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79-542: Rogača ( Serbian Cyrillic : Рогача ) may refer to: Serbian Cyrillic alphabet Reformed Serbian based its alphabet on the previous 18th century Slavonic-Serbian script, following the principle of "write as you speak and read as it is written", removing obsolete letters and letters representing iotated vowels , introducing ⟨J⟩ from the Latin alphabet instead, and adding several consonant letters for sounds specific to Serbian phonology . During

158-476: A full stop , comma , or hyphen are also used, as well as the equivalent set for the doubled ⟨ff⟩ . These arose because with the usual type sort for lowercase ⟨f⟩ , the end of its hood is on a kern , which would be damaged by collision with raised parts of the next letter. Ligatures crossing the morpheme boundary of a composite word are sometimes considered incorrect, especially in official German orthography as outlined in

237-757: A 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in the Latin alphabet whereas 36% write in Cyrillic. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbian Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

316-529: A Greek zeta with a horizontal stroke , ⟨Ƶ⟩ , as an abbreviation for Zeus . Saturn's astronomical symbol ( ♄ ) has been traced back to the Greek Oxyrhynchus Papyri , where it can be seen to be a Greek kappa - rho with a horizontal stroke , as an abbreviation for Κρονος ( Cronus ), the Greek name for the planet. It later came to look like a lower-case Greek eta , with

395-483: A V, for aqua vitae ); 🝫 (MB, for balneum Mariae [Mary's bath], a double boiler ); 🝬 (VB, for balneum vaporis , a steam bath); and 🝛 ( aaa with overline , for amalgam ). Digraphs , such as ⟨ ll ⟩ in Spanish or Welsh , are not ligatures in the general case as the two letters are displayed as separate glyphs: although written together, when they are joined in handwriting or italic fonts

474-502: A capital version of the Eszett never came into common use, even though its creation has been discussed since the end of the 19th century. Therefore, the common replacement in uppercase typesetting was originally SZ ( Maße "measure" → MAS‌ZE , different from Mas‌se "mass" → MAS‌SE ) and later SS ( Maße → MAS‌SE ). Until 2017, the SS replacement

553-539: A challenge in Unicode modeling, as the glyphs differ only in italic versions, and historically non-italic letters have been used in the same code positions. Serbian professional typography uses fonts specially crafted for the language to overcome the problem, but texts printed from common computers contain East Slavic rather than Serbian italic glyphs. Cyrillic fonts from Adobe, Microsoft (Windows Vista and later) and

632-646: A correctly spelled word, like IJs or ijs ( ice ). Ligatures are not limited to Latin script: Written Chinese has a long history of creating new characters by merging parts or wholes of other Chinese characters . However, a few of these combinations do not represent morphemes but retain the original multi-character (multiple morpheme) reading and are therefore not considered true characters themselves. In Chinese, these ligatures are called héwén ( 合文 ) or héshū ( 合書 ); see polysyllabic Chinese characters for more. One popular ligature used on chūntiē decorations used for Chinese Lunar New Year

711-440: A diacritic. Similarly, the word that was abbreviated to ⟨þ⟩ with a small ⟨t⟩ written as a diacritic. During the latter Middle English and Early Modern English periods, the thorn in its common script, or cursive , form came to resemble a ⟨y⟩ shape. With the arrival of movable type printing, the substitution of ⟨y⟩ for ⟨Þ⟩ became ubiquitous, leading to

790-457: A few other font houses include the Serbian variations (both regular and italic). If the underlying font and Web technology provides support, the proper glyphs can be obtained by marking the text with appropriate language codes. Thus, in non-italic mode: whereas: Since Unicode unifies different glyphs in same characters, font support must be present to display the correct variant. The standard Serbian keyboard layout for personal computers

869-479: A legitimate letter with its own position in the alphabet. Because of its relative youth compared to other letters of the alphabet, only a few European languages (English, Dutch, German, Polish, Welsh, Maltese, and Walloon) use the letter in native words. The character ⟨ Æ ⟩ (lower case ⟨æ⟩ ; in ancient times named æsc ) when used in Danish , Norwegian , Icelandic , or Old English

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948-473: A letter (e.g., in early Modern English); in English it is pronounced "and", not "et", except in the case of &c , pronounced " et cetera ". In most typefaces, it does not immediately resemble the two letters used to form it, although certain typefaces use designs in the form of a ligature (examples include the original versions of Futura and Univers , Trebuchet MS , and Civilité , known in modern times as

