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132-675: In 1910, the Chicago school-style , 13-story Swetland Building was built adjacent to the east of the Cleveland Trust Company Building. In 1971, the Brutalist-style , 29-story Cleveland Trust Tower was built adjacent to the south of the Cleveland Trust Company Building. The Cleveland Trust Company Building underwent a significant interior renovation from 1972 to 1973, but closed to the public in 1996. Cuyahoga County purchased all three structures as part of

264-481: A bungalow . The tallest skyscraper in the world, the Burj Khalifa , also has the greatest number of storeys with 163. The height of each storey is based on the ceiling height of the rooms plus the thickness of the floors between each pane. Generally this is around 3.0 m (10 ft) total; however, it varies widely from just under this figure to well over it. Storeys within a building need not be all

396-660: A five-pointed star (★) additionally appears beside the button for the main entry floor. In the United States , the five-pointed-star marking is mandated by Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) , as described in Section 4.10.12(2) of the ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities (ADAAG). However this may be used to simply indicate a way out, such as to indicate

528-404: A five-sided room. Each of the walls in the room are of a different size. The interior walls of the rotunda were finished in white marble and bronze capitals , light fixtures, railings, and other elements. The floor of the rotunda was open space, with oak - panelled offices and teller windows against the walls. The interior also featured columns clad in white marble, and the drum supporting

660-510: A sky lobby . As an example, the residential elevators at the John Hancock Center all have their main floors labeled as the 44th as in order to get from a residential floor to the ground one would need to take two elevators: one from the residences to the sky lobby, and the other from the sky lobby to the ground. In the event more than one floor could be considered main floor, such as when a building has exits on more than one floor,

792-609: A "1st floor" and a "ground floor", they may be labelled 1 and G, or M (for "Main") and LM (for "Lower Main"), the latter two being more common in Canada outside Quebec. M or MZ may also be used to designate a mezzanine level, when it is not counted as a separate floor in the building's numbering scheme. If an elevator has two doors, floors on one side might end up getting an R suffix for "rear", especially if on one floor both doors open. In modern signage, at least in North America,

924-665: A 7-storey building is called une maison à 6 (six) étages . Mezzanines may or may not be counted as storeys. This convention can be traced back to Medieval European usage. In countries that use this system, the floor at ground level is usually referred to by a special name, usually translating as "ground floor" or equivalent. For example, Erdgeschoss ("ground floor") in Germany (sometimes however, Parterre , adopted from French), piano terra or pianterreno (lit. "ground floor") in Italy, begane grond (lit. "trodden ground") in

1056-408: A business relationship) with the intent of steering its eventual sale to associates at a lower price. The county lost $ 18 million on the eventual sale of the five buildings. In February 2016, Judge Patricia Cosgrove ruled that the county had waited too long to bring its complaint under a state statute of limitations law. In December 2012, Cuyahoga County announced that it had signed an agreement with

1188-620: A circumevention of construction regulations of the 19th and early 20th centuries), rez-de-chaussée (from French street level , where rez is the old French of ras ("scraped"), chaussée ("street"). ) in France, parter in Poland and Romania, prízemie ("by the ground") in Slovakia, and pritličje ("close to the ground") in Slovenia. In some countries that use this scheme,

1320-582: A concept in line with the idea that a savings bank is about economy. The interior is dominated by an 85-foot (26 m) high, 61-foot (19 m) wide concrete rotunda which illuminates three of four lower floors. The rotunda's dome has an unusual number of segments (13), due to the acute angle of the building site. Embedded in the gold gilt concrete frames of the dome are numerous panels of stained lead glass . The double-paned glass panels depict an intricate, repetitive, green and yellow floral pattern. A series of small lights, set in bronze rosettes, illuminated

1452-400: A convention where there may be an "upper" and "lower" level of the same floor number, (e.g.: "1U/U1" = Upper 1st, "L2/2L" = "Lower 2nd" and so on), although the elevators will typically only serve one of the two levels, or the elevator lobby for each floor pair may be between the two levels. In 19th-century London, many buildings were built with the main entrance floor a meter above ground, and

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1584-518: A garden (called rez-de-jardin ). Buildings which have two "ground floors" at different levels (on two opposite faces, usually) might have both. The same differentiation is used as well in some buildings in Croatia. The lower level is called razizemlje (abbr. RA ), and the upper prizemlje (PR). If there is only one ground floor, it is called prizemlje . The latter usage is standard for smaller buildings, such as single-family homes. In

1716-466: A given building's floor designations are unregulated. Thus, some apartment buildings in the largest city, Ho Chi Minh City , have posted floor numbers according to the northern scheme, while others label the ground floor as "G" or the thirteenth floor as "12  bis ". An extremely small number of American high-rise buildings follow the British/European system, often out of a desire on

1848-536: A hallway, even numbers for rooms on the other side. An offset may be used to accommodate unnumbered floors. For example, in a building with floors labelled G, M, 1, 2, ..., 11 and 12, the fourth room in each of those floors could be numbered 1004, 1104, 1204, 1304, ..., 2204 and 2304, respectively—with an offset of 11 in the floor numbers. This trick is sometimes used to make the floor number slightly less obvious, e.g. for security or marketing reasons. In some buildings with numbered rooms, UK-like G, 1, ... floor numbering

1980-440: A kitchen, and a small employee dining room. The basement was divided into three concentric circles. The inner circle contained the main vault, storage vaults, and safe deposit box vault. The middle circle was a 6-foot (1.8 m) wide access corridor, framed by walls of building tile (a predecessor to concrete block ). The access corridor contained conduits, ducts, and pipes for the heating, mechanical, and ventilation systems of

2112-477: A new structural system of framed tubes in skyscraper design and construction . The tube structure, formed by closely spaced interconnected exterior columns, resists "lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation." About half the exterior surface is available for windows. Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity. The first building to apply

2244-465: A relatively common solution is to simply have no star and have other indications to indicate a main floor. A less commonly used solution has more than one star. There is no particular standard convention for the numbering of levels below ground. In English-speaking countries, the first level below ground may be labelled B for "Basement", LL for "Lower Level" or "Lower Lobby", C for "Cellar", or U for "Underground". In British buildings, LG for "Lower Ground"

