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82-569: Materials and media it handles includes paper, textiles, metals, and glass, as well as electronic media, such as audio tape and compact discs. The CCI offices are located in the Ottawa suburb of Gloucester . The CCI is recognized as a pioneer and leader in the conservation of cultural heritage in Canada . The CCI supports the heritage community in preserving Canada's heritage collections so they can be accessed by current and future generations. The CCI

164-457: A horsecar system, overtaken in the 1890s by a vast electric streetcar system that operated until 1959. The Hull–Ottawa fire of 1900 destroyed two-thirds of Hull, including 40 percent of its residential buildings and most of the buildings of its largest employers along the waterfront. It began as a chimney fire in Hull on the north side of the river, but due to wind, spread rapidly throughout

246-476: A land claim submitted by the Algonquins of Ontario regarding the unceded status of the land on which Ottawa is situated. Negotiations have been ongoing, with an eventual goal to sign a treaty that would release Canada from claims for misuse of land under Algonquin title , affirm rights of the Algonquins, and negotiate conditions of the title transfer. Ottawa's city limits have expanded over time, including

328-544: A 16-year mandate. From 1931 to 1958, City Hall had been at the Transportation Building adjacent to Union Station (now part of the Rideau Centre ). In 1958, a new City Hall opened on Green Island near Rideau Falls, where urban renewal had recently transformed this industrial location into a green space. In 2001, Ottawa City Hall returned downtown to a 1990 building on 110 Laurier Avenue West,

410-606: A broad Indigenous people who are closely related to the Odawa and Ojibwe peoples. This period ended with the arrival of settlers and colonization of North America by Europeans during and after the 15th century. In 1610, Étienne Brûlé became the first documented European to navigate the Ottawa River , passing what would become Ottawa on his way to the Great Lakes . Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about

492-1954: A consulate general in Toronto, and honorary consuls in Montreal, St. John's, Ottawa, and Vancouver Marshall Islands , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada Mauritania , U.N. Mission in New York City covers Canada; has honorary consuls in Montreal and Edmonton Mauritius , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada, has honorary consuls in Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto and Vancouver Monaco , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada, has honorary consuls general in Montreal, Toronto and an honorary consul in Vancouver Montenegro , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada, has an honorary consul in Vancouver Mozambique , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada Namibia , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada, has an honorary consul in Waterloo, Ontario Nicaragua , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada, has an honorary consul in Whitby, Ontario Niger , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada Oman , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada Papua New Guinea , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada, has an honorary consul in Toronto Samoa , U.N. representatives in New York City covers Canada San Marino , U.N. representatives in New York City covers Canada São Tomé and Príncipe , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada Seychelles , U.N. representatives in New York City covers Canada, has

574-607: A consulate in Montreal Equatorial Guinea , U.N. Mission in New York City covers Canada Eritrea , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada, has a consulate in Toronto Eswatini , embassy in Washington D.C . covers Canada Fiji , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada Gambia , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada Guinea Bissau , U.N. Mission in New York City covers Canada Iran , Interest Section of Iran through

656-2092: A consulate in Montreal Sierra Leone , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada, has a consulate in Ottawa Singapore , High Commissioner is located at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Singapore, has honorary consuls in Toronto and Vancouver Solomon Islands , U.N. Mission in New York City covers Canada, has an honorary consul in Vancouver Somalia , U.N. Mission in New York City covers Canada Suriname , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada, has honorary consuls in Toronto and Kelowna, British Columbia Tajikistan , U.N. Mission in New York City covers Canada Tonga , U.N. Mission in New York City covers Canada Tuvalu , U.N. Mission in New York City covers Canada Turkmenistan , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada Uzbekistan , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Ontario portal [REDACTED] Canada portal [REDACTED] Politics portal List of diplomatic missions in Canada 1985 Turkish embassy attack in Ottawa References [ edit ] Foreign Affairs and Trade Canada: Diplomatic missions in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Afghanistan in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Albania in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Algeria in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Argentina in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Armenia in Ottawa ^ High Commission of Australia in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Austria in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Azerbaijan in Ottawa ^ High Commission of

738-503: A crucial role in shaping the development of the city. Around the main urban area is an extensive greenbelt , administered by the NCC for conservation and leisure, and comprising mostly forest, farmland and marshland. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Ottawa had a population of 1,017,449 living in 407,252 of its 427,113 total private dwellings, a change of 8.9% from its 2016 population of 934,243 . With

820-697: A day below freezing at night every other year, conversely a day surpassing 30 °C Annual rainfall averages around 750mm per year, total precipitation 938mm spread throughout the year, with some variation. May through November are the months more likely to see significant precipitation events, with each month having an average of 3 days of over 1 cm of precipitation, with December through April seeing on average 1–2 days. May through November have, on average, over 8 cm of rainfall per month, with peaks of approximately 9 cm in June and September. December through April have less than 8 cm, with February being

902-678: A diesel-powered light rail transit (LRT) line was introduced on an experimental basis. Known today as the Trillium Line , it was dubbed the O-Train and connected downtown Ottawa to the southern suburbs via Carleton University . The decision to extend the O-Train, and to replace it with an electric light rail system, was a major issue in the 2006 municipal elections , where Chiarelli was defeated by businessman Larry O'Brien . After O'Brien's election, transit plans were changed to establish

