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125-581: Coláiste Rís is a secondary school in Dundalk , County Louth , Ireland. It is named in honour of Edmund Rice , the founder of the Congregation of Christian Brothers . Coláiste Rís, formerly Dundalk CBS, was established on 10 May 1869 by the Congregation of Christian Brothers. The first student was John Kelly from Dundalk. The Brotherhood were invited by Archbishop Michael Kieran of Armagh to form

250-474: A 'New Town' in the late 14th century under the reign of Richard II of England . Effectively a frontier town as the northernmost outpost of The Pale, Dundalk continued to grow as the 14th and 15th centuries progressed. The town was heavily fortified, as it was regularly attacked—with at least 14 separate assaults, sieges or demands for tribute by a resurgent native Irish population recorded between 1300 and 1600 (with more than that number being likely). In 1540,

375-524: A battle. He entrenched himself at Dundalk and declined to be drawn beyond the circle of his defences. With poor logistics and struck by disease, over 5,000 of his troops died. After the end of the Williamite War, the third Viscount Dungannon, Mark Trevor, sold the Dundalk estate to James Hamilton of Tollymore, County Down. Hamilton's son, also James, was created Viscount Limerick in 1719 and then

500-479: A better education while also preparing them for a life of settling down, doing the chores, and taking care of the children while their husbands became the breadwinners. At this time, homemaking was largely accessible to middle and upper class white women whose families could afford secondary schooling. In the late 19th century, the Lake Placid Conferences took place. The conferences consisted of

625-523: A checkbook. In the 1980s, "domestic celebrities" rose to stardom. Celebrities, such as Martha Stewart , created television programs, books, magazines, and websites about homemaking and home economics, which attested to the continued importance of independent experts and commercial mass-media organizations in facilitating technological and cultural change in consumer products and services industries. Despite many secondary education establishments still referring to these enrichment classes as "home economics",

750-425: A flair for Debating and Irish sports . The school is made up from a mixture of modern buildings as well as the old monastery which is designated as a heritage site , the school grounds have now been fully developed to a point where there is no further space for new buildings. The school playing fields are a short walk away. In 2019 the school will celebrate its 150th anniversary and plans are already underway to mark

875-425: A group of educators working together to elevate the discipline to a legitimate profession. Originally, they wanted to call this profession "oekology", the science of right living. However, "home economics" was ultimately chosen as the official term in 1899. The first book on home economics was Mrs. Welch's Cookbook , published in 1884 at Iowa State by Mary Beaumont Welch . Welch's classes on domestic economy were

1000-401: A hole in the outer wall of the gaol, freeing Aiken and his men. On 14 August, Aiken led an attack on the barracks that resulted in its capture with five National Army and two Irregular soldiers killed. Aiken's men killed another dozen National Army soldiers in guerrilla attacks before the town was retaken without resistance on 26 August. Before withdrawing, Aiken called for a truce at a meeting in

1125-408: A household. One of the first to champion the economics of running a home was Catherine Beecher , sister to Harriet Beecher Stowe . Since the nineteenth century, schools have been incorporating home economics courses into their education programs. In its early years, home economics began with the goal of professionalizing domestic labor for women whilst also uplifting the idea of "women's work". In

1250-675: A hub on the Great Northern Railway (Ireland) network and with its maritime link to Liverpool from the Port of Dundalk. It later suffered from high unemployment and urban decay after these industries closed or scaled back both in the aftermath of the Partition of Ireland in 1921 and following the accession of Ireland to the European Economic Community in 1973. New industries have been established in

1375-399: A male heir, the family's landholdings were split. One of Theobold de Verdun's daughters, Joan, married the second Baron Furnivall , Thomas de Furnivall, and his family subsequently acquired much of the de Verdun land at Dundalk. The de Furnivall family's coat of arms formed the basis of the seal of the 'New Town of Dundalk'—a 14th-century seal discovered in the early 20th century, which became

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1500-435: A new relationship through education and organization of the housewives. Although people were not taught formal classes of home economics, during the 1950s and 1960s home economics manuals had been fully published. These manuals were compulsory for children to read in school. These manuals focused heavily on how to be a good housewife during a new era of transformation and how to adapt to new behaviors and habits. Starting from

1625-618: A past pupil. In 1922, when the Irish Free State was established, the school adopted the ideals of the new state. Students began to study their subjects through Irish in 1925 and in 1934 the school won Corn na Dála, the Dáil Cup, as the best in Ireland for the promotion of Irish culture . One of the four streams offer subjects through the medium of Irish Gaelic up to Junior Certificate Level but then students have to study through

1750-455: A result of the ongoing violence in the border region of North Louth / South Armagh . The barracks was renamed Aiken Barracks in 1986 in honour of Frank Aiken. Dundalk celebrated its 'official' 1200th year in 1989, meaning the Irish government recognised 789 as the year in which the first settlement was founded, with then President of Ireland, Dr. Patrick Hillery , attending a celebration at

1875-527: A school because, "they gave the best education that has been offered to the youth of Ireland". The founder of the school was Brother Louis Yorke, an Englishman born in Manchester into a Protestant family. When he died, in June 1907, the town of Dundalk came to a standstill. The street where the school stands was renamed Yorke Street in his honour, commending his great service to the education of young people in

2000-423: A similar book for boys just as well. Home economics was taught to girls in the junior cycle of secondary school in the 20th century. It was added to the senior cycle Leaving Certificate in 1971, at a time when elimination of school fees was increasing participation. In subsequent decades new co-educational community schools saw more boys studying the subject. Increased third-level education participation from

2125-609: A strong historic relationship to the field of human ecology , and since the 1960s a number of university-level home economics programs have been renamed "human ecology" programs, including Cornell University's program . Internationally, Home Economics education is coordinated by the International Federation for Home Economics (Fédération internationale pour l'économie familiale). In the majority of elementary (K-6) and public (K-8) schools in Canada, home economics

