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73-504: It hosts a large coal and ore discharging port, which forms one of the prime ports of Northern China, namely (from South to North) Tianjin - Jingtang port - Caofeidian - Qinhuangdao - Yingkou - Bayuquan - Dalian ). Caofedian and Jingtang ports are often referred together as Tangshan port, though Tangshan is actually a large inland city away from the shore. The area is served by the Tangshan–Caofeidian railway . The island

146-520: A semi-arid climate (using the Köppen system, the city has a BSk climate bordering on Dwa ). As in other areas of East Asia, the city has a four-season, monsoon -influenced climate; it also has cold, windy, and dry winters due to the Siberian anticyclone and hot, humid summers due to the monsoon season. Spring in the city is dry and windy; the season sometimes consists of sandstorms blowing in from

219-560: A battlefield, Hebei Province repatriated its provincial capital to Baoding, and the CCP Central Committee decided that Tianjin should be restored to the central municipality and remain so. In April 1970, since the central government had applied for funding for the construction of the subway, the Tianjin Municipal Government decided to raise funds on its own to establish the project using the name of

292-746: A channel with Bai He) is also the only waterway from the sea to Beijing . Therefore, early Westerners also called the Hai He the Bai He. At Tianjin, through the Grand Canal, the Hai connects with the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. The construction of the Grand Canal greatly altered the rivers of the Hai He basin. Previously, the Wei, Ziya Yongding and Bai Rivers flowed separately to the sea. The Grand Canal cut through

365-400: A depression due to the policy of the central government and the 1976 Tangshan earthquake ; however, it has been recovering since the 1990s. Tianjin is classified as the largest type of port city, a Large-Port Megacity, due to its large urban population and port traffic volume. Tianjin is currently a dual-core city, with its main urban area (including the older part of the city) located along

438-546: A modern city, establishing the first modern Chinese police force. In 1907, Yuan supervised China's first modern democratic elections for a county council. Western nations were permitted to garrison the area to ensure open access to Beijing. The British maintained a brigade of two battalions in Tianjin, and the Italians, French, Japanese, Germans, Russians, and Austro-Hungarians maintained their forces using strength regiments;

511-607: A relay station ( 駐 地 ) under the command of the Viceroy of Zhili . In 1856, Chinese soldiers boarded The Arrow , a Chinese-owned ship registered in Hong Kong that flew the British flag and which was suspected of piracy, smuggling, and involvement in the opium trade. The soldiers captured twelve men and imprisoned them. In response, the British and French sent gunboats under the command of Admiral Sir Michael Seymour to capture

584-733: A seaport and gateway to Beijing. During the Boxer Rebellion , the city was the seat of the Tianjin Provisional Government . Under the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China, Tianjin became one of the largest cities in the region. At that time, European-style buildings and mansions were constructed in concessions, some of which are preserved today. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin suffered

657-576: Is 200 km from Beijing , the island spans 60 km and is a 2005-listed pilot area for the development of a Recyclable/ Circular Economy ( Industrial ecology ) in China. Huadian Power and PetroChina have some of their energy bases there. The island is expected to have a population of 300,000 by 2010. Caofeidian is 80 km from Tangshan city centre. 38°56′00″N 118°32′00″E  /  38.93333°N 118.5333°E  / 38.93333; 118.5333 This Tangshan location article

730-611: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tianjin Tianjin is a direct-administered municipality in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea . It is one of the nine national central cities , with a total population of 13,866,009 inhabitants at the time of the 2020 Chinese census . Its metropolitan area , which is made up of 12 central districts (other than Baodi , Jizhou , Jinghai and Ninghe ),

803-476: Is a heavy and chemical industry base and harbor, a part of the"dual-city, dual-harbor" space development strategy of Tianjin, and a zone with a circular economy . The total planned area of Nangang Industrial Zone is 200 km (77 sq mi), of which the terrestrial area is 162 km (63 sq mi). Farmland takes up about 40% of Tianjin Municipality's total area. Wheat, rice, and maize are

