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55-464: In the 15th century, Przemyśl Land was divided into the following counties: Przemyśl, Jarosław , Leżajsk , Łańcut , Mosciska , Rzeszów , Przeworsk , Sambor , Drohobycz , Stryj , Tyczyn and Zydaczow (the last one was later transferred to Lwów Land). By the 17th century, the number of counties was reduced to four (Przemyśl, Sambor, Drohobycz, Stryj). According to the 1676 royal census, Przemyśl Land had 32 towns and 980 villages. Przemyśl Land had

110-805: A pogrom in the town, killing more than 150 Jews. In the interbellum period the city was administratively located in the Polish Lwów Voivodeship . During the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, which started World War II , this was the site of the Battle of Jarosław . Germany defeated the Poles and captured the town. Shortly afterwards the German Einsatzgruppe I entered the town to commit various atrocities against

165-631: A grand prince was to confer on the loyal Novgorodians, who had helped him to gain the Kievan throne, numerous freedoms and privileges. Thus, the foundation of the Novgorod Republic was laid. For their part, the Novgorodians respected Yaroslav more than they did other Kievan princes; and the princely residence in their city, next to the marketplace (and where the veche often convened) was named Yaroslav's Court after him. It probably

220-610: A heavy defeat on Yaroslav in 1024. Yaroslav and Mstislav then divided Kievan Rus' between them: the area stretched east from the Dnieper River , with the capital at Chernigov , was ceded to Mstislav until his death in 1036. In his foreign policy, Yaroslav relied on a Scandinavian alliance and attempted to weaken the Byzantine influence on Kiev. According to Heimskringla , Olaf the Swede made an alliance with Yaroslav, even though

275-514: Is Medyka , where in 1434 King Wladyslaw Jagiello listened to a nightingale, caught a cold and died at Grodek Jagiellonski . 49°47′10″N 22°46′26″E  /  49.786111°N 22.773889°E  / 49.786111; 22.773889 Jaros%C5%82aw Jarosław ( Polish: [jaˈrɔswaf] ; Ukrainian : Ярослав , romanized :  Yaroslav , IPA: [jɐroˈslɑu̯] ; Yiddish : יאַרעסלאָוו , romanized :  Yareslov ; German : Jaroslau )

330-537: Is twinned with: Yaroslav the Wise Yaroslav I Vladimirovich ( c. 978 – 20 February 1054), better known as Yaroslav the Wise , was Grand Prince of Kiev from 1019 until his death in 1054. He was also earlier Prince of Novgorod from 1010 to 1034 and Prince of Rostov from 987 to 1010, uniting the principalities for a time. Yaroslav's baptismal name was George after Saint George . Yaroslav

385-588: Is a town in southeastern Poland , situated on the San River . The town had 35,475 inhabitants in 2023. It is the capital of Jarosław County in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship . Jarosław is located in the territory of the old Polish tribe of the Lendians , which became part of the emerging Polish state under Mieszko I . According to tradition, the town was established in 1031 by Yaroslav

440-564: Is located on the San river . It had an ancient castle and two cathedral churches – Roman-Catholic and Greek-Catholic . Przemyśl is one of the oldest towns, mentioned by Nestor the Chronicler , who wrote that before 981, it belonged to Poland. Since in those years gords were named after their founders ( Kraków after Krak, Lwów after Lew), we can assume that it was named after a Lechite Duke Przemyslaw. Among towns of Przemyśl Land there also

495-659: Is named after him. Iron Lord was a 2010 feature film based on Yaroslav's early life as a regional prince on the frontier. On December 12, 2022, on the Constitution Day of the Russian Federation , a monument to Yaroslav the Wise was unveiled at the site near the Novgorod Technical School. The author of the monument is sculptor Sergey Gaev. Yaroslav was at the earliest named a saint by Adam of Bremen in his " Deeds of Bishops of

550-542: Is revealed by his having imprisoned his youngest brother Sudislav for life. In response, another brother, Mstislav of Chernigov , whose distant realm bordered the North Caucasus and the Black Sea , hastened to Kiev. Despite reinforcements led by Yaroslav's brother-in-law King Anund Jacob of Sweden (as Yakun - "blind and dressed in a gold suit" or "handsome and dressed in a gold suit") Mstislav inflicted

605-480: The Primary Chronicle and corroborated by the examination of his skeleton in the 1930s) would place him among the youngest children of Vladimir. It has been suggested that he was a child begotten out of wedlock after Vladimir's divorce from Rogneda and marriage to Anna Porphyrogenita , or even that he was a child of Anna Porphyrogenita herself. French historian Jean-Pierre Arrignon argues that he

