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125-532: Anthology Film Archives is an international center for the preservation , study , and exhibition of film and video, with a particular focus on independent , experimental , and avant-garde cinema. The film archive and theater is located at 32 Second Avenue on the southeast corner of East 2nd Street, in a New York City historic district in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan . Anthology Film Archives evolved from roots and visions that date from

250-609: A PlayStation Portable (PSP) bundle. The film received a novelization written by Peter David . The film was released on Blu-ray in October 2007 as a part of the Spider-Man: The High Definition Trilogy box set. It was also released separately on Blu-ray in November 2010 as well as the previous film as part of Sony 's Blu-ray Essentials Collection including both the theatrical release and

375-465: A chair. Each tentacle was controlled by four people, who rehearsed every scene with Molina so that they could give a natural sense of movement as if the tentacles were moving due to Octavius' muscle movement. On set, Molina referred to his tentacles as "Larry", "Harry", "Moe" and "Flo", with "Flo" being the top-right tentacle as it was operated by a female grip and performed delicate operations like removing his glasses and lighting his cigar. Edge FX

500-568: A child from a burning building, but another person dies. Believing he could have saved them both as Spider-Man, Peter concludes that his responsibilities as Spider-Man outweigh his personal happiness. Octavius completes his enhanced machine and confronts Harry, demanding the rare isotope tritium to fuel it. Harry agrees in exchange for Octavius bringing him Spider-Man, instructing Octavius to use Peter to find him. Realizing she does not love John, Mary Jane meets with Peter to confess her feelings, but he lies that he does not reciprocate. Octavius attacks

625-541: A colleague of Octavius, while Willem Dafoe reprises his role as Norman Osborn , Harry's deceased father who appears to him as a hallucination. Dafoe came up with the idea during promotion for Spider-Man , which he compared to King Hamlet haunting his son to avenge him. Elizabeth Banks , John Paxton, Ted Raimi and Bill Nunn reprise their roles as Betty Brant , Osborn family butler Bernard Houseman, Ted Hoffman, and Robbie Robertson , respectively. Elya Baskin portrays Mr. Ditkovitch, Peter's landlord, (whose name

750-552: A conversation with Spider-Man. Donnell Rawlings portrays the New Yorker who exclaims that Spider-Man "stole that guy's pizzas" and Emily Deschanel portrays a receptionist. Brent Briscoe plays the garbage man who finds Spider-Man's costume in the trash and gives it to Jameson. Peter McRobbie plays an OsCorp representative. Reed Diamond plays Algernon. Daniel Dae Kim plays Raymond, an assistant of Otto Octavius working in his laboratory. Aasif Mandvi portrays Mr. Aziz,

875-940: A dangerous experiment, while also dealing with a personal crisis. Principal photography began in April 2003 in New York City and also took place in Los Angeles. Reshoots took place later that year and concluded in December. Danny Elfman returned to compose the score. Spider-Man 2 premiered at the Mann Village Theater in Los Angeles on June 25, 2004, and was released in both conventional and IMAX theaters on June 30. It received acclaim from critics, who praised its emotional weight and visual effects, as well as Maguire and Molina's performances and Raimi's direction, and grossed $ 795.9 million worldwide, making it

1000-465: A date, this horrifies Mary Jane and in the resulting battle with Spider-Man his tentacles are fused together, and the fusion begins to kill him. In the script, Octavius is the creator of the genetically altered spider from the first film, and gives Peter an antidote to remove his powers: this means when Octavius is dying with his tentacles, he wants to extract Spider-Man's spine to save himself. This leads to an alliance with Harry (a detail which made it into

1125-400: A digital image results in a loss of quality that can make it more difficult to create a high-quality print based upon the digital image, digital imaging technology has become increasingly advanced to the point where 8K scanners can capture the full resolution of images filmed at as high as 65 mm. 70 mm IMAX film has a theoretical resolution of 18K, the highest possible resolution given

1250-481: A form of remediation of the cinematic medium, and has positively reflected on digital technologies' ability to broaden restoration possibilities, improve quality, and reduce costs. According to the cinema scholar Leo Enticknap, the views held by Usai and Fossati could be seen as representative of the two poles of the digital debate in film preservation. It should be kept in mind, however, that both Usai and Fossati's arguments are highly complex and nuanced, and likewise,

1375-518: A hard disk capable of storing such a movie typically cost a few hundred dollars, with an archival optical disk even less. The problem of having to transfer the data as new generations of equipment come along will continue, however, until true archival standards are put in place. In the context of film preservation, the term " digital preservation " highlights the use of digital technology for the transfer of films from 8 mm to 70 mm in size to digital carriers , as well as all practices for ensuring

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1500-460: A joke of it with Raimi, creating the line "My back, my back" as Spider-Man tries to regain his powers. Raimi said that while filming the scene he yelled at Maguire to get to the edge of the building, but Maguire refused to do it. Even Rosemary Harris took a turn, putting her stunt double out of work. In contrast, Alfred Molina joked that the stunt team would "trick" him into performing a stunt time and again. J. K. Simmons said that while filming

