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55-533: The collection emerged from the efforts of Henri Langlois and Lotte H. Eisner in the mid 1930s to collect and screen films. Langlois had acquired one of the largest collections in the world by the beginning of World War II , only to have it nearly wiped out by the German authorities in occupied France, who ordered the destruction of all films made prior to 1937. He and his friends smuggled huge numbers of documents and films out of occupied France to protect them until

110-594: A string of workshops for skilled artisans, is also part of this development. It is located at the base of the western part of the Coulée verte René-Dumont . Like most neighbourhoods in Paris, the 12th arrondissement offers a rich array of historically important and aesthetically appealing sites. For the 12th, these sites emerged mainly from development during the 19th century and from the late 20th century urban renewal projects. They include: The land area of this arrondissement

165-567: A team to tear down the fortress. Recovered construction materials were subsequently sold, along with various mementos of the infamous building (keys, paper weights, etc.). The neighbourhood also played a prominent role in the Reign of Terror that followed. In the southern part of what is now the Place de la Nation, a guillotine was erected in June 1794. Of the 2,498 people guillotined in Paris during

220-522: Is 16.324 km (6.303 sq mi; 4,034 acres), two-thirds of which consists of the Bois de Vincennes park. Excluding the Bois de Vincennes, its land area is 6.377 km (2.462 sq mi; 1,576 acres). The peak of population of Paris's 12th arrondissement occurred in 1962 and was followed by three decades of decline. More recently, however, the population has begun to grow again, especially since

275-449: Is in the 12th arrondissement that some of the oldest traces of human occupation of the territory now occupied by Paris were found. During the construction of Bercy Village in the 1980s, vestiges of a Neolithic village were discovered (dating from between 4500 and 3800 BC). Subsequent excavations turned up wooden canoes (the pirogues de Bercy ), bows and arrows, pottery and bone and stone tools. Some of these objects are now exhibited in

330-464: Is on the 11th arrondissement side and Philippe Auguste on the 12th arrondissement side. The sculpture that dominates the central part of the Place, Jules Dalou 's Le Triomphe de la République , was originally a contender, but not the winner, of a competition for a sculpture to be erected on the Place de la République . However, in 1880, responding to popular demand, the municipal council decided to order

385-581: Is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France . Situated on the right bank of the River Seine , it is the easternmost arrondissement of Paris, as well as the largest by area. In 2019, it had a population of 139,297. The 12th arrondissement comprises the Gare de Lyon and Bois de Vincennes . It borders the inner suburbs of Charenton-le-Pont and Saint-Mandé in Val-de-Marne . It

440-569: The Carnavalet Museum . During the Roman era, the area that is now the 12th arrondissement was a largely uninhabited wetland fed by streams originating in the surrounding hills. The area was crossed by a Roman road that linked Paris to Chelles and Meaux to the east and to Melun to the southeast. In the 11th century, the forest that would later become the bois de Vincennes was considered to be non-arable land. When Hugues Capet , King of

495-863: The French New Wave . In 1974, Langlois received an Academy Honorary Award for "his devotion to the art of film, his massive contributions in preserving its past and his unswerving faith in its future". In 1936, Langlois, Franju and Mitry founded the Cinémathèque Française in Paris, their film theatre and museum. The collection grew from ten films in 1936 to more than 60,000 films by the early 1970s. More than an archivist, Langlois saved many films which were at risk of vanishing. Besides films, Langlois also helped to preserve other items related to cinema such as cameras, projection equipment, costumes, and vintage theatre programmes. He eventually collected so many items that he donated them in 1972 to

550-537: The International Federation of Film Archives (FIAF) in 1938. Through close collaboration with the Cinémathèque's longtime chief archivist, Lotte Eisner , he worked to preserve films and film history in the post-war era. An eccentric who was often at the centre of controversy for his methods, he also served as a key influence on the generation of young cinephiles and critics who would become

605-612: The Metropolitan Museum and the City Center of Music and Drama in New York, showed seventy films dating from the medium's first seventy-five years on thirty-five consecutive evenings from July 29 to September 3, 1970. Langlois selected films for their significance and contributions to the history of filmmaking, including work from official film industries as well as current and early avant garde directors. The program