1027-481: A ligature (for "pesos", although there are other theories as well) but is now a logogram. At least once, the United States dollar used a symbol resembling an overlapping U-S ligature, with the right vertical bar of the U intersecting through the middle of the S (  US  ) to resemble the modern dollar sign. The Spanish peseta was sometimes symbolized by a ligature ⟨₧⟩ (from Pts), and

1106-466: A ligature in which the handwritten Latin letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨t⟩ (spelling et , Latin for 'and') were combined. The earliest known script Sumerian cuneiform and Egyptian hieratic both include many cases of character combinations that gradually evolve from ligatures into separately recognizable characters. Other notable ligatures, such as the Brahmic abugidas and

1185-403: A particularly large set to allow designers to create dramatic display text with a feel of antiquity. A parallel use of ligatures is seen in the creation of script fonts that join letterforms to simulate handwriting effectively. This trend is caused in part by the increased support for other languages and alphabets in modern computing, many of which use ligatures somewhat extensively. This has caused

1264-540: A reversed ⟨t⟩ with ⟨h⟩ (neither the reversed t nor any of the consonant ligatures are in Unicode). Rarer ligatures also exist, including ⟨ꜳ⟩ ; ⟨ꜵ⟩ ; ⟨ꜷ⟩ ; ⟨ꜹ⟩ ; ⟨ꜻ⟩ (barred ⟨av⟩ ); ⟨ꜽ⟩ ; ⟨ꝏ⟩ , which is used in medieval Nordic languages for / oː / (a long close-mid back rounded vowel ), as well as in some orthographies of

1343-407: Is a combination of the four characters for zhāocái jìnbǎo ( 招財進寶 ), meaning "ushering in wealth and fortune" and used as a popular New Year's greeting. In 1924, Du Dingyou ( 杜定友 ; 1898–1967) created the ligature 圕 from two of the three characters 圖書館 ( túshūguǎn ), meaning "library". Although it does have an assigned pronunciation of tuān and appears in many dictionaries, it

1422-453: Is as follows: Typographic ligature In writing and typography , a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes or letters are joined to form a single glyph . Examples are the characters ⟨ æ ⟩ and ⟨ œ ⟩ used in English and French, in which the letters ⟨a⟩ and ⟨e⟩ are joined for the first ligature and the letters ⟨o⟩ and ⟨e⟩ are joined for

1501-592: Is called kroužek . The tilde diacritic, used in Spanish as part of the letter ⟨ ñ ⟩ , representing the palatal nasal consonant, and in Portuguese for nasalization of a vowel, originated in ligatures where ⟨n⟩ followed the base letter: Espanna → España . Similarly, the circumflex in French spelling stems from the ligature of a silent ⟨s⟩ . The letter hwair (ƕ), used only in transliteration of

1580-484: Is made by joining two or more characters in an atypical fashion by merging their parts, or by writing one above or inside the other. In printing, a ligature is a group of characters that is typeset as a unit, so the characters do not have to be joined. For example, in some cases the ⟨fi⟩ ligature prints the letters ⟨f⟩ and ⟨i⟩ with a greater separation than when they are typeset as separate letters. When printing with movable type

1659-636: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa , e.g. /fə/).: Summary tables According to tradition, Glagolitic was invented by the Byzantine Christian missionaries and brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 860s, amid the Christianization of the Slavs . Glagolitic alphabet appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. The Glagolitic alphabet

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1738-460: Is no general consensus about its history. Its name Es-zett (meaning S-Z) suggests a connection of "long s and z" (ſʒ) but the Latin script also knows a ligature of "long s over round s" (ſs). The latter is used as the design principle for the character in most of today's typefaces. Since German was mostly set in blackletter typefaces until the 1940s, and those typefaces were rarely set in uppercase,

1817-422: Is not a typographic ligature. It is a distinct letter — a vowel — and when collated, may be given a different place in the alphabetical order than Ae . In modern English orthography , ⟨Æ⟩ is not considered an independent letter but a spelling variant, for example: " encyclopædia " versus "encyclopaedia" or "encyclopedia". In this use, ⟨Æ⟩ comes from Medieval Latin , where it