2376-588: A replacement building for the Breuer tower. Their concept, revealed in June 2007, proposed a 15-story glass-enclosed tower that would isolate the Cleveland Trust Company Building on the corner. The county commissioners reversed their decision to demolish the tower on June 15, 2007. Meanwhile, the county spent about $ 13 million removing asbestos from the building and purchasing the adjacent Oppmann parking garage . K & D Group of Willoughby, Ohio , proposed purchasing

2508-591: A single central pane was usually fixed, while the two surrounding panes were operable. These windows were often deployed in bays, known as oriel windows , that projected out over the street. Architects whose names are associated with the Chicago School include Henry Hobson Richardson , Dankmar Adler , Daniel Burnham , William Holabird , William LeBaron Jenney , Martin Roche , John Root , Solon S. Beman , and Louis Sullivan . Frank Lloyd Wright started in

2640-456: A throne, while other gods bring her the products of land and sea to sell. The work was considered a turning point in Bitter's career, when he matured from an over-reliance on classicism and began developing his own style. A sculptural work by Bitter, depicting the company's coat of arms, adorns the 9th Street tympanum. The Cleveland Trust Company asked Post to design an interior that was simple,

2772-591: Is also known as Commercial Style . A "Second Chicago School" with a modernist aesthetic emerged in the 1940s through 1970s, which pioneered new building technologies and structural systems , such as the tube-frame structure . While the term "Chicago School" is widely used to describe buildings constructed in the city during the 1880s and 1890s, this term has been disputed by scholars, in particular in reaction to Carl Condit 's 1952 book The Chicago School of Architecture . Historians such as H. Allen Brooks , Winston Weisman and Daniel Bluestone have pointed out that

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2904-479: Is also often used to indicate Street), C for "Casino" or "Concourse", R for "Restaurant" or Roof, PH for "Penthouse", OD for " observation deck ", W for Walkway, T for Tunnel, Ticketing or Trains, etc. In some US buildings, the label G on the elevator may stand for the building's "Garage", which need not be located on the "Ground" floor. Sometimes GR might be used instead. Fairmont Royal York Hotel in Toronto marks

3036-403: Is any level part of a building with a floor that could be used by people (for living, work, storage, recreation, etc.). Plurals for the word are storeys (UK) and stories (US). The terms floor , level , or deck are used in similar ways (i.e. "the 16th floor "), but to refer to buildings it is more usual to speak of a "16- storey building". The floor at ground or street level is called

3168-489: Is commonly encountered. If there is more than one basement, either the next level down may be marked SB for "Sub-Basement" or all lower levels can be numbered B1, B2, B3, B n . Negative numbers are sometimes used, this being more common in Europe: −1 for the first level below ground, −2 for the second one, and so on. Letters are sometimes used: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, etc. There can also be split-level parking levels with

3300-466: Is ever used it means the ground-level floor (although primer piso is used mainly for indoor areas, while planta baja is also used for areas outside the building). Most parts of East and Southeast Asia — including China (except for Hong Kong ), Japan, Korea, and Singapore — follow the American system. Indonesia uses both the American and European systems. In the grammar of the respective languages,

3432-418: Is often pitched and/or at a different height from that of other floors. A penthouse is a luxury apartment on the topmost storey of a building. A basement is a storey below the main or ground floor; the first (or only) basement of a home is also called the lower ground floor. Split-level homes have floors that are offset from each other by less than the height of a full storey. A mezzanine , in particular,

3564-612: Is reflected in newer buildings. Some buildings in Singapore do use SL (Street Level) for ground level, while others such as Nex and West Coast Plaza uses the European scheme, albeit using "Basement 1" for ground level storey. Vietnam uses both the North American and European schemes, generally depending on the region. In northern and central Vietnam, including the capital Hanoi , tầng refers to any floor, including

3696-400: Is sometimes used to separate the floor from the room (2.15 refers to 2nd floor, 15th room and 21.5 refers to 21st floor, 5th room) or a leading zero is placed before a single-digit room number (i.e. the 5th room of floor 21 would be 2105). Letters may be used, instead of digits, to identify the room within the floor—such as 21E instead of 215. Often odd numbers are used for rooms on one side of

3828-515: Is typically a floor halfway between two floors. Floor numbering is the numbering scheme used for a building's floors. There are two major schemes in use across the world. In the first system, used in such countries as the United States, Canada, China, Japan, Norway, Russia, and other ex-Soviet states, the number of floors is counted literally; that is, when one enters a building through the ground-level front door, one walks quite literally on

3960-550: The Jno. Williams, Inc. foundry of New York City, the work featured the bank's name, a bag of money, a key, and an attorney's seal—all symbols of banking. The main floor also had a vault for the storage of cash, which was located to the rear of the building opposite the main Euclid Avenue entrance. The second floor (which had 12-foot (3.7 m) high ceilings) contained offices for the company's bond and trust departments, and

4092-633: The McDonald Investment Center and three floors at Society Center, but agreed to pay for all the operational costs at Society Center. On March 8, 1996, the Jacobs Group acquired the Cleveland Trust Company Building for $ 10. KeyCorp agreed to the extremely low purchase price because it had assumed control of Society Center. Society Center was renamed Key Tower on March 20, With all banking operations now centralized in Key Tower,

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4224-724: The New York Stock Exchange Building (1903). Post was already known in Cleveland for designing the Williamson Building (1900), an 18-story office building on Public Square . Salvage work on the existing buildings began in April 1905, and demolition of them in May. Demolition was halfway complete by June 18. By this time, Post's plans for the new bank building envisioned the bank itself taking up half

4356-530: The architecture of Chicago . In the history of architecture , the first Chicago School was a school of architects active in Chicago in the late 19th, and at the turn of the 20th century. They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings, and developed a spatial aesthetic which co-evolved with, and then came to influence, parallel developments in European Modernism . Much of its early work