2250-530: A subject in their courses, sometimes called Human Ecology and Family Sciences. Home economics are known in Indonesia as Family Training and Welfare ( Indonesian : Pembinaan dan Kesejahteraan Keluarga , PKK ). It is rooted on a 1957 conference on home economics held in Bogor ; it became state policy in 1972. The new books are Family management and planning lifestyle for girls in secondary high schools and

2375-488: A total of 14 subjects in a mixture of compulsory and voluntary subjects. English, Irish, Mathematics, French, German, Spanish, Geography, History, Business, Accountancy, Economics, Chemistry, Physics, Biology Construction Studies, Technical Drawing, Home Economics and Art. Students study at least 7 subjects with four being a choice of the non-compulsory subjects Dundalk Dundalk ( / d ʌ n ˈ d ɔː ( l ) k / dun- DAW(L)K ; Irish : Dún Dealgan )

2500-427: Is also taught in primary education . International cooperation in the field is coordinated by the International Federation for Home Economics , established in 1908. These programs have been called human sciences, home science, domestic economy, and the domestic arts, the domestic sciences, or the domestic arts and sciences, and may still be referred to as such depending on the academic institution. Home economics has

2625-583: Is located at Faughart. St Brigid's Church in Kilcurry holds what worshippers believe is a relic of the saint—a fragment of her skull. Most of what is recorded about the Dundalk area between the 5th century and the foundation of the town as a Norman stronghold in the 12th century comes from the Annals of the Four Masters and the Annals of Tigernach , which were both written hundreds of years after

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2750-438: Is not taught. General health education is provided as part of a physical education class. In high schools or secondary schools, there is no specific home economics course, but students may choose related courses to take, such as Family Studies, Food and Nutrition, or Health and Safety. Finland has a 110 year history in home economics teacher education. Household economics and nutrition have been taught at university level since

2875-702: Is part of the broader Career Technical Education (CTE) umbrella. Career and technical education is a term applied to programs that specialize in skilled trades, applied sciences, modern technologies, and career preparation.  While traditional home economics focused on preparing women to care for a family and home, family consumer science continues to adapt its course offerings to meet the needs of students both for personal growth and professional opportunities. Students can take classes in culinary arts, education, food science, nutrition, health and wellness, interior design, child development, personal finance, textiles, apparel, and retailing. Students who take FCS classes can join

3000-491: Is the county town of County Louth , Ireland . The town is on the Castletown River , which flows into Dundalk Bay on the east coast of Ireland. It is halfway between Dublin and Belfast , close to the border with Northern Ireland . It is surrounded by several townlands and villages that form the wider Dundalk Municipal District. It is the seventh largest urban area in Ireland , with a population of 43,112 as of

3125-706: The Annals of Ulster , which record that Brian Boru met the King of Ulster at " Dún Delgain " in 1002 to demand submission. 12th century versions of the Táin Bó Cúailnge feature " Delga in Muirtheimne ". The manor house built by Bertram de Verdon at Castletown Mount on the site of the earlier settlement is referred to as the " Castle of Dundalc " in the 12th century records of the Gormanston Register. Archaeological studies at Rockmarshall on

3250-671: The 2022 census . Having been inhabited since the Neolithic period, Dundalk was established as a Norman stronghold in the 12th century following the Norman invasion of Ireland , and it became the northernmost outpost of The Pale in the Late Middle Ages . The town came to be nicknamed the "Gap of the North" where the northernmost point of the province of Leinster meets the province of Ulster . The modern street layout dates from

3375-765: The Cooley peninsula indicate that the Dundalk district was first inhabited circa 3700 BC during the Neolithic period. Pre-Christian archaeological sites in the Dundalk Municipal District include the Proleek Dolmen (a portal tomb ) in Ballymascanlon , which dates to around 3000 BC, the nearby "Giant's Grave" (a wedge-shaped gallery grave ), Rockmarshall Court Tomb (a court cairn ), and Aghnaskeagh Cairns (a chambered cairn and portal tomb). The legends of Cú Chulainn , including

3500-630: The County Museum Dundalk and the Louth County Library. Sporting clubs include Dundalk Football Club (who play at Oriel Park ), Dundalk Rugby Club , Dundalk Golf Club, and several clubs competing in Gaelic games . Dundalk Stadium is a horse and greyhound racing venue and is Ireland's only all-weather horse racing track. Dundalk is an anglicisation of Irish : Dún Dealgan [ˌd̪ˠuːnˠ ˈdʲalˠəgənˠ] that

3625-715: The Duke of Ormond (and known as Ormondists), in turn, laid siege to Dundalk and overran and plundered the town in March 1642, killing many inhabitants. The Ormondists held the town during the English Civil War until it was occupied by the Northern Parliamentary Army of George Monck . The Parliamentarians held it for two years before surrendering it back to the Ormondists. It was then retaken by

3750-826: The Easter Rising had changed the political landscape. 80 members of the Irish Volunteers had left Dundalk to take part in the Rising. After the countermanding order of Eoin MacNeill , members of the unit ended up in Castlebellingham , trying to evade the Dundalk RIC . There, they held several RIC men and a British Army officer at gunpoint until one of the Volunteers, believing the army officer

3875-575: The Gentile reform of 1923, home economics was taught in the lower middle school and in the new unified middle school established in 1963. The name changed to Technical Applications, differentiated into male and female, which was taught until 1977 when it changed to the title of Technical Education, which no longer differed in relation to the sex of the pupils. In South Korea, the field is most commonly known as "consumer science" (소비자학, sobija-hak). The field began in schools taught by Western missionaries in