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660-770: The Musée de la cinémathèque , formerly known as Musée du cinéma Henri-Langlois, in the new building. In celebration of the Centennial of the Metropolitan Museum of Art , the Museum and the City Center of Music and Drama in New York co-sponsored "Cinémathèque at the Metropolitan Museum". The exhibition showed seventy films dating from the medium's first seventy-five years on thirty-five consecutive evenings from July 29 to September 3, 1970. The films were selected by Henri Langlois for their significance and contributions to

715-591: The Opéra de la Bastille , the second largest opera house in Paris. It was inaugurated by Francois Mitterrand in 1989, on the 200th anniversary of the storming of the Bastille . The Coulée verte René-Dumont (or Promenade plantée) was developed at the same time as the Opéra de la Bastille. It is a 4.7 km (2.9 mi) elevated linear park built on top of obsolete railway infrastructure . The Viaduc des Arts ,

770-607: The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre . Starting in the 17th century, the Royal Mirror Manufacture was established in the Faubourg and further consolidated its reputation. This institution this would later become the multinational enterprise, Saint Gobain. The distinctive courtyards and narrow passageways that characterise the Faubourg served groups of craftsmen who lived and worked together in

825-515: The wine warehouses of Bercy ) and Saint-Mandé . The first town hall , located to the southeast of the current town hall, was burned down by the Commune . The current town hall was built in 1876 on Avenue Daumesnil, following the plans of architect Antoine-Julien Hénard. The Bois de Vincennes was given to the City of Paris by Emperor Napoleon III in 1860, but was not officially integrated into

880-478: The "folie Rambouillet" which built by the Protestant financier and royal counsellor, Nicolas de Rambouillet, between 1633 and 1635. The property was further developed by Madame de la Sablière (1636–1693), who received prominent non-Catholic ambassadors there prior to their formal entry into Paris. She also hosted elegant receptions and salons there and offered lodging to the poet, Jean de la Fontaine . The estate

935-521: The 1150-1340 period. Legend has it that Louis IX , Saint Louis, administered justice under an oak tree in what is now the bois de Vincennes. The long process of turning this residence into a fortified castle, the Château de Vincennes, began in about 1337, when Philippe VI de Valois decided to build a dungeon near the Manor House. Progressive upgrades by subsequent kings led to the construction of

990-530: The 12th arrondissement until 1926. The arrondissement benefited from numerous urban renewal and public works projects, many of them initiated during the 1980s. Two of the eight ' Grands Projets of Francois Mitterrand ' that were the hallmark of his presidency were located in the 12th arrondissement. These were the Opéra de la Bastille and the Ministry of the Economy and Finance building . Major projects in

1045-421: The 12th arrondissement; at its height, the rail network (including space for servicing it) accounted for 20% of the 12th arrondissement's land area and basically cut it in two. Haussmann was also active in this sector, creating arteries that would later take the names of boulevard Diderot (1854), rue Chaligny (1856), avenue Daumesnil (1859) and rue Crozatier (1861). Between 1855 and 1866, the Bois de Vincennes

1100-490: The 1950s, and a fire in its last premises—the Cinémathèque française moved in 2005 to 51, rue de Bercy in the 12th arrondissement of Paris , a postmodern building designed by Frank Gehry , an American architect. The Bibliothèque du film, which was created in 1992 to show the history of cinema, its production, impact and artistic strength, merged with the Cinémathèque française . Cinémathèque française operates

1155-1206: The Cinémathèque moved to the Palais de Chaillot with funds provided by André Malraux , Minister of Culture, and became subject to government overview. In February 1968, under pressure from the Ministry of Finance, Malraux required changes in the management of the Cinémathèque and dismissed Henri Langlois. A defence committee was formed, uniting notable French filmmakers ( Alexandre Astruc , Claude Berri , Robert Bresson , Claude Chabrol , Jacques Doniol-Valcroze , Jean Eustache , Georges Franju , Abel Gance , Jean-Luc Godard , Joris Ivens , Pierre Kast , Chris Marker , Alain Resnais , Jacques Rivette , Eric Rohmer , Jean Rouch , François Truffaut ) together with major actors ( Jean-Pierre Léaud , Claude Jade , Jean Marais and Françoise Rosay ). Foreign filmmakers such as Charles Chaplin and Stanley Kubrick added their support. Protests were organized. Confrontations followed between young people, largely students, and what they saw as an authoritarian centre-right government, out of touch with