4488-588: The entresuelo or entresòl and principal are marked E and P, respectively. In France, floors are usually marked the same way as in Spain; however, the letters for the ground floor are RDC ( rez-de-chaussée ), seldom simplified to RC. This scheme is also found in some buildings in Quebec. Where these exist, there are high ground RCH ( rez-de-chaussée haut ) and lower ground RCB ( rez-de-chaussée bas ), or garden ground RJ ( rez-de-jardin ) and former ground RC. In Portugal,

4620-536: The structural engineers . The outer wire-glass dome was covered with an opaque weatherproofing material, and the murals and the inner dome lit with an artificial lighting system designed by General Electric . The inner dome, which had a number of loose panes and was missing others, was repaired and regilded. All the offices on the upper floors were removed, and new, larger offices installed. These ranged in size from 5,600 square feet (520 m) to 8,900 square feet (830 m) in size. The flooring and arched supports on

4752-399: The thirteenth floor in their floor numbering because of triskaidekaphobia , a common superstition surrounding this number. The floor numbering may either go straight from 12 to 14, or the floor may be given an alternative name such as "Skyline" or "14A". Due to a similar superstition in east Asia, some mainland Chinese, Taiwanese, and Indonesian buildings (typically high-rises) omit or skip

4884-550: The "Ameritrust complex" in 2005. In 2013, the Cleveland Trust Company Building was sold to the Geis Cos., which renovated it (and part of the Swetland Building) into a grocery store. The basement area of the former bank became a bar and nightclub. Much, although not all, of the Cleveland Trust Company Building's original interior architectural and interior design elements have been retained. The Cleveland Trust Building

5016-460: The "ground floor" (i.e. it needs no number; the floor below it is called "basement", and the floor above it is called "first") in many regions. However, in some regions, like the US, ground floor is synonymous with first floor , leading to differing numberings of floors, depending on region – even between different national varieties of English. The words storey and floor normally exclude levels of

5148-420: The "upper" or "lower" level from each intermediate landing. This halves any building costs associated with elevator shaft doors. Where the total traffic necessitates a second elevator the alternate floors strategy is sometimes still applied, not only for the doorway reduction but also, provisionally upon the passengers preferring no particular floor beyond capacity, it tends toward halving the total delay imposed by

5280-448: The 4th floor along with other floor numbers ending in 4 such as 14 and 24. The floor above the third would be numbered as the fifth, and so on. This is because of tetraphobia : in many varieties of Chinese, the pronunciation of the word for "four" is very similar to the pronunciation of the word for "to die". Through Chinese cultural and linguistic influence, tetraphobia is common in many countries of East Asia. For this reason, apartments on

5412-621: The 4th floor in Asian countries such as Taiwan have traditionally been cheaper to rent. In Hong Kong, the British numbering system is now generally used, in English and Chinese alike. In some older residential buildings, however, the floors are identified by signs in Chinese characters that say " 二樓 " ("2 floor") at the floor just above ground, as in the North American system. For those buildings,

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5544-586: The Chinese phrase " 三樓 " or its English equivalent "3rd floor" may refer either to the storey three levels above ground (as in the modern numbering), which is actually labelled " 四樓 " ("4 floor"), or to the storey with the sign " 三樓 " ("3 floor"), which is only two levels above ground. This confusing state of affairs has led, for example, to numerous errors in utility billing. To avoid ambiguity, business forms often ask that storey numbers in address fields be written as accessed from an elevator . In colloquial speeches,

5676-741: The Cleveland Trust Company Building and the Cleveland Trust Tower were no longer needed. Both buildings closed in December 1996 as part of a wide-ranging closure of numerous KeyCorp branches. The building was open to the public only irregularly between 1997 and 2004. It was open for nearly a week for "Ingenuity Fest" in April 2005. Cuyahoga County bought the Cleveland Trust Company Building, Cleveland Trust Tower, Swetland Building, and two other adjacent structures for $ 21.7 million ($ 42,277,662 in 2023 dollars) in September 2005. Initially,

5808-678: The Cleveland Trust Company Building. Known as the Cleveland Trust Tower , the 29-story office tower was designed by architect Marcel Breuer in the Brutalist architectural style and completed in October 1971. A new passageway connected the basement of the Cleveland Trust Company Building with the new tower. Two and a half months after announcing its plans to build the tower, the Cleveland Trust Company purchased

5940-468: The Euclid Avenue and E. 9th Street entrances. The exterior walls are solid granite, unsupported by any other structure. The corner is chamfered to provide a transition between the two planes of the building. Thirteen steel columns, arranged in a circle in the center of the building, support the dome overhead. The columns are irregularly spaced to accommodate building's site and avoid blocking entrances. Horizontal steel beams run outward from these columns to

6072-510: The European scheme was formerly used (as in France), but by now it has been mostly replaced by the US system, so that rez-de-chaussée and premier étage ("first stage") are now generally equivalent in Quebec. Mexico, on the other hand, uses the European system. The North American scheme is used in Finland , Norway , and Iceland . The Icelandic term jarðhæð ("ground floor") refers to

6204-817: The First Methodist/Wedge land. In November of that year, the company selected New York City-based architect George B. Post to design the structure. Post was a nationally known architect whose works included the New York World Building (1890), then the world's tallest building; the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building at the World's Columbian Exposition (1893), the Bronx Borough Hall in The Bronx , New York (1897); and

6336-540: The Geis Cos. of Streetsboro, Ohio , regarding the Cleveland Trust complex of buildings. Geis agreed to demolish the Oppmann Garage and build a 15-story office building and parking garage on the site. Cuyahoga County would lease the top eight floors of the structure. The deal also permitted Geis to purchase the Cleveland Trust complex for just $ 26.5 million ($ 35,169,445 in 2023 dollars). The purchase price

6468-678: The Hawaiian-language floor label uses the British system, but the English-language floor label uses the American system. For example, Papa akolu (P3) is equivalent to Level 4 (4 or L4). In Greenland, the Greenlandic-language floor label uses the American system, but the Danish-language floor label uses the British system. Plan pingasut (P3) is equivalent to Level 2 ( Plan to or P2). In most of