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4000-535: The Great Northern Railway (Ireland) in 1876. The established and merchant classes prospered alongside a general population that suffered from poverty. A typhus epidemic struck in the 1810s, potato-crop failures in the 1820s caused famine, and a cholera epidemic struck in the 1830s. During the Great Famine of the 1840s, the town did not suffer to the same extent as the west and south of Ireland. Cereal-based agriculture, new industries, construction projects, and

4125-517: The River Fane to the south, indicating that the district was a border area between separate kingdoms. Archaeological and historical research suggests that before the arrival of the Normans, the district was composed of rural settlements of ringforts located on the higher ground that surrounds the present-day town. There are references in the annals and folklore to a pre-Norman town located in

4250-738: The Scottish Ladies Association for Promoting Female Industrial Education . The intention was to ensure that females would learn sewing and in time other domestic subjects in separate gender based education. The Church of Scotland had decided in 1849 that it wanted female "schools of industry". Women were seen as centres of moral and religious values for families and upper class ladies in the new association saw it as their role to provide it. In 1853 Hope published, The Female Teacher: Ideas Suggestive of Her Qualifications and Duties where she notes that women should be "keepers at home" and men should see to his "labour and his work until

4375-525: The Táin Bó Cúailnge (The Cattle Raid of Cooley), an epic of early Irish literature, are set in the first century AD, before the arrival of Christianity to Ireland. Clochafarmore , the menhir that Cú Chulainn reputedly tied himself to before he died, is located to the west of the town, near Knockbridge . Saint Brigid is reputed to have been born in 451 AD in Faughart . A shrine to her

4500-625: The election of 1885 after a campaign of voter suppression and intimidation on both sides. Following the split in the Irish Parliamentary Party , the leading anti-Parnellite , Tim Healy , won the North Louth seat in 1892 , defeating Nolan (who had stayed loyal to Parnell). The campaign, predicted by Healy to be "the nastiest fight in Ireland", saw running battles and mass brawls in the streets between Parnellites, 'Healyites', and 'Callanites'—supporters of Philip Callan, who

4625-462: The primary level.   Beginning in Scotland in the 1850s, it was a woman-dominated course, teaching women to be homemakers with sewing being the lead skill. The American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences at the beginning of the 20th century saw Americans desiring youth to learn vocational skills as well. Politics played a role in home economics education, and it wasn't until later in

4750-409: The 1940s. Finland has made home economics a required course for boys and girls. When at university, home economics courses fall under categories of the culture and education of nutrition and food, consumer education , environmental education, and family education. The Finnish National Core Curriculum for Basic Education in 2014 also states to reach sustainable development, home economics must be one of

4875-462: The 1990s saw a decline in practical subjects not favoured for third-level entry requirements, including home economics. In 1945, just days before the Liberation of World War II, Ada Gobetti stated, "The most difficult problem will be that of the housewife. It will be one of the most difficult to resolve if one wants to create a new society." She wanted women, family, work, and society to form

5000-685: The 19th century was dominated by the Irish Home Rule movement and Dundalk became a focal point of the politics of the time. The Irish National Land League held a demonstration in Dundalk on New Year's Day, 1881, stated by the local press to be the largest gathering ever seen in the town. As the Home Rule movement developed, the sitting Home Rule League MP, Philip Callan , fell out with party leader Charles Stewart Parnell , who travelled to Dundalk to oversee efforts to have Callan unseated. Parnell's candidate, Joseph Nolan , defeated Callan in

5125-473: The 19th century. By definition, home economics is "the art and science of home management", meaning that the discipline incorporates both creative and technical aspects into its teachings. Home economics courses often consist of learning how to cook, how to do taxes, and how to perform child care tasks. In the United States, home economics courses have been a key part of learning the art of taking care of

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5250-551: The 20th Century. By the time of the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169 , Magh Muirthemne had been absorbed into the kingdom of Airgíalla (Oriel) under the Ó Cearbhaills. In about 1185 , Bertram de Verdun , a counsel of Henry II of England , erected a manor house at Castletown Mount on the ancient site of Dún Dealgan . De Verdon founded his settlement seemingly without resistance from Airgíalla (the Ó Cearbhaills are recorded as having submitted to Henry by this time), and in 1187 he founded an Augustinian friary under

5375-712: The Emergency (as World War II was called in Ireland), there were three aeroplane crashes in what is now the municipal district. A British Hudson bomber crashed in 1941, killing three crew, and a P-51 Mustang fighter of the US Army Air Forces crashed in September 1944, killing its pilot. The worst of the wartime air crashes occurred on 16 March 1942. 15 allied airmen died when their Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber crashed into Slieve na Glogh, which rises above

5500-567: The English language only. Among other successes in recent years were Irish Senior Golf Champions in 1981, numerous national titles in Debating, 1916 Scholarships, Leinster Senior Football and Young Scientist of the Year. In 1987, it was found that girls who had been educated through Irish at primary level had no option for secondary education through Irish in Dundalk, it was with this in mind that

5625-471: The Free State government began installing border posts for the purpose of collecting customs duties. Almost immediately, the town started to suffer economic problems. The introduction of the border and tariffs exacerbated the effects of a global post-war slump . With a population of 14,000 at the time, unemployment was reported to be nearly 2,000 and it was reported that: "Up to a few years ago, Dundalk

5750-653: The Great Northern Brewery being reopened as 'the Great Northern Distillery' in 2015 by John Teeling , who had established and later sold the Cooley Distillery ; and locally-driven initiatives led to a flurry of foreign direct investment announcements in the latter half of the 2010s, particularly in the technology and pharmaceutical sectors. The town's association football club, Dundalk F.C. , first formed in 1903 by

5875-754: The Irish Parliamentary Party, in the closest contest of the election—O'Kelly winning by 255 votes. In the run-up to the election, the local newspapers had supported the Irish Party over Sinn Féin and complained afterwards that the area of Drogheda in County Meath that was included in the Louth constituency had tipped the contest in Sinn Féin's favour. Again, the campaign saw reports of widespread violence and intimidation tactics. There