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984-755: A l'Etranger (in French) ^ High Commission of Cameroon in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Chad in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Chile in Ottawa ^ Embassy of China in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Colombia in Ottawa ^ Embassy of the Democratic Republic of Congo in Ottawa ^ Embassy of the Republic of Congo in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Costa Rica in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Croatia in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Cuba in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Cyprus in Ottawa ^ Embassy of

1066-16034: A land area of 2,788.2 km (1,076.5 sq mi), it had a population density of 364.9/km (945.1/sq mi) in 2021. List of diplomatic missions in Ottawa From Misplaced Pages, the 💕 This is a list of the 129 resident embassies/high commissions in Ottawa . For other diplomatic missions in Canada, see List of diplomatic missions in Canada . Embassies/High Commissions in Ottawa [ edit ] Country Address Area Image Website [REDACTED] Afghanistan 240 Argyle Avenue Centretown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Albania 130 Albert Street, Suite 302 Centretown [REDACTED] Algeria 500 Wilbrod Street Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Argentina 81 Metcalfe Street, Suite 700 Downtown [REDACTED] Armenia 7 Delaware Avenue Centretown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Australia 50 O'Connor Street, Suite 1301 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Austria 445 Wilbrod Street Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Azerbaijan 275 Slater Street, Suite 1203 Downtown [REDACTED] Bahamas 99 Bank Street, Suite 415 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Bangladesh 350 Sparks Street, Suite 1100 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Barbados 55 Metcalfe Street, Suite 470 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Belgium 360 Albert Street, Suite 820 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Bolivia 130 Albert Street, Suite 416 Downtown [REDACTED] Bosnia and Herzegovina 17 Blackburn Avenue Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Brazil 450 Wilbrod Street Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Brunei 395 Laurier Avenue East Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Bulgaria 325 Stewart Street Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Burkina Faso 48 Range Road Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Burundi 350 Albert Street, Suite 410 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Cameroon 170 Clemow Avenue The Glebe [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Chad 350 Sparks Street, Suite 802 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Chile 50 O'Connor Street, Suite 1413 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] China 515 Saint Patrick Street Lower Town [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Colombia 360 Albert Street, Suite 1002 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] DR Congo 18 Range Road Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Republic of Congo 322 Waverley Street Centretown [REDACTED] Costa Rica 275 Slater Street, Floor 10, Suite 1002 Downtown [REDACTED] Croatia 229 Chapel Street Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Cuba 388 Main Street Old Ottawa South [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Cyprus 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1002 Downtown [REDACTED] Czech Republic 251 Cooper Street Centretown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Denmark 47 Clarence Street, Suite 450 Byward Market [REDACTED] Dominican Republic 130 Albert Street, Suite 1605 Downtown [REDACTED] Ecuador 99 Bank Street, Suite 230 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Egypt 454 Laurier Avenue East Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] El Salvador 209 Kent Street Centretown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Estonia 168 Daly Avenue Lower Town [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Ethiopia 350 Sparks Street, Unit 908 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Finland 55 Metcalfe Street, Suite 850 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] France 42 Sussex Drive New Edinburgh [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Gabon 2283 St. Laurent Boulevard, Suite 103 Ottawa [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Georgia 340 Albert Street, Suite 940 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Germany 1 Waverley Street Centretown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Ghana 1 Clemow Avenue The Glebe [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Greece 80 MacLaren Street Centretown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Guatemala 130 Albert Street, Suite 1010 Downtown [REDACTED] Guinea 483 Wilbrod Street Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Guyana 123 Slater Street Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Haiti 85 Albert Street, Suite 1110 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Holy See 724 Manor Avenue Rockcliffe Park [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Honduras 130 Albert Street, Suite 504 Downtown [REDACTED] Hungary 299 Waverley Street Centretown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Iceland 360 Albert Street, Suite 710 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] India 10 Springfield Road New Edinburgh [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Indonesia 55 Parkdale Avenue Mechanicsville [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Iraq 189 Laurier Avenue East Sandy Hill [REDACTED] Ireland 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1700 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Israel 50 O'Connor Street, Suite 1005 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Italy 275 Slater Street, 21st floor Downtown [REDACTED] Ivory Coast 9 Marlborough Avenue Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Jamaica 350 Sparks Street, Suite 910 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Japan 255 Sussex Drive Lower Town [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Jordan 100 Bronson Avenue , Suite 701 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Kazakhstan 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 701 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Kenya 415 Laurier Avenue East Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Kosovo 470 Somerset Street West Centretown [REDACTED] Kuwait 333 Sussex Drive Byward Market [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Latvia 350 Sparks Street, Suite 1200 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Lebanon 640 Lyon Street South The Glebe [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Lesotho 130 Albert Street, Suite 1820 Downtown [REDACTED] Libya 170 Laurier Avenue West, Suite 710 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Lithuania 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1600 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Luxembourg Downtown [REDACTED] Madagascar 3 Raymond Street Centretown West [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Malaysia 60 Boteler Street Lower Town [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Mali 50 Goulburn Avenue Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Mexico 45 O'Connor Street, Suite 1000 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Moldova 275 Slater Street, Suite 801 Downtown [REDACTED] Mongolia 130 Albert Street, Suite 1620 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Morocco 1730 St Laurent Blvd, #800 Industrial Park [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Myanmar 336 Island Park Drive Hampton Park [REDACTED] Nepal 408 Queen Street Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Netherlands 350 Albert Street, Suite 2020 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] New Zealand 150 Elgin Street, Suite 1401 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Nicaragua 104 Black Maple Private Rockcliffe Park [REDACTED] Nigeria 295 Metcalfe Street Centretown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] North Macedonia 130 Albert Street, Suite 1006 Downtown [REDACTED] Norway 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1300 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Pakistan 10 Range Road Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Panama 130 Albert Street, Suite 803 Downtown [REDACTED] Paraguay 130 Albert Street, Suite 418 Downtown [REDACTED] Peru 130 Albert Street, Suite 1901 Downtown [REDACTED] Philippines 30 Murray Street Byward Market [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Poland 443 Daly Avenue Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Portugal 645 Island Park Drive Wellington West/Island Park [REDACTED] Qatar 150 Metcalfe Street, 8th floor Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Romania 655 Rideau Street Lower Town [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Russia 285 Charlotte Street Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Rwanda 294 Albert Street, Suite 404 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Saint Kitts and Nevis 421 Besserer Street Sandy Hill [REDACTED] Saudi Arabia 201 Sussex Drive Lower Town [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Senegal 381 Kent Street, Office 4002 Centretown [REDACTED] Serbia 21 Blackburn Avenue Sandy Hill [REDACTED] Slovakia 50 Rideau Terrace Rockcliffe Park [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Slovenia 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 2200 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] South Africa 15 Sussex Drive New Edinburgh [REDACTED] [REDACTED] South Korea 150 Boteler Street Lower Town [REDACTED] Spain 74 Stanley Avenue New Edinburgh [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Sri Lanka 333 Laurier Avenue West, Suite 1204 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Sudan 354 Stewart Street Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Sweden 377 Dalhousie Street, Suite 305 Byward Market [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Switzerland 5 Marlborough Avenue Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Tanzania 50 Range Road Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Thailand 180 Island Park Drive Wellington West/Island Park [REDACTED] Togo 12 Range Road Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Trinidad and Tobago 200 First Avenue, 3rd Level The Glebe [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Tunisia 515 O'Connor Street The Glebe [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Turkey 197 Wurtemberg Street Lower Town [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Uganda 350 Sparks Street, Suite 601 Downtown [REDACTED] Ukraine 310 Somerset Street West Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] United Arab Emirates 125 Boteler Street Lower Town [REDACTED] United Kingdom 140 Sussex Drive Byward Market [REDACTED] [REDACTED] United States 490 Sussex Drive Byward Market [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Uruguay 55 Metcalfe Street, Suite 800 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Venezuela 32 Range Road Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Vietnam 55 Mackay Street New Edinburgh [REDACTED] Yemen 54 Chamberlain Avenue The Glebe [REDACTED] Zambia 130 Albert Street, Suite 900 Downtown [REDACTED] Zimbabwe 332 Somerset Street West Centretown [REDACTED] Other missions in Ottawa [ edit ] Country Diplomatic mission Address Area Image Website [REDACTED] European Union Delegation 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1900 Downtown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Palestine Delegation 18 The Driveway Centretown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Taipei Economic and Cultural Office 45 O'Connor Street, Suite 1960 Downtown [REDACTED] Consular sections in Ottawa [ edit ] Country Diplomatic mission Address Area Image Website [REDACTED] Algeria Consular section 435 Daly Avenue Lower Town [REDACTED] Russia Consular section 52 Range Road Sandy Hill [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Ukraine Consular section 331 Metcalfe Street Centretown [REDACTED] Countries without an embassy in Ottawa [ edit ] Andorra , U.N. Mission in New York City covers Canada Angola , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada Bahrain , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada Belize , embassy in Washington, D.C. covers Canada, has honorary consuls in Calgary and Vancouver Bhutan , U.N. Mission in New York City covers Canada, has an honorary consul in Toronto Botswana , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada, has an honorary consul in Ottawa Cambodia , U.N. Mission in New York City covers Canada Cape Verde , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada Central African Republic , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada Comoros , U.N. Mission New York City covers Canada, has an honorary consul in Burlington Republic of Congo , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada, has an honorary consul in Toronto Djibouti , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada, has