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876-634: Is divided into 16 county-level divisions , which are all districts . The Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA) is not a formal level of administration, but has rights similar to those of a regular district. At the end of 2017, the total population of Tianjin was 15.57 million. [3] As of December 31, 2004, these districts and counties have been further subdivided into 240 township-level divisions , including 120 towns , 18 townships , 2 ethnic townships and 100 subdistricts . As in all other governing institutions in mainland China ,

949-673: Is jointly invested by the Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone and Tianjin Binhai International Airport. It is located inside the airfreight area of Tianjin Binhai International Airport. It has domestic and foreign airfreight logistics enterprises engaged in sorting, warehousing, distribution, processing, and exhibition. It is in the process of constructing the largest airfreight base in northern China. The Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone

1022-706: Is now held every two years. In October 2010, the UN Climate Change Conference convened in Tianjin. In 2012, the Tianjin Metro Lines 2, 3, and 9 were completed and open to traffic, and Tianjin Rail Transit was formally networked. In October 2013, Tianjin hosted an international comprehensive event for the first time by hosting the East Asian Games . In 2014, the coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei

1095-536: Is one of the manufacturers in the city, and has opened an assembly plant for its Airbus A320 series airliners; the plant has been operational since 2009. As of 2010, the fastest supercomputer in the world, Tianhe-1A , has been located at the National Supercomputing Center of Tianjin . The city's GDP in 2009 was ¥750.1 billion, with a GDP per capita of RMB ¥62,403. As one of the first state-level economic and technological development zones,

1168-463: Is the Bohai Sea . With a latitude ranging from 38° 34' to 40° 15' N and a longitude ranging from 116° 43' to 118° 04' E, the total area of the city is 11,860.63 square kilometers (4,579.41 sq mi). The city has 153 km (95 mi) of coastline and 1,137.48 kilometers (706.80 mi) of land border. It is located at the northern end of the Grand Canal of China , which connects with

1241-559: Is the pinyin spelling of the Chinese characters 天津 . The name literally means 'the port of the emperor'. The origin of the name is disputed. One traditional theory says that it was an homage to the Chu poet Qu Yuan , whose " Li Sao " includes the verse "... departing from the Ford of Heaven at dawn ..." ( 朝發軔於天津兮 ; zhāo fārèn yú Tiānjīn xī ). Another says that it honors the former name of

1314-500: Is the only free trade zone in northern China. The zone was approved for establishment in 1991 by State Council. It is 30 km (19 mi) from Tianjin city proper, less than 1 km (0.62 mi) away from the wharf, and 38 km (24 mi) away from Tianjin Binhai International Airport. The Tianjin Tanggu Marine High-Tech Development Area was established in 1992 and was upgraded to

1387-581: The Battle of Taku Forts (1900) , to prevent the western Eight-Nation Alliance from sending ships to attack. This was reported by American military intelligence in the United States. War Dept. by the United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division. Like the Yellow River, the Hai is exceedingly muddy because of the powdery soil through which it flows. The silt carried by

1460-594: The Eight-Nation Alliance recaptured Tianjin . This alliance soon established the Tianjin Provisional Government, which was composed of representatives from each of the occupying forces (Russia, Britain, Japan, Germany, France, America, Austro-Hungary, and Italy). The city was governed by this council until August 15, 1902, when the city was returned to Qing control. Qing General Yuan Shikai led efforts to transform Tianjin into

1533-599: The Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CCP Central Committee convened; its meeting decided to incorporate the development and opening of the Binhai New Area into its Eleventh Five-Year Plan and the national development strategy. In March 2006, the State Council executive meeting positioned Tianjin as an "international port city, a northern economic center, and an ecological city." Since then,

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1606-888: The Girl , a Chinese constellation recorded under the name Tianjin in the Astronomical Record section of the Book of Sui . A third says that it derives from a place name noted in the River Record of the History of Jin . The most common theory says that it was bestowed by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming , who crossed Tianjin's Gu River on his way south to overthrow his nephew, the Jianwen Emperor . Prior to

