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110-583: Cinzano vermouths date back to 1757 and the Turin herbal shop of two brothers, Giovanni Giacomo and Carlo Stefano Cinzano, who created a new "vermouth rosso" (red vermouth) using "aromatic plants from the Italian Alps in a [still-secret] recipe combining 35 ingredients (including marjoram , thyme , and yarrow )". What became known as the "vermouth of Turin" proved popular with the bourgeoisie of Turin and, later, Casanova . Cinzano Bianco followed, based on

220-446: A 122,000 m (1,313,197 sq ft) complex, hosts approximately 30,000 students and is considered one of the major institutes of technology of the country – mainly due to the vocation of the city for the industrialisation, pushed by the automotive sector. This institute recently expanded in the western district of Cenisia with additional modern buildings. House of Savoy The House of Savoy ( Italian : Casa Savoia )

330-586: A centre of anti-fascist movements during the Ventennio fascista including the Italian resistance movement , Turin became a major European crossroad for industry, commerce and trade, and is part of the industrial triangle along with Milan and Genoa . It is ranked third in Italy, after Milan and Rome , for economic strength. As of 2018, the city has been ranked by GaWC as a Gamma-level global city . Turin

440-507: A clause stripping the Savoys of their wealth on exile. Emanuele Filiberto acknowledged that his fiancée, whose pregnancy was revealed at the time of the couple's engagement, belonged to a more leftist milieu than his own, a fact which initially displeased his father. Judicially separated since 1976, civilly divorced in 1982, and their marriage religiously annulled in 1987, Amedeo of Aosta's first wife, Princess Claude d'Orléans, revealed that she

550-755: A constitution known as the Statuto Albertino to Piedmont-Sardinia , which remained the basis of the Kingdom's legal system even after Italian unification was achieved and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. The Kingdom of Italy was the first Italian state to include the Italian Peninsula since the fall of the Roman Empire . But when Victor Emmanuel was crowned King of Italy in 1861, his realm did not include

660-463: A different combination of herbs that included artemisia ( wormwood ), cinnamon , cloves , citrus and gentian ; it was followed by an Extra Dry version. Exports began in the 1890s, to Argentina , Brazil and the USA , among others. In Paris in 1913, Cinzano was the first product to be advertised with a neon sign on its roof. Cinzano remained a family-run business until 1985. Beginning that year,

770-576: A firearm during the incident. On 16 June 2006, Vittorio Emanuele was arrested in Varenna and imprisoned in Potenza on charges of corruption and recruitment of prostitutes for clients of the Casinò di Campione of Campione d'Italia . After several days, Vittorio Emanuele was released and placed under house arrest instead. He was released from house arrest on 20 July but was required to remain within

880-632: A more plausible origin. Though Sabaudia was originally a poor county, later counts were diplomatically skilled, and gained control over strategic mountain passes in the Alps . Two of Humbert's sons were commendatory abbots at the Abbey of St. Maurice, Agaunum , on the River Rhone east of Lake Geneva , and Saint Maurice is still the patron of the House of Savoy. Humbert's son, Otto of Savoy succeeded to

990-534: A plane journey, with Rossiter accidentally hitting the "recline" switch on Collins' chair, causing her to spill a glass of the drink over herself. It also featured as a Sterling Cooper-promoted brand on the series Mad Men . Turin Turin ( / tj ʊəˈr ɪ n , ˈ tj ʊər ɪ n / ture- IN , TURE -in , Piedmontese : [tyˈriŋ] ; Italian : Torino [toˈriːno] ; Latin : Augusta Taurinorum , then Taurinum )

1100-462: A result of a 1997 merger, Grand Metropolitan became Diageo ; two years later, Diageo sold Cinzano to the privately held Gruppo Campari . The Cinzano cycling team had a central role in the film Breaking Away . It comes in four versions: Cinzano was well known in Britain for its humorous television advertisements featuring Leonard Rossiter and Joan Collins . One of these featured the pair on

1210-798: A result of the War of the Quadruple Alliance . On the mainland, the dynasty continued its expansionist policies as well. Through advantageous alliances during the War of the Polish Succession and War of the Austrian Succession , Charles Emmanuel III gained new lands at the expense of the Austrian-controlled Duchy of Milan . In 1792, Piedmont-Sardinia joined the First Coalition against

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1320-525: A television interview, Emanuele Filiberto also requested that Roman landmarks such as the Quirinale palace and Villa Ada should be returned to the Savoy family. The Italian prime minister’s office has released a statement stating that the Savoys are not owed any damages and suggesting that Italy may demand damages from the Savoys for their collusion with Benito Mussolini . The Italian constitution contains

1430-697: A year later. On 12 June 1946, the Kingdom of Italy formally came to an end as Umberto transferred his powers to Prime Minister Alcide de Gasperi and called for the Italian people to support the new republic. He then went into exile in Portugal , never to return; he died in 1983. Under the Constitution of the Italian Republic , the republican form of government cannot be changed by constitutional amendment , thus forbidding any attempt to restore

1540-471: A year, public opinion pushed for a referendum to decide between retaining the monarchy or becoming a republic. On 9 May 1946, in a last-ditch attempt to save the monarchy, Victor Emmanuel formally abdicated in favour of his son, who became Umberto II . It did not work; the Italian constitutional referendum, 1946 was won by republicans with 54% of the vote. Victor Emmanuel went into exile in Egypt , dying there

1650-610: Is a city and an important business and cultural centre in Northern Italy . It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin , and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865. The city is mainly on the western bank of the Po River , below its Susa Valley , and is surrounded by the western Alpine arch and Superga hill. The population of the city proper is 847,622 (30 June 2024), while