1148-517: A large expansion effective 1 January 2001, when the province of Ontario amalgamated all the constituent municipalities of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa–Carleton into a single city. Regional Chair Bob Chiarelli was elected as the new city's first mayor in the 2000 municipal election , defeating Gloucester mayor Claudette Cain. The city's growth led to strains on the public transit system and road bridges. On 15 October 2001,

1230-534: A legislative solution to the location of the capital. The governor-general of the province had designated Kingston as the capital in 1841. However, the major population centres of Toronto and Montreal , as well as the former capital of Lower Canada, Quebec City , all had legislators dissatisfied with Kingston. Anglophone merchants in Quebec were the leading group supportive of the Kingston arrangement. In 1842,

1312-685: A mayor elected city-wide. Ottawa has the highest proportion of university-educated residents among Canadian cities and is home to several colleges and universities, research and cultural institutions, including the University of Ottawa , Carleton University , Algonquin College , Collège La Cité , the National Arts Centre , the National Gallery of Canada ; and numerous national museums , monuments, and historic sites. It

1394-521: A research organization, but provides education and services on conservation and restoration-related matters. The CCI now promotes the proper care and preservation of Canada's cultural heritage and to advance the practice, science, and technology of conservation. The institute has worked closely with hundreds of Canadian museums, art galleries, archives, libraries, historic sites, academic institutions, and other heritage organizations to help them better preserve their collections. The primary role of CCI's clients

1476-569: A series of light rail stations from the east side of the city into downtown, and for using a tunnel through the downtown core. Jim Watson , the last mayor of Ottawa before amalgamation, was re-elected in the 2010 election . In October 2012, the City Council approved the final Lansdowne Park plan, an agreement with the Ottawa Sports and Entertainment Group that saw a new stadium, increased green space and housing and retail added to

1558-467: A vote rejected Kingston as the capital, and study of potential candidates included the then-named Bytown, but that option proved less popular than Toronto or Montreal. In 1843, a report of the Executive Council recommended Montreal as the capital as a more fortifiable location and commercial centre; however, the governor-general refused to execute a move without a parliamentary vote. In 1844,

1640-538: Is 26.7 °C (80 °F). The average January minimum temperature is −14.0 °C (6.8 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Ottawa was 37.8 °C (100 °F) on 4 July 1913, 1 August 1917 and 11 August 1944. Summers are generally warm and humid in Ottawa. On average, there are 11 days across the three summer months of June, July and August that have temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). Periods of hotter weather are normally accompanied by high humidity levels Snow and ice are dominant during

1722-408: Is charged with the duty "to promote the proper care and preservation of Canada's moveable cultural heritage, and to advance the practice, science, and technology of conservation." The CCI originated within the National Gallery of Canada in 1957, as its Conservation and Scientific Research Division under the leadership of Dr. Nathan Stolow. In 1964, the division was granted greater autonomy and became

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1804-493: Is one of the most visited cities in Canada, with over 11 million visitors annually contributing more than $ 2.2B to the city's economy. The city name Ottawa was chosen in 1855 in reference to the Ottawa River , whose name is itself derived from the Algonquin adawe , meaning "to trade." In modern Algonquin, the city is known as Odàwàg . The Ottawa Valley became habitable around 10,000 years ago, following

1886-682: Is situated on the south bank of the Ottawa River and contains the mouths of the Rideau River and Rideau Canal . The Rideau Canal (Rideau Waterway) first opened in 1832 and is 202 km (126 mi) long. It connects the Saint Lawrence River on Lake Ontario at Kingston to the Ottawa River near Parliament Hill. It was able to bypass the unnavigable sections of the Cataraqui and Rideau rivers and various small lakes along

1968-563: Is the capital city of Canada . It is located in the southern portion of the province of Ontario , at the confluence of the Ottawa River and the Rideau River . Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec , and forms the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) and the National Capital Region (NCR). As of 2021, Ottawa had a city population of 1,017,449 and a metropolitan population of 1,488,307, making it

2050-711: Is to acquire, conserve, research, communicate, and exhibit permanent heritage collections that are accessible to the Canadian public for purposes of study, education, and enjoyment. As a Special Operating Agency of the Department of Canadian Heritage, CCI has widened its scope of activities and now markets its services and products around the world. The CCI was included amongst other architecturally interesting and historically significant buildings in Doors Open Ottawa , held June 2, 2012. The following are but some of

2132-866: The CCI, the Journal of the Canadian Conservation Institute . With a staff of about 80 to 100, the CCI has treated more than 13,000 objects for the heritage community, has published hundreds of scientific papers, and has distributed in excess of one million publications. The institute responds to at least 2,000 requests for assistance annually. Working together in well-equipped, fully secure, climate-controlled laboratories, conservators , chemists , engineers , biologists , and other professionals handle projects ranging from information inquiries to complex treatments and research . Ottawa Ottawa

2214-748: The Grand Trunk Railway opened both the Château Laurier hotel and its neighbouring downtown Union Station . On 3 February 1916, the Centre Block of the Parliament buildings was destroyed by a fire . The House of Commons and Senate was temporarily relocated to the recently constructed Victoria Memorial Museum, now the Canadian Museum of Nature until the completion of the new Centre Block in 1922. The centrepiece of

2296-549: The Queen 's acceptance of a parliamentary vote moved the capital to Montreal. In 1849, after violence in Montreal , a series of votes was held, with Kingston and Bytown again considered potential capitals. However, the successful proposal was for two cities to share capital status and the legislature to alternate sitting in each: Quebec City and Toronto, in a policy known as perambulation. Logistical difficulties made this an unpopular arrangement, and although an 1856 vote passed for

2378-614: The United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry ; and on the north by the Regional County Municipality of Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais and the City of Gatineau. The main suburban areas extend a considerable distance to the east, west and south of the inner-city. These areas also include the former cities of Cumberland, Gloucester, Kanata and Nepean. The towns of Stittsville and Richmond within

2460-462: The War of 1812 . Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of today's Parliament Hill . He also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named "Upper Town" west of the canal and " Lower Town " east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically, "Upper Town" was predominantly English-speaking and Protestant, whereas "Lower Town"