1896-756: Is still represented with a ligature: ɮ , and the extensions to the IPA contain three more: ʩ , ʪ and ʫ . The Initial Teaching Alphabet , a short-lived alphabet intended for young children, used a number of ligatures to represent long vowels: ⟨ꜷ⟩ , ⟨æ⟩ , ⟨œ⟩ , ⟨ᵫ⟩ , ⟨ꭡ⟩ , and ligatures for ⟨ee⟩ , ⟨ou⟩ and ⟨oi⟩ that are not encoded in Unicode. Ligatures for consonants also existed, including ligatures of ⟨ʃh⟩ , ⟨ʈh⟩ , ⟨wh⟩ , ⟨ʗh⟩ , ⟨ng⟩ and

1975-886: Is still seen today on icon artwork in Greek Orthodox churches, and sometimes in graffiti or other forms of informal or decorative writing. Gha ⟨ƣ⟩ , a rarely used letter based on Q and G, was misconstrued by the ISO to be an OI ligature because of its appearance, and is thus known (to the ISO and, in turn, Unicode ) as "Oi". Historically, it was used in many Latin-based orthographies of Turkic (e.g., Azerbaijani ) and other central Asian languages. The International Phonetic Alphabet formerly used ligatures to represent affricate consonants , of which six are encoded in Unicode: ʣ, ʤ, ʥ, ʦ, ʧ and ʨ . One fricative consonant

2054-480: Is the ampersand ⟨&⟩ . This was originally a ligature of ⟨E⟩ and ⟨t⟩ , forming the Latin word "et", meaning " and ". It has exactly the same use in French and in English . The ampersand comes in many different forms. Because of its ubiquity, it is generally no longer considered a ligature, but a logogram . Like many other ligatures, it has at times been considered

2133-477: Is the only one in official use. The ligatures : were developed specially for the Serbian alphabet. Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign ( ъ ) and soft sign ( ь ), particularly due to a lack of distinction between iotated consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian Э , Ukrainian/Belarusian І ,

2212-700: Is therefore not used in Turkish typography, and neither are other ligatures like that for ⟨fl⟩ , which would be rare anyway because of Turkish phonotactics. Remnants of the ligatures ⟨ſʒ⟩ / ⟨ſz⟩ ("sharp s", eszett ) and ⟨tʒ⟩ / ⟨tz⟩ ("sharp t", tezett ) from Fraktur , a family of German blackletter typefaces, originally mandatory in Fraktur but now employed only stylistically, can be seen to this day on street signs for city squares whose name contains Platz or ends in -platz . Instead,

2291-701: The Duden . An English example of this would be ⟨ff⟩ in shelf‌ful ; a German example would be Schiff‌fahrt ("boat trip"). Some computer programs (such as TeX ) provide a setting to disable ligatures for German, while some users have also written macros to identify which ligatures to disable. Turkish distinguishes dotted and dotless "I" . In a ligature with f (in words such as [fırın] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |translation= ( help ) and [fikir] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |translation= ( help ) ), this contrast would be obscured. The ⟨fi⟩ ligature

2370-721: The ⟨i⟩ in many typefaces collides with the hood of the ⟨f⟩ when placed beside each other in a word, and are combined into a single glyph with the tittle absorbed into the ⟨f⟩ . Other ligatures with the letter f include ⟨fj⟩ , ⟨f‌l⟩ (fl), ⟨f‌f⟩ (ff), ⟨f‌f‌i⟩ (ffi), and ⟨f‌f‌l⟩ (ffl). Ligatures for ⟨fa⟩ , ⟨fe⟩ , ⟨fo⟩ , ⟨fr⟩ , ⟨fs⟩ , ⟨ft⟩ , ⟨fb⟩ , ⟨fh⟩ , ⟨fu⟩ , ⟨fy⟩ , and for ⟨f⟩ followed by

2449-475: The French franc was often symbolized by the ligature ⟨₣⟩ (from Fr). In astronomy , the planetary symbol for Mercury ( ☿ ) may be a ligature of Mercury 's caduceus and a cross (which was added in the 16th century to Christianize the pagan symbol), though other sources disagree; the symbol for Venus ♀ may be a ligature of the Greek letters ⟨ϕ⟩ (phi) and ⟨κ⟩ (kappa). The symbol for Jupiter ( ♃ ) descends from