6000-591: The Market Square. After the start of the Northern Ireland peace process , and the subsequent Good Friday Agreement , then U.S. president, Bill Clinton chose Dundalk to make an open-air address in December 2000 in support of the peace process. In his speech in the Market Square, witnessed by an estimated 60,000 people, Clinton spoke of "a new day in Dundalk and a new day in Ireland". The town

6125-728: The North' (the Moyry Pass ) during the Nine Years' War . Following the Flight of the Earls , the subsequent Plantation of Ulster (and the associated suppression of Catholicism) resulted in the Irish Rebellion of 1641 . After only token resistance, Dundalk was occupied by an Ulster Irish Catholic army on 31 October. They subsequently tried and failed to take Drogheda and retreated to Dundalk. The Royal Irish Army , who were led by

6250-574: The Priory of St Leonard founded by Bertram de Verdun was surrendered to the Crown because of Henry VIII 's Dissolution of the Monasteries . During the subsequent Tudor conquest of Ireland , Dundalk remained the northern outpost of English rule. In 1600, the town was used as a base of operations for the English, led by Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy , for their push into Ulster through the 'Gap of

6375-742: The Reifensteiner concept and movement and allowed higher education for women already in the German Kaiserreich. The 1913 doctorate of Johannes Kramer compared different concepts of home economic education worldwide and praised the system e.g. in Iowa. Additionally, home economics are taught as an optional course in lower- and mid-level secondary schools (Haupt- und Realschule). Many education boards in India such as NIOS , CBSE , ICSE , CISCE and various state boards offer home science as

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6500-555: The United States as home economics, often abbreviated as "home ec" or "HE". In 1994, various organizations, including the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences , adopted the new term "Family and Consumer Sciences (FCS)" to reflect the fact that the field covers aspects outside of home life and wellness. FCS is taught worldwide, as an elective or a required course in secondary education , and in many tertiary and continuing education institutions. Sometimes it

6625-566: The United States was able to create more homemaking educational courses all across the country. Throughout the 1940s, Iowa State College (later University) was the only program granting a master of science in household equipment. However, this program was centered on the ideals that women should acquire practical skills and a scientifically based understanding of how technology in the household works. For example, women were required to disassemble and then reassemble kitchen machinery so they could understand basic operations and understand how to repair

6750-407: The United States, both men and women are expected to take care of the home, the children, and the finances. More women are pursuing higher education rather than homemaking. In 2016, 56.4% of college students were female as opposed to 34.5% in 1956. Some schools are starting to incorporate life skill courses back into their curriculum, but as a whole, home economics courses have been in major decline in

6875-827: The United States, the teaching of home economics courses in higher education greatly increased with the Morrill Act of 1862. Signed by Abraham Lincoln , the Act granted land to each state or territory in America for higher educational programs in vocational arts, specifically mechanical arts, agriculture, and home economics. Such land grants allowed for people of a wider array of social classes to receive better education in important trade skills. Home economics courses mainly taught students how to cook, sew, garden, and take care of children. The vast majority of these programs were dominated by women. Home economics allowed for women to receive

7000-402: The Windmill Bar and shot dead. The British authorities subsequently suppressed the Dundalk Examiner newspaper for reporting on the incident, and smashed its printing presses. Volunteers from the area led by Frank Aiken were more active in Ulster, and were responsible for the derailing of a military train at Adavoyle railway station , 13 km north of Dundalk, which killed three soldiers,

7125-407: The annals to battles fought in the district such as the 'Battle of Fochart' in 732, which are folklore . Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn recounts the mythical tale of a 10th-century naval battle in Dundalk Bay. Sitric, son of Turgesius and ruler of the Lochlannaigh in Ireland, had offered Cellachán Caisil , the King of Munster , his sister in marriage. But it was a trick to take

7250-481: The area. The first Mathematics teacher was John Philip Holland , notable as the inventor of the submarine . Mr. Holland also served as a teacher in other CBS schools in Ireland. Within a year of the school opening there were 500 boys enrolled. This required some major extensions, and the development of facilities has continued constantly in the years since then. A recent addition was a Technological Wing built with financial contribution from Senator Edward Haughey ,

7375-455: The arrival of the railway all contributed to sparing the town of its worst effects. Nevertheless, so many people died in the Dundalk Union Workhouse that the graveyard was quickly filled. A second graveyard was opened on the Ardee Road—the Dundalk Famine Graveyard—which is known to contain approximately 4,000 bodies. It was closed in 1905 and was left derelict until the 21st century when local volunteers worked to restore it. The latter part of

7500-516: The babies who were awaiting adoption. At Cornell University, the first practice baby was called Dicky Domecon, named after the phrase "domestic economy". Dicky was borrowed by Cornell in 1920 when he was three weeks old. Practice babies belonged to the students and to the department and were considered central to the proper training and development of home economics students. Many fields of high acuity use simulation to enhance training in complicated situations. Childcare practicums were often included at

7625-468: The centre of Dundalk. From that point, north Louth ceased to be an area of strategic importance in the war. Guerrilla attacks continued—mostly acts of sabotage, particularly against the railway. In January 1923, six anti-treaty prisoners were executed by firing squad in Dundalk for bearing arms against the state. The partition of Ireland turned Dundalk into a border town and the Dublin–Belfast main line into an international railway. On 1 April 1923,

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7750-433: The centre of the town carried out by the Ulster Volunteer Force killed two people and injured 15. There were several incidents of British military incursions into North Louth. The town was also the scene of several killings connected to the INLA and its internal feuds and criminal activity. On 1 September 1973, the 27 Infantry Battalion of the Irish Army was established with its headquarters in Dundalk barracks, as