1625-458: A key scene in which many of film pioneer Georges Méliès ' silent films are melted down and the raw material recycled as shoes; this was seen by many movie critics as "a passionate brief for film preservation wrapped in a fanciful tale of childhood intrigue and adventure". Scorsese's concern about the need to save motion pictures of the past led him to create The Film Foundation , a non-profit organization dedicated to film preservation, in 1990. He

1750-584: A museum dedicated to the vision of the art of cinema as guided by the avant-garde sensibility. A Film Selection committee – James Broughton , Ken Kelman , Kubelka, Mekas, and Sitney – was formed to establish a definitive collection of films (The Essential Cinema Repertory) and to determine the structure of the new institution. Anthology opened on November 30, 1970, at Joseph Papp's Public Theater with Jerome Hill as its sponsor. After Hill's death in 1974, Anthology relocated to 80 Wooster Street in SoHo . Pressed by

1875-506: A popular weekly series having screened many thousands of documentary, short, and feature films. Anthology Film Archives screens nearly 1,000 public programs annually; features weekly in-person appearances by artists with their work; and publishes historical and scholarly books and catalogs. Anthology maintains an invaluable collection of approximately 20,000 films and 5,000 videotapes and preserves 25-35 films each year with more than 900 titles preserved to date. Anthology's research library holds

2000-445: A preservationist was to create a durable copy without any significant loss of quality . In more modern terms, film preservation includes the concepts of handling, duplication, storage, and access. The archivist seeks to protect the film and share its content with the public. Film preservation is not to be confused with film revisionism , in which long-completed films are modified with the insertion of outtakes or new musical scores,

2125-570: A replacement for the more volatile nitrate stock, was beginning to be affected by a unique form of decay known as " vinegar syndrome ", and color film manufactured, in particular, by Eastman Kodak , was found to be at risk of fading. At that time, the best-known solution was to duplicate the original film onto a more secure medium. A common estimate is that 90 percent of all American silent films made before 1920 and 50 percent of American sound films made before 1950 are lost films . Although institutional practices of film preservation date back to

2250-429: A script of the film, as Raimi, Ziskin, and Maguire loved Smallville . On May 8, 2002, following Spider-Man 's record-breaking $ 115 million opening weekend, Sony Pictures announced a sequel for 2004. Entitled The Amazing Spider-Man , after the character's main comic book title, the film was given a budget of $ 200 million and aimed for a release date of May 7, 2004. The following month, David Koepp

2375-410: A series of ongoing efforts among film historians, archivists, museums, cinematheques , and non-profit organizations to rescue decaying film stock and preserve the images they contain. In the widest sense, preservation assures that a movie will continue to exist in as close to its original form as possible. For many years the term "preservation" was synonymous with "duplication" of film. The goal of

2500-530: A sneak preview of the then-upcoming Spider-Man 3 . The cut also featured new, alternate, and extended scenes, and a featurette: "Inside Spider-Man 2.1", detailing the making of the cut. A similar cut aired on January 2, 2007, on the FX channel with an exclusive sneak preview for Spider-Man 3 . Spider-Man 2 grossed $ 374.7 million in the United States and Canada and $ 421.2 million in other territories for

2625-714: A story conceived by Michael Chabon and the writing team of Alfred Gough and Miles Millar , the film was produced by Columbia Pictures in association with Marvel Enterprises and Laura Ziskin Productions , and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing . It is the second installment in Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy and the sequel to Spider-Man (2002). The film stars Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker / Spider-Man , alongside Kirsten Dunst , James Franco , Alfred Molina , Rosemary Harris , and Donna Murphy . Peter Parker fights to stop scientist Dr. Otto Octavius from recreating

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2750-680: A total of $ 88.2 million, surpassing Austin Powers in Goldmember ($ 73.1 million) to have the largest July opening weekend. Moreover, Spider-Man 2 also beat Men in Black II ($ 52.1 million) for having the biggest Fourth of July opening weekend at the time. The film held the record until 2011 when it was broken by Transformers: Dark of the Moon ($ 97.9 million). With a total gross of $ 152.6 million, it surpassed Shrek 2 ($ 129 million) to have

2875-470: A total worldwide gross of $ 795.9 million, against a production budget of $ 200 million. Spider-Man 2 opened in the United States on June 30, 2004, and grossed $ 40.4 million in its first day; this broke its predecessor's opening day record of $ 39.4 million until it was surpassed a year later by Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ($ 50.0 million). Playing at 4,152 theaters upon opening, it had

3000-414: A trivia track with facts displayed throughout the movie, traiĺers for Hitch and other films, a music video, Web-i-sodes, galleries and bloopers. The DVD release sold 11,604,597 units and grossed $ 174,260,344 in the United States. The film was also released on Sony 's proprietary Universal Media Disc (UMD) format in 2005, with 1   million UMD copies of the film sold in the United States as part of