1679-689: The Gobi Desert , which are capable of lasting for several days. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −2.8 °C (27.0 °F) in January to 27.2 °C (81.0 °F) in July, with an annual mean of 13.3 °C (55.9 °F). Extreme temperatures in the city have ranged from −22.9 °C (−9 °F) to 40.6 °C (105 °F). With the monthly percentage of the possible amount of sunshine ranging from 45% in July to 61% in March and April,

1752-578: The Hai River , which connects to the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers via the Grand Canal ; and Binhai , an adjacent New Area urban core located east of the older part of the city on the coast of the Bohai. As of the end of 2010, approximately 285 Fortune 500 companies have operated in buildings located in Binhai. Since 2010, Tianjin's Yujiapu Financial District has become known as China's Manhattan and

1825-816: The North China Executive Committee , a puppet state based in Beijing. On August 9, 1940, all of the British troops in Tianjin were ordered to withdraw. On November 14, 1941, the American Marine unit stationed in Tianjin was ordered to leave, but before it left, the Japanese attacked the United States . The American Marine detachment surrendered to the Japanese on December 8, 1941. Only the Italian and French concessions (the local French officials were loyal to Vichy ) were allowed by

1898-699: The Peiho , Pei Ho ("White River"), or Hai Ho , is a Chinese river connecting Beijing to Tianjin and the Bohai Sea . During the Song dynasty , the main stream of the Hai River was called the lower section of the Jie River. In the Jin and Yuan dynasties, it was renamed as Zhígǔ River (直沽河, lit. “Straight Gu River") and Dàgǚ River (大沽河, lit. “Great Gu River") respectively. The name Hai River first appeared towards

1971-558: The Pingjin Campaign of the Chinese Civil War, the city was captured after 29 hours of fighting. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) took Tianjin on January 15, 1949. From 1949 to February 1958, Tianjin was a municipality directly under the control of the central government. In October 1952, Tanggu New Port officially opened its doors, and the first 10,000-ton ferry arrived at Newport Pier. In February 1958, due to

2044-1189: The Taku forts near Tianjin in May 1858. At the end of the first part of the Second Opium War in June of the same year, the British and French prevailed, and the Treaty of Tientsin was signed, which opened Tianjin (Tientsin) to foreign trade. The treaties were ratified by the Xianfeng Emperor in 1860, so Tianjin was formally opened to Great Britain and France and thus to the outside world. Between 1895 and 1900, Britain and France were joined by Japan, Germany and Russia , and some countries without Chinese concessions , such as Austria-Hungary , Italy and Belgium , in establishing self-contained concessions in Tianjin , each with its own prisons, schools, barracks and hospitals. These nations left architectural reminders of their rule, which include churches and thousands of villas. The presence of foreign influence in Tianjin

2117-772: The Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA) was founded on December 6, 1984, with the approval of the State Council. It is given state preferential policies with the task of attracting domestic and foreign investment to develop new technology-oriented modern industries. As an affiliated organization of the Tianjin Municipal Government, the Administrative Commission of Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area exercises unified administration of TEDA on behalf of

2190-540: The Yellow and Yangtze Rivers . The municipality is generally flat and is swampy near the coast; however, it has hills in the north, where the Yan Mountains enter Tianjin. Tidal flats occur on the coastal plain adjacent to the city. The highest point in the municipality is Jiuding Peak ( 九顶山 ) in Ji County on the northern border with Hebei; the mountain has an altitude of 1,078.5 m (3,538 ft). In

2263-538: The "Great Leap Forward" and the city's industrial foundation, Tianjin was incorporated into Hebei Province , the capital of which was relocated to Tianjin for eight years. During the period, under the coordination of the State Council, the city of Tianjin implemented a separate policy for central planning, which was independent of Hebei Province. However, a number of factories and colleges in Tianjin moved to Hebei, hindering Tianjin's economic development. In January 1967, due to preparation and concerns that Tianjin would become