2542-418: The ethnic enclaves of Chinatown and Little Italy . Modern Ottawa is made up of eleven historic townships, ten of which are from the former Carleton County and one from the former Russell County . Ottawa city limits are bounded on the east by the United Counties of Prescott and Russell ; by Renfrew County and Lanark County in the west; on the south by the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville and

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2624-522: The fourth-largest city and fourth-largest metropolitan area in Canada. Ottawa is the political centre of Canada and the headquarters of the federal government. The city houses numerous foreign embassies , key buildings, organizations, and institutions of Canada's government ; these include the Parliament of Canada , the Supreme Court , the residence of Canada's viceroy , and Office of

2706-712: The 1850s, entrepreneurs known as lumber barons began to build large sawmills, which became some of the largest mills in the world. Rail lines built in 1854 connected Ottawa to areas south and, from 1886 to the transcontinental rail network via Hull and Lachute , Quebec. By 1885 Ottawa was the only city in Canada whose downtown street-lights were powered entirely by electricity. In 1889, the Government developed and distributed 60 "water leases" (still in use) to mainly local industrialists which gave them permission to generate electricity and operate hydroelectric generators at Chaudière Falls . Public transportation began in 1870 with

2788-520: The 82 kilometres (50 miles) to Prescott on the Saint Lawrence River and beyond. Ottawa's small size was also thought to be less prone to politically motivated mob violence, as had happened in the previous Canadian capitals . Finally, the government already owned the land that eventually became Parliament Hill , which it thought would be an ideal location for the Parliament buildings. The original Parliament buildings, which included

2870-555: The Americas Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and

2952-639: The Bahamas in Ottawa ^ High Commission of Bangladesh in Canada ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Barbados in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Belgium in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Bolivia in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Brazil in Ottawa ^ High commission of Brunei in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Bulgaria in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Burkina Faso in Ottawa ^ Décrétas #100/165 Portant Nomination d'un Conseiller d'Ambassade de la République du Burundi

3034-586: The Centre, East and West Blocks, were constructed between 1859 and 1866 in the Gothic Revival style . At the time, this was the largest North American construction project ever attempted and Public Works Canada and its architects were not initially well prepared for the relatively shallow-lying bedrock and had to redesign architectural drawings, leading to delays. The Library of Parliament and Parliament Hill landscaping were completed in 1876. Starting in

3116-2514: The Czech Republic in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Denmark in Ottawa ^ Embassy of the Dominican Republic in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Ecuador in Ottawa ^ List of embassies in Ottawa ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of El Salvador: Canada ^ Embassy of Estonia in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Finland in Ottawa ^ Embassy of France in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Gabon in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Georgia in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Germany in Ottawa ^ High Commission of Ghana in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Greece in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Guatemala in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Guinea in Ottawa ^ High Commission of Guyana in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Haiti in Ottawa ^ Apostolic Nuncature in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Honduras in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Hungary in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Iceland in Ottawa ^ High Commission of India in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Indonesia in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Iraq in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Ireland in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Israel in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Italy in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Côte d'Ivoire in Ottawa ^ High Commission of Jamaica in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Japan in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Jordan in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Kazakhstan in Ottawa ^ High Commission of Kenya in Ottawa ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo ^ Embassy of Kuwait in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Latvia in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Lebanon in Ottawa ^ High Commission of Lesotho in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Libya in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Lithuania in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Luxembourg in Ottawa ^ Ministry of foreign affairs of Madagascar: Canada ^ High Commission of Malaysia in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Mali in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Mexico in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Moldova in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Mongolia in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Morocco in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Myanmar in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Nepal in Ottawa ^ Embassy of

3198-4010: The European Union in Ottawa ^ General Delegation of Palestine in Ottawa ^ Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Ottawa ^ Consular Section of Algeria in Ottawa ^ Consular section of Ukraine in Ottawa v t e [REDACTED] City of Ottawa History Timeline Timber trade Rideau Canal ByWard Market Bytown Shiners' War Stony Monday Riot Railway Parliament Hill Streetcars Hull-Ottawa fire Sewer explosion Greber Plan Gouzenko Affair Transitway Embassy attack Ottawa Senators Trillium Line Parliament shootings Confederation Line COVID-19 pandemic Convoy protests Geography Communities / Neighbourhoods Greenbelt Parks Ottawa Valley Ottawa River Rideau River River crossings Wards Culture Architecture Attractions BeaverTails Bilingualism Cinemas Churches Demographics Festivals Heritage properties Mosques Media Museums National Historic Sites Synagogues Sports - ( Ice hockey in Ottawa ) Ottawa Valley English Public services By-law EMS Fire Hospitals Hydro Library OPL-LAC Joint Facility Police Tool Library Education Schools Universities and Colleges Ottawa-Carleton District School Board Ottawa Catholic School Board Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est Government City of Ottawa Act Mayor list City Council City Hall Municipal elections Federal elections Embassies and high commissions Transportation and infrastructure Airports Capital Pathway OC Transpo O-Train Transitway Railway stations Rideau Canal Roads Features National Capital Region Flag Coat of arms Notable people [REDACTED] Category [REDACTED] Ontario portal [REDACTED] WikiProject v t e [REDACTED] Diplomatic missions in Canada Africa Algeria Egypt Kenya South Africa Americas Brazil Cuba Mexico United States Asia Brunei China Indonesia Iran Iraq Kazakhstan Japan Lebanon Pakistan Philippines Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Turkey Europe Croatia Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Kosovo Netherlands Norway Romania Russia Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia De facto Taiwan European Union Former Eastern Caribbean States Italic indicates missions of non-state entities or of states which Canada does not formally recognize v t e List of diplomatic missions in