7875-530: The century that the course shifted from being woman-dominated to now required for both sexes.   Now family and consumer science have been included in the broader subject of Career Technical Education, a program that teaches skilled trades, applied sciences, modern technologies, and career preparation. Despite the widening of the subject matter over the past century, there has been a major decline in home economics courses offered by educational institutions. Family and consumer sciences were previously known in

8000-409: The chief trustee and patron. A new Board of Management had taken over management of the school in 1986 and that same year Mr. Frank Cooney had been installed as the first lay principal. The name was changed to Coláiste Rís, signifying no further association with the Christian Brothers. Before the Brothers left Dundalk, they were honoured in the annual Saint Patrick's Day parade for their contribution to

8125-437: The civil war. Even though the Bellews were seen as Papists , Sir John Bellew appears to have held onto much of his family's legacy landholdings. When the Williamite War in Ireland began in 1689, the Williamite commander Schomberg landed in Belfast and marched unopposed to Dundalk but, as the bulk of his forces were raw and undisciplined as well as inferior in numbers to the Jacobite Irish Army , he decided against risking

8250-521: The early 18th century and owes its form to James Hamilton (later 1st Earl of Clanbrassil ). The legends of the mythical warrior hero Cú Chulainn are set in the district, and the motto on the town's coat of arms is Irish : Mé do rug Cú Chulainn cróga ("I gave birth to brave Cú Chulainn"). The town developed brewing, distilling, tobacco, textile, and engineering industries during the 19th century. It became prosperous and its population grew as it became an important manufacturing and trading centre—both as

8375-429: The early 1900s in order to model a living situation, with the first facility built for home management practice constructed in the early 1920s at North Dakota Agricultural College. The all-women 'team' model used for students was different from prevailing expectations of housewives. For example, women were graded on collaboration, while households at the time assumed that women would be working independently. Nevertheless,

8500-415: The early part of the 21st century, including pharmaceutical, technology, financial services, and specialist foods. There is one third-level education institute — Dundalk Institute of Technology . The largest theatre in the town, An Táin Arts Centre (named after the epic of Irish mythology ), is housed in Dundalk Town Hall , and the restored buildings of the nearby former Dundalk Distillery house both

8625-459: The equipment. In doing so, Iowa State effectively created culturally acceptable forms of physics and engineering for women in an era when these pursuits were not generally accessible to them. Throughout the latter part of the twentieth century, home economics courses became more inclusive. In 1963, Congress passed the Vocational Education Act, which granted funds to vocational education job training. Home economics courses started being taught across

8750-613: The evening". Education of females would elevate the "lower classes" and this was the "aim of the Scottish Ladies Association for Promoting Female Industrial Education". Hope organised a petition of 130 signatures of "principal ladies of Scotland" demanding improved sewing lesson for girls in Scottish schools. The petition was supported by letters sent to newspapers and this was of underestimated influence. By 1861 grants were available to support this objective and in 1870 70% of schools were including sewing in their curriculum according to inspectors. Thereza Charlotte, Lady Rucker (1863 – 1941)

8875-405: The events they record. According to the annals, the area that is now Dundalk was known as Magh Muirthemne (the Plain of the Dark Sea). It was bordered to the northeast by Cuailgne (Cooley) and to the south by the Ciannachta . It was ruled by a Cruthin kingdom known as Conaille Muirtheimne (who were aligned to the Ulaid ) in the early Christian period. There are several references in

9000-732: The field included numerous female figures, such as Ellen Swallow Richards , who had profound impacts on the home economics profession. In 1909, Richards founded the American Home Economics Association (now called the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences ). From 1900 to 1917, more than thirty bills discussed in Congress dealt with issues of American vocational education and, by association, home economics. Americans wanted more opportunities for their young people to learn vocational skills and to learn valuable home and life skills. However, home economics

9125-483: The first Earl of Clanbrassil in 1756. The modern town of Dundalk owes its form to Hamilton. The military activity of the 17th century had left the town's walls in ruins. With the collapse of the Gaelic aristocracy and the total takeover of the country by the English, Dundalk was no longer a frontier town and no longer had a need for its 15th-century fortifications. Hamilton commissioned the construction of streets leading to

9250-531: The first Earl of Roden. Portions of the Roden Dundalk estate were sold under the auspices of the various land acts of the 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in the Irish Free State government lands purchase acts of the 1920s. The remaining freeholds and ground rents were sold in 2006, severing the links between the Earls of Roden and the town of Dundalk. During the 18th century, Ireland

9375-565: The first group of 11 girls were enrolled into the school. The first female to appear on the school registers was Aoife Hamill, in September of that year. In the subsequent years the number of female students has grown rapidly, today the ratio is about 2:1, males to females. On 1 August 1990, the Christian Brothers left Dundalk after 121 years and handed over the school to the Armagh Diocese , with Cardinal Tomás Ó Fiaich as

9500-602: The first in the nation to give college credit on the subject. Home economics in the United States education system increased in popularity in the early twentieth century. It emerged as a movement to train women to be more efficient household managers. At the same moment, American families began to consume many more goods and services than they produced. To guide women in this transition, professional home economics had two major goals: to teach women to assume their new roles as modern consumers and to communicate homemakers' needs to manufacturers and political leaders. The development of

9625-578: The forces of Oliver Cromwell , who had landed in Ireland in August 1649 and sacked Drogheda . After the massacre in Drogheda, Cromwell wrote to the Ormondist commander in Dundalk warning him that his garrison would suffer the same fate if it did not surrender. The Duke of Ormond ordered the commander to have his men burn the town before his retreat, but they did not do so such was their haste to leave. For

9750-453: The home and it was performed by teams of equals who rotated roles. Each member of the team was able to live a life outside the home as well as inside the home, ideally, one that both informed her domestic work and was informed by it. This balance between home and the wider world was basic to the movement." There was a great need across the United States to continue improving the vocational and homemaking education systems because demand for work