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2336-595: The British concession, to be under Japan's authority. For a time, the events of 1939 appeared likely to cause an Anglo-Japanese war, especially when reports of the Japanese Army mistreating British subjects wishing to leave or enter the concession appeared in British newspapers. The situation ended when British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was advised by the Royal Navy and the Foreign Office that

2409-575: The Japanese generally respected foreign concessions until 1941, when American and British concessions were occupied. In the summer of 1939, the Tientsin Incident damaged Anglo-Japanese relations. On June 14, 1939, the Imperial Japanese Army surrounded and blockaded a British concession due to the refusal of British authorities to transfer six Chinese people, who had assassinated a Japanese collaborator and taken refuge in

2482-604: The Japanese to remain. When Italy signed an armistice with the Allies in September 1943, Japanese troops took the Italian concession, following a battle with its garrison, and the Italian Social Republic formally ceded the concession to Wang Jingwei 's Japan-controlled puppet state . Japanese occupation of the city lasted until August 15, 1945, with the surrender of Japan marking the end of World War II. In

2555-547: The Philippines. Because of the development of industry, commerce and finance in the city, Tianjin was established as a municipality of China in 1927. From 1930 to 1935, Tianjin was the provincial capital of Hebei ; afterwards, it was reestablished as an independent municipality. Garrison duty was highly regarded by the troops. General George C. Marshall , the "architect of victory" in World War II, during which he

2628-700: The Tianjin Binhai New Area." In August 2008, China's first high-speed railway , the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway , which has a speed of 350 kilometers per hour, was opened. In August 2008, Tianjin was the co-host city of the 29th Olympic Games . In September 2008, the Annual Meeting of the New Champions of World Economic Forum (also called Summer Davos ) began to be established in Tianjin; it

2701-411: The Tianjin Military Academy ( 天津武備學堂 ) for Chinese army officers with German advisors as a part of his military reforms. The academy's founding was supported by the Anhui Army commander Zhou Shengchuan. The academy was to serve the Anhui Army and the Green Standard Army officers. The instructors were German officers. In 1887, the academy started a program to train teenagers to become army officers;

2774-439: The Tianjin Municipal Government and has provincial-level administrative and economic management rights. The Tianjin Export Processing Zone is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council, having been approved on April 27, 2000. This area is a special enclosed zone. where Customs officials conduct constant administration for commodities transported into and out of the zone. The central government granted

2847-420: The Tianjin Municipality, the Hai River forms at the confluence of the Ziya River ( 子牙河 ), Daqing River ( 大清河 ), Yongding River , North Grand Canal , and South Grand Canal ; it enters the Pacific Ocean within the municipality as well as in Tanggu District . Reservoirs include the Beidagang Reservoir in the south (in Dagang District ) and the Yuqiao Reservoir in the north in Ji County . Tianjin has

2920-466: The Tianjin National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone was formally established. On April 21, the China (Tianjin) Free Trade Pilot Zone was also formally established. On April 27, Jincheng Bank , the first private bank in northern China, officially opened its doors. On August 12, 2015, a fire and explosion occurred in a chemical warehouse in Tianjin Port , causing 173 deaths, hundreds of injuries, and property losses. The first two explosions at

2993-415: The United States did not initially participate. During World War I , the German and Austro-Hungarian garrisons were captured as prisoners of war by Allied Forces ; meanwhile, in 1918, the Bolshevik government withdrew the Russian garrison. In 1920, the remaining participating nations asked the United States to join them, and the US then sent the 15th Infantry Regiment , minus one battalion, to Tianjin from

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3066-407: The canal ran from Hangzhou to the Beijing and Tianjin region by 609 CE. Grain from southern China was regularly transported to the north through the canal and was used during the subsequent dynasties. Tianjin began to be increasingly mentioned in records during the Song dynasty and gained importance during the Yuan dynasty . Tianjin experienced development under the Yuan and became a location for