6600-740: The Indians", "Surveying the Site of Cleveland", "Felling the Timber", "Building the Log Cabin", "Plowing the Clearing", and "Gathering the Harvest". Each mural was 15.5 by 4.5 feet (4.7 by 1.4 m) in size. To ensure that the paintings could be seen from the ground floor 40 feet (12 m) below, Millet designed them to be simple, with broad fields of deep blue, deep green, and bright red. Each mural used

6732-544: The Neoclassical architectural style, a common choice for banks at the time because it gave banking an air of grandeur and prestige. In 1901, the Cleveland Trust Company had purchased two properties at the corner of Euclid Avenue and E. 9th Street as an investment. One was the First Methodist Church building and land, which it obtained in April 1901 for $ 500,000 ($ 18,312,000 in 2023 dollars). The second

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6864-754: The Netherlands, planta baja (Castilian) or planta baixa (Catalan) in Spain (both meaning "bottom floor"), beheko solairua in Basque, andar térreo ("ground floor") in Brazil, rés-do-chão ("adjacent to the ground") in Portugal, földszint ("ground level") in Hungary (although in Budapest the félemelet ("half floor", i.e. mezzanine ) is an extra level between the ground and first floors, apparently

6996-619: The Swetland Building from the Shaker Savings Association for $ 2.5 million ($ 22,844,311 in 2023 dollars). In December 1967, the Cleveland Trust Company said it planned to demolish the Swetland Building and build a second 29-story tower on the site, with a connecting structure that would wrap around the rear of the Trust Building. But no demolition took placed, and the second tower was never built because

7128-412: The Swetland Building would become part of Heinen's, while the upper floors would be renovated into 100 apartments. Completion of the project was set for late 2014. Architect John Williams of Process Creative Studios of Cleveland oversaw the renovation of the rotunda and the Swetland Building's first floor into Heinen's. A number of items were salvaged from the bank rotunda and retained or repurposed during

7260-511: The UK, while one storey is referred to as single-storey . Houses commonly have only one or two floors, although three- and four-storey houses also exist. Buildings are often classified as low-rise , mid-rise and high-rise according to how many levels they contain, but these categories are not well-defined. A single-storey house is often referred to, particularly in the United Kingdom, as

7392-462: The United States, the first floor and ground floor are usually equivalent, being at ground level, and may also be called the "lobby" or "main floor" to indicate the entrance to the building. The storey just above it is the second floor, and so on. The English-speaking parts of Canada generally follow the American convention, although Canada has kept the Commonwealth spelling "storey". In Quebec ,

7524-791: The United States. It was also the first building ever built in downtown Cleveland exclusively for the use of a bank. The below-ground floor contained a 200-short-ton (180 t) bank vault with a 17-short-ton (15 t) door. It was the largest bank vault in Ohio at the time. At the time of its completion, the building's architectural style was described as Renaissance Revival. The Plain Dealer architectural critic Angela Chatman agreed with that assessment in 1989, as did The Plain Dealer architecture critic Steven Litt in 2006, historian Sharon Gregor in 2010, and Crain's Cleveland Business magazine in 2015. However, in 1991 historian Jan Cigliano Hartman called

7656-448: The amount of exterior ornamentation. Sometimes elements of neoclassical architecture are used in Chicago School skyscrapers . Many Chicago School skyscrapers contain the three parts of a classical column . The lowest floors functions as the base, the middle stories, usually with little ornamental detail, act as the shaft of the column, and the last floor or two, often capped with a cornice and often with more ornamental detail, represent

7788-425: The bank's accounting department. There was also an employee cloakroom on the second floor with a cast terrazzo counter. This floor was open to the rotunda space, with the balconies made of white marble and the balusters and railings made of bronze. The third floor contained additional office space, including that for top bank executives such as the president. The fourth floor contained the advertising department,

7920-417: The bank's growth slowed and it no longer needed the space. On January 13, 1972, the Cleveland Trust Company Building was closed to the public in preparation for a major renovation. The renovation and refurbishment was designed by architect Montgomery Orr of the architectural firm of Frazier, Orr, Fairbanks, and Quam. Turner Construction was the general contractor , while Hoag-Wismer-Henderson Associates were

8052-431: The basement of the Cleveland Trust building. A pneumatic tube system ran throughout the Cleveland Trust Company Building, connecting tellers to bookkeepers and each department. A telautograph was also located in each department. This device enabled a handwritten message to be reproduced at the receiving station. The building also had 76 telephones (quite a large number for the era), and two private telephone exchanges in

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8184-451: The block, with an office building or trade center taking up the rest. The Cleveland Trust contracted with John Gill & Sons, a Cleveland construction firm, to build the new structure. Ground was broken on December 9, 1905, and construction was estimated to last 400 days. The estimated cost of the structure was $ 600,000 ($ 20,346,667 in 2023 dollars). Construction on the building continued throughout 1906. Several serious accidents occurred at

8316-479: The building a mix of Beaux-Arts, Neoclassical, and Renaissance Revival styles. Architect Marcel Breuer described it in 1967 as Neoclassical, and Litt described it as such in 1997. But architect Carl J. Stein said in 2010 that it was more properly Beaux-Arts. Litt changed his assessment of the structure's style to Beaux-Arts as well in 2013. The building was widely praised, then and now, as "an ingenious solution to problems posed by an irregular site". The exterior of

8448-456: The building that are not covered by a roof , such as the terrace on the rooftops of many buildings. Nevertheless, a flat roof on a building is counted as a floor in other languages, for instance dakvloer in Dutch , literally "roof-floor", simply counted one level up from the floor number that it covers. A two-storey house or home extension is sometimes referred to as double-storey in

8580-548: The building to accommodate telephone traffic. The building also had a central vacuum cleaner system and a primitive air conditioning system known as " artificial ventilation " were built into the plaster-coated columns. In 1910, the Swetland family, major real estate developers in downtown Cleveland, built the Swetland Building (at 1010 Euclid Avenue) adjacent to the Cleveland Trust Company Building. The building

8712-448: The building) and a "ground floor" below it. This typically happens when both floors have street-level entrances, as is often the case for hillside buildings with walkout basements . In the UK, the lower of these floors would be called the "lower ground floor", while the upper would be called either the "upper ground floor" or simply the "ground floor". Multi-storey car parks which have a staggered arrangement of parking levels sometimes use