3280-790: The Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela [REDACTED] North America Central America Caribbean South America Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Ottawa&oldid=1258767662 " Categories : Diplomatic missions in Ottawa Foreign relations of Canada Ottawa-related lists Canada diplomacy-related lists Lists of diplomatic missions by receiving country Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

3362-732: The National Capital Region, to make it more aesthetically pleasing and a location more befitting for Canada's political centre. Greber's plan included the creation of the National Capital Greenbelt , the Kichi Zibi Mikan and the Queensway highway system. His plan also called for changes in institutions such as moving downtown Union Station (now the Senate of Canada Building ) to the suburbs,

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3444-625: The National Conservation Research Laboratory ("NCRL"). As a result of its success, in 1972 the NCRL was split off from the National Gallery of Canada and was renamed the Canadian Conservation Institute with Dr. Stolow as its first Director General. It now operates as an agency of the federal government of Canada, currently under the auspices of the Department of Canadian Heritage. The CCI is primarily

3526-448: The Netherlands in Ottawa ^ High Commission of New Zealand in Ottawa ^ High Commission of Nigeria in Ottawa ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Macedonia: Canada ^ Embassy of Norway in Ottawa ^ High Commission of Pakistan in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Panama in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Paraguay in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Peru in Ottawa ^ Embassy of

3608-399: The Parliament Buildings' gothic revival architecture. Ottawa's domestic architecture contains single-family homes, but also includes smaller numbers of semi-detached houses, rowhouses , and apartment buildings . Many domestic buildings in Centretown are clad in red brick, with trim in wood, stone, or metal; variations are common, depending on the cultural heritage of the neighbourhoods and

3690-672: The Philippines in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Poland in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Portugal in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Qatar in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Romania in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Russia in Ottawa ^ High Commission of Rwanda in Ottawa ^ High Commission of Saint Kitts and Nevis in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Senegal in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Serbia in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Slovakia in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Slovenia in Ottawa ^ High Commission of South Africa in Ottawa ^ Embassy of

3772-415: The Prime Minister . Founded in 1826 as Bytown , and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001. The municipal government of Ottawa is established and governed by the City of Ottawa Act of the Government of Ontario . It has an elected city council across 24 wards and

3854-635: The Republic of Korea in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Spain in Ottawa ^ High Commission of Sri Lanka in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Sudan in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Sweden in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Switzerland in Ottawa ^ High Commission of Tanzania in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Thailand in Ottawa ^ High Commission of Togo in Ottawa ^ High Commission of Trinidad and Tobago in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Turkey in Ottawa ^ High Commission of Uganda in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Ukraine in Ottawa ^ Embassy of

3936-406: The United Arab Emirates in Ottawa ^ High Commission of the United Kingdom in Ottawa ^ Embassy of the United States in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Uruguay in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Vietnam in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Yemen in Ottawa ^ High Commission of Zambia in Ottawa ^ Embassy of Zimbabwe in Ottawa ^ Delegation of

4018-410: The bustling commercial and cultural areas of Old Ottawa South, Centretown , Lower Town , and Sandy Hill , the affluent tree-lined neighbourhoods of The Glebe , Westboro , and New Edinburgh , and the historically blue-collar communities of Hintonburg , Mechanicsville , Carlington , and LeBreton Flats , with a mixture of housing types, artist lofts, and industrial uses. The old city also includes

4100-471: The canal and the rivers. Across the canal to the west lie both Centretown and Downtown Ottawa , which share a border along Gloucester Street. These core neighbourhoods contain streets such as Elgin and Bank , which fill the role of commercial main streets in the region. Centretown is next to downtown, which includes a substantial economic and architectural government presence across multiple branches of government. The legislature 's work takes place in

4182-622: The city of Gatineau , itself the result of amalgamation of the former Quebec cities of Hull and Aylmer . Although formally and administratively separate cities in two different provinces, Ottawa and Gatineau (along with several nearby municipalities) collectively constitute the National Capital Region , which is considered a single metropolitan area. One federal Crown corporation , the National Capital Commission, or NCC, has significant land holdings in both cities, including sites of historical and touristic importance. The NCC, through its responsibility for planning and development of these lands, has

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4264-455: The driest month at an average of 5 cm of precipitation. Ottawa experiences about 2,080 hours of average sunshine annually (45% of possible). Predominate wind direction in Ottawa is from the West , Easterly air flow is more common during periods of wet weather as well as localized river/lake-effect cells on summer afternoons. Windspeed is on average higher during the winter, with northerly winds predominating during cold waves. Ottawa

4346-540: The embassy of Pakistan in Washington D.C. covers Canada North Korea , U.N. Mission in New York City covers Canada Kyrgyzstan , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada, has a consulate in Ottawa Laos , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada, has an honorary consul in Vancouver Liberia , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada Malawi , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada Maldives , U.N. Mission in New York City covers Canada Malta , embassy in Washington D.C. covers Canada, has