3125-460: Is a reference to Spider-Man co-creator Steve Ditko ) and Mageina Tovah plays his daughter Ursula. Cliff Robertson reprises his role as Peter's uncle Ben Parker in a dream sequence. Scott Spiegel portrays a man who attempts to eat some pizza Spider-Man is delivering, only to have it webbed from his hands. Elyse Dinh portrays a violinist. Joel McHale portrays Mr. Jacks, a bank teller. Hal Sparks portrays an elevator passenger who has

3250-578: Is aligned with the Directors Guild of America . By working in partnership with the leading film archives and studios, The Film Foundation has saved nearly 600 films, often restoring them to pristine condition. In many cases, original footage that had been excised—or censored by the Production Code in the U.S.—from the original negative, has been reinstated. In addition to the preservation, restoration, and presentation of classic cinema,

3375-468: Is being evicted. Daily Bugle owner J. Jonah Jameson slanders Spider-Man in the paper, and Peter's best friend, Harry Osborn , blames Spider-Man for his father's death and resents Peter for not revealing his identity. To protect her from his enemies, Peter has distanced himself from Mary Jane Watson , despite their unspoken romantic feelings. Tired of waiting and Peter's secrets, Mary Jane agrees to marry Jameson's son John . Harry uses OsCorp to fund

3500-652: The Seattle Post-Intelligencer gave it a positive review, saying, "Forget Raising Helen and The Notebook , this is the movie summer's most touching young romance." Kenneth Turan , of the Los Angeles Times , gave the film four stars out of five and concurred with Caro when he stated, "Doc Ock grabs this film with his quartet of sinisterly serpentine mechanical arms and refuses to let go." Roger Ebert gave Spider-Man 2 four stars out of four, calling it "the best superhero movie since

3625-648: The Cinémathèque Française in Paris, which would become the world's largest international film collection. For thousands of early silent films stored in the Library of Congress , mostly between 1894 and 1912, the only existing copies were printed on rolls of paper submitted as copyright registrations. For these, an optical printer was used to copy these images onto safety film stock, a project that began in 1947 and continues today. The Library hosts

3750-537: The Creative Commons license, which allows anyone to use these clips with attribution—in this case, attribution to the VAFP site and to the author of the clip and his company. Regardless of the age of the print itself, damage may occur if stored improperly. Damage to the film (caused by tears on the print, curling of the film base due to intense light exposure, temperature, humidity, etc.) can significantly raise

3875-488: The Image Permanence Institute finds that storing film media in frozen temperatures, with relative humidity (RH) between 30% and 50%, greatly extends its useful life. These measures inhibit deterioration better than any other methods and are a cheaper solution than replicating deteriorating films. In most cases, when a film is chosen for preservation or restoration work, new prints are created from

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4000-597: The Spydercam was used to allow filmmakers to express more of Spider-Man's world view, at times dropping fifty stories and with shot lengths of just over 2,400 feet (730 m) in New York or 3,200 feet (980 m) in Los Angeles. For some shots the camera would shoot at six frames per second for a faster playback increasing the sense of speed. Shots using the Spydercam were pre-planned in digital versions of cities, and

4125-525: The UCLA Film and Television Archive , have also preserved and restored films; a major part of UCLA's work includes such projects as Becky Sharp and select Paramount / Famous Studios and Warner Bros. cartoons whose credits were once altered due to rights taken over by different entities. In 1926 Will Hays asked for film studios to preserve their films by storing them at 40 degrees at low humidity in an Eastman Kodak process, so that "schoolboys in

4250-638: The greatest superhero films ever made , and serves as a blueprint for future movies in the genre. Its success led to Spider-Man 3 (2007). The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) explored the concept of the multiverse to connect the previous Spider-Man films to the MCU, with Maguire and Molina reprising their roles. Two years after Norman Osborn 's death, Peter Parker struggles professionally and personally because of his commitments as Spider-Man. Peter juggles multiple jobs and faces overdue rent and schoolwork as his Aunt May

4375-509: The original camera negative or from a composite restoration negative, which can be made from a combination of elements for general screening. It is therefore particularly important to keep camera negatives or digital masters under safe storage conditions. The original camera negative is the remaining, edited, film negative that passed through the camera on the set. This original camera negative may, or may not, remain in original release form, depending upon number of subsequent re-releases after

4500-501: The permafrost . This fortunate discovery was shared and moved to the United States' Library of Congress and Library and Archives Canada for transfer to safety stock and archiving. However, to move such highly flammable material such a distance ultimately required assistance from the Canadian Armed Forces to make the delivery to Ottawa . The story of this discovery as well as excerpts of these films can be seen in

4625-550: The third-highest-grossing film of the year . It was selected by the American Film Institute as one of the top 10 films of 2004. The film won Best Visual Effects at the 77th Academy Awards , and was also nominated for Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing ; it also received five awards at the Saturn Awards , including Best Fantasy Film and Best Director . The film is widely regarded as one of

4750-526: The 1930s, the field received an official status only in 1980, when UNESCO recognized "moving images" as an integral part of the world's cultural heritage. The great majority of films made in the silent era are now considered to be lost forever. Movies of the first half of the 20th century were filmed on an unstable, highly flammable cellulose nitrate film base, which required careful storage to slow its inevitable process of decomposition over time. Most films made on nitrate stock were not preserved; over