Rogača - Misplaced Pages Continue

2528-509: The Germanic bind rune , figure prominently throughout ancient manuscripts. These new glyphs emerge alongside the proliferation of writing with a stylus, whether on paper or clay , and often for a practical reason: faster handwriting . Merchants especially needed a way to speed up the process of written communication and found that conjoining letters and abbreviating words for lay use was more convenient for record keeping and transaction than

2607-561: The Gothic language , resembles a ⟨hw⟩ ligature. It was introduced by philologists around 1900 to replace the digraph ⟨hv⟩ formerly used to express the phoneme in question, e.g. by Migne in the 1860s ( Patrologia Latina vol. 18). The Byzantines had a unique o-u ligature ⟨Ȣ⟩ that, while originally based on the Greek alphabet 's ο-υ, carried over into Latin alphabets as well. This ligature

2686-405: The Latin alphabet that originated in the seventh century, the phoneme it represents was formerly written in various ways. In Old English , the runic letter wynn ⟨Ƿ⟩ ) was used, but Norman influence forced wynn out of use. By the 14th century, the "new" letter ⟨W⟩ , originated as two ⟨ V ⟩ glyphs or ⟨ U ⟩ glyphs joined, developed into

2765-713: The Massachusett language to represent uː (a long close back rounded vowel ); ᵺ; ỻ, which was used in Medieval Welsh to represent ɬ (the voiceless lateral fricative ); ꜩ; ᴂ; ᴔ; and ꭣ have Unicode codepoints (in code block Latin Extended-E for characters used in German dialectology ( Teuthonista ), the Anthropos alphabet, Sakha and Americanist usage). The most common ligature in modern usage

2844-586: The Massachusett-language Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God , published in 1663) was the use of the double-o ligature ⟨ꝏ⟩ to represent the / u / of f oo d as opposed to the / ʊ / of h oo k (although Eliot himself used ⟨oo⟩ and ⟨ꝏ⟩ interchangeably). In the orthography in use since 2000 in the Wampanoag communities participating in

2923-566: The Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia banned the use of Cyrillic, having regulated it on 25 April 1941, and in June 1941 began eliminating " Eastern " (Serbian) words from Croatian, and shut down Serbian schools. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov and Venko Markovski . The Serbian Cyrillic script was one of

3002-628: The Netherlands , typically use a ligature resembling a ⟨U⟩ with a broken left-hand stroke. Adding to the confusion, Dutch handwriting can render ⟨y⟩ (which is not found in native Dutch words, but occurs in words borrowed from other languages) as a ⟨ij⟩ -glyph without the dots in its lowercase form and the ⟨IJ⟩ in its uppercase form looking virtually identical (only slightly bigger). When written as two separate letters, both should be capitalized – or both not – to form

3081-495: The djerv (Ꙉꙉ) for the Serbian reflexes of Pre-Slavic *tj and *dj (* t͡ɕ , * d͡ʑ , * d͡ʒ , and * tɕ ), later the letter evolved to dje (Ђђ) and tshe (Ћћ) letters . Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, to Vienna. There he met Jernej Kopitar , a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform Serbian and its orthography. He finalized

3160-490: The hashtag indicator. The at sign ⟨@⟩ is potentially a ligature, but there are many different theories about the origin. One theory says that the French word à (meaning at ), was simplified by scribes who, instead of lifting the pen to write the grave accent, drew an arc around the "a". Another states that it is short for the Latin word for "toward", " ad ", with the ⟨d⟩ being represented by

3239-431: The question mark ) and the bang (printer's slang for exclamation mark ) into one symbol, used to denote a sentence which is both a question and is exclaimed. For example, the sentence "Are you really coming over to my house on Friday‽" shows that the speaker is surprised while asking their question. Alchemy used a set of mostly standardized symbols , many of which were ligatures: 🜇 (AR, for aqua regia ); 🜈 (S inside

Rogača - Misplaced Pages Continue

3318-488: The umlauted vowels ⟨ ä ⟩ , ⟨ ö ⟩ , and ⟨ ü ⟩ historically arose from ⟨ae⟩ , ⟨oe⟩ , ⟨ue⟩ ligatures (strictly, from these vowels with a small letter ⟨e⟩ written as a diacritic , for example ⟨aͤ⟩ , ⟨oͤ⟩ , ⟨uͤ⟩ ). It is common practice to replace them with ⟨ae⟩ , ⟨oe⟩ , ⟨ue⟩ digraphs when

