebrenica included today's territory of Bratunac municipality. The ethnic composition of the municipality: Before 1992, there was a metal factory in the town, and lead , zinc , and gold mines nearby. The town's name (Srebrenica) means "silver mine",

5092-445: Was launched against Bosnia in 1253, but there was no evidence that they reached the Bosnian Banate. However, Hungary did control northern regions of Usora and Soli through their vassal rulers. Bosnian banate continued to exist as de facto independent entity even after Ninoslav. Prijezda I's realm (founder of Kotromanić dynasty ) was significantly smaller than Ninoslav's, the northern regions of Usora and Soli having been detached by

5168-400: Was marked by a religiopolitical controversy revolving around the native Christian Bosnian Church condemned as heretical by the dominant Chalcedonian Christian churches, namely the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, with the Catholic Church being particularly antagonistic and persecuting its members through the Hungarians. In 1136, Béla II of Hungary invaded upper Bosnia for

5244-435: Was moved to the mints in Salona in the southwest and Sirmium in the northeast using the Via Argentaria . The current settlement of Srebrenica was also known by the Romans as Argentaria. A Roman tombstone was excavated near Sase Monastery . An early Christian church dated to the 6th century was discovered in Srebrenica. In the 13th and 14th century the region was part of the Banate of Bosnia , and, subsequently,

5320-423: Was nominally under Rome, but Catholicism never became firmly established due to a weak church organization and poor communications. Medieval Bosnia thus remained a "no-man's land between faiths" rather than a meeting ground between the two Churches, leading to a unique religious history and the emergence of an "independent and somewhat heretical church". While Bosnia remained at least nominally Catholic in

5396-410: Was often referred as "veliki ban bosanski" (Great Bosnian Ban) by contemporaries, and by his successor Matej Ninoslav. He had a powerful effect on the development of early Bosnian history, under whose rule an age of peace and prosperity existed. In 1189, Ban Kulin issued the first written Bosnian document, now known as the Charter of Ban Kulin , in Bosnian Cyrillic , diplomatic document regarding

5472-536: Was on the retreat which enabled Ninoslav to restore control over most of Bosnia. The Tatars were fought off by the Croats, sending them back across Bosnia, bringing more destruction to the land. The edict to Ragusa was re-issued in March 1244. Ninoslav was involved in the civil war that erupted in Croatia between Trogir and Split , taking Split's side. King Bela IV of Hungary was greatly frustrated and considered this

5548-564: Was only about fifteen years old at the time, so his father Vladislav governed as regent . Soon after his accession, Tvrtko traveled with his father throughout the realm, to settle relations with his vassals . Jelena Šubić , Tvrtko's mother, replaced Vladislav as regent upon his death in 1354. She immediately traveled to Hungary to obtain consent to Tvrtko's accession from King Louis I , his overlord. Following her return, Jelena held an assembly ( stanak ) in Mile , with mother and son confirming

5624-522: Was part of the Hungarian kingdom at that time. The Hungarians sued for peace on Byzantine terms and recognised the empire's control over Bosnia , Dalmatia , Croatia south of the Krka River as well as the Fruška Gora . Bosnia was part of Byzantium from 1167 to 1180, but as Bosnia was a distant land, rule over it was probably nominal. In the time of emperor Manuel I Komnenos death (1180), Bosnia

5700-528: Was poorly continued since the Ban's death in 1204 by his son and heir, Stjepan Kulinić , who seems to have remained aligned with the Catholic Church. Stjepan was eventually deposed in 1232. The Bosnian Church forcibly replaced Kulinić with a nobleman called Matej Ninoslav (1232–50). This caused bad relations with Serbia as the previous ruler was related to the Nemanjić dynasty . . Around this time,

5776-640: Was the deadliest massacre in Europe since World War II, being the only incident in Europe to have been recognized as a genocide since the Holocaust. In 2001, the Srebrenica massacre was determined by judgement of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) to have been a crime of genocide (confirmed on appeal in 2004). This finding was upheld in 2007 by the International Court of Justice . The decision of

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