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1210-438: The Cinémathèque released a short documentary titled Henri Langlois vu par... , in which thirteen filmmakers, including Agnès Varda , Francis Ford Coppola , Roman Polanski , Manoel de Oliveira , Bernardo Bertolucci , Kiyoshi Kurosawa and Wim Wenders talk about Langlois and their relationship with him. Notes Bibliography 12th arrondissement of Paris The 12th arrondissement of Paris ( XII arrondissement )

1265-679: The Cinémathèque, succeeding Jean-Charles Tacchella. On February 28, 2005, the halls of the Palais de Chaillot and the Grands Boulevards were closed and the new site of the Cinémathèque française , at 51 rue de Bercy, opened to the public on September 28. On January 1, 2007, the Cinémathèque française merged with the BiFi. From June 2007, Claude Berri being ill, it was chaired by Costa-Gavras. In January 2016, critic Frédéric Bonnaud succeeded Serge Toubiana as general manager. In June 1963,

1320-460: The Franks, took up residence on the Île de la Cite, he used the bois de Vincennes as his hunting ground. The bois was then reserved for the exclusive use of the kings of France. Under Philippe Auguste it was enclosed by a 12 km wall. A hunting lodge was built by Louis VII around 1150, which was upgraded to a Manor House by Philippe Auguste , who made it a royal residence that was used over

1375-681: The Musée du Cinéma in the Palais de Chaillot, where they covered a two-mile span of film artifacts and memorabilia. The collection was relocated due to damage from a fire in 1997. During the Second World War, Langlois and his colleagues helped to save many films that were at risk of being destroyed during the Nazi occupation of France . Langlois influenced the French New Wave directors François Truffaut , Jean-Luc Godard , Jacques Rivette , Claude Chabrol and Alain Resnais among others, and

1430-640: The Revolution, 1,306 were beheaded there. Their bodies were then thrown into two mass graves in what is now the nearby Picpus Cemetery . After the Revolution, the Faubourg remained a hotbed of revolutionary activity, including during the July Revolution , the 1848 Revolution and the Paris Commune . From 1815 onwards, the neighbourhoods that would later become the 12th arrondissement were

1485-524: The action cost the lives of 98 attackers as well as most of the rather small contingent of soldiers charged with defending it. Of the 954 people who received official recognition for being 'conquerors of the Bastille', most were artisans and workers from the Faubourg Saint Antoine . The unauthorised demolition of the Bastille began the day after the Bastille was taken when an entrepreneurial business man, Pierre-François Palloy , recruited

1540-578: The collection's screenings. A meeting in 1945, in Basel between Langlois and Freddy Buache led, via Lausanne's first film club, to the founding in 1950 of the Swiss Film Archive . In 2003, film critic Serge Toubiana became general manager of the Cinémathèque in April, a position he held until December 2015. From September 2003 to June 2007, the producer and director Claude Berri is president of

1595-474: The concerns of the younger generation. These demonstrations were precursors of and merged into the widespread student revolt that erupted from March 1968 onwards, escalating into nationwide unrest in May . Before then, the government had backed down over the Cinémathèque, reinstating Langlois as head in April 1968. After numerous incidents—including multiple relocations from one small screening room to another through

1650-502: The dismissal of Langlois in 1968 features heavily in Gilbert Adair 's 1988 novel The Holy Innocents also known as The Dreamers and in its 2003 film adaptation by Bernardo Bertolucci . 48°50′13″N 2°22′57″E  /  48.83694°N 2.38250°E  / 48.83694; 2.38250 Henri Langlois Henri Langlois ( French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ʁi lɑ̃glwa] ; 13 November 1914 – 13 January 1977)

1705-440: The eastern portion of the place, were part of a much broader set of some 60 tax barriers surrounding Paris that were designed by the architect, Claude Ledoux . Built in 1787, tax officials were stationed there to collect revenues from people as they entered Paris with their merchandise. During the reign of Louis-Philippe (1830–1848), the statues of two French kings were placed on the tops of the two columns: Saint Louis ( Louis IX )

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1760-617: The eastern section of the arrondissement include the French Ministry of Finances, Bercy Village , the Parc de Bercy and the Bercy arena , now renamed Accorhotels Arena. Much of the land these structures now occupy was formerly district of wine warehouses for wine and spirits arriving by river transport from Burgundy and the Loire. Farther to the west, the arrondissement also features