9875-622: The key elements throughout curriculum. Between 1880 and 1900, the Reifenstein schools concept was initiated by Ida von Kortzfleisch, a Prussian noble woman and early German feminist. Reifenstein refers to Reifenstein im Eichsfeld, a municipality in Thuringia and site of the first permanent school. Reifensteiner Verband comprised from 1897 till 1990 about 15 own schools and cooperated with further operators. About 40 wirtschaftliche Frauenschulen, rural economist women schools were connected to

10000-719: The king prisoner and he was captured and held hostage in Armagh. An army was raised in Munster and marched on Armagh to free the king, but Sitric retreated to Dundalk and moved his hostages to his ship in Dundalk Bay as the Munster army approached. A fleet from Munster commanded by the King of Desmond , Failbhe Fion, attacked the Danes in the bay from the south. During the sea battle, Failbhe Fion boarded Sitric's ship and freed Cellachán, but

10125-548: The late 19th century. The first college-level department of family science was established at Ewha Womans University in Seoul in 1929. In Sweden, Home economics is commonly known as "home- and consumer studies" ( hem- och konsumentkunskap ). The subject is mandatory from middle years until high school in both public and private schools but is regarded as one of the smallest subjects in the Swedish school system. For many decades,

10250-452: The military barracks and gaol to free prisoners was planned for 21 June 1798. The attack failed because of a thunderstorm, which dispersed the gathered United Irish volunteers, and two of the jailed leaders—Anthony Marmion and John Hoey—were subsequently tried for treason and hanged. Following the Act of Union , which came into force on 1 January 1801, The 19th century saw industrial expansion in

10375-551: The months before the outbreak of the war, the G.N.R. converted nine of its carriages into a mobile 'ambulance train', which could hold 100 wounded soldiers. Ambulance Train 13 was kept in service for the duration of the war before being decommissioned in 1919. The war came to Dundalk weeks before the Armistice , when the S.S. Dundalk was sunk by a German U-boat on 14 October 1918 on a voyage from Liverpool to Dundalk. 20 crew-members were killed, while 12 were rescued. Meanwhile,

10500-547: The name was officially changed in 1994 by the American Association of Family & Consumer Sciences to "family and consumer sciences" to more accurately represent the profession and field as a whole. As society changed over time, so did the needs of students in these classes. Topics such as nutrition, family finance, and other social justice issues have been added to family and consumer sciences classes, most frequently taught in high schools and colleges. Today FCS

10625-532: The nation to both boys and girls by way of the rise of second-wave feminism . This movement pushed for gender equality, leading to equality in education. Starting in 1994, home economics courses in the United States began being referred to as "family and consumer sciences" in order to make the class appear more inclusive. With desegregation and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , men and women of all backgrounds could equally learn how to sew, cook, and balance

10750-811: The nomination of new freemen and the nomination of parliamentary candidates, therefore disenfranchising the local populace. In the late 18th century, the United Irishmen movement, inspired by the American and French revolutions, led to the Rebellion of 1798 . In north Louth, the authorities had successfully suppressed the activities of the United Irishmen prior to the rebellion with the help of informants, and several local leaders had been rounded up and imprisoned in Dundalk Gaol. An attack on

10875-489: The occasion. In May 2010, Kevin Wynne announced he was to step down from his position as head teacher after 9 years. His successor has been named as Pádraig Hamill, who has been a Mathematics and Science teacher at the school for the last three decades. In 2019, Pádraig Hamill stepped down as head teacher after 9 years. His successor was Noleen Dowling, who had served as its Home Economics teacher and vice principal. John Moylan

11000-634: The outbreak of the Troubles in Northern Ireland in 1968 and the town's position close to the border saw the town's population swell, as nationalists/Catholics fleeing the violence in Northern Ireland settled in the area. As a result of the ongoing sectarianism in the north, there was sympathy for the cause of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and Sinn Féin , and the town was home to several IRA members. It

11125-530: The patronage of St Leonard . He was awarded the lands around what is now Dundalk by Prince John on the death of Murchadh Ó Cearbhaill in 1189. On de Verdun's death in Jaffa in 1192 at the end of the Third Crusade , his lands at Dundalk passed to his son Thomas and then to his second son Nicholas after Thomas died. In 1236, Nicholas's daughter Roesia commissioned Castle Roche , 8 km north-west of

11250-493: The practice homes were valued. These practicum courses took place in a variety of environments including single-family homes, apartments, and student dorm-style blocks. For a duration of a number of weeks, students lived together while taking on different roles and responsibilities, such as cooking, cleaning, interior decoration, hosting, and budgeting. Some classes also involved caring for young infants, temporarily adopted from orphanages. Children's service organizations helped supply

11375-409: The present-day Seatown area, east of the town centre. This area was alternatively called Traghbaile and later Sraidbhaile in Irish. These names could have derived from the folkloric tale of the death of Bailé Mac Buain—hence Traghbaile , meaning 'Bailé's Strand', or Sraid Baile mac Buain , meaning the street town of Bailé Mac Buain. Dundalk continued to be referred to as 'Sraidbhaile' in Irish into

11500-606: The present-day town centre, on a large rocky outcrop with a commanding view of the surrounding countryside. It was completed by her son, John, in the 1260s. Castle Roche was destroyed in 1315 by the armies of Edward Bruce , brother of the Scottish king Robert the Bruce , as they made their way south through Ulster during the Bruce campaign in Ireland . They then attacked the town and massacred its population. After taking possession of

11625-455: The profession progressed from its origins as an educational movement to its identity as a source of consumer expertise in the interwar period to its virtual disappearance by the 1970s. An additional goal of the field was to "rationalize housework", or lend the social status of a profession to it, based on a theory that housework could be intellectually fulfilling to women engaged in it, along with any emotional or relational benefits. Pioneers of