1760-520: Is also home to much of the Italian automotive industry , hosting the headquarters of Fiat , Lancia , and Alfa Romeo . The city has a rich culture and history, and it is known for its numerous art galleries , restaurants, churches, palaces, opera houses , piazzas , parks, gardens, theatres, libraries, museums and other venues. Turin is well known for its Baroque , Rococo , Neoclassical , and Art Nouveau architecture. Many of Turin's public squares , castles, gardens, and elegant palazzi , such as

1870-454: Is an Italian royal house (formally a dynasty ) that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansions the family grew in power, first ruling a small Alpine county northwest of Italy and later gaining absolute rule of the Kingdom of Sicily . During the years 1713 to 1720, they were handed the island of Sardinia and would exercise direct rule from then onward. Through its junior branch of Savoy-Carignano ,

1980-496: Is an example of contemporary architecture, being a 300 m-long (980 ft) and 19 m-high (62 ft) glass and steel structure. Porta Susa is currently the international central station of the city (high speed trains to Paris) and it is becoming the central hub of railway transportation of the city, being the station in which local trains (so-called Ferrovie Metropolitane ), national trains and high-speed national and international trains converge. Close to Via Cernaia stands

2090-580: Is another example of Baroque square with arcades. Another main street of downtown is Via Pietro Micca , which starts in Piazza Castello and ends in the large Piazza Solferino . The street continues in Via Cernaia up to Piazza XVIII Dicembre , which features the former Porta Susa passengers building, relocated in 2012 a little more southward. The new and larger passengers building is situated between Corso Bolzano and Corso Inghilterra and

2200-762: Is depicted on the Italian 2-cent coin. Just behind Piazza Castello stands the Turin Cathedral , dedicated to Saint John the Baptist , which is the major church of the city. It was built during 1491–1498 and is adjacent to an earlier bell tower (1470). Annexed to the cathedral is the Chapel of the Holy Shroud , the current resting place of the Shroud of Turin . The chapel was added to the structure in 1668–1694, designed by Guarini . The Basilica of Corpus Domini

2310-504: Is often regarded as the pinnacle of Art Nouveau design, and the city hosted the same event in 1911 . By this time, Turin had grown to 430,000 inhabitants. After World War I , harsh conditions brought a wave of strikes and workers' protests. In 1920 the Lingotto Fiat factory was occupied. The Fascist regime in Italy put an end to the social unrest, banning trade unions and jailing socialist leaders, notably Antonio Gramsci . On

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2420-534: Is popular for its aperitivo bars and its small shops run by local artisans. The hub of the Quadrilatero is Piazza Emanuele Filiberto . South of the Quadrilatero Romano stands Via Garibaldi , another popular street of the city. It is a 1 km (0.6 mi) pedestrian street between Piazza Castello and Piazza Statuto which features some of the old shops of the city. Large Piazza Statuto

2530-400: Is split up into 8 boroughs , locally called circoscrizioni ; these do not necessarily correspond to the historical districts of the city, which are rather called quartieri , rioni , borghi , borgate or zone . The "circoscrizioni" system originally comprised 10 of them, that were reduced to 8 by merging borough 9 into 8, and 10 into 2. The following list numerates the boroughs and

2640-657: The Castello or Palazzo Madama . The Porta Palatina , on the north side of the current city centre, is still preserved in a park near the cathedral. Remains of the Roman-period theatre are preserved in the area of the Manica Nuova . Turin reached about 5,000 inhabitants at the time, all living inside the high city walls. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the town, along with the rest of

2750-593: The Cittadella (Citadel), in the Andrea Guglielminetti garden . What remains of the old medieval and modern fortress of the city, it is a starting point for a tour into the old tunnels below the city. Southeast of the city centre stands San Salvario district, which extends from Corso Vittorio Emanuele II to Corso Bramante and is delimited by the Turin-Genoa railway on the west side and by

2860-503: The Congress of Vienna . In the meantime, nationalist figures such as Giuseppe Mazzini were influencing popular opinion. Mazzini believed that Italian unification could only be achieved through a popular uprising, but after the failure of the 1848 revolutions , the Italian nationalists began to look to the Kingdom of Sardinia and its prime minister Count Cavour as leaders of the unification movement. In 1848, Charles Albert conceded

2970-991: The First World War ended, the Treaty of Versailles fell short of what had been promised in the London Pact to Italy. As the economic conditions in Italy worsened after the war, popular resentment and along with it the seeds of Italian fascism began to grow and resulted in the March on Rome by Benito Mussolini . General Pietro Badoglio advised King Victor Emmanuel III that he could easily sweep Mussolini and his rag-tag Blackshirt army to one side, but Victor Emmanuel decided to tolerate Mussolini and appointed him as prime minister on 28 October 1922. The king remained silent as Mussolini engaged in one abuse of power after another from 1924 onward, and did not intervene in 1925-26 when Mussolini dropped all pretense of democracy. By

3080-540: The French First Republic . It was beaten in 1796 by Napoleon and forced to conclude the disadvantageous Treaty of Paris (1796) , giving the French army free passage through Piedmont. In 1798, Joubert occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel IV to abdicate and leave for the island of Sardinia. Eventually, in 1814 the kingdom was restored and enlarged with the addition of the former Republic of Genoa by

3190-617: The House of Habsburg , in the hope of recovering his lands. He served Philip II as Governor of the Netherlands from 1555 to 1559. In this capacity, he led the Spanish invasion of northern France and won a victory at St. Quentin in 1557. He took advantage of various squabbles in Europe to slowly regain territory from both the French and the Spanish, including the city of Turin. He moved