3139-414: The channel and by build it on the basis of the old walled river. In July 1973, five counties, including Jixian, Baodi, Wuqing, Jinghai, and Ninghe, were formally placed under the jurisdiction of Tianjin. On July 28, 1976, during the 7.6 magnitude Tangshan Earthquake , Tianjin was affected by shock waves and experienced a loss of life. In the city, 24,345 people died and 21,497 were seriously injured. 60% of

3212-413: The church's Christian supporters and some non-Christian Tianjin residents. The protesters eventually burned down Wanghailou Church and the nearby French consulate, killing eighteen foreigners, including ten French nuns, the French consul, and merchants. France and six other Western nations complained to the Qing government, which was forced to pay compensation for the incident. In 1885, Li Hongzhang founded

3285-755: The city is considered to be one of the world's top 100 cities, including in the Global Financial Centres Index . Tianjin is ranked as a Beta (global second tier) city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Tianjin is one of the 20 cities in the world with the highest scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index . The city is also home to multiple institutes of higher education in Northern China, including Tianjin University , Nankai University , Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin Foreign Studies University , Tiangong University , Tianjin University of Science & Technology , Tianjin University of Technology , and Hebei University of Technology . Tianjin

3358-456: The city receives 2,460 hours of sunshine annually. Having an annual total precipitation of 521 millimeters (20.5 in), with nearly three-fifths of it occurring in July and August alone, the city lies within the semi-arid climate zone, although parts of the municipality are humid continental ( Köppen BSk / Dwa , respectively). See or edit raw graph data . In May 2014, the city's administration enacted new laws in an attempt to lower

3431-399: The city's buildings were destroyed and more than 30% of the enterprises and Peking Port Reservoir and Yuqiao Reservoir were seriously damaged. Nearly 700,000 people were left homeless. On October 10 of the same year, the Tianjin Underground Railway was opened to traffic. In 1981, Miyun Reservoir was built on the upper reaches of the Hai River; it is now used to supply water for Beijing; however;

3504-551: The city's pollution levels. These measures included several methods to restrict pollution on days when is severe, such as by halving the number of vehicles allowed on roads, halting construction and manufacturing activity, closing schools, and halting large-scale outdoor activities. In the past, flights have also been grounded and highways have been closed. Foreign-born professional sportsmen have made statements regarding Tianjin's air quality, citing it as an impediment to athletic activity and being thick enough to "taste". Tianjin

3577-523: The dispute between the Beijing-Tianjin economic center at the policy level has come to an end. In May 2006, the State Council approved the Binhai New Area as a national integrated reform pilot area. In June of the same year, the State Council's Opinions on Promoting the Development and Opening of the Tianjin Binhai New Area were announced; they stated the following: "In financial enterprises, financial services, financial markets, and finance Major reforms such as opening up can, in principle, be scheduled to precede

3650-437: The east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea . Part of the Bohai Economic Rim , it is the largest coastal city in Northern China and part of the Jing-Jin-Ji megapolis. In terms of urban population, Tianjin is the seventh largest city in China. In terms of administrative area population, Tianjin ranks fifth in mainland China. The walled city of Tianjin was built in 1404. As a treaty port since 1860, Tianjin has been

3723-446: The end of the Ming dynasty . The Hai River at Tianjin is formed by the confluence of five watercourses: the Southern Canal , Ziya River , Daqing River , Yongding River , and the Northern Canal . The southern and northern canals are parts of the Grand Canal . The Southern Canal is joined by the Wei River at Linqing . The Northern Canal joins with the Bai He (or Chaobai River ) at Tongzhou . The Northern Canal (sharing

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3796-428: The explosion was estimated to be $ 9 billion, making it the most expensive supply chain disruption of 2015. Tianjin is located on the west coast of the Bohai Gulf ; the provinces of Shandong and Liaoning are located across those waters. The city is bordered by Beijing , which is 120 kilometers (75 mi) to the northwest. Tianjin is surrounded on all sides by Hebei , with the exception of its eastern border, which