3397-496: The "sz" ligature has merged into a single character, the German ß – see below. Sometimes, ligatures for ⟨st⟩ (st), ⟨ſt⟩ (ſt), ⟨ch⟩ , ⟨ck⟩ , ⟨ct⟩ , ⟨Qu⟩ and ⟨Th⟩ are used (e.g. in the typeface Linux Libertine ). Besides conventional ligatures, in the metal type era some newspapers commissioned custom condensed single sorts for

3476-485: The 20th century. Sans serif typefaces, increasingly used for body text, generally avoid ligatures, though notable exceptions include Gill Sans and Futura . Inexpensive phototypesetting machines in the 1970s (which did not require journeyman knowledge or training to operate) also generally avoid them. A few, however, became characters in their own right, see below the sections about German ß , various Latin accented letters , & et al. The trend against digraph use

3555-557: The 3 and 13 October 1914 banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , limiting it for use in religious instruction. A decree was passed on January 3, 1915, that banned Serbian Cyrillic completely from public use. An imperial order on October 25, 1915, banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , except "within the scope of Serbian Orthodox Church authorities". In 1941,

3634-452: The French digraph œu , which is composed of the ligature œ and the simplex letter u . In Dutch , ⟨ ij ⟩ can be considered a digraph, a ligature, or a letter in itself, depending on the standard used. Its uppercase and lowercase forms are often available as a single glyph with a distinctive ligature in several professional typefaces (e.g. Zapfino ). Sans serif uppercase ⟨IJ⟩ glyphs, popular in

3713-645: The Latin script is almost always used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , whereas Cyrillic is in everyday use in Republika Srpska . The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked protests and vandalism . Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity. In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only even though, according to

3792-564: The Wôpanâak Language Reclamation Project (WLRP), the ligature was replaced with the numeral ⟨8⟩ , partly because of its ease in typesetting and display as well as its similarity to the o-u ligature ⟨Ȣ⟩ used in Abenaki . For example, compare the colonial-era spelling seepꝏash with the modern WLRP spelling seep8ash . As the letter ⟨ W ⟩ is an addition to

3871-576: The alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary . Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles on the Johann Christoph Adelung ' model and Jan Hus ' Czech alphabet . Karadžić's reforms of standard Serbian modernised it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic , instead bringing it closer to common folk speech, specifically, to

3950-570: The arc. Another says it is short for an abbreviation of the term each at , with the ⟨e⟩ encasing the ⟨a⟩ . Around the 18th century, it started being used in commerce to indicate price per unit, as "15 units @ $ 1". After the popularization of Email , this fairly unpopular character became widely known, used to tag specific users. Lately, it has been used to de-gender nouns in Spanish with no agreed pronunciation. The dollar sign ⟨$ ⟩ possibly originated as

4029-609: The base form of the letters is not changed and the individual glyphs remain separate. Like some ligatures discussed above, these digraphs may or may not be considered individual letters in their respective languages. Until the 1994 spelling reform, the digraphs ⟨ ch ⟩ and ⟨ll⟩ were considered separate letters in Spanish for collation purposes. Catalan makes a difference between "Spanish ll" or palatalized l, written ll as in llei (law), and "French ll" or geminated l, written l·l as in col·lega (colleague). The difference can be illustrated with

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4108-635: The bulky long forms. Around the 9th and 10th centuries, monasteries became a fountainhead for these type of script modifications. Medieval scribes who wrote in Latin increased their writing speed by combining characters and by introducing notational abbreviations . Others conjoined letters for aesthetic purposes. For example, in blackletter , letters with right-facing bowls ( ⟨b⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , and ⟨p⟩ ) and those with left-facing bowls ( ⟨c⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨d⟩ , ⟨ g ⟩ and ⟨q⟩ ) were written with

4187-464: The common " ye ", as in ' Ye Olde Curiositie Shoppe'. One major reason for this was that ⟨y⟩ existed in the printer's types that William Caxton and his contemporaries imported from Belgium and the Netherlands, while ⟨Þ⟩ did not. The ring diacritic used in vowels such as ⟨ å ⟩ likewise originated as an ⟨o⟩ -ligature. Before