4875-451: The 1967 storyline Spider-Man No More! , specifically The Amazing Spider-Man #50. It was decided that Doctor Octopus would be kept as the villain, as he was both a visually interesting villain who was a physical match for Spider-Man, and a sympathetic figure with humanity, accompanied by the fact that the character had been repeatedly considered as a villain for the first film over the course of its 15-year development. Raimi changed much of

5000-484: The 2.1 extended cut. All three films were re-released on Blu-ray as part of the Spider-Man: Origins set in 2017. Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy was released on Disney+ on April 21, 2023. An extended cut of the film, entitled Spider-Man 2.1 , was released on DVD on April 17, 2007. The cut included eight minutes of new footage, with new special features not included in the original release, as well as

5125-576: The 2016 documentary film , Dawson City: Frozen Time . Another high-profile restoration by staff at the British Film Institute 's National Film and Television Archive is the Mitchell and Kenyon collection, which consists almost entirely of actuality films commissioned by traveling fairground operators for showing at local fairgrounds or other venues across the UK in the early part of

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5250-707: The Internet in 2005. The VAFP site was funded as part of a 2005 Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) grant to the Folkstreams project. The purpose of the site is to supplement already existing film preservation guides provided by the National Film Preservation Foundation with video demonstrations. The preservation guides provided by the origination, while thoroughly depicting accurate methods of preservation, are mostly text-based. The films and clips are copyrighted under

5375-534: The King . The next trailer then premiered on April 8, 2004, during The Apprentice and in theaters with the release of The Alamo the day after. Promotional partners included Burger King , Dr Pepper , Kraft Foods , Major League Baseball , Kellogg's , and Embassy Suites Hotels . In March 2024, Sony announced that all of their live-action Spider-Man films will be re-released in theaters as part of Columbia Pictures' 100th anniversary celebration. Spider-Man 2

5500-571: The National Film Preservation Board, whose National Film Registry annually selects 25 U.S. films "showcasing the range and diversity of American film heritage". The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film was chartered in 1947 to collect, preserve and present the history of photography and film, and in 1996 opened the Louis B. Mayer Conservation Center, one of only four film conservation centers in

5625-472: The United Kingdom ($ 49.7 million). On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , Spider-Man 2 holds an approval rating of 93% based on 276 reviews, with an average score of 8.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Boasting an entertaining villain and deeper emotional focus, this is a nimble sequel that improves upon the original." Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , gives

5750-643: The United States under the Sony Pictures Home Entertainment banner, and one of the final titles released outside of North America under the Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment name. There was also a collector's DVD gift set including a reprint of The Amazing Spider-Man #50. For the DVD release, this two-disc set features numerous bonus features, including audio commentaries, behind-the-scenes featurettes,

5875-476: The United States. The American Film Institute was founded in 1967 to train the next generation of filmmakers and preserve the American film heritage. Its collection now includes over 27,500 titles. In 1978, Dawson City , Yukon Territory, Canada, a construction excavation inadvertently found a forgotten collection of more than 500 discarded films from the early 20th century that were buried in and preserved in

6000-417: The addition of sound effects, black-and-white film being colorized , older soundtracks converted to Dolby stereo, or minor edits and other cosmetic changes being made. By the 1980s, it was becoming apparent that the collections of motion picture heritage were at risk of becoming lost. Not only was the preservation of nitrate film an ongoing problem, but it was then discovered that safety film , used as

6125-476: The best superhero films. The film was placed 411th on Empire magazine's top 500 movies list, describing the film as "Bigger and better than its predecessor, with a superior villain in Alfred Molina's Doc Ock, and a more confident Raimi sneaking in some of his own trademarks." Rotten Tomatoes listed the film as one of the essential films of the 2000s. In 2013, Forbes described it as "Not just one of

6250-776: The blueprint for the entire modern superhero genre". Digital Trends ' David Caballero named Spider-Man 2 the best superhero movie of all time for its 20th anniversary in 2024. At the 77th Academy Awards , Spider-Man 2 won Best Visual Effects ( John Dykstra , Scott Stokdyk , Anthony LaMolinara and John Frazier ), and was nominated for Best Sound Mixing ( Kevin O'Connell , Greg P. Russell , Jeffrey J. Haboush and Joseph Geisinger ) and Best Sound Editing along with The Polar Express , but lost to Ray and The Incredibles , respectively. The film won Saturn Awards for Best Actor , Best Director , Best Fantasy Film , Best Special Effects , and Best Writer , while being nominated for Best Supporting Actor and Best Music . It

6375-969: The building became a youth center for the Police Athletic League . After 1948, the building was known as the Lower Manhattan Magistrate's Courthouse . The building lies within the East Village/Lower East Side Historic District , designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2012. In the 2004 film Spider-Man 2 , the Anthology Film Archives building was used as the exterior of Doctor Octopus ' laboratory. Film preservation Film preservation , or film restoration , describes