3300-590: The Italian Republic was proclaimed. The name derives from the historical region of Savoy in the Alpine region between what is now France and Italy. Over time, the House of Savoy expanded its territory and influence through judicious marriages and international diplomacy. From rule of a region on the French–Italian border, by the time of its deposition the dynasty's realm grew to include nearly all of

3410-495: The Italian War of 1494–98 . During the outbreak of the Italian war of 1521–1526 , Emperor Charles V stationed imperial troops in Savoy. In 1536, Francis I of France invaded Savoy and Piedmont, taking Turin by April of that year. Charles III , Duke of Savoy, fled to Vercelli. When Emmanuel Philibert came to power in 1553 most of his family's territories were in French hands, so he offered to serve France's leading enemy

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3520-479: The Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1865. Turin is sometimes called "the cradle of Italian liberty" for having been the political and intellectual centre of the Risorgimento that led to the unification of Italy , as well as the birthplace of notable individuals who contributed to it, such as Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour . Although much of its political influence had been lost by World War II , having been

3630-654: The Leonardo da Vinci self-portrait , and the baroque Royal Church of San Lorenzo . Moreover, Piazza Castello hosts a Fascist era building, the Torre Littoria , a sort of skyscraper which was supposed to become the headquarters of the Fascist party, although it never served as such. The building's style is quite different from the Baroque style of Piazza Castello. The square regularly hosts the main open space events of

3740-468: The Murazzi quays used to host several bars and nightclubs open until the morning until a few years ago. Parallel to Via Roma, the other two popular pedestrian streets, namely Via Lagrange and Via Carlo Alberto , cross the old town from Via Po to Corso Vittorio Emanuele II . Their recent pedestrianisation has improved their original commercial vocation. In particular, Via Lagrange has recently increased

3850-564: The Palatine Towers , an ancient Roman -medieval structure that served as one of four Roman city gates along the city walls of Turin. This gate allowed access from north to the cardo maximus , the typical second main street of a Roman town. The Palatine Towers are among the best preserved Roman remains in Northern Italy. Close to this site, the 51,300 m (552,189 sq ft) Piazza della Repubblica plays host to

3960-817: The Palazzo Madama , were built between the 16th and 18th centuries. A part of the historical centre of Turin was inscribed in the World Heritage List under the name Residences of the Royal House of Savoy . In addition, the city is home to museums, such as the Museo Egizio , and the Mole Antonelliana , the city's architectural symbol, which in turn hosts the National Museum of Cinema . Turin's attractions make it one of

4070-768: The Parlamento Subalpino (the "Subalpine Parliament", Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia which also became the Italian Parliament for a few years, after the Italian unification) and today houses the Museum of the Risorgimento . The square also features the Teatro Carignano , a well-conserved Baroque theatre. Via Carlo Alberto crosses Piazza Carlo Alberto , a big square hosting the rear façade of Palazzo Carignano, in eclectic style. On

4180-723: The Protestant Reformation , after which it was conquered by Bern . Piedmont was later joined with Sabaudia, and the name evolved into "Savoy" ( Italian : Savoia ). By the time Amadeus VIII came to power in the late 14th century, the House of Savoy had gone through a series of gradual territorial expansions and he was elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund to the Duke of Savoy in 1416. In 1494, Charles VIII of France passed through Savoy on his way to Italy and Naples, which initiated

4290-591: The Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation and the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus , alleging that memberships in the orders had been sold to unworthy candidates, a newfound practice they could not abide. In 1941, in the fascist puppet state Independent State of Croatia , Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta , grandson of Amadeo I of Spain , was formally named as the king under

4400-604: The Venetia region (subject to Habsburg governance), Lazio (with Rome), Umbria , Marche and Romagna (with the Papal town of Bologna ). Yet the House of Savoy continued to rule Italy for several decades, through the Italian Independence wars as Italian unification proceeded and even as the First World War raged on in the early 20th century. In April 1655, based on (perhaps false) reports of resistance by

4510-615: The Waldensians , a Protestant religious minority, to a plan to resettle them in remote mountain valleys, Charles Emmanuel II ordered their general massacre . The massacre was so brutal it aroused indignation throughout Europe. Oliver Cromwell , then ruler in England, began petitioning on behalf of the Waldensians, writing letters, raising contributions, calling a general fast in England, and threatening to send military forces to

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4620-417: The 1884 International Exhibition . Other buildings in Corso Massimo d'Azeglio include the Torino Esposizioni complex (Turin's exhibition hall built in the 1930s) featuring a monumental entrance with a large full height porch, a main hall designed by Pier Luigi Nervi in reinforced concrete, and the Teatro Nuovo , a theatre mostly focused on ballet exhibitions. Another building is the largest synagogue of

4730-450: The Albanian crown as well in 1939, but lost Ethiopia two years later, in 1941. However, as Mussolini and the Axis powers failed in the Second World War in 1943, several members of the Italian court began putting out feelers to the Allies, who in turn let it be known that Mussolini had to go. After Mussolini received a vote of no confidence from the Fascist Grand Council on 24 July, Victor Emmanuel dismissed him from office, relinquished

4840-550: The Brazilians. In the postwar years, Turin was rapidly rebuilt. The city's automotive industry played a pivotal role in the Italian economic miracle of the 1950s and 1960s, attracting hundreds of thousands of immigrants to the city, particularly from the rural southern regions of Italy. The number of immigrants was so big that Turin was said to be "the third southern Italian city after Naples and Palermo ". The population soon reached 1 million in 1960 and peaked at almost 1.2 million in 1971. The exceptional growth gains of