8844-453: The building. A portion of the basement extended under Euclid Avenue. The basement also contained a board of directors meeting room, a vault for storing bank records, an employee locker room, parlors for customers' use, and coupon rooms. Except for the access corridor, floors in the basement were marble. The bank had four vaults: The main vault, safe deposit box vault, and storage vaults for fur clothing and household silver . The main vault

8976-482: The building. Although a portico had been planned for the main entrance, the site was too small to permit one. The Euclid Avenue columns support a tympanum which is filled with the sculpture Finance . On the Euclid Avenue side are eight Corinthian columns , behind which are five two-story windows. On the E. 9th Street side, there are six pilasters , six two-story windows, and a mostly empty tympanum featuring an eagle and shield. Massive bronze doors are featured at both

9108-577: The buildings. Geis also applied for federal historic preservation tax credits and New Markets Tax Credits , both of which it won. The state award was the largest preservation tax credit ever granted by the state of Ohio at the time, and was increased in March 2014 to $ 31 million ($ 39,898,229 in 2023 dollars). The Geis Cos. announced that the Cleveland Trust Tower, Cleveland Trust Company Building, and Swetland Building would be collectively called The 9 Cleveland . The Cleveland Trust Tower would be renovated, with

9240-405: The capital. The " Chicago window " originated in this school. It is a three-part window consisting of a large fixed center panel flanked by two smaller double-hung sash windows. The arrangement of windows on the facade typically creates a grid pattern, with some projecting out from the facade forming bay windows . The Chicago window combined the functions of light-gathering and natural ventilation;

9372-429: The cast terrazzo cloakroom counter was repurposed for use by the wine shop. The marble teller's counters on the first floor were repurposed as circular tables for the café and wine shop. The marble tiles on the second floor, which at some point had been covered with carpeting, were rediscovered and reused as well. Other architectural elements were restored to close to their original beauty. The bronze brackets and coffers on

9504-485: The character " 唐 " maybe added before the number to emphasize it refers to the Chinese style of numbering, e.g. " 唐三樓 " (literally "Chinese 3 floor"), or the character " 字 " added after the number to refer to the British style of numbering as shown in an elevator, e.g. 2 字樓 (literally "2 digit floor", floor with number 2), while in writing in Chinese, Chinese numerals are used for Chinese style numbering, and Arabic numerals are used for British style numbering. In Hawaii,

9636-426: The construction site. On January 25, 46-year-old bricklayer Steven Johnson fell from scaffolding and fractured his skull and wrist. Engineer G.A. Donsee had his left leg crushed on June 19 when a 40-foot (12 m) high derrick fell on him. The third accident resulted in a fatality, when workman William Crouch died after being struck in head by falling debris on August 25. In April 1907, the builders estimated that

9768-470: The conversion to a grocery store. In the basement, the four vaults were repurposed into a nightclub , and the iron gate which closed off the vault areas used as the main entrance to the bar. The former main vault became the Bourbon Room, which was decorated with disused safe deposit box covers and keys as well as gears from vault doors. On the second floor, the intricate bronze railing was retained, and

9900-486: The county intended to turn the complex into a new home for county government. The county considered demolishing the Cleveland Trust Tower, but refused to alter the Cleveland Trust Company Building. County commissioners voted to demolish the tower in April 2006. The county hired the Cleveland architectural firm of Robert P. Madison International and the New York City-based firm of Kohn Pedersen Fox to design

10032-660: The designer was Nicola D'Ascenzo , a Philadelphia -based artist whose works include stained glass at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine and Riverside Church in New York City and Folger Shakespeare Library and Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. To protect the stained glass dome, a dome of wire-mesh reinforced glass was installed 15 feet (4.6 m) above the inner dome. The rotunda stands above

10164-420: The difference from the original scheme, reference is frequently made to storeys rather than floors, where the third (3rd) floor becomes either the fourth (4th) storey/level (storey/level 4). Many buildings continue to label storeys or levels rather than floors. However, in the absence of clear official distinction between the terms, the meaning of "floors" and "levels" have become interchangeable with "storey"; this

10296-495: The dome from below at night. Some sources claim that the stained glass was designed and manufactured by Louis Comfort Tiffany and his firm in New York City. Historians Sharon Gregor and G. E. Kidder Smith, however, say it is only in the style of Tiffany. Sandvick Architects, consultant to the Geis Cos. on the renovation, said in 2013 that there was no documentary evidence to attribute the dome to Tiffany. In 2016, historic preservationist Karl Brunjes discovered extensive evidence that

10428-424: The dome was decorated with carved marble garlands , dyed in pastel colors and gilded with bronze. An elaborate molded plaster frieze depicting bags of money, attorney's seals, and keys also ran around the inside of the drum. The main entrance on Euclid Avenue led to a foyer which contained both elevators and stairs to the upper floors. Doors from the foyer led to the main rotunda, executive offices (right), and

10560-694: The draft paintings at Millet's Forest Hill studio in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. , was under way by at least late March 1909. The completed draft murals were displayed at the Washington Architectural Club exhibit at the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., in early May 1909. These small paintings were scaled up and transferred to manila paper using charcoal sticks . These scaled-up versions were corrected (if needed), and restudied in place in

10692-481: The entire complex in June 2008. It planned to turn the lower floors of the tower into a hotel and the upper floors into apartments. The Swetland Building would be demolished and a new office building erected, while the Cleveland Trust Company Building would be repurposed. The deal collapsed in July 2009 after K & D Group was unable to obtain financing for its project. Cuyahoga County put the complex of buildings back on

10824-468: The fall of 1908. Millet sketched out various designs for the murals until he developed a design he liked. Then a full-size "cartoon" (black and white line drawing) of the sketch was put in place in the tympanum to ensure that the design worked visually. After adjusting the design as needed, Millet sketched and then painted 13 smaller versions of the murals, each of them about 18 inches (46 cm) in height and 3 to 4 feet (0.91 to 1.22 m) in width. Work on