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6500-463: The camera's movement was controlled with motion control, making it highly cost-effective. The camera system was only used in the previous film for the final shot. Although roughly the same as before, costume designer James Acheson made numerous subtle changes to Spider-Man's costume. Its colors were made richer and bolder, its spider emblem was given more elegant lines and enlarged, its eye-lenses were somewhat smaller, and its muscle suit underneath

6625-550: The ceremony and runs to Peter's apartment, telling him that she chooses to be with him despite the risk. Their kiss is interrupted by police sirens, and Mary Jane encourages him to go help. J. K. Simmons reprises his role as J. Jonah Jameson , the miserly manager and editor-in-chief of the Daily Bugle , while Daniel Gillies portrays his son John Jameson , an astronaut and Mary Jane's fiancé. Christine Estabrook appears briefly as Jameson's wife and John's mother. As with

6750-458: The character's backstory, however, adding the idea of Otto Octavius being a hero of Peter, and how their conflict was about trying to rescue him from his demons rather than kill him. When Tobey Maguire signed on to portray Spider-Man in 2000, he was given a three-film contract. After filming Seabiscuit in late 2002, a pre-existing back condition that Maguire suffered from was bothering him. Raimi heard that Maguire could be paralyzed if there

6875-570: The chemical reactions involved will promote further deterioration. "There is no indication that we will ever find a way to arrest decomposition once it has started. All we can do is inhibit it," says the director of the AMIA ( Association of Moving Image Archivists ) board, Leo Enticknap. In 1991, filmmaker and former deputy director of the Eye Filmmuseum in Amsterdam, Peter Delpeut , made

7000-417: The cinema of Fritz Lang and the film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari . Filming then resumed on that set, having taken fifteen weeks to build, occupying Sony's Stage 30. It was 60 feet (18 m) by 120 feet (37 m) long, and 40 feet (12 m) high, and a quarter-scale miniature was also built for the finale as it collapses. Reshoots for the film continued until December 2003. A camera system called

7125-477: The debate about the utility of digital technologies in film preservation is complex and continually evolving. In 1935, New York's Museum of Modern Art began one of the earliest institutional attempts to collect and preserve motion pictures, obtaining original negatives of the Biograph and Edison companies and the world's largest collection of D. W. Griffith films. The following year, Henri Langlois founded

7250-432: The demand for perfection only rising as theaters move from 2K to 4K projection and consumer media continues its shift from SD to HD to UltraHD and beyond. Once a film is inspected and cleaned, it is transferred via telecine or a motion picture film scanner to a digital tape or disk , and the audio is synced to create a new master . Common defects needing restoration include: Modern, digital film restoration takes

7375-410: The development of a fusion power machine by nuclear scientist Otto Octavius , who befriends and mentors Peter. During a public demonstration, Octavius wears a harness with four powerful mechanical tentacles controlled by artificial intelligence (AI) to interact with the machine. Though initially successful, the fusion reaction destabilizes, threatening mass destruction, but Octavius refuses to shut down

7500-521: The difficulty and the cost of preservation processes. Many films simply do not have enough information left on the film to piece together a new master, although careful digital restoration can produce stunning results by gathering bits and pieces from adjacent frames for restoration on a damaged frame, predicting entire frames based on the characters' movements in prior and subsequent frames, etc. As time goes on, this digital capability will only improve, but it will ultimately require sufficient information from

7625-486: The dominance of home video and ever-present need for television broadcasting content, especially on specialty channels , has meant that films have proven a source of long-term revenue to a degree that the original artists and studio management before the rise of these media never imagined. Thus media companies have a strong financial incentive to carefully archive and preserve their complete library of films. The group Video Aids to Film Preservation (VAFP) became active on

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7750-500: The early 1960s, when Lithuanian artist Jonas Mekas , the founder and director of the Film-makers’ Cinematheque, a showcase for avant-garde films, dreamed of establishing a permanent home where the growing number of new independent and avant-garde films could be shown on a regular basis. This dream became a reality in 1969 when Jerome Hill , P. Adams Sitney , Peter Kubelka , Stan Brakhage , and Mekas drew up plans to create

7875-508: The film Lyrical Nitrate , with decaying films from the Desmet Collection. In 2002, filmmaker Bill Morrison produced Decasia , a film solely based on fragments of old unrestored nitrate-based films in various states of decay and disrepair, providing a somewhat eerie aesthetic to the film. The film was created to accompany a symphony of the same name, composed by Michael Gordon and performed by his orchestra. The footage used

8000-473: The film a score of 83 out of 100 based on 41 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, the same grade earned by the previous film . Chicago Tribune gave the film three and a half stars out of four, and Mark Caro stated that Alfred Molina was a "pleasingly complex" villain, and the film as a whole "improves upon its predecessor in almost every way." William Arnold, of

8125-400: The film element. Preservation is different from restoration , as restoration is the act of returning the film to a version most faithful to its initial release to the public and often involves combining various fragments of film elements. Film is best preserved by proper protection from external forces while in storage along with being under controlled temperatures. For most film materials,