4950-1124: The Duchy of Aosta , Prince of Chieri , Dronero , Crescentino , Riva di Chieri e Banna, Busca , Bene , Brà , Duke of Genoa , Monferrat , Aosta , Duke of Chablais , Genevois , Duke of Piacenza , Marquis of Saluzzo (Saluces), Ivrea , Susa , del Maro, Oristano , Cesana , Savona , Tarantasia , Borgomanero e Cureggio , Caselle , Rivoli , Pianezza , Govone , Salussola , Racconigi con Tegerone, Migliabruna e Motturone, Cavallermaggiore , Marene , Modane e Lanslebourg , Livorno Ferraris , Santhià Agliè , Centallo e Demonte , Desana , Ghemme , Vigone , Count of Barge , Villafranca , Ginevra , Nizza , Tenda , Romont , Asti , Alessandria , del Goceano , Novara , Tortona , Bobbio , Soissons , Sant'Antioco , Pollenzo , Roccabruna , Tricerro , Bairo , Ozegna , delle Apertole, Baron of Vaud e del Faucigni , Lord of Vercelli , Pinerolo , della Lomellina , della Valle Sesia , del marchesato di Ceva , Overlord of Monaco , Roccabruna and 11/12th of Menton , Noble patrician of Venice , patrician of Ferrara . These titles were used during

5060-403: The Ethiopian and Albanian crowns, and appointed Pietro Badoglio as prime minister. On 8 September the new government announced it had signed an armistice with the Allies five days earlier. However, Victor Emmanuel made another blunder when he and his government fled south to Brindisi , leaving his army without orders. As the Allies and the Resistance gradually chased the Nazis and Fascists off

5170-414: The French Alps. Winters are moderately cold and dry, summers are mild in the hills and quite hot in the plains. Rain falls mostly during spring and autumn; during the hottest months, otherwise, rains are less frequent but heavier (thunderstorms are frequent). During the winter and autumn months banks of fog, which are sometimes very thick, form in the plains but rarely on the city because of its location at

5280-501: The Grace of God , King of Sardinia , Cyprus , Jerusalem , Armenia , Duke of Savoy, Montferrat , Chablais , Aosta and Genevois , Prince of Piedmont and Oneglia , Marquis (of the Holy Roman Empire ) in Italy, of Saluzzo , Susa , Ivrea , Ceva , Maro, Oristano , Sezana , Count of Maurienne , Nice , Tende , Asti , Alessandria , Goceano , Baron of Vaud and Faucigny , Lord of Vercelli , Pinerolo , Tarentaise , Lumellino , Val di Sesia , Prince and perpetual Vicar of

5390-461: The Holy Roman Empire in Italy. Victor Emmanuel II , by the Grace of God and the Will of the Nation, King of Italy , King of Sardinia , Cyprus , Jerusalem , Armenia , Duke of Savoy , Count of Maurienne , Marquis (of the Holy Roman Empire ) in Italy; Prince of Piedmont , Carignano , Oneglia , Poirino , Trino ; Prince and Perpetual vicar of the Holy Roman Empire; Prince of Carmagnola , Montmellian with Arbin and Francin, Prince bailiff of

5500-435: The House of Savoy led the Italian unification in 1861, and ruled the Kingdom of Italy until 1946. They also briefly ruled the Kingdom of Spain during the 19th century. The Savoyard kings of Italy were: Victor Emmanuel II , Umberto I , Victor Emmanuel III , and Umberto II . Umberto II reigned for only a few weeks, as the last king of Italy, before being deposed following the institutional referendum of 1946 ; after which

5610-426: The Italian Peninsula. The house descended from Humbert I , Count of Sabaudia (Umberto I "Biancamano"), (1003–1047 or 1048). The ancestry of Humbert is uncertain, as contemporary documents make no mention of his father. His family was traditionally believed to have come from Saxony, but more recent investigations have pointed to the County of Vienne , where both Humbert and his relatives held extensive possessions, as

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5720-422: The Italian peninsula, was conquered by the Heruli and the Ostrogoths , recaptured by the Romans , but then conquered again by the Lombards whose territory then fell into the hands of the Franks under Charlemagne (773). The Contea di Torino (countship) was founded in the 940s and was held by the Arduinic dynasty until 1050. After the marriage of Adelaide of Susa with Humbert Biancamano 's son Otto ,

5830-619: The Kingdom ceased to exist in 1946, King Umberto II did not abdicate his role as fons honorum over the two dynastic orders over which the family has long held sovereignty and grand mastership. Today, following the dispute, both Prince Emanuele Filiberto and Prince Aimone claim to be hereditary Sovereign and Grand Master of the following orders of the House of Savoy: In addition to these, Vittorio Emanuele claims sovereignty over two more orders: In February 2006, all three of Vittorio Emanuele 's sisters ( Princess Maria Pia , Princess Maria Gabriella , and Princess Maria Beatrice ) resigned from

5940-434: The Marone family, Turin industrialists, began to sell shares in the business, culminating in 1992 with an agreement to turn Cinzano International S.A. entirely over to International Distillers & Vintners , a wholly owned subsidiary of Grand Metropolitan . At the time of its sale, Cinzano's share of the vermouth market in Europe was measured in the low single digits, sales that placed it a distant second to Martini . As