3869-516: The facility, which is located in the Binhai New Area of Tianjin, happened within 30 seconds of each other; the second explosion was larger and involved the detonation of approximately 800 tons of ammonium nitrate (equivalent to about 256 tons of TNT ). Fires caused by the initial explosions continued to burn uncontrollably throughout the weekend, resulting in eight additional explosions on August 15. The buildings of seven more surrounding logistics companies were destroyed. The cost to businesses caused by

3942-415: The introduction of pinyin, the city's name was historically romanized as Tientsin in the Chinese postal romanization . The current English spelling of Tianjin was adopted in 1958, after pinyin was introduced by the PRC government. Several countries, international organizations and media outlets have adopted the pinyin name since in 1979. The Government of the Republic of China (ROC) has continued to use

4015-416: The lower reaches of these rivers and fused them into one outlet to the sea, in the form of the current Hai He. The Hai River is 1,329 kilometers (826 mi) long measured from the longest tributary. However, the Hai River is only around 70 kilometers (43 mi) from Tianjin to its estuary. Its basin has an area of approximately 319,000 km (123,000 sq mi). On 20 May 1858, the Pei-ho, as it

4088-505: The most economically important crops. Tianjin Municipality has deposits of about 1 billion tonnes of petroleum, with Dagang District containing oilfields . Salt production is also one of the city's industries, with Changlu Yanqu being one of China's salt production areas. Geothermal energy is another resource of Tianjin. Deposits of manganese and boron under Tianjin were the first to be found in China. Hai River The Hai River (海河, lit. "Sea River"), also known as

4161-420: The national-level high-tech development area by the State Council in 1995. It is the only national-level high-tech development area specializing in developing the marine technology industry. By the end of 2008, the zone had 2,068 corporations and 5 industries there, including those for new materials, oil manufacturing, modern machinery manufacturing, and electronic information. The Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone

4234-399: The only way to force the Japanese to lift the blockade was to send the main British battle fleet to Far Eastern waters, and that given the situation in Europe, it would be inappropriate to send the British fleet out of European waters, thus leading the British to finally turn over the six Chinese people, who were then executed by the Japanese. During the Japanese occupation, Tianjin was ruled by

4307-692: The politics of Tianjin is structured in a dual party-government system. The mayor of Tianjin is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Tianjin. Since Tianjin is a municipality, the CCP Municipal Committee Secretary is colloquially known as the "Tianjin CCP Party chief ". Tianjin's gross domestic product (GDP) reached 1.572 trillion yuan in 2014, an increase of 10.0 percent over its GDP in 2013. The city of Tianjin had China's highest per-capita GDP of $ 17,126, followed by Beijing with $ 16,278 and Shanghai with $ 15,847. Industries include petrochemical industries, textiles, car manufacturing, mechanical industries, and metalworking . EADS Airbus

4380-425: The postal and Wade–Giles spelling since the adoption of pinyin by the ROC government in 2009. The land where Tianjin is now located was created in between 900 and 1300 CE by the sediments of rivers entering the sea at the Bohai Gulf , including the Yellow River, which entered the open sea in the area at one time. The construction of the Grand Canal under the Sui dynasty helped the future development of Tianjin, as

4453-424: The program continued for five years. Practical and technical subjects including sciences, foreign languages, Chinese literature, mathematics, and history were taught at the school and exams were administered to students. The lessons taught at the Tianjin Military Academy were copied for the Weihaiwei and Shanhaiguan military schools. A maritime defense fund supplied the budget for the Tianjin Military Academy, which

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4526-419: The reservoir stopped the river from supplying water to Tianjin, resulting in difficulty with water usage in the city. As a result, during 1976, the State Council of the People's Republic of China decided to initiate a project to solve the problem of water usage in Tianjin by attracting individuals to the city's academic centers. In 1984, during the beginning of the Chinese government's economic reforms, Tianjin

4599-414: The sea. For example, the Chaobai River is diverted to the Chaobai Xin River and no longer joins with the Northern Canal. Due to industrial and urban development in the Hai He Basin, the volume of water flow has greatly decreased. Many smaller tributaries and some of the major tributaries are dry for most of the year. With reduced water flow, water pollution worsens. The water shortage in the Hai He basin