8250-401: The film images, whether restored through photochemical or digital processes, be eventually transferred to other film stock, because no digital media exists that has proven truly archival because of rapidly evolving and shifting data formats, while a well-developed and stored, modern film print can last upwards of 100 years. While some in the archival community feel that conversion from film to

8375-491: The film. They wanted Elfman to do one cue that was from Hellraiser , but he couldn't get it close to it and he wasn't going imitate Christopher Young, he instead suggested to hire Young, but Young also couldn't get it close either, so they instead licensed the cue from Hellraiser . The first teaser trailer was released in December 2003, being attached to the screenings of The Lord of the Rings: The Return of

8500-401: The final, lowest generation restoration master may be either a duplicate negative or a fine grain master positive . Preservation elements, such as fine-grain master positives and duplicate printing negatives, are generated from this restoration master element to make both duplication masters and access projection prints available for future generations. Film preservationists would prefer that

8625-542: The finished film). Beforehand, Harry and the Daily Bugle put a $ 10 million price on Spider-Man's head, causing the city's citizens to turn against him. Raimi sifted through the previous drafts by Gough, Millar, Koepp and Chabon, picking what he liked with screenwriter Alvin Sargent . He felt that thematically the film had to explore Peter's conflict with his personal wants against his responsibility, exploring

8750-478: The following steps: Modern, photochemical restoration follows roughly the same path that digital restoration does: The practice of film preservation is more craft than science. Until the early 1990s there were no dedicated academic programs in film preservation. Practitioners had often entered the field through related education (e.g. library or archival science), related technical experience (e.g. film lab work), or driven by sheer passion for working with film. In

8875-612: The forefront in the 1980s and early 1990s when such famous and influential film directors as Steven Spielberg and Martin Scorsese contributed to the cause. Spielberg became interested in film preservation when he went to view the master of his film Jaws , only to find that it had badly decomposed and deteriorated—a mere fifteen years after it had been filmed. Scorsese drew attention to the film industry's use of color-fading film stock through his use of black-and-white film stock in his 1980 film Raging Bull . His film, Hugo included

9000-444: The foundation teaches young people about film language and history through The Story of Movies , an educational program claimed to be "used by over 100,000 educators nationwide". In the age of digital television , high-definition television and DVD , film preservation and restoration has taken on commercial as well as historical importance, since audiences demand the highest possible picture quality from digital formats. Meanwhile,

9125-402: The greatest sequels, but one of the best films of the genre, period." In 2018, Film School Rejects called it "the best summer movie ever" and said that its "emotional and calculated story stands above modern summer flicks" like those of The Avengers and The Dark Knight . Writing for The Independent in 2019, Al Horner believed the film to be "the definitive superhero movie" that "laid

9250-456: The hero uses webbing to slow the train down. Gregg Edelman portrays Dr. Davis. Twin actors, Peyton and Spencer List were to make their film debuts playing a little girl and boy playing on steps respectively, but their scenes were cut from the final film. Immediately after finishing Spider-Man , director Sam Raimi signed on to direct a sequel. In April 2002, Sony hired Smallville alumni, Alfred Gough and Miles Millar to write

9375-461: The highest five-day Wednesday opening. In its first six days, the film had grossed over $ 180 million, which surpassed the previous largest six-day opening record held by The Matrix Reloaded ($ 146.9 million). Additionally, it had the highest Monday gross of any film, generating a total of $ 27.6 million. The film would hold this record for a decade until it was eclipsed by Star Wars: The Force Awakens ($ 40.1 million) in 2015. Spider-Man 2 became

9500-438: The illusion, the sound designers chose not to use servo sound effects, feeling it would rob the tentacles of the sense that they were part of Octavius' body, and instead used motorcycle chains and piano wires. As with the previous film, John Dykstra served as visual effects designer. Dykstra and his crew sought to make the weakest shot of the second movie look as good as the best shot of the first movie. Dykstra not only created

9625-637: The incentive to preserve, i.e., as the business perspective states that once a film is no longer "commercially" viable, it stops generating profit and becomes a financial liability. While few films would not benefit from digital restoration, the high cost of digitally restoring films still prevents the method from being as broadly applied as it might be. Demand for new media, digital cinema, and constantly evolving consumer digital formats continues to change. Film restoration facilities must keep pace to maintain audience acceptance. Classic films today must be in near-mint condition if they are to be reshown or resold, with

9750-484: The initial release for theatrical exhibition. Restorers sometimes create a composite negative (or composite dupe) by recombining duplicated sections of the best remaining material, sometimes on "a shot-to-shot, frame-by-frame basis" to approximate the original configuration of the original camera negative at some time in the film's release cycle. In traditional photochemical restorations, image polarity considerations must be observed when recombining surviving materials and

9875-450: The last two decades universities globally began offering graduate degrees in film preservation and film archiving, which are often taught conjointly (the latter focusing more on skills related to the description, cataloguing, indexing and broadly speaking management of film and media collections). The recent years rapid incursion of digital technologies in the field has somewhat redefined the vocational scope of film preservation. In response,