6050-446: The Po river on the east side. Home to an increasing immigrants' community, the district is an example of integration among different cultures; it also features an incremented nightlife after the opening of several low-cost bars and restaurants. San Salvario is crossed by two main roads, Via Nizza and Via Madama Cristina , and just as the city centre it is characterised by the grid plan typical of Turin's old neighbourhoods. The hub of

6160-458: The RAF; the heaviest raid took place on 13 July 1943, when 295 bombers dropped 763 tons of bombs, killing 792 people. Overall, these raids killed 2,069 inhabitants of Turin, and destroyed or damaged 54% of all buildings in the city. The Allied's campaign in Italy started off from the South and slowly moved northwards in the following two years, leaving the northern regions occupied by Germans and collaborationist forces for several years. Turin

6270-399: The Savoy-Aosta branch led by Aimone. As of 2022, the House of Savoy has been in the process of trying to reclaim family jewels which have been owned by the Italian government since the abolition of the monarchy. Vittorio Emanuele died in February 2024. The House of Savoy has held two dynastic orders since 1362 which were brought into the Kingdom of Italy as national orders. Although

6380-459: The Spanish Succession Victor Amadeus switched sides to assist the Habsburgs and, via the Treaty of Utrecht , they rewarded him with large pieces of land in northeastern Italy and a Crown in Sicily. Savoy rule over Sicily lasted only seven years (1713–20). The crown of Sicily, the prestige of being kings at last, and the wealth of Palermo helped strengthen the House of Savoy further. In 1720, they were forced to exchange Sicily for Sardinia as

6490-1442: The association football club Juventus , which competes with its rival Torino in the Derby della Mole , the city's derby . The city, among other events, was one of the host cities of the 1934 and 1990 FIFA World Cups, along with hosting the 2006 Winter Olympics ; Turin hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 and is hosting the tennis ATP Finals from 2021 until 2025. [REDACTED] Roman Republic 58–27 BC [REDACTED] Roman Empire 27 BC–285 AD [REDACTED] Western Roman Empire 285–476 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Odoacer 476–493 [REDACTED] Ostrogothic Kingdom 493–553 [REDACTED] Eastern Roman Empire 553–569 [REDACTED] Lombard Kingdom 569–773 [REDACTED] Carolingian Empire 773–888 [REDACTED] March of Ivrea 888–941 [REDACTED] March of Turin 941–1046 [REDACTED] County of Savoy 1046–1416 [REDACTED] Duchy of Savoy 1416–1720 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Sardinia 1720–1792 [REDACTED] First French Republic 1792–1804 [REDACTED] First French Empire 1804–1814 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Sardinia 1814–1861 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Italy 1861–1943 [REDACTED] Italian Social Republic 1943–1945 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Italy 1945–1946 [REDACTED] Italian Republic 1946–present The Taurini were an ancient Celto-Ligurian , Alpine people, who occupied

6600-401: The biggest open market in Europe, locally known as mercato di Porta Palazzo ( Porta Palazzo or Porta Pila are the historical and local names of this area). West of the Porte Palatine stands the Quadrilatero Romano (Roman Quadrilateral), the old medieval district recently renewed. The current neighbourhood is characterised by its tiny streets and its several medieval buildings and today it

6710-401: The capital of the duchy from Chambéry to Turin. The 17th century brought about economic development to the Turin area and the House of Savoy took part in and benefitted from that. Charles Emmanuel II developed the port of Nice and built a road through the Alps towards France. And through skillful political manoeuvres territorial expansion continued. In the early 18th century in the War of

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6820-485: The centre of the roundabout between Corso Vittorio Emanuele II and Corso Galileo Ferraris : the Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II , a king of Savoy statue situated on a 39-meters high column. Next to the museum, another significant residential building previously hosted the head office of Juventus , one of the two main Turin football clubs . West of this area, the main building of Polytechnic University of Turin stands along Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi . The 1958 building,

6930-406: The city for 117 days without conquering it. By the Treaty of Utrecht the Duke of Savoy acquired Sicily , soon traded for Sardinia , and part of the former Duchy of Milan , and obtained the title of King of Sardinia ; thus Turin became the capital of a European kingdom. The architect Filippo Juvarra began a major redesign of the city; Turin had about 90,000 inhabitants at the time. Turin, like

7040-427: The city gained it the nickname of Capitale dell'automobile (Automobile Capital), being often compared with Detroit , the major centre of the U.S. automobile industry (both cities has been twinned in 1998). In the 1970s and 1980s, the oil and automotive industry crisis severely hit the city, and its population began to sharply decline, losing more than one-fourth of its total in 30 years. The long population decline of

7150-426: The city has begun to reverse itself only in recent years, as the population grew from 865,000 to slightly over 900,000 by the end of the century. In 2006, Turin hosted the Winter Olympic Games . Turin is in northwest Italy . It is surrounded on the western and northern front by the Alps and on the eastern front by a high hill that is the natural continuation of the hills of Monferrato . Four major rivers pass through

7260-607: The city, in Piazzetta Primo Levi , a square. Its architecture stands in the main sight of the city, as characterised by four large towers – 27 m (89 ft) high – topped by four onion-shaped domes. South of Centro stands the Crocetta district, considered one of the most exclusive districts of the city, because of highly rated residential buildings. At the heart of the district is the partially pedestrianised area crossed by Corso Trieste , Corso Trento and Corso Duca D'Aosta , plenty of some notable residential buildings in eclectic , neo-Gothic and Art Nouveau style. The area