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660-783: The Fall of Communism in the 1980s. Some local Polish resistance officers were arrested by the Soviets and imprisoned in a Soviet camp in Trzebuska . The communists expelled most of Jarosław's Ukrainian population, at first to Soviet territories and later to territories regained from Germany . It was administratively located in the Rzeszów Voivodeship (1945–1974) and Przemyśl Voivodeship (1975–1998). The first Jews reportedly arrived in Jarosław in 1464. The first rabbi of Jarosław

715-597: The Great Northern War of 1700-21, the region was repeatedly pillaged by Russian , Saxon , and Swedish armies, causing the city to decline further. After the fall of the Rákóczi's War of Independence against Austria in 1711, Hungarian leader Francis II Rákóczi and his court, including essayist Kelemen Mikes , found refuge in Jarosław. In 1711, Rákóczi and some Hungarians left for Gdańsk , while some stayed, and later on, several Hungarians were buried in

770-682: The Pechenegs in 1036, who thereafter were never a threat to Kiev, he sponsored the construction of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in 1037. In 1037 the monasteries of Saint George and Saint Irene were built, named after patron saints of Yaroslav and his wife. Some mentioned and other celebrated monuments of his reign such as the Golden Gate of Kiev were destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Rus' , but later restored. Yaroslav

825-592: The Principality of Smolensk . There is almost no information about Vyacheslav. Some documents point out the fact of him having a son, Boris Vyacheslavich , who challenged Vsevolod I sometime in 1077–1078. Following his death, the body of Yaroslav the Wise was entombed in a white marble sarcophagus within Saint Sophia's Cathedral . In 1936, the sarcophagus was opened and found to contain the skeletal remains of two individuals, one male and one female. The male

880-538: The Tarnowski , Jarosławski, Odrowąż , Kostka , Sieniawski , Zamoyski , Wiśniowiecki , Koniecpolski , Sobieski , Sanguszko and Czartoryski families. The Jarosławski family of Leliwa coat of arms hailed from the town. In the 1590s Tatars from the Ottoman Empire pillaged the surrounding countryside. (See Moldavian Magnate Wars , The Magnate Wars (1593–1617), Causes .) They were unable to overcome

935-467: The 16th and 17th centuries. It had trade routes linking Silesia with Ruthenia , Gdańsk , and Hungary . Merchants from such distant countries as Spain , England , Finland , Armenia and Persia arrived for the annual three-week-long fair on the feast of the Assumption . In 1574 a Jesuit college was established in Jarosław. Jarosław was a private town of Polish nobility , including

990-591: The 1964 reinterment of the remains were falsified to hide the fact that Yaroslav's remains had been lost. Subsequent questioning of individuals involved in the research and reinterment of the remains seems to point to the idea that Yaroslav's remains were purposely hidden prior to the German occupation of Ukraine and then either lost completely or stolen and transported to the United States , where many ancient religious artifacts were placed to avoid "mistreatment" by

1045-553: The 19th century. Yaroslav figures prominently in the Norse sagas under the name Jarisleif the Lame ; his legendary lameness (probably resulting from an arrow wound) was corroborated by the scientists who examined his remains. In his youth, Yaroslav was sent by his father to rule the northern lands around Rostov . He was transferred to Veliky Novgorod, as befitted a senior heir to the throne, in 1010. While living there, he founded

1100-475: The Grand Prince of Kiev, Yaroslav focused on foreign policy, forming alliances with Scandinavian countries and weakening Byzantine influence on Kiev. He successfully captured the area around present-day Tartu , Estonia, establishing the fort of Yuryev, and forced nearby regions to pay tribute. Yaroslav also defended his state against nomadic tribes such as the Pechenegs by constructing a line of forts. He

1155-847: The Hamburg Church " in 1075 , but he was not formally canonized . On 9 March 2004, on his 950th death anniversary he was included in the calendar of saints of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) . On 8 December 2005, Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow added his name to the Menologium as a local saint. On 3 February 2016, the Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church held in Moscow established church-wide veneration of Yaroslav as

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1210-584: The Jews crossed the San river to the Soviet-occupied part of Poland and hid in the Carpathian mountains, including the elder rabbi and his family. Those that stayed were shot and killed by the German soldiers. Jarosław is a town with a long sports history. In 1889, a branch of the "Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society was founded in Jarosław. Nowadays, the town's most notable sports club are: Jarosław