10956-630: The firm of Adler and Sullivan but created his own Prairie Style of architecture. The Home Insurance Building , which some regarded as the first skyscraper in the world, was built in Chicago in 1885 and was demolished in 1931 . In the 1940s, a "Second Chicago School" emerged from the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and his efforts of education at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. Mies sought to concentrate on neutral architectural forms instead of historicist ones, and

11088-467: The first floor ; the storey above it therefore counts as the second floor . In the other system, used in the majority of European countries, floor at ground level is called the "ground floor", frequently having no number (or "0"); the next floor up is assigned the number 1 and is the first floor (first elevation ), the first basement level gets '−1', and so on. In both systems, the numbering of higher floors continues sequentially as one goes up, as shown in

11220-413: The first floor had been covered, and soffits added to the second floor ceiling in 1972 to accommodate new HVAC ducts. The soffits lowered the ceiling a full 3 feet (0.91 m), obscuring the windows. The brackets and coffers were uncovered and restored, and the soffits and ductwork removed. The marble cladding on the rotunda columns and the original first floor flooring were also retained. Also retained

11352-591: The first six floors as A, L, MM, C, H and 1 (for "Arcade", "Lobby", "Main Mezzanine", "Convention", "Health Club" and "1st floor"). The North Carolina Museum of Art , whose entrance is on the third floor up, has the floors lettered C, B, A (the main floor) and O (for "Office"). The Festival Walk mall in Hong Kong has floors labelled LG2 and LG1 ("Lower Ground 2" and "1"), G ("Ground") and UG ("Upper Ground"). In The Landmark Annex of TriNoma , DSn (n=floor) denotes

11484-444: The floor at ground level. European scheme: In many Latin American countries (including Argentina, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela) the ground floor is called planta baja and the next floor is primer piso . In Brazil the ground floor is called térreo and the next floor is primeiro andar . In other countries, including Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, the ground floor is called primer piso (first floor). If planta baja

11616-415: The floor below that being two meters below ground. This was done partly for aesthetics, and partly to allow access between the lower level and the street without going through the main floor. In this situation, the lower level is called Lower Ground, the main floor is called Upper Ground, and floors above it are numbered serially from 1. Sometimes, floor number 1 may be the lowest basement level; in that case

11748-430: The floor label of the department store area. In modern buildings, especially large ones, room numbers are usually tied to the floor numbers, so that one can figure out the latter from the former. Typically one uses the floor number with one or two extra digits appended to identify the room within the floor. For example, room 215 could be the 15th room of floor 2 (or 5th room of floor 21), but to avoid this confusion one dot

11880-643: The following table: Each scheme has further variations depending on how one refers to the ground floor and the subterranean levels. The existence of two incompatible conventions is a common source of confusion in international communication. However, in all English-speaking countries, the storeys in a building are counted in the same way: a "seven-storey building" is unambiguous, although the top floor would be called "6th floor" in Britain and "7th floor" in America. This contrasts, for example, with French usage, where

12012-437: The go-between in these types of investments so that wealthy investors wouldn't be gouged once sellers knew the identity of the purchaser. By 1904, Cleveland Trust officials had decided that this land would be a good location for their new, permanent headquarters. In 1904, the Cleveland Trust Company invited architects from around the nation to participate in a competition to design the headquarters building it intended to build on

12144-428: The ground floor ( parter ) and S for basement ( suterena ). Elevators installed since 1990 have 0 for parter and −1, −2 etc. for underground floors. In countries using the North American system, where "floor 1" is the same as "ground floor", the corresponding button may be marked either with 1 or with a letter, as in the European scheme. In either case, the next button will be labelled 2. In buildings that have both

12276-476: The ground floor button is marked with a letter, some digital position indicators may show 0 when the elevator is on that floor. If the building also contains floors below ground, negative numbers are common. This then gives a conventional numbering sequence −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... In Spain and other countries whose official language is Spanish or Portuguese, the ground floor is usually marked PB ( planta baja , planta baixa , etc.), and in buildings where these exist,

12408-399: The ground floor may be numbered 2 or higher. Sometimes two connected buildings (such as a store and its car park) have incongruent floor numberings, due to sloping terrain or different ceiling heights. To avoid this, shopping centers may call the main floors by names such as Upper Mall, Lower Mall, Lower Ground, with the parking floors being numbered P n . In some instances, buildings may omit

12540-415: The ground floor, which is called tầng 1 . Meanwhile, in southern Vietnam, trệt refers to the ground floor and lầu refers to any floor above it, starting at lầu 1 directly above the ground floor. A national standard, TCVN  6003-1:2012 ( ISO 4157 -1:1998), requires architectural drawings to follow the northern scheme. It also refers to a crawl space as tầng 0 . However,

12672-628: The higher floors may be explicitly qualified as being above the ground level, such as in Slovenian prvo nadstropje (literally "first floor above ceiling (of the ground storey)"). In many countries in Europe, the second storey is called the "first floor", for being the first elevation. Besides Europe, this scheme is mostly used in some large Latin American countries (including Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay), and British Commonwealth nations (except Singapore and Canada ). In Spain,

12804-435: The large windows on Euclid Avenue and E. 9th Street were replaced with smoked glass . A modern air conditioning system was installed in the building, and the heating, lighting, plumbing, and telephone systems all upgraded. During the mechanical renovations, the old pneumatic tube, telautograph, central vacuum, and "artificial ventilation" systems were all rediscovered. Cleveland Trust Company officials said they hoped to have

12936-504: The letters corresponding to the ground floor are R/C ( rés-do-chão ) or simply R. For example, in the Polish language there is a clear distinction: the word parter means ground floor and piętro means a floor above the parter , usually with an ordinal: 1st piętro , 2nd piętro etc. Therefore, a parter is the zeroth piętro . Older elevators in Poland have button marked P for

13068-481: The level above ground level (the mezzanine ) is sometimes called entresuelo ( entresòl in Catalan, etc., which literally means "interfloor"), and elevators may skip it. When the next level is different from the others, usually with higher ceiling and better decorations, then it is called principal (main floor) . This is because before elevators the apartments in the floor that required less stairs to reach

13200-403: The lower floors becoming a 156-room hotel and the upper floors 105 luxury apartments. The Cleveland Trust Company Building would be repurposed into a grocery store, operated by Heinen's Fine Foods (a local company). The ground floor would become part of the grocery store, while the second floor would become a café and wine shop. The third floor would be turned into offices. The ground floor of