4428-406: The federally defined National Capital Region but outside the city of Ottawa municipal boundaries; these include communities of Almonte , Carleton Place , Embrun , Kemptville , Rockland , and Russell . Influenced by government structures, much of the city's architecture tends to be formal and functional ; the city is also marked by Romantic and Picturesque styles of architecture such as

4510-486: The first city clerk, serving from 1844 to 1891, guiding Ottawa through 36 years of development, leading the hiring of key municipal roles, founding civic organizations, and proposing a set of by-laws for the city. The selection of Ottawa as the capital of Canada predates the Confederation of Canada. The choice was contentious and not straightforward, with the parliament of the United Province of Canada holding more than 200 votes over several decades to attempt to settle on

4592-502: The first session of Parliament held in the new buildings in 1866. The buildings were generally well received by legislators. Ottawa was chosen as the capital for two primary reasons. First, Ottawa's isolated location, surrounded by dense forest far from the Canada–US border and situated on a cliff face, would make it more defensible from attack. Second, Ottawa was approximately midway between Toronto and Kingston (in Canada West ) and Montreal and Quebec City (in Canada East ), making

4674-561: The former Goulbourn Township are to the southwest. Nepean as a suburb also includes Barrhaven . The communities of Manotick and Riverside South are on the other side of the Rideau River, and Greely , southeast of Riverside South. A number of rural communities (villages and hamlets ) are administratively part of the Ottawa municipality. Some of these communities are Burritts Rapids ; Ashton ; Fallowfield ; Kars ; Fitzroy Harbour ; Munster ; Carp ; North Gower ; Metcalfe ; Constance Bay and Osgoode . Several towns are within

4756-420: The former city of Vanier , a densely populated, historically francophone, working class enclave, and the former village of Rockcliffe Park , a wealthy residential neighbourhood adjacent to the Prime Minister's official residence at 24 Sussex and the Governor General's residence. The old city includes the downtown core and older neighbourhoods to the east, west, and south. These vibrant neighbourhoods include

4838-423: The home of the now-defunct Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton . This new location was close to Ottawa's first (1849–1877) and second (1877–1931) City Halls. This new city hall complex also contained an adjacent 19th-century restored heritage building formerly known as the Ottawa Normal School . From the 1960s to the 1980s, there was a large increase in construction in the National Capital Region, which

4920-425: The lower house of parliament to relocate permanently to Quebec City, the upper house refused to approve funding. The funding impasse led to the ending of the legislature's role in determining the seat of government. The legislature requested the Queen determine the seat of government. The Queen then acted on the advice of her governor general Edmund Head , who, after reviewing proposals from various cities, selected

5002-446: The natural draining of the Champlain Sea . Archaeological findings of arrowheads, tools and pottery indicate that Indigenous populations first settled in the area about 6,500 years ago. These findings suggest that these Algonquin people were engaged in foraging, hunting and fishing, but also trade and travel. Three major rivers meet within Ottawa, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins are

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5084-436: The new Parliament Buildings is a dominant Gothic Revival-styled structure known as the Peace Tower . The location of what is now Confederation Square was a former commercial district centrally located in a triangular area downtown surrounded by historically significant heritage buildings, including the Parliament buildings. It was redeveloped as a ceremonial centre in 1938 as part of the City Beautiful Movement . It became

5166-441: The parliamentary precinct, which includes buildings on Parliament Hill and others downtown, such as the Senate of Canada Building . Important buildings in the executive branch include the Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council as well as many civil service buildings. The Supreme Court of Canada building can also be found in this area. Across the Ottawa River, which forms the border between Ontario and Quebec , lies

5248-413: The recently renamed Ottawa. The Queen sent a letter to colonial authorities selecting Ottawa as the capital, effective 31 December 1857. George Brown , briefly a co-premier of the Province of Canada, attempted to reverse this decision but was unsuccessful. The Parliament ratified the Queen's choice in 1859, with Quebec serving as interim capital from 1859 to 1865. The relocation process began in 1865, with

5330-416: The removal of the street car system, the decentralization of selected government offices, the relocation of industries and removal of substandard housing from the downtown. The plan also recommended the creation of the Rideau Canal and Ottawa River pathways. In 1958, the National Capital Commission was established as a Crown Corporation through the National Capital Act. The commission's original mission

5412-472: The renovation of the Senate Building . Most of the federal land in the region is managed by the National Capital Commission; its control of much undeveloped land and appropriations powers gives the NCC a great deal of influence over the city's development. Ottawa has a warm-summer humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ) with four distinct seasons and is between Zones 5a and 5b on the Canadian Plant Hardiness Scale. The average July maximum temperature

5494-415: The selection an important political compromise. Other minor considerations included that despite Ottawa's regional isolation, there was water transportation access from spring to fall, both to Montreal via the Ottawa River, and to Kingston via the Rideau Waterway . Additionally, by 1854 it also had a modern all-season railway (the Bytown and Prescott Railway ) that carried passengers, lumber and supplies