10000-436: The longevity and access to digitized or digitally born film materials. On purely technical and practical terms, digital film preservation stands for a domain specific subset of digital curation practices. The aesthetic and ethical implications of the use of digital technology for film preservation are major subjects of debate. For instance, the senior curator of George Eastman House Paolo Cherchi Usai has decried

10125-801: The machine to prove it works. Octavius robs a bank to fund his plan and takes May hostage, but Peter rescues her. Overwhelmed by stress, exhaustion, and his conflict between wanting a normal life and his responsibilities as Spider-Man, Peter's power begins to fade. He gives up being Spider-Man and rejects his late Uncle Ben 's wish for him to use his powers responsibly. Embracing civilian life, Peter excels at university and sees Mary Jane perform in an off-Broadway play, much to her delight. However, she rejects his romantic intentions, refusing to believe that he has changed. Peter also confesses his role in Ben's death to May to assuage her guilt; though initially shocked, she forgives him. Despite his lost powers, Peter later saves

10250-427: The machine. Before Peter can cut the power, the power surges kill Octavius' wife, fuse the harness to his body, and destroys the inhibitor chip restricting the tentacles' AI. Octavius is taken to a hospital where doctors attempt to surgically remove the harness, but the tentacles defend themselves and kill the doctors. He flees to a decrepit harbor warehouse, where the tentacles corrupt his mind and convince him to rebuild

10375-474: The majority of graduate programs in film preservation have begun offering courses on digital film preservation and digital film and media collection management. Some established graduate programs in the field are: Spider-Man 2 Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of Spider-Man . Directed by Sam Raimi and written by Alvin Sargent from

10500-549: The materials were expensive to house." Silent films had little or no commercial value after the advent of sound films in the 1930s, and as such, they were not kept. As a result, preserving the now-rare silent films has been proposed as a high priority amongst film historians . Because of the fragility of film stock , proper preservation of film usually involves storing the original negatives (if they have survived) and prints in climate-controlled facilities. The vast majority of films were not stored in this manner, which resulted in

10625-597: The modern genre was launched with Superman (1978)", and praising the film for "effortlessly [combining] special effects and a human story, keeping its parallel plots alive and moving." He later called it the fourth best film of 2004." Joe Baltake , of The Sacramento Bee gave the film a scoring of four out of four, calling it "the closest thing to an art-house action film since Tim Burton 's original Batman in 1989." IGN 's Richard George felt "Sam Raimi and his writing team delivered an iconic, compelling version of Spider-Man's classic foe... We almost wish there

10750-525: The need for more adequate space, it acquired its present home, a former municipal courthouse , in 1979. Under the guidance of the architects Raimund Abraham and Kevin Bone and at a cost of $ 1,450,000, the building was adapted to house two motion picture theaters, a reference library , a film preservation department, offices, and a gallery, opening to the public on October 12, 1988. In 1998, New York University film students began NewFilmmakers, which became

10875-556: The onset, it was determined that if some films had to be preserved, then it would have to be all of them. In 1986, when Ted Turner acquired MGM's library (which by then had included Warner Bros. ' pre-1950, MGM's pre-May 1986, and a majority of the RKO Radio Pictures catalogs), he vowed to continue the preservation work MGM had started. Warner Bros. Discovery , the current owner of Turner Entertainment , continues this work today. The cause for film preservation came to

11000-439: The original film to make proper restorations and predictions. Cost is another obstacle. As of 2020, Martin Scorsese's non-profit The Film Foundation , dedicated to film preservation, estimates the average cost of photochemical restoration of a color feature with sound to be $ 80,000 to $ 450,000, with digital 2K or 4K restoration being "several hundred thousand dollars". The degrees of physical and chemical damage of film influence

11125-424: The originals have decomposed beyond use. Cellulose acetate film , which was the initial replacement for nitrate, has been found to suffer from " vinegar syndrome ". Polyester film base , which replaced acetate, also suffers from fading colors. Storage at carefully controlled low temperatures and low humidity can inhibit both color fading and the onset of vinegar syndrome. However, once degradation begins to occur,

11250-429: The owner of Joe's Pizza . Joey Diaz , Dan Hicks and Chloe Dykstra portray train passengers. Vanessa Ferlito portrays Louise, one of Mary Jane's co-stars. Joy Bryant appears as a spectator that witnesses Spider-Man in action. John Landis plays one of the doctors who operate on Doctor Octopus. Phil LaMarr portrays a train passenger who is most easily seen to the left of Spider-Man (the viewer's right) while

11375-723: The pair and kidnaps Mary Jane to coerce Peter into finding Spider-Man. Peter's powers fully return, and as Spider-Man, he battles Octavius atop a New York City Subway train. Octavius sabotages the train, forcing Peter to physically stop the runaway vehicle from plunging into the New York Harbor. Despite the passengers' efforts to protect him, Octavius captures the weakened Peter and delivers him to Harry. Harry unmasks Spider-Man, discovering Peter's true identity. Peter persuades Harry to help him save Mary Jane, leading him to Octavius' lair. The larger fusion reaction destabilizes again and Peter unmasks himself to convince Octavius to resist