1265-482: The Wise , after the area was annexed from Poland by the Kievan Rus' , although the first confirmed mention of the town comes from 1152. The region was eventually regained by Poland, and the settlement was granted Magdeburg town rights by Polish Duke Władysław Opolczyk in 1375. The city quickly developed as an important trade centre and port on the San River , reaching the period of its greatest prosperity in

1320-681: The alliance was not liked in Sweden, in order to declare war against Olaf II of Norway . This was sealed in 1019 when King Olof of Sweden married his daughter to Yaroslav instead of the Norwegian king. That led to protests in Sweden because the Swedes wanted to reestablish control over their lost eastern territories and bring in tribute from Kievan Rus', as his father Eric the Victorious had, but after years of war against Norway, Sweden no longer had

1375-403: The appointment of Rabbi of Jarosław because it would be against his old uncle's appointment. The city council had already written his appointment and wished to express their sorrow for its cancellation. The Dubner Magid had just entered the city on a snowy winter day, and was taken directly to Orenstein's house, together with the city council, who happened to pass by him. But the walk up the steps

1430-401: The area of 12,070 km (4,660 sq mi); more than half of which was County of Przemyśl (almost 7,000 km (2,700 sq mi)). Sambor County had the area of 2,700 km (1,000 sq mi), Stryj County – 1,600 km (620 sq mi), and Drohobycz County – only 700 km (270 sq mi). In comparison to historic Lesser Polands voivodeships, Przemyśl Land

1485-503: The city otherwise. Whatever the reason, the Greeks refused to pay and preferred to fight. The Rus' flotilla defeated the Byzantine fleet but was almost destroyed by a storm and came back to Kiev empty-handed. To defend his state from the Pechenegs and other nomadic tribes threatening it from the south he constructed a line of forts, composed of Yuriev , Bohuslav , Kaniv , Korsun , and Pereyaslavl . To celebrate his decisive victory over

1540-481: The city's fortifications , but their raids started to diminish the city's economic strength and importance. Outbreaks of bubonic plague in the 1620s, and the invasion known as the Swedish Deluge in 1655–60 further undermined the city's prominence. In March 1656, led by Polish national hero Stefan Czarniecki , the Poles defeated the invading Swedes under King Charles X Gustav in the Battle of Jarosław . In

1595-568: The communists. Four towns in four countries were named after Yaroslav, three of which he also founded: Yaroslavl (in today's Russia), Jarosław in Poland, Yuryev (now Bila Tserkva , Ukraine), and another Yuryev in place of conquered Tarbatu (now Tartu ) between 1030 and 1061 in Estonia . Following the Russian custom of naming military objects such as tanks and planes after historical figures,

1650-513: The helmet worn by many Russian soldiers during the Crimean War was called the "Helmet of Yaroslav the Wise". It was the first pointed helmet to be used by a modern army, even before German troops wore pointed helmets . In 2008 Yaroslav was placed first (with 40% of the votes) in their ranking of "our greatest compatriots " by the viewers of the TV show Velyki Ukraintsi . Afterwards, one of

1705-591: The importance of living in peace. After his death, his body was placed in a sarcophagus within Saint Sophia's Cathedral, but his remains were later lost or stolen. Yaroslav's legacy includes founding several towns and having numerous monuments and institutions named after him. The early years of Yaroslav's life are mostly unknown. He was one of the numerous sons of Vladimir the Great , presumably his second by Rogneda of Polotsk , although his actual age (as stated in

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1760-548: The king of Sweden . He gave Ladoga to her as a marriage gift. Saint Sophia's Cathedral in Kiev houses a fresco representing the whole family: Yaroslav, Irene (as Ingegerd was known in Rus'), their four daughters and six sons. Yaroslav had at least three of his daughters married to foreign princes who lived in exile at his court: Yaroslav had one son from the first marriage (his Christian name being Ilya (?–1020)), and six sons from

1815-685: The local Corpus Christi Collegiate Church, before their exhumation and burial in Hungary in 1907. In the mid-eighteenth century, Roman Catholics constituted 53.7% of the population, members of the Greek Catholic Church 23.9%, and Jews 22.3%. Jarosław was annexed by Austria in the First Partition of Poland in 1772. It was part of newly formed Galicia ( Austrian Partition ) until Poland regained independence in 1918 following World War I. In 1914, Russian soldiers carried out

1870-665: The north. Later in Yaroslav's reign, around c.1035, Ingvar the Far-Travelled , Anund Jakob 's jarl, sent Swedish soldiers into Kievan Rus due to Olof's son wanting to assist his father's ally Yaroslav in his wars against the Pechenegs and Byzantines. Later, in c.1041 Anund Jakob tried to reestablish Swedish control over the Eastern trade routes and reopen them. The Georgian annals report 1000 men coming into Georgia but