5576-431: The services CCI provides: CCI also provides project-specific teams for conservation, scientific, and testing projects. Its Paper Group works with archives and libraries in preserving and restoring their collections. Research conducted by the Paper Group includes paper bleaching, enzyme use, washing, and de-acidification. The CCI also self-publishes a variety of materials related to its work. As well, each year it publishes

5658-544: The site of the National War Memorial in 1939 and was designated a National Historic Site in 1984. A new Central Post Office (now the Privy Council of Canada ) was constructed in 1939 beside the War Memorial because the original post office building on the proposed Confederation Square grounds had to be demolished. Ottawa's former industrial appearance was vastly altered by the 1950 Greber Plan . Prime Minister Mackenzie King hired French architect-planner Jacques Greber to design an urban plan for managing development in

5740-442: The site. In December 2012, City Council voted unanimously to move forward with the Confederation Line , a 12.5 km (7.8 mi) light rail transit line, which was opened on 14 September 2019. The present-day city of Ottawa consists of the historic main urban area , as well as other urban, suburban and rural areas within the city's post-amalgamation limits. Old Ottawa refers to the former pre-amalgamation city, as well as

5822-557: The time they were built. The skyline has been controlled by building height restrictions originally implemented to keep Parliament Hill and the Peace Tower at 92.2 m (302 ft) visible from most parts of the city. Today, several buildings are slightly taller than the Peace Tower, with the tallest being the Claridge Icon at 143 metres (469 ft). Many federal buildings in the National Capital Region are managed by Public Works Canada , which leads to heritage conservation in its renovations and management of buildings, such as

5904-470: The town was named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. The Rideau canal provided a secure route between Montreal and Kingston on Lake Ontario. It bypassed a vulnerable stretch of the St. Lawrence River bordering the state of New York that had left re-supply ships bound for southwestern Ontario easily exposed to enemy fire during

5986-538: The waterfalls in the area and about his encounters with the Algonquin people. The first non-Indigenous settlement in the area was created by Philemon Wright , a New Englander . Wright founded a lumber town in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from the present-day city of Ottawa in Hull . He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers , also created an agricultural community, which

6068-434: The waterway due to flooding techniques and the construction of 47 water transport locks. Ottawa is situated in a lowland on top of Paleozoic carbonate and shale and is surrounded by more craggy Precambrian igneous and metamorphic formations. Ottawa has had fluvial deposition of till and sands, leading to the widespread formation of eskers . There are limited distinct features arising from glacial deposits, but Ottawa

6150-577: The widespread wooden buildings. In Ottawa, it destroyed about one-fifth of the buildings from the Lebreton Flats south to Booth Street and down to Dow's Lake . The fire had a disproportionate effect on west-end lower-income neighbourhoods. It had also spread among many lumber yards, a major part of Ottawa's economy. The fire destroyed approximately 3200 buildings and caused an estimated $ 300 million in damage (in 2020 Canadian dollars). An estimated 14% of Ottawans were left homeless. On 1 June 1912,

6232-498: The winter season. On average, almost every day of January, February and March has more than 5 cm of snowpack (29, 28, and 22 days, respectively), and on average, approximately 12 days a year see 5 cm or more of snowfall, with 4 of those having over 10 cm. An average of 17 days of the year experience temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F). Spring and fall are variable, prone to extreme changes in temperature and conditions. The month of May, for example, on average gets

6314-578: The world's largest skating rink, thereby providing both a recreational venue and a 7.8 km (4.8 mi) transportation path to downtown for ice skaters (from Carleton University and Dow's Lake to the Rideau Centre and National Arts Centre ). On 29 June 2007, the Rideau Canal was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The older part of the city (including what remains of Bytown) is known as Lower Town , and occupies an area between

6396-612: Was affected by the Late Wisconsian advance . Before the draining of the Champlain Sea, the area had high salinity. After the draining of the sea, the area had pine-dominated forests. Ottawa is located within the Western Quebec Seismic Zone , and while relatively inactive, the city does occasionally experience earthquakes. During part of the winter season the Ottawa section of the canal forms

6478-616: Was followed by large growth in the high-tech industry during the 1990s and 2000s. Ottawa became one of Canada's largest high-tech cities and was nicknamed Silicon Valley North. By the 1980s, Bell Northern Research (later Nortel ) employed thousands, and large federally assisted research facilities such as the National Research Council contributed to an eventual technology boom. The early companies led to newer firms such as Newbridge Networks , Mitel and Corel . In 1991, provincial and federal governments responded to

6560-455: Was mostly French, Irish and Catholic. Bytown's population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was completed in 1832. Bytown's early pioneer period saw Irish labour unrest during the Shiners' War from 1835 to 1845 and political dissension that was evident in the 1849 Stony Monday Riot . In 1855, Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city. William Pittman Lett was installed as

6642-581: Was named Wright's Town . Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade (soon to be the area's most significant economic activity) by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City . In 1826, news of the British military's impending construction of the Rideau Canal led to land speculators founding a community on the south side of the Ottawa River. The following year,

6724-700: Was to implement the Greber Plan recommendations conducted during the 1960s and 1970s. This marked the creation of a permanent political infrastructure for managing the capital region . Prior attempts to do so in the previous 50 years had been temporary. These included plans from the 1899 Ottawa Improvement Commission (OIC), the Todd Plan in 1903, the Holt Report in 1915 and the Federal District Commission (FDC) established in 1927 with

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