4672-496: The special economic zone preferential policies to attract enterprises in the business of processing and trade to invest in the zone. The Tianjin Export Processing Zone is located to the northeast of TEDA and has a planned area of 2.54 km (0.98 sq mi). The area developed in the first phase is 1 square meter (11 sq ft) wide. A permanent wall is built to separate the export processing and non-export processing zones. The Tianjin Airport International Logistics Zone

4745-412: The storage of goods and grains. Tianjin became a garrison town and shipping station during the Ming dynasty ; it was a center of commerce by the 17th century. During the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the Tianjin Prefecture , or Zhou ( 州 ), was established in 1725, and Tianjin County was established within the prefecture in 1731. Later, it became an urban prefecture or Fu ( 府 ), before becoming

4818-468: The water deposits in the lower reaches, sometimes causing flooding. The waters from the five major tributaries only have one shallow outlet to the sea, which makes such floods stronger. Because China's capital (and second largest city), Beijing, and the third largest city, Tianjin, both lie in the Hai He Basin, Hai He floods cause a significant loss. To alleviate flooding, reservoirs have been built and artificial channels dug to divert excess water directly into

4891-414: Was home to 11,165,706 inhabitants and is also the world's 29th-largest agglomeration (between Chengdu and Rio de Janeiro ) and 11th- most populous city proper . Tianjin is governed as one of the four municipalities (alongside Beijing , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) under the direct administration of the State Council of China . The city borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality , bounded to

4964-433: Was listed as one of the 14 coastal open cities by the State Council and the Tianjin Development Zone 's economy began to develop. However, the overall speed of development in Tianjin is still slower than that of special economic zones and that of other southeast coastal areas. In 1994, Tianjin began its industrial shift towards the east and developed the Binhai New Area , with the Tianjin Port as its core. In October 2005,

5037-572: Was located in the same area as the Tianjin Naval Academy. In 1886, the Tianjin Military Academy adopted Romance of the Three Kingdoms as part of its curriculum. Among its alumni were Wang Yingkai and Duan Qirui ; its staff included Yinchang . In June 1900, the Boxers were able to seize control of parts of Tianjin. On June 26, European defense forces heading towards Beijing were stopped by Boxers at nearby Langfang ; they were defeated and forced to turn back to Tianjin. The foreign concessions were also under siege for several weeks. In July 1900,

5110-443: Was not always peaceful; one violent incident was that of the Tianjin Church Massacre . In June 1870, the orphanage held by the Wanghailou Church (translated as Church Our Lady's Victories ) in Tianjin, which built by French Roman Catholic missionaries , was accused of kidnapping and brainwashing Chinese children. On June 21, the magistrate of Tianjin County initiated a conflict at the church that developed into violent clashes between

5183-429: Was officially incorporated into the national strategy; Tianjin was positioned as the National Advanced Manufacturing R&D Base, Northern International Shipping Core Area, Financial Innovation Operation Demonstration Area, and Reform and Opening-up Preceding Area. In the same year, the first phase of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project was completed, so water availability in Tianjin increased. On February 26, 2015,

5256-739: Was the Chief of Staff of the United States Army , served in Tianjin in the 1920s as the Executive Officer of the 15th Infantry. The US withdrew the infantry unit in 1938, but the nation's presence was maintained by the dispatch of a small US Marine Corps unit from the Embassy Guard at Beijing. On July 30, 1937, during the Second Sino-Japanese War , Tianjin fell to Japan, but was not entirely occupied, as

5329-519: Was then known, was the scene of an invasion by Anglo-French forces during the Second Opium War whereby the Taku Forts were captured. In 1863 seagoing ships could reach the head of navigation at Tongzhou , but the crooked river was difficult for large vessels. During the Boxer Rebellion , Imperial Chinese forces deployed a weapon called "electric mines " on June 15, at the Baihe river before

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