4266-415: The cross added at the top in the 16th century to Christianize it. The dwarf planet Pluto is symbolized by a PL ligature, ♇ . A different PL ligature, ⅊ , represents the property line in surveying. In engineering diagrams, a CL ligature, ℄ , represents the center line of an object. The interrobang ⟨‽⟩ is an unconventional punctuation meant to combine the interrogation point (or

4345-552: The development of new digital typesetting techniques such as OpenType , and the incorporation of ligature support into the text display systems of macOS , Windows , and applications like Microsoft Office . An increasing modern trend is to use a "Th" ligature which reduces spacing between these letters to make it easier to read, a trait infrequent in metal type. Today, modern font programming divides ligatures into three groups, which can be activated separately: standard, contextual and historical. Standard ligatures are needed to allow

4424-438: The diacritics are unavailable, for example in electronic conversation. Phone books treat umlauted vowels as equivalent to the relevant digraph (so that a name Müller will appear at the same place as if it were spelled Mueller; German surnames have a strongly fixed orthography, either a name is spelled with ⟨ü⟩ or with ⟨ue⟩ ); however, the alphabetic order used in other books treats them as equivalent to

4503-615: The dialect of Eastern Herzegovina which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić , the main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for Serbian, various forms of which are used by Serbs in Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia today. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which

4582-404: The facing edges of the bowls superimposed. In many script forms, characters such as ⟨h⟩ , ⟨m⟩ , and ⟨n⟩ had their vertical strokes superimposed. Scribes also used notational abbreviations to avoid having to write a whole character in one stroke. Manuscripts in the fourteenth century employed hundreds of such abbreviations. In handwriting , a ligature

4661-517: The first computer typesetting programs to take advantage of computer-driven typesetting (and later laser printers) was Donald Knuth 's TeX program. Now the standard method of mathematical typesetting, its default fonts are explicitly based on nineteenth-century styles. Many new fonts feature extensive ligature sets; these include FF Scala , Seria and others by Martin Majoor and Hoefler Text by Jonathan Hoefler . Mrs Eaves by Zuzana Licko contains

4740-411: The font to display without errors such as character collision. Designers sometimes find contextual and historic ligatures desirable for creating effects or to evoke an old-fashioned print look. Many ligatures combine ⟨f⟩ with the following letter. A particularly prominent example is ⟨fi⟩ (or ⟨f‌i⟩ , rendered with two normal letters). The tittle of

4819-559: The italic of Garamond ). Similarly, the number sign ⟨#⟩ originated as a stylized abbreviation of the Roman term libra pondo , written as ℔. Over time, the number sign was simplified to how it is seen today, with two horizontal strokes across two slash-like strokes. Now a logogram, the symbol is used mainly to denote (in the US) numbers, and weight in pounds. It has also been used popularly on push-button telephones and as

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4898-463: The names of common long names that might appear in news headings, such as " Eisenhower ", " Chamberlain ", and others. In these cases the characters did not appear combined, just more tightly spaced than if printed conventionally. The German letter ⟨ß⟩ ( Eszett , also called the scharfes S , meaning sharp s ) is an official letter of the alphabet in Germany and Austria. There

4977-461: The new upper case character for "ß" rather than replacing it with "SS" or "SZ" for geographical names. A new standardized German keyboard layout (DIN 2137-T2) has included the capital ß since 2012. The new character entered the official orthographic rules in June 2017. A prominent feature of the colonial orthography created by John Eliot (later used in the first Bible printed in the Americas,

5056-570: The number of traditional hand compositors and hot metal typesetting machine operators dropped because of the mass production of the IBM Selectric brand of electric typewriter in 1961. A designer active in the period commented: "some of the world's greatest typefaces were quickly becoming some of the world's worst fonts." Ligatures have grown in popularity in the 21st century because of an increasing interest in creating typesetting systems that evoke arcane designs and classical scripts. One of

5135-509: The official status (designated in the constitution as the " official script ", compared to Latin's status of "script in official use" designated by a lower-level act, for national minorities). It is also an official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro , along with Gaj's Latin alphabet . Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia , Montenegro , and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets",