11750-690: The remainder of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland , the town was again used as a base for operations against the Irish in Ulster. After the Restoration of the monarchy, the Corporation of Dundalk was granted a new charter by Charles II on 4 March 1673. The forfeiture of property and settlements carried out during the Restoration saw much of the land of Dundalk granted to Marcus Trevor, 1st Viscount Dungannon , who had fought for both sides in

11875-431: The same time as other classwork, requiring students to configure their intellectual and home lives as compatible with one another. Home economics programs were using practice babies nationwide, however by 1959 less than one percent of programs still ran full-time operations. The practice was discontinued altogether by the early 1970s. According to Megan Elias, "in the ideal, domestic work was as important as work done outside

12000-547: The sporting field, especially in Gaelic football and in hurling, as well as soccer. In science, students from Colaiste Rís have collected a number of awards from the annual Young Scientist Competition, including awards from the Irish Geological Society, the Irish Association of Speech Therapists, and others. One student, Thomas Gernon, won prizes in the years 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000. In 2000 he

12125-409: The student organization Family, Career, and Community Leaders of America. FCS and CTE courses help prepare students for careers rather than university. Also, homemaking and home economics courses have developed a negative connotation because of the negative gender bias associated with home economics courses. Despite this, homemaking is now socially acceptable for both men and women to partake in. In

12250-403: The subject was only called "hemkunskap" and had a strong focus on the traditional common tasks of a home, family and practical cooking and cleaning. After the 2011 Swedish school reform, the curriculum have been restructured with more focus on the topics of health, economy and environment which includes Consumer economics as well as Consumer awareness . In 1852 Louisa Hope and others created

12375-499: The town (see Economy ) and the construction of several buildings that are landmarks in the town. The first railway links arrived when the Dundalk and Enniskillen Railway opened a line from Quay Street to Castleblayney in 1849, and by 1860 the company operated a route northwest to Derry. Also in 1849, the Dublin and Belfast Junction Railway opened Dundalk railway station . Following a series of mergers, both lines were incorporated into

12500-463: The town centre; his ideas stemming from his visits to Continental Europe. In addition to the demolition of the old walls and castles, he had new roads laid out eastwards of the principal streets. When the first Earl died in 1758, the estates passed to his son, the second Earl of Clanbrassil , who died without an heir in 1798. The Earl of Roden inherited the Dundalk estate because the second Earl's sister, Lady Anne Hamilton, had married Robert Jocelyn,

12625-466: The town including at Castletown Mount, which is evidence of settlements from early Christian Ireland . This indicates that the area was regularly subject to raids and the discovery of a type of pottery known as 'souterrain ware', which has only been found in north Louth, County Down and County Antrim , suggests that these areas shared cultural ties separate from the rest of early historic Ireland. The number of souterrains drops significantly on crossing

12750-522: The town's coat of arms in 1968. The 'new town' that was established in the 13th century is the present-day town centre; the 'old town of the Castle of Dundalk' being the original de Verdun settlement at Castletown Mount 2 km to the west. The de Furnivalls then sold their holdings to the Bellew family, another Norman family long established in County Meath. The town was granted its first formal charter as

12875-518: The town, Bruce proclaimed himself King of Ireland . Following three more years of battles across the north-eastern part of the island, Bruce was killed and his army defeated at the Battle of Faughart by a force led by John de Birmingham , who was created the 1st Earl of Louth as a reward. Later generations of de Verduns continued to own lands at Dundalk into the 14th century. Following the death of Theobald de Verdun, 2nd Baron Verdun in 1316 without

13000-461: The town. The new 2000 millennium has seen the school adapt itself to the rapid changes of multi-cultural Ireland. Though the ethos of the school is Christian, students of other religions are welcomed with respect and tolerance. The school today is a Diocesan college under the trusteeship of the Archdiocese of Armagh, it continues its tradition of focused learning through Irish and English with

13125-712: The townland of Jenkinstown. On 24 July 1941, the Luftwaffe dropped bombs near the town. There were no casualties and only minor damage was caused. The town continued to grow in size after the war—in terms of area, population and employment—despite economic shocks such as the dissolution of the G.N.R. in 1958. The accession of Ireland to the European Economic Community in 1973, however, saw factory closures and job losses in businesses that struggled due to competition, collapsing consumer confidence, and unfavourable exchange rates with cross-border competitors. The downturn resulted in an unemployment rate of 26% by 1986. In addition,

13250-499: The train's guard, and dozens of horses. The Anglo-Irish Treaty turned Dundalk, once again, into a frontier town. In the new Irish Free State , the split over the treaty led to the Irish Civil War . Before the outbreak of hostilities, Éamon de Valera toured Ireland making a series of anti-treaty speeches. He visited Dundalk on 2 April 1922 and before a large crowd in the Market Square, he said that those who had negotiated

13375-515: The treaty "had run across to Lloyd George to be spanked like little boys". Frank Aiken attempted to keep his division neutral during the split over the treaty but on 16 July 1922, Aiken and all of the anti-treaty elements among his men were arrested and imprisoned at Dundalk military barracks and Dundalk Gaol in a surprise move by the pro-treaty Fifth Northern Division, now part of the National Army . On 27 July, anti-treaty 'Irregulars' blew

13500-474: The workers of the Great Northern Railway, received European-wide recognition when it became the first Irish side to win points in the group stage of European competition in the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League . In April 2023, Joe Biden , who has ancestry in north Louth, became the second sitting US president to visit the town. Home Economics Home economics courses are offered around

13625-443: The world and across multiple educational levels. Historically, the purpose of these courses was to professionalize housework, to provide intellectual fulfillment for women, to emphasize the value of "women's work" in society, and to prepare them for the traditional roles of sexes. Family and consumer sciences are taught as an elective or required course in secondary education , as a continuing education course in institutions, and at