7370-421: The city, live concerts included. As for the southern part of the street, Via Roma ends in Piazza Carlo Felice and in its Giardino Sambuy , a wide fenced garden right in the middle of the square. Across from Piazza Carlo Felice stands the monumental façade of Porta Nuova railway station , the central station of the city built between 1861 and 1868 by the architect Alessandro Mazzucchetti. The passengers building

7480-411: The city. The half-pedestrianized square hosts some significant buildings such as Palazzo Reale (Former Savoy Royal House), the Palazzo Madama (which previously hosted the Savoy senate and, for few years, the Italian senate after Italian unification), the former Baroque Teatro Regio di Torino (rebuilt in modern style in the 1960s, after being destroyed by fire), the Royal Library of Turin which hosts

7590-403: The city: the Po and three of its tributaries, the Dora Riparia (once known as Duria Minor by the Romans, from the Celtic noun duria meaning "water"), the Stura di Lanzo and the Sangone . Located in northwestern Italy at the foot of the Alps , Turin features a mid-latitude, four seasons humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa ), similar to that of Grenoble , located not far away in

7700-422: The district is Piazza Madama Cristina which hosts a big open market, while several commercial activities flourish around it. The celebrated Parco del Valentino is situated in the east side of San Salvario and, albeit not in downtown, it represents kind of central park of Turin. Thanks to the vicinity to the city centre, the park is very popular among the local people, during the day but also at night, because of

7810-435: The end of 1928, the king's right to remove Mussolini from office was, at least theoretically, the only check on his power. Later, the King's failure, in the face of mounting evidence, to move against the Mussolini regime's abuses of power led to much criticism and had dire future consequences for Italy and for the monarchy itself. Italy conquered Ethiopia in 1936 and Victor Emmanuel was crowned as Emperor of Ethiopia. He added

7920-540: The end of the Susa Valley . Snowfalls are not uncommon during the winter months, although substantial accumulation is quite uncommon. Its position on the east side of the Alps makes the weather drier than on the west side because of the föhn wind effect. The highest temperature ever recorded was 37.1 °C (98.8 °F) on 11 August 2003 , and the lowest was −21.8 °C (−7.2 °F) on 12 February 1956. Turin

8030-452: The equestrian monument to Emmanuel Philibert , also known as Caval ëd Brons in the local dialect ("Bronze Horse"); the monument depicts the Duke sheathing his sword after the Battle of St. Quentin . Piazza San Carlo arcades host the most ancient cafés of the city, such as Caffé Torino and Caffé San Carlo . At the northern end of Via Roma stands Piazza Castello , regarded as the heart of

8140-570: The face. Some of the activities of members of the House of Savoy have evoked media coverage disappointing to Italian royalists. In November 1991, after thirteen years of legal proceedings, the Paris Assize Court acquitted Vittorio Emanuele of the fatal wounding and unintentional homicide in August 1978 of Dirk Hamer (who was shot and killed while asleep on a yacht off Cavallo) , finding him guilty only of unauthorised possession of

8250-549: The false upper floors are in transalpino (i.e. French) style. The façade sports the huge coat of arms of the House of Savoy . Today, Castello del Valentino serves as the faculty of Architecture of the Polytechnic University of Turin . Another cluster of buildings in the park is the Borgo Medioevale (Medieval village), a replica of medieval mountain castles of Piedmont and Aosta Valley, built for

8360-679: The family of the Counts of Savoy gained control. While the title of count was held by the Bishop as count of Turin (1092–1130 and 1136–1191) it was ruled as a prince-bishopric by the Bishops. In 1230–1235, it was a lordship under the Marquess of Montferrat , styled Lord of Turin. At the end of the 13th century, when it was annexed to the Duchy of Savoy, the city already had 20,000 inhabitants. Many of

8470-591: The first and original building of the University of Turin and the historical Caffè Fiorio , which was the favourite café of the 19th-century politicians. Via Po ends in Piazza Vittorio Veneto (simply called Piazza Vittorio locally), the largest Baroque square in Europe and today heart of Turin nightlife. Piazza Vittorio features the most fashionable bars and not far from here, along the Po riverfront,

8580-413: The gardens and palaces were built in the 15th century when the city was redesigned. The University of Turin was also founded during this period. Emmanuel Philibert , also known under the nickname of Iron Head (Testa 'd Fer), made Turin the capital of the Duchy of Savoy in 1563. Piazza Reale (named Piazza San Carlo today) and Via Nuova (current Via Roma) were added along with the first enlargement of

8690-459: The leadership of the House of Savoy was contested by two cousins: Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples , who used to claim the title of King of Italy, and Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta , who claimed the title of Duke of Savoy. Their rivalry has not always been peaceful — on 21 May 2004, following a dinner held by King Juan Carlos I of Spain on the eve of the wedding of his son Felipe, Prince of Asturias , Vittorio Emanuele punched Amedeo twice in

8800-645: The location of the historical districts inside them: The mayor of Turin is directly elected every five years. The current mayor of the city is Stefano Lo Russo ( PD ), elected in 2021. Turin's historical architecture is predominantly Baroque and was developed under the Savoyard state . Nonetheless, the main street of the city centre, Via Roma , was built during the Fascist era (from 1931 to 1937) as an example of Italian Rationalism , replacing former buildings already present in this area. Via Roma runs between Piazza Carlo Felice and Piazza Castello . Buildings on

8910-632: The medal of Great Official of Savoy Military Order, greatly outraging a large part of the public opinion. As a result, Umberto I was assassinated in July 1900 in Monza by Gaetano Bresci , the brother of one of the women massacred in the crowd, who had traveled back to Italy from the United States for the assassination. The king had previously been the target of failed assassination attempts by anarchists Giovanni Passannante and Pietro Acciarito . When