5214-657: The replacement of the older "aa" with "å" became a de facto practice, an "a" with another "a" on top (aͣ) could sometimes be used, for example in Johannes Bureus 's, Runa: ABC-Boken (1611). The ⟨uo⟩ ligature ů in particular saw use in Early Modern High German , but it merged in later Germanic languages with ⟨u⟩ (e.g. MHG fuosz , ENHG fuͦß , Modern German Fuß "foot"). It survives in Czech , where it

5293-494: The same period, linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted the Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using the same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets have a complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters. The updated Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was officially adopted in the Principality of Serbia in 1868, and

5372-405: The second ligature. For stylistic and legibility reasons, ⟨f⟩ and ⟨i⟩ are often merged to create ⟨fi⟩ (where the tittle on the ⟨i⟩ merges with the hood of the ⟨f⟩ ); the same is true of ⟨s⟩ and ⟨t⟩ to create ⟨st⟩ . The common ampersand , ⟨&⟩ , developed from

5451-768: The semi-vowels Й or Ў , nor the iotated letters Я (Russian/Bulgarian ya ), Є (Ukrainian ye ), Ї ( yi ), Ё (Russian yo ) or Ю ( yu ), which are instead written as two separate letters: Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју . Ј can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of й . The letter Щ is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either ШЧ , ШЋ or ШТ . Serbian italic and cursive forms of lowercase letters б , г , д , п , and т (Russian Cyrillic alphabet) differ from those used in other Cyrillic alphabets: б , г , д , п , and т (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet). The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among languages and there are no officially recognized variations. That presents

5530-475: The simple letters ⟨a⟩ , ⟨o⟩ and ⟨u⟩ . The convention in Scandinavian languages and Finnish is different: there the umlaut vowels are treated as independent letters with positions at the end of the alphabet. In Middle English, the word the (written þe ) was frequently abbreviated as a ⟨þ⟩ ( thorn ) with a small ⟨e⟩ written as

5609-598: The two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia since its establishment in 1918, the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet ( latinica ). Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Serbian Cyrillic is no longer used in Croatia on national level, while in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro it remained an official script. Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic script

5688-551: Was an optional ligature in some specific words that had been transliterated and borrowed from Ancient Greek, for example, "Æneas". It is still found as a variant in English and French words descended or borrowed from Medieval Latin, but the trend has recently been towards printing the ⟨A⟩ and ⟨E⟩ separately. Similarly, ⟨ Œ ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩ , while normally printed as ligatures in French, are replaced by component letters if technical restrictions require it. In German orthography ,

5767-630: Was based on the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki . Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Miroslav Gospel , Vukan Gospels , St. Sava's Nomocanon , Dušan's Code , Munich Serbian Psalter , and others. The first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos (1494). It's notable extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect and use of

5846-464: Was further strengthened by the desktop publishing revolution. Early computer software in particular had no way to allow for ligature substitution (the automatic use of ligatures where appropriate), while most new digital typefaces did not include ligatures. As most of the early PC development was designed for the English language (which already treated ligatures as optional at best) dependence on ligatures did not carry over to digital. Ligature use fell as

5925-579: Was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around by Cyril's disciples, perhaps at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century. The earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav , based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters. The standard language

6004-579: Was in exclusive use in the country up to the interwar period . Both alphabets were official in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Due to the shared cultural area, Gaj's Latin alphabet saw a gradual adoption in the Socialist Republic of Serbia since, and both scripts are used to write modern standard Serbian. In Serbia , Cyrillic is seen as being more traditional, and has

6083-416: Was invented around 1450, typefaces included many ligatures and additional letters, as they were based on handwriting. Ligatures made printing with movable type easier because one sort would replace frequent combinations of letters and also allowed more complex and interesting character designs which would otherwise collide with one another. Because of their complexity, ligatures began to fall out of use in

6162-582: Was published in 1868. He wrote several books; Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815 to 1818 he used: Ю, Я, Ы and Ѳ. In his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ. The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death. From the Old Slavic script Vuk retained these 24 letters: He added one Latin letter: And 5 new ones: He removed: Orders issued on

6241-539: Was the only valid spelling according to the official orthography in Germany and Austria. In Switzerland, the ß is omitted altogether in favour of ss. The capital version (ẞ) of the Eszett character was occasionally used since 1905/06, has been part of Unicode since 2008, and has appeared in more and more typefaces. Since the end of 2010, the Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (StAGN) has suggested

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