13750-512: Was a promoter of household science teaching. She helped establish Domestic Science as a university subject but only at one university in England. In the UK , Home Economics was a GCSE qualification offered to secondary school pupils, but since 2015 been replaced with a course entitled Food and Nutrition which focuses more on the nutritional side of food to economics. In Scotland , Home Economics

13875-420: Was adopted by the first Norman settlers of the area in the 12th century. It means "the fort of Dealgan" ( Dún being a type of medieval fort and Delga being the name of a mythical Fir Bolg Chieftain). The site of Dún Dealgan is traditionally associated with the ringfort known to have existed at Castletown Mount before the arrival of the Normans. The first mention of Dundalk in historical sources appears in

14000-683: Was apparent after World War I and II . Therefore, in 1914 and 1917, women's groups, political parties, and labor coalitions worked together in order to pass the Smith-Lever Act and the Smith-Hughes Act . The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 and the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 created federal funds for "vocational education agriculture, trades and industry, and homemaking" and created the Office of Home Economics. With this funding,

14125-529: Was controlled by the minority Anglican Protestant Ascendancy via the Penal Laws , which discriminated against both the majority Irish Catholic population and Dissenters . Mirroring other boroughs around the country, Dundalk Corporation was a 'closed shop', consisting of an electorate of 'freemen' (mostly absentee landlords of the Ascendancy). The Earl of Clanbrassil controlled the procedures for both

14250-634: Was in this period that Dundalk earned the nickname ' El Paso ', after the town in Texas on the border with Mexico. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher asked Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald after the signing of the Anglo-Irish Agreement what his reaction would be if the British bombed Dundalk to stop the IRA from launching attacks in Northern Ireland. On 19 December 1975, a car bombing in

14375-515: Was interrupted by the local Sinn Féin members, who raised a tricolour beside the Maid of Erin monument and chanted "God Save Ireland" during a rendition of "God Save the King"—giving the party visibility in the town for the first time. Approximately 2,500 men from Louth volunteered for Allied regiments in World War I and it is estimated that 307 men from the Dundalk district died during the war. In

14500-410: Was killed by Sitric who put Failbhe Fion's head on a pole. Failbhe Fion's second in command, Fingal, seized Sitric by the neck and jumped into the sea where they both drowned. Two more Irish captains each grabbed one of Sitric's two brothers and did the same, and the Danes were subsequently routed. There is a high concentration of souterrains in north Louth, particularly along the western periphery of

14625-565: Was named vice principal. Many of the school's activities for students and staff are outside normal operating hours, including debating, sports, and science. The school's debate team has reached the All-Ireland Irish Debating Championship the eleven consecutive years. Seán Ó Coigligh, an Irish teacher in Coláiste Rís, has helped prepare the teams every year. The school has an accomplished record in

14750-549: Was no strategic military action in north Louth during the Irish War of Independence . Activity consisted of acts of sabotage and attacks on the RIC to seize arms. Arson attacks were a feature of the period in particular. Crown forces committed reprisal attacks in response, hardening support for Sinn Féin. In the aftermath of a shooting of an RIC auxiliary on 17 June 1921, brothers John and Patrick Watters were taken from their home at

14875-414: Was one of the most prosperous and go-ahead towns in Ireland... [but] it is a matter of common local knowledge that distress to an acute degree is prevalent". The Anglo-Irish trade war , in the midst of a global depression, made things more difficult still. The industrial situation stabilised, however, as the protectionist policies adopted allowed local industries to increase employment and prosper. During

15000-481: Was reaching for a hidden weapon, fired at the captives, killing RIC constable Charles McGee. After the Rising ended, the Volunteers went on the run and most were captured. Four were sentenced to death for the murder of Constable McGee but were released in the general amnesty of 1917. In the 1918 Irish general election , Louth elected its first Sinn Féin MP when John J. O'Kelly defeated the sitting MP, Richard Hazleton of

15125-485: Was replaced by Hospitality: Practical Cooking at National 3, 4 and 5 level and Health and Food Technology at National 3, 4, 5, Higher and Advanced Higher. The awarding body is the SQA . Over the years, homemaking in the United States has been a foundational piece of the education system, particularly for women. These homemaking courses, called home economics, have had a prevalent presence in secondary and higher education since

15250-565: Was slow to benefit from a 'peace dividend', and in the first decade of the new millennium the two Diageo-owned breweries and the Carroll's tobacco factory were among several factories to close—finally severing the links to the town's industrial past. By 2012, the town was being painted as "one of Ireland's most deprived areas" after the global downturn following the Financial crisis of 2007–2008 . Indigenous industry started to recover, with

15375-503: Was still dominated by women and women had little access to other vocational trainings. As stated by the National Education Association (NEA) on the distribution of males and females in vocations, "one-third of our menfolk are in agriculture, and one-third in non-agricultural productive areas; while two-thirds of our women are in the vocation of homemaking". Practice homes were added to American universities in

15500-433: Was the overall winner of the competition, and became Irish Young Scientist of the Year. He then went to Amsterdam and collected another prize in the pan-European competition. English, Irish, Mathematics, History, Geography, Business Studies, Science, French, German, Spanish, Home Economics , Music, Art, Computers, Woodwork, technical graphics , Religious Studies , Physical Education, C.S.P.E. and S.P.H.E. Students study

15625-409: Was trying to regain his seat. The local Sinn Féin cumann was founded in 1907 by Patrick Hughes. It struggled to grow beyond a handful of members because of the dominance of the existing political factions. In 1910, on the accession of George V to the English throne, the local High Sheriff , accompanied by police and soldiers, led a proclamation to the new king at the Market Square. The ceremony

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