1815-806: The end of the war. After the war, the French government provided a small screening room, staff and subsidy for the collection, which was relocated to the Avenue de Messine. Significant French filmmakers of the 1940s, and 1950s, including Robert Bresson , René Clément , Henri-Georges Clouzot and Jacques Becker frequented screenings at the Cinémathèque. Directors of the New Wave ( la Nouvelle Vague ) school — Alain Resnais , Jacques Rivette , François Truffaut , Jean-Luc Godard , Claude Chabrol , Roger Vadim , Jacques Doniol-Valcroze , and Pierre Kast — also received much of their film education by attending

1870-649: The focus of far-reaching urban development projects. These include construction of: the July Column (Colonne de Juillet) on the Place de la Bastille (1830); the Halle Beauvau (the covered market on the Rue d'Aligre, 1843); the mainline Gare de Lyon (1847–1852) and the Paris-Vincennes rail line that terminated at the Gare de la Bastille (1855). The development of the railway lines had a major impact on

1925-606: The fortifications, the Saint Chapelle de Vincennes and several residences within the fortified walls that were designed to cater to royal tastes and standards of living. The last king to use the Chateau extensively as a royal residence was Louis XIV , who later abandoned it in favour of the Chateau de Versailles. In 1198, Foulques de Neuilly, preacher of the 4th crusade, built a small hermitage for reformed prostitutes in

1980-470: The furniture-making activity in the Faubourg have disappeared, though the École Boule , a famous school for furniture design founded in 1886 and located in the 12th arrondissement, continues to bear witness to this ancient artisanal tradition. The area next to the Seine that is now the 12th arrondissement was favoured by the French aristocracy as the site for their luxurious country estates. These included

2035-407: The generation of filmmakers that followed. Some of these filmmakers were called les enfants de la cinémathèque ("children of the cinémathèque"), as they could often be found in the front row of packed screenings. Langlois' romantic attitude to film was in contrast to the scientific approach utilised by Ernest Lindgren at Britain's National Film Archive . Langlois' methods were unconventional. He

2090-531: The history of filmmaking, including work from official film industries as well as current and early avant garde directors. The Cinémathèque's closing is noted in François Truffaut 's 1968 film Stolen Kisses . The Cinémathèque also appears in the Paul Auster 2002 novel The Book of Illusions and the 1998 Harvey Danger song "Private Helicopter". The Cinémathèque and the events surrounding

2145-606: The kings of France to the Abbey and its dependents, including a dispensation from taxes for artisans working in the territory of the Abbey. Moreover, in 1471, Louis XI authorised these artisans to work freely, without being subject to the control of the guilds . Over the years, the artisans of the Faubourg developed a solid international reputation that attracted skilled craftsmen from all over Europe. Since many of these artisans were Protestants, many were killed in August 1572 during

2200-595: The marshes of what was to become the 12th arrondissement. In 1204, a Cistercian abbey, Saint Anthony of the Fields, was founded outside and to the east of the walls of Paris. The Abbaye was protected by fortified walls and a moat. . Its church was dedicated to Saint Antoine, which gave the name, Faubourg Saint Antoine (Saint Anthony's suburb), to the neighbourhood that grew up around the Abbey. The Abbey housed nuns ( moniales ) and, quite quickly, became an institution dominated by noble women with direct connections to both

2255-441: The prestigious Cannes Film Festival was halted in protest that year. Protesters in Paris included the student activist Daniel Cohn-Bendit from University of Nanterre-Paris. Support came in telegrams from renowned directors, from Alfred Hitchcock to Akira Kurosawa to Federico Fellini to Gianni Serra . Malraux eventually reinstated Langlois after intense debate on 22 April, while reducing museum funding. The affaire Langlois

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2310-485: The royal house and other major noble families. The Abbesse was referred to as the Dame du Faubourg . Over several centuries, the Abbey benefited from the fact that these women were well integrated into the reigning economic and political power structures of Paris. The Faubourg developed a specialty in furniture making and, especially, in cabinet making. The development was due mainly to the protection and favours accorded by

2365-446: The same building. This social organisation of production gradually faded out and had disappeared entirely by the final decades of the 20th century. With the urban redevelopment of the 1980s, the plan was to use the repurposed arches under the railway viaduc of the defunct Paris-Vincennes line to house artisans' workshops. The resulting Viaduc des Arts provides workshops for a wide array of specialised crafts. Nevertheless, most traces of