1925-443: The original force was likely much larger, around 3,000 men. Ingvar's fate is unknown, but he was likely captured in battle during the Byzantine campaigns or killed, supposedly in 1041. Only one ship returned to Sweden, according to the legend. Yaroslav presented his second direct challenge to Constantinople in 1043, when a Rus' flotilla headed by one of his sons appeared near Constantinople and demanded money, threatening to attack

1980-692: The population . Under German occupation , the town was part of the Kraków District of the General Government . The Polish resistance movement was active in the town, and from May 1940, the underground Polish newspaper Odwet was distributed in Jarosław. In 1944, the town was captured by the Red Army of the Soviet Union and restored to Poland, although with a Soviet -installed communist regime, which remained in power until

2035-403: The power to collect regular tributes from Kievan Rus', according to Heimskringla . In 1022 Olaf was deposed and forced to give power to his son Anund Jakob . He defended the Eastern countries from invaders, ensuring Swedish military interests. In a successful military raid in 1030, he captured Tartu , Estonia and renamed it Yuryev (named after Yury, Yaroslav's patron saint ) and forced

2090-634: The producers of The Greatest Ukrainians claimed that Yaroslav had only won because of vote manipulation and that (if that had been prevented) the real first place would have been awarded to Stepan Bandera . In 2003, a monument to Yaroslav the Wise was erected in Kyiv , Ukraine. The creators of the monument are Boris Krylov and Oles Sydoruk. There is also a Yaroslavska Street in Kiev, and there are various streets named after him in cities throughout Ukraine. The Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University in Kharkiv

2145-632: The second marriage. Apprehending the danger that could ensue from divisions between brothers, he exhorted them to live in peace with each other. The eldest of these, Vladimir of Novgorod , best remembered for building the Cathedral of St. Sophia, Novgorod , predeceased his father. Vladimir succeeded Yaroslav as prince of Novgorod in 1034. Three other sons— Iziaslav I , Sviatoslav II , and Vsevolod I —reigned in Kiev one after another. The youngest children of Yaroslav were Igor Yaroslavich (1036–1060) of Volhynia and Vyacheslav Yaroslavich (1036–1057) of

2200-826: The service of Yaroslav. However, the victim's name is given there as Burizaf , which is also a name of Boleslaus I in the Scandinavian sources. It is thus possible that the Saga tells the story of Yaroslav's struggle against Sviatopolk (whose troops were commanded by the Polish duke), and not against Boris. Yaroslav defeated Sviatopolk in their first battle, in 1016, and Sviatopolk fled to Poland. Sviatopolk returned in 1018 with Polish troops furnished by his father-in-law, seized Kiev , and pushed Yaroslav back into Novgorod . Yaroslav prevailed over Sviatopolk, and in 1019 firmly established his rule over Kiev. One of his first actions as

2255-540: The surrounding Ugandi County to pay annual tribute. In 1031, he conquered Cherven cities from the Poles followed by the construction of Sutiejsk to guard the newly acquired lands. In c.1034 Yaroslav concluded an alliance with Polish King Casimir I the Restorer , sealed by the latter's marriage to Yaroslav's sister, Maria. Yaroslav's eldest son, Vladimir , ruled in Novgorod from 1034 and supervised relations in

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2310-584: The town of Yaroslavl (literally, "Yaroslav's") on the Volga River . His relations with his father were apparently strained, and grew only worse on the news that Vladimir bequeathed the Kievan throne to his younger son, Boris . In 1014 Yaroslav refused to pay tribute to Kiev and only Vladimir's death, in July 1015, prevented a war. During the next four years Yaroslav waged a complicated and bloody war for Kiev against his half-brother Sviatopolk I of Kiev , who

2365-405: Was Rabbi Nathan Neta Ashkenazi, in 1590. A year later, the new Council of Four Lands (Vaad Arba Aratzot) began convening in Jarosław, rotating the meetings with the city of Lwów (Lviv). Until 1608 with a small Jewish community, religious facilities were not allowed. Still, Rabbi Solomon Efraim of Lontschitz (the author of "Kli Yakar"), a prominent and well known rabbi, lived here. By 1670 there

2420-467: Was a large "government" synagogue created, although protested by the Christian community of the city. During attacks on the city by Tatars and Swedes, Jewish merchandise and sometimes homes were set on fire. In 1765, there were 1,884 Jews in the city and towns around it. A Jewish school was established sometime later. The famous rabbi Levi Isaac of Berdyczów (Berdychiv) studied in Jarosław circa 1760 and