9020-424: The monarchy short of adoption of an entirely new constitution. The constitution also forbade male descendants of the House of Savoy from entering Italy. This provision was removed in 2002 but as part of the deal to be allowed back into Italy, Vittorio Emanuele , the last claimant to the House of Savoy, renounced all claims to the throne. He died in 2024. The Residences of the Royal House of Savoy in Turin and

9130-580: The most iconic landmarks of the city, like the Mole Antonelliana , the Egyptian Museum , the Gran Madre di Dio church and Piazza Vittorio Veneto were built in this period. The late 19th century was also a period of rapid industrialization, especially in the automotive sector: in 1899 Fiat was established in the city, followed by Lancia in 1906. The Universal Exposition held in Turin in 1902

9240-574: The name Tomislav II , but never ruled in practice as he remained residing in Italy, and formally abdicated in 1943 when Italy ended participation with the Axis Powers . In 1396, the title and privileges of the final king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia , Levon V , were transferred to James I , his cousin and king of Cyprus. The title of King of Armenia was thus united with the titles of King of Cyprus and King of Jerusalem. The title

9350-653: The name of Julia Augusta Taurinorum (modern Turin). Both Livy and Strabo mention the Taurini's country as including one of the passes of the Alps , which points to a wider use of the name in earlier times. In the first century BC (probably 28 BC ), the Romans founded Augusta Taurinorum . Via Garibaldi traces the exact path of the Roman city's decumanus which began at the Porta Decumani , later incorporated into

9460-587: The neighbourhood are protected as a World Heritage Site . Although the titles and distinctions of the Italian royal family are not legally recognised by the Italian Republic, the remaining members of the House of Savoy, like dynasties of other abolished monarchies , still use some of the various titles they acquired over the millennium of their reign prior to the republic's establishment, including Duke of Savoy; "Prince of Naples", previously conferred by Joseph Bonaparte to be hereditary on his children and grandchildren; Prince of Piedmont ; and Duke of Aosta . Before,

9570-538: The newly proclaimed united Kingdom of Italy having been the political and intellectual centre of the Risorgimento movement, until 1865, when the capital was moved to Florence , and then to Rome after the 1870 conquest of the Papal States . The 1871 opening of the Fréjus Tunnel made Turin an important communication node between Italy and France. The city in that period had 250,000 inhabitants. Some of

9680-400: The other hand, Benito Mussolini largely subsidised the automotive industry, to provide vehicles to the army. Turin was then a target of Allied strategic bombing during World War II , being heavily damaged by the air raids in its industrial areas as well as in the city centre. Along with Milan , Genoa , and La Spezia , Turin was one of Italy's four cities that experienced area bombing by

9790-430: The other side stands the monumental Biblioteca Nazionale (National Library). Not far from Via Po stands the symbol of Turin, namely the Mole Antonelliana , so named after the architect who built it, Alessandro Antonelli . Construction began in 1863 as a Jewish synagogue . Nowadays it houses the National Museum of Cinema and it is believed to be the tallest museum in the world at 167 m (548 ft). The building

9900-414: The parents of sons Umberto and Amedeo born, respectively, in 2009 and 2011. In 2019, Vittorio Emanuele issued a formal decree that modified the medieval law restricting succession to male heirs to place his granddaughter, Vittoria Cristina Chiara Adelaide Marie , in the line of succession. Prince Aimone declared the change illegitimate, meaning the title will remain in male succession and will transfer to

10010-505: The peninsula, it became apparent that Victor Emmanuel was too tainted by his earlier support of Mussolini to have any postwar role. Accordingly, Victor Emmanuel transferred most of his powers to his son, Crown Prince Umberto, in April 1944. Rome was liberated two months later, and Victor Emmanuel transferred his remaining powers to Umberto and named him Lieutenant General of the Realm . Within

10120-504: The population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants. The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million. The city was historically a major European political centre. From 1563, it was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy , then of the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the House of Savoy , and the first capital of

10230-535: The portion between Piazza Carlo Felice and Piazza San Carlo were designed by rationalist architect Marcello Piacentini . These blocks were built into a reticular system, composed by austere buildings in clear rationalist style, such as the impressive Hotel Principi di Piemonte and the former Hotel Nazionale in Piazza CLN . Porches are built in a continuous entablature and marked with double columns, to be consistent with those of Piazza San Carlo. The section of

10340-452: The presence of luxury boutiques. This street also hosts the Egyptian Museum of Turin , home to what is regarded as one of the largest collections of Egyptian antiquities outside of Egypt. Via Lagrange and Via Carlo Alberto cross two significant squares of the city, respectively. The former crosses Piazza Carignano , well known mainly for the undulating "concave – convex-concave" Baroque façade of Palazzo Carignano . This building used to host

10450-646: The rescue. The massacre prompted John Milton 's famous sonnet , " On the Late Massacre in Piedmont ". In 1898, the Bava Beccaris massacre in Milan involved the use of cannons against unarmed protesters (including women and the elderly) during riots over the rising price of bread. King Umberto I of the House of Savoy congratulated General Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris for the massacre and decorated him with

10560-465: The rest of Piedmont , was annexed by the French Empire in 1802. The city thus became the seat of the prefecture of Pô department until the fall of Napoleon in 1814, when the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was restored with Turin as its capital. In the following decades, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia led the struggle towards the unification of Italy . In 1861, Turin became the capital of