2420-419: The stars. Bernardo Bertolucci 's 2003 film The Dreamers addresses the firing of Langlois and includes period footage of the events. In 2004, Jacques Richard directed a documentary on Langlois's career, The Phantom of the Cinémathèque . It features interviews with friends, colleagues, academics, and such movie luminaries as Simone Signoret , Godard, Chabrol, Truffaut and Jean-Michel Arnold . In 2014,

2475-411: The statue for the Place de la Nation . Due to various delays, the finished statue in bronze was not installed on the site until 1899. From an administrative point of view, the present-day 12th arrondissement was created by law of 16 June 1859, which rearranged Paris into the 20 arrondissements known today. The law also extended the arrondissement by absorbing parts of the villages of Bercy (including

2530-437: The two bodies was resolved only some years after Langlois had died. In 1968, French culture minister André Malraux tried to fire Langlois due to the latter's arrogance and iron-fisted rule of the museum. On 7 February, officially due to Langlois' mismanagement and inadequate housing of archived filmstock, the state-supported Cinémathèque board replaced Langlois with Pierre Barbin. Local and international uproar ensued, and even

2585-417: The village of Charenton and the eastern part of the 12th arrondissement. Its gardens were developed by the famous landscape architect, André le Notre . Built on a promontory overlooking the Seine, the Chateau offered broad views over formal French gardens and the river. Starting in 1804, the rapid development of the wine trade in the vicinity of the castle brought heavy river and road traffic and initiated what

2640-400: Was a French film archivist and cinephile . A pioneer of film preservation , Langlois was an influential figure in the history of cinema. His film screenings in Paris in the 1950s are often credited with providing the ideas that led to the development of the auteur theory . Langlois was co-founder of the Cinémathèque Française with Georges Franju and Jean Mitry and also co-founder of

2695-500: Was accused of having no rational approach to record keeping. The Cinémathèque lost a portion of its collection to a nitrate film fire on 10 July 1959. Sources are in conflict as to the cause and the extent of the loss. In September 1959, a rift developed between the Fédération Internationale des Archives du Film (FIAF) and the Cinémathèque. Langlois had been involved in the founding of FIAF. The dispute between

2750-454: Was in retrospect seen as a prelude to the larger May 68 protests. Truffaut dedicated his 1968 film Stolen Kisses to Langlois, and it opens with a shot of the shuttered and locked Cinémathèque. In 1970, Langlois selected seventy films from the Cinémathèque's collection for inclusion in "Cinémathèque at the Metropolitan Museum," an exhibition in celebration of the Centennial of the Metropolitan Museum of Art . The exhibition, co-sponsored by

2805-408: Was made about his life's work, featuring interviews with Ingrid Bergman , Lillian Gish , François Truffaut , Catherine Deneuve , Jeanne Moreau and others. The film was produced and directed by Roberto Guerra and Eila Hershon. Edgardo Cozarinsky 's 1994 documentary Citizen Langlois is an essayistic biography showing Langlois' progress from amateur collector to nouvelle vague hero and friend of

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2860-499: Was particularly known for its gardens, which were left open for the public to visit. In 1719, the estate was sold to the banker John Law , who converted the gardens into leased vegetable plots. Located at about the current placement of the Gare de Lyon, the estate had been completely dismantled by 1737, as shown by a map of this area dated that year. Another major estate was the 17th and 18th century Château de Bercy , which straddled

2915-414: Was refurbished by order of Napoleon III , who wanted it to become a "vast park for the working populations of eastern Paris". La Place de la Nation received its current name on 14 July 1880. Prior to that date, it was called the place du Trône, in honour of the entry into Paris of Louis XIV and his new wife, Marie-Thérèse of Austria . Le columns and associated taxation offices that can still be seen on

2970-579: Was the most diverse film exhibition held in the United States to date, and was the museum's first major undertaking in film. In 1974, Langlois received an Academy Honorary Award for his lifetime work with the Cinémathèque. He died three years later and is interred in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris. Place Henri Langlois in the 13th arrondissement in Paris is named in his honour. In 1970, an English language documentary Henri Langlois

3025-475: Was to become a progressive abandonment of the property. The château itself was destroyed in 1861. The artisans and workers of the Faubourg played a key role in the French Revolution and the violent political turmoil of the 19th century. Residents of the Faubourg were instrumental in the taking of the Bastille on 14 July 1789. There were only seven prisoners left in the Bastille at that point and

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