13332-551: The lower one having the suffix "A" and the upper having the suffix "B", like "1A", "1B", "2A", "2B", etc. Elevators in split-level buildings normally stop at either the lower or upper level, and the levels in elevators may be named just "1", "2", etc. Elevator buttons may also be labelled according to their main function. In English-speaking countries, besides the common L for "Lobby", one may find P for " Platform " (in train stations), "Pool" or " Parking " (and P1, P2, P3, P n for multiple parking floors), S for "Skyway" or "Street" (ST

13464-505: The manila drawings used to transfer the design to canvas which was then affixed to the wall. Millet and three assistants spent a year transferring Millet's designs to the walls, work which was completed in late December 1909 or early January 1910. Titled The Development of Civilization in America , the paintings include: "The Norse Discoverers", "The Puritans", "Exploration By Land", "LaSalle on Lake Erie", "Father Hennepin at Niagara Falls", "Exploration By Water", "Migration", "Buying Land From

13596-415: The market in early 2010. In June 2014, Cuyahoga County sued former County Commissioner Jimmy Dimora , former County Auditor Frank Russo, and 10 other former officials, private developers, lawyers, and companies for recommending the Cleveland Trust complex purchase. The county claimed that Dimora, Russo, and the others conspired to have the county purchase the complex from the Jacobs Group (with whom they had

13728-430: The numbers precede the word "floor", and are cardinals rather than ordinals , so they would translate literally as "1 floor (1F), 2 floor (2F)" (etc.), rather than "1st floor, 2nd floor", or "floor 1, floor 2". In Singapore, the British system of numbering originally prevailed. This was replaced in March 1983 with the North American scheme to create a simplified and consistent standard of numbering storeys. To emphasize

13860-484: The ones beneath them (e.g., the Willis Tower ). In English the principal floor or main floor of a house is the floor that contains the chief apartments ; it is usually the ground floor, or the floor above. In Italy the main floor of a home was traditionally above the ground level and was called the piano nobile ("noble floor"). The attic or loft is a storey just below the roof of the building; its ceiling

13992-440: The outer walls, supporting the upper floors. Each of the columns was coated in a thick layer of plaster, with vertical conduits and air ducts embedded and hidden in the plaster. On the first floor, the plaster-coasted columns were clad in marble, but merely painted on the second and third floors. Each of the upper floors was constructed with a concrete base, on top of which were placed brick and red tile arched supports. A wood floor

14124-424: The part of the building's architect or owners. An arrangement often found in high rise public housing blocks , particularly those built in the United Kingdom during the 1960s and 1970s, is that elevators would only call at half the total number of floors, or at an intermediate level between a pair of floors; for example an elevator of a 24-storey building would only stop at 12 levels, with staircases used to access

14256-529: The phrase suggests a unified set of aesthetic or conceptual precepts, when, in fact, Chicago buildings of the era displayed a wide variety of styles and techniques. Contemporary publications used the phrase "Commercial Style" to describe the innovative tall buildings of the era, rather than proposing any sort of unified "school." Some of the distinguishing features of the Chicago School are the use of steel-frame buildings with masonry cladding (usually terra cotta ), allowing large plate-glass window areas and limiting

14388-574: The renovation completed by March 1973. The building reopened on April 27, 1973. The former Cleveland Trust Company merged with Society National Bank in 1991, and Key Bank of Albany, New York , merged Society National Bank in 1993. The new company was called KeyCorp and headquartered in Cleveland. The Richard E. Jacobs Group had constructed Society Center for Society National Bank. The 57-story skyscraper, Cleveland's tallest building, opened in January 1992. In February 1996, KeyCorp leased eight floors in

14520-573: The right to buy the building outright for just $ 1 at the end of the lease. It also increased its bid for the Cleveland Trust complex to $ 27 million ($ 35,833,019 in 2023 dollars). The Cuyahoga County Council approved the transaction, and the deal closed in February 2013. The Geis Co. won $ 26.9 million ($ 35,185,200 in 2023 dollars) in tax credits from the Ohio State Historic Preservation Office to assist in renovating

14652-419: The same color scheme, and the horizon line in each mural aligns with the horizon line in the adjacent murals. An office and retail structure, the Swetland Building , was erected on Euclid Avenue next to the Cleveland Trust Company Building. A power plant, capable of providing the electrical needs for the bank next door, was located in the basement of the Swetland Building and accessible by a tunnel leading from

14784-449: The same height—often the lobby is taller, for example. One review of tall buildings suggests that residential towers may have 3.1 m (10 ft 2 in) floor height for apartments, while a commercial building may have floor height of 3.9 m (12 ft 9.5 in) for the storeys leased to tenants. In such tall buildings (60 or more storeys), there may be utility floors of greater height. Additionally, higher levels may have less floor area than

14916-480: The standard Miesian building is characterized by the presence of large glass panels and the use of steel for vertical and horizontal members. The Second Chicago School's first and purest expression was the 860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1951) and their technological achievements. The structural engineer for the Lake Shore Drive Apartments project was Georgia Louise Harris Brown , who

15048-402: The stops en route. Sometimes, two elevators are divided so that all floors are served, but one elevator only serves odd floors and the other even, which would often be less efficient for passengers, but cheaper to install because the group control of elevators was more complex than single control. A few buildings in the United States and Canada have both a "first floor" (usually the main floor of

15180-491: The structure is made of white granite from the North Jay Granite Company, and quarried near Jay, Maine . The site is not square, due to the acute angle at which Euclid Avenue intersects with E. 9th Street. To accommodate the site, Post created a total of 13 bays and columns on each street-facing side of the structure. There is a bay aligned with the axis of each entrance, and with the street corner of

15312-450: The structure were largely ignored by the bank. The building underwent its first exterior cleaning (a type of abrasive blasting ) in July 1964. The exterior was cleaned again in mid-1971 using a chemical (rather than abrasive) process. The exterior of the building was then coated with a resin which gave the building a slight cream color. In 1967, the Cleveland Trust Company announced plans to build an office tower on E. 9th Street adjacent to