2475-446: Was a notable patron of literary culture and learning. In 1051, he had a Slavic monk, Hilarion of Kiev , proclaimed the metropolitan bishop of Kiev, thus challenging the Byzantine tradition of placing Greeks on the episcopal sees. Hilarion's discourse on Yaroslav and his father Vladimir is frequently cited as the first work of Old East Slavic literature. In 1019, Yaroslav married Ingegerd Olofsdotter , daughter of Olof Skötkonung ,

2530-455: Was a patron of literary culture, sponsoring the construction of Saint Sophia Cathedral in 1037 and promoting the first work of Old East Slavic literature by Hilarion of Kiev . Yaroslav married Ingegerd Olofsdotter in 1019 and had several children who married into foreign royal families. His children from his second marriage went on to rule various parts of Kievan Rus'. Yaroslav was known for promoting unity among his children and emphasizing

2585-423: Was a son of Vladimir the Great and Rogneda of Polotsk . Yaroslav ruled the northern lands around Rostov before being transferred to Novgorod in 1010. He had a strained relationship with his father and refused to pay tribute to Kiev in 1014. Following Vladimir's death in 1015, Yaroslav waged a complicated war for the Kievan throne against his half-brother Sviatopolk , ultimately emerging victorious in 1019. As

2640-432: Was called "the genius of Yeruslav". A fire in 1805 burnt down the old synagogue and a new one was established more according to tradition to replace it. The new synagogue was completed in 1811. A census taken in 1901 notes that Jews were 25% of the population: 5701 Jewish families. In a story about Jacob Kranc told by Rabbi Jacob Orenstein around 1850, about the appointment of the Jarosław rabbi, Rabbi Orenstein had refused

2695-553: Was densely populated, with 237 villages and 11 towns, and had its own tax office, located at Przeworsk. Zygmunt Gloger gave the following description of Przemyśl Land: "Przemyśl Land was divided into two counties: those of Przemyśl and Przeworsk (...) In 1676, County of Przemyśl had 18 towns and 657 villages, while County of Przeworsk had 18 towns and 221 villages. Przemyśl, known in Latin as Praemislia, and in Ruthenian as Peremysl,

2750-416: Was determined to be Yaroslav. The identity of the female was never established, though some believe them to be those of Yaroslav's spouse Ingegerd. The sarcophagus was again opened in 1939 and the remains removed for research, not being documented as returned until 1964. In 2009, the sarcophagus was opened and surprisingly found to contain only one skeleton, that of a female. It seems the documents detailing

2805-542: Was during this period that Yaroslav promulgated the first code of laws in the lands of the East Slavs , the Russkaya Pravda . Leaving aside the legitimacy of Yaroslav's claims to the Kievan throne and his postulated guilt in the murder of his brothers, Nestor the Chronicler and later Russian historians often presented him as a model of virtue, styling him "the Wise". A less appealing side of his personality

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2860-618: Was enough to create a moving speech, remembered years later, and accounted for in the book. In 1921 the last rabbi was appointed, Rabbi Shmaiya HaLevi Steinberg. He wrote a book about the Jews of his town, and in the 1930s sent two copies to the National Hebrew Library in Jerusalem . These copies are the only surviving copies of the book after the Holocaust . In September 1939, Jarosław was captured by Germans. Most of

2915-586: Was indeed Anna's son, as this would explain his interference in Byzantine affairs in 1043. William Humphreys also favors a reconstruction making Yaroslav the son, rather than the step-son, of Anna, by invoking onomastic arguments. It is curious that Yaroslav named his elder son Vladimir (after his own father) and one of his daughters Anna (as if after his own mother). There is a certain pattern in his sons having Slavic names, and his daughters having Greek names only. Furthermore, Yaroslav's maternity by Rogneda of Polotsk had been questioned by Mykola Kostomarov in

2970-409: Was quite extensive – it was larger than neighboring Lublin Voivodeship , and half the size of Sandomierz Voivodeship . Boundaries of Przemyśl Land were not at first precise, so in 1541 royal commission marked its border with Lwów Land , in 1554 the border with Sanok Land was also marked. Some time in the mid-17th century, Przeworsk County was re-created out of northwestern part of Przemyśl County. It

3025-414: Was supported by his father-in-law, Duke Bolesław I the Brave ( King of Poland from 1025). During the course of this struggle, several other brothers ( Boris, Gleb , and Svyatoslav) were brutally murdered. The Primary Chronicle accused Sviatopolk of planning those murders. The saga Eymundar þáttr hrings is often interpreted as recounting the story of Boris' assassination by the Varangians in

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