10670-401: The several bars and nightclubs placed here. From the terraces of Parco del Valentino, many sights of the hills on the other side of the river can be appreciated. In the centre of the park stands the Castello del Valentino , built in the 17th century. This castle has a horseshoe shape, with four rectangular towers, one at each angle, and a wide inner court with a marble pavement. The ceilings of

10780-413: The street between Piazza San Carlo and Piazza Castello was built in an eclectic style, with arcades characterised by Serliana -type arches. To this day Via Roma is the street featuring the most fashionable boutiques of the city. Via Roma crosses one of the main squares of the city: the pedestrianized Piazza San Carlo, built by Carlo di Castellamonte in the 17th century. In the middle of the square stands

10890-520: The territory of the Republic. When incarcerated in June 2006, Vittorio Emanuele was recorded admitting with regard to the killing of Dirk Hamer that "I was in the wrong, [...] but I must say I fooled them [the French judges]", leading to a call from Hamer's sister Birgit for Vittorio Emanuele to be retried in Italy for the killing. After a long legal fight, Birgit Hamer obtained the full video. The story

11000-650: The title in 1051 after the death of his elder brother Amadeus I of Savoy . Otto married the Marchioness Adelaide of Turin, bringing the Marquessate of Susa , with the towns of Turin and Pinerolo, into the House of Savoy's possession. They once had claims on the modern canton of Vaud , where they occupied the Château of Chillon in Switzerland , but their access to it was cut by Geneva during

11110-454: The upper valley of the Po River , in the center of modern Piedmont . In 218 BC, they were attacked by Hannibal as he was allied with their long-standing enemies, the Insubres . The Taurini chief town ( Taurasia ) was captured by Hannibal's forces after a three-day siege. As a people they are rarely mentioned in history. It is believed that a Roman colony was established after 28 BC under

11220-524: The walls, in the first half of the 17th century; in the same period the Palazzo Reale ( Royal Palace of Turin ) was also built. In the second half of that century, a second enlargement of the walls was planned and executed, with the building of the arcaded Via Po, connecting Piazza Castello with the bridge on the Po through the regular street grid. In 1706, during the Battle of Turin , the French besieged

11330-472: The world's top 250 tourist destinations and the tenth most visited city in Italy in 2008. The city also hosts some of Italy's best universities, colleges, academies, lycea , and gymnasia , such as the University of Turin , founded in the 15th century, and the Turin Polytechnic . Turin is also worldwide famous for icons like the Shroud of Turin , the gianduja , the automobile brand Fiat, and

11440-498: Was aware that her husband fathered a child by another woman during their marriage. Aosta acknowledged paternity of another child, born out-of-wedlock in 2006 during his second marriage, but agreed to contribute financially to the child's care only after being directed to do so by court order. The patrilineal lineage of the House of Savoy was reduced to four males between 1996 and 2009. In 2008, Aimone of Savoy-Aosta married Princess Olga of Greece , his second cousin, and they became

11550-510: Was broken in the press by aristocratic journalist Beatrice Borromeo , who also wrote the preface for a book on the murder Delitto senza castigo by Birgit Hamer. Vittorio Emanuele sued the newspaper for defamation, claiming the video had been manipulated. In 2015, a court judgement ruled in favor of the newspaper. In 2007, lawyers representing Vittorio Emanuele and his son Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy wrote to Italian President Giorgio Napolitano seeking damages for their years in exile. During

11660-569: Was built between 1903 and 1937 replacing the old parade ground , which was moved in the Southern part of the city. North of this area stands the GAM (Galleria d'Arte Moderna) , one of the two Museum of Modern Arts of the Turin Metro area (the second and largest one is hosted in Castello di Rivoli , a former Savoy royal castle in the suburbs). The museum stands in front a huge monument situated in

11770-551: Was built to celebrate an alleged miracle which took place during the sack of the city in 1453, when a soldier was carrying off a monstrance containing the Blessed Sacrament ; the monstrance fell to the ground, while the host remained suspended in air. The present church, erected in 1610 to replace the original chapel which stood on the spot, is the work of Ascanio Vitozzi . Next to the Turin Cathedral stand

11880-806: Was held to the modern day by the House of Savoy. Male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held a title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in bold. VITTORIO AMEDEO III, per la grazia di Dio Re di Sardegna, Cipro, Gerusalemme e Armenia; Duca di Savoia, Monferrato, Chablais, Aosta e Genevese; Principe di Piemonte ed Oneglia; Marchese in Italia, di Saluzzo, Susa, Ivrea, Ceva, Maro, Oristano, Sezana; Conte di Moriana, Nizza, Tenda, Asti, Alessandria, Goceano; Barone di Vaud e di Faucigny; Signore di Vercelli, Pinerolo, Tarantasia, Lumellino, Val di Sesia; Principe e Vicario perpetuo del Sacro Romano Impero in Italia. The English translation is: Victor Amadeus III , by

11990-720: Was not captured by the Allies until the end of Spring Offensive of 1945 . By the time the vanguard of the armoured reconnaissance units of Brazilian Expeditionary Force reached the city, it was already freed by the Italian Partisans , that had begun revolting against the Germans and the Italian RSI troops on 25 April 1945. Days later, troops from the US Army's 1st Armored and 92nd Infantry Divisions came to substitute

12100-542: Was renovated to host a shopping mall and more efficient passenger service offices. However, it is still an example of monumental architecture, with its stately foyer and some Baroque sights, such as the Sala Reale (the former Royal waiting room). In Piazza Castello converge some of the main streets of the city centre. Among them, one of the most significant is the arcaded Via Po , built by Amedeo di Castellamonte in 1674 and featuring some interesting buildings, such as

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