15444-431: The structure would be finished by November 1. But construction delays prevented the building from being completed until December 28, 1907. The Cleveland Trust Company occupied its new headquarters on January 1, 1908. The final cost of the structure had also risen substantially, to $ 1 million ($ 32,700,000 in 2023 dollars). When completed, the four- story Cleveland Trust Company Building was the third largest bank building in

15576-443: The triangular tympanum over the Euclid Avenue entrance. Bitter was well on his way to finishing the design in January 1907, with carving to begin in the spring. Seven assistants worked on the 11-by-56-foot (3.4 by 17.1 m) sculpture, with Bitter supervising the roughing out but doing the final sculpting himself. The work was unveiled on October 8, 1907. Titled Finance , it depicted a female goddess of commerce and finance seated on

15708-649: The tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building , which Khan designed and was completed in Chicago by 1963. This laid the foundations for the tube structures of many other later skyscrapers, including his own John Hancock Center and Willis Tower . Today, there are different styles of architecture all throughout the city, such as the Chicago School, neo-classical , art deco , modern , and postmodern . Storey A storey ( Commonwealth English ) or story ( American English ; see spelling differences ),

15840-496: The tympanum. By late May, Millet was still at work adjusting the murals and finishing the final drafts. Work on the murals was complete by June 5, 1909. Millet put the completed murals on display at his Forest Hill studio for a week beginning on June 10, 1909. During this time, they were viewed by President William Howard Taft , various officials of the federal government, and members of the diplomatic corps. The final works were again transferred to manila paper using charcoal sticks, and

15972-447: The upper levels were removed, and replaced with 1.5-inch (3.8 cm) Styrofoam blocks which were covered with a thin layer of concrete . The women's parlor and the tellers' cages were removed, but the tellers' cage bronze grilles were salvaged and reused for the new tellers' counters. The marble floor was retained, as were the embossed bronze brackets, and all gold leaf and gilt inside the rotunda repaired and cleaned. The clear glass of

16104-488: The women's parlor (left). The first floor contained executive offices, tellers' windows, and a parlor where only women customers were permitted, to allow them to do their banking in private. This space had walls of mahogany and fabric-covered panels. The tellers' windows featured bronze grilles and marble counters. The floor was Italian marble, and in the center of the floor was a 6-foot (1.8 m) wide bronze seal. Designed and sculpted by Victor David Brenner and cast by

16236-419: The world, elevator buttons for storeys above the ground level are usually marked with the corresponding numbers. In many countries, modern elevators also have Braille numbers—often mandated by law. In countries using the European system, the ground floor is either marked 0, or with the initial letter of the local word for ground floor (G, E, etc.), successive floors are then marked 1, 2, etc. However, even when

16368-406: Was 13 stories tall and Chicago school architectural style . In September 1919, the Cleveland Trust Company proposed building an 11-story tower atop the Cleveland Trust Company Building. The bank hired George B. Post to design the tower, but it was never built. The exterior of the Cleveland Trust Company Building became increasingly dirty in its first 55 years, but calls by the news media to clean

16500-616: Was 16-by-20-foot (4.9 by 6.1 m) in size. Its walls were structural steel plate ("armor"), encased in 20 inches (51 cm) of concrete. The steel was provided by the Carnegie Steel Company . The vault door was manufactured by the L. H. Miller Safe and Iron Works of Baltimore . The drum of the building was supported by arches supported by the interior columns. The tympanum framed by these arches were decorated by murals designed and painted by Francis David Millet . The Cleveland Trust Company hired Millet some time in

16632-608: Was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Cleveland Trust Company was founded in 1894, and was one of the first banks in Cleveland to have branch locations . Cleveland Trust merged with the Western Reserve Trust Co. in 1903, and by 1905 had outgrown the space it rented for its headquarters. The bank decided to construct a building which would be large enough to serve as its headquarters for years to come. Bank officers also settled on

16764-430: Was constructed atop the arched supports, and in parts of the second floor marble tile was laid atop the wood flooring. Intricate embossed bronze brackets supported the second-floor balcony. The first floor ceiling, formed by the second floor balcony, was decorated with highly detailed bronze coffers . Some time in 1906, the Cleveland Trust Company hired sculptor Karl Bitter to design and carve an appropriate work for

16896-471: Was low to offset the construction costs of the new office tower. Over the next two weeks, Geis agreed to not demolish the Oppmann Garage, but the P & H Buildings just south of the Trust Tower (at the corner of E. 9th Street and Prospect Avenue). Geis modified its office tower plans, reducing the structure's height to just eight stories. It offered the county a 26-year lease on the entire structure, with

17028-629: Was the Wedge Building and land, obtained for $ 100,000 at the same time and as part of the First Methodist purchase. Under the terms of the purchase agreement, title to the land would not be turned over to the Cleveland Trust until 1904. The purchaser of both properties was Charles Lathrop Pack , president of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. But Pack was merely the agent for the Cleveland Trust Company. Pack often served as

17160-501: Was the bronze Cleveland Trust Company seal embedded in the floor of the ground level. The total cost of the renovation was $ 10 million ($ 12,854,134 in 2023 dollars). The renovated building reopened on February 25, 2015. The Plain Dealer , upon the opening of the Heinen's, called the renovation "both visionary and very, very smart." Chicago school (architecture) The Chicago School refers to two architectural styles derived from

17292-655: Was the first African-American to receive an architecture degree from the University of Kansas, and second African-American woman to receive an architecture license in the United States. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill , a Chicago-based architectural firm, was the first to erect buildings conforming to the features of the Second Chicago School. Myron Goldsmith , Bruce Graham , Walter Netsch , and Fazlur Khan were among its most influential architects. The Bangladeshi -born structural engineer Khan introduced

17424-445: Was the most expensive and usually also the most luxurious one. In those cases the "first floor" can therefore be two or three levels above ground level. In Italy, in the ancient palaces the first floor is called piano nobile ("noble floor"), since the noble owners of the palace lived there. In France, there are two distinct names for storeys at ground level, depending on whether it faces the street (called rez-de-chaussée , ) or

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