11500-575: The part. Although he was not familiar with Doc Ock, Molina found one element of the comics that he wanted to maintain, the character's cruel, sardonic sense of humor . Spider-Man 2 was shot on over one hundred sets and locations, beginning with a pre-shoot on the Loop in Chicago during two days in November 2002. The crew acquired a train of 2200 series cars, placing sixteen cameras for background shots of Spider-Man and Doc Ock's train fight. Filming

11625-421: The physical appearance of Octavius' tentacles, but also that of the nuclear reaction that Octavius attempts to carry out in the film. The reaction resembles the sun , complete with solar flares , and poses a threat to its immediate environment through its strong gravitational pull, which can draw surrounding objects directly into it and disintegrate them. As mentioned previously, the film's increased budget allowed

11750-402: The positive and negatives of his chosen path, and how he ultimately decides that he can be happy as a heroic figure. Raimi said that he took inspiration from Superman II (1980) for the story of Peter giving up his responsibilities. Although the story takes some partial influence from Doc Ock's debut in 1963 and the 1966 storyline If This Be My Destiny...! , the story was mostly inspired by

11875-402: The previous film, Bruce Campbell has a cameo appearance , this time as an usher who refuses Peter entry for arriving late to Mary Jane Watson's show. Spider-Man co-creator Stan Lee portrays a man on the street who saves a woman from falling debris during a battle between Spider-Man and Doctor Octopus. Dylan Baker portrays Dr. Curt Connors , one of Peter's college physics professors and

12000-741: The quickest film to hit the $ 200 million mark, taking eight days to do so. This record would be tied with Revenge of the Sith and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest . All three films were surpassed by The Dark Knight in 2008. Internationally, Spider-Man 2 opened in 28 territories and grossed $ 43 million in its first week. The film set opening records in Brazil, generating $ 3.1 million on 650 prints, claiming 62% of market share and beating its predecessor's opening weekend by 22%. It took in $ 6.6 million on 873 prints in Mexico, which

12125-413: The reaction to have a significant amount of artistry and reality. The film was scored by Danny Elfman , composer of the previous film. However, during recording sessions, Elfman had a falling out with director Sam Raimi , saying that composing Spider-Man 2 was a "miserable experience". Christopher Young (who eventually scored the sequel), Joseph LoDuca , and John Debney did additional scores for

12250-509: The restorer, and the economics of film restoration vs. digital restoration. As of 2014 , digital scanners can capture images as large as 65 mm in full resolution. That is the typical image size on a traditional (as opposed to the IMAX process) 70 mm film which used a portion of the film surface for its multitrack magnetic sound stripe. The cost of a 70 mm print of a two and a half hour film as of 2012 ran upwards of $ 170,000; while

12375-430: The scene where Spider-Man gets his suit back from The Daily Bugle , when Simmons said "he's a thief" his fake-teeth popped out of his mouth. Filming was put on hiatus for eight weeks, in order to build Doc Ock's pier lair. It had been Spisak's idea to use a collapsed pier as Ock's lair, reflecting an exploded version of the previous lab and representing how Octavius' life had collapsed and grown more monstrous, evoking

12500-595: The second-highest number of screenings, behind Shrek 2 , which had an extra 11, bringing the total to 4,163. The film also broke The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ' s record ($ 34.5 million) for the highest-grossing Wednesday of all time. It held the Wednesday record for three years until it was topped by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ($ 44.2 million). Its Friday-to-Sunday gross reached

12625-404: The sensor. Of course, having an intermediate digital stage, followed by forming a new film master by lasering the digital results onto new film stock does represent an extra generation. So would an intermediate film master that was restored frame-by-frame by hand. The choice of film vs. digital restoration will be driven by the amount, if any, of restoration required, the taste and skill set of

12750-412: The shift from analogue to digital preservation of film as ethically unacceptable, arguing, on philosophical terms, that the medium of film is an essential ontological precondition for the existence of cinema. In 2009, the senior curator of EYE Film Institute Netherlands Giovanna Fossati has discussed the use of digital technologies for the restoration and preservation of film in a more optimistic way as

12875-463: The tentacles' influence and help him. Octavius, acknowledging his folly, sacrifices himself to drown the machine in the bay. Peter rescues Mary Jane, who now knows his secret, and admits that while he loves her, he cannot be with her. Meanwhile, Harry sees a vision in a mirror of Norman demanding vengeance. Harry refuses to hurt Peter and shatters the mirror, revealing a storeroom of Norman's Green Goblin equipment. On her wedding day, Mary Jane abandons

13000-684: The twentieth century. The collection was stored for many decades in two large barrels following the winding-up of the firm, and was discovered in Blackburn in the early 1990s. The restored films now offer a unique social record of early 20th-century British life. Individual preservationists who have contributed to the cause include Robert A. Harris and James Katz ( Lawrence of Arabia , My Fair Lady , and several Alfred Hitchcock films), Michael Thau ( Superman ), and Kevin Brownlow ( Intolerance and Napoleon ). Other organizations, such as

13125-409: The widespread decay of film stocks. The problem of film decay is not limited to films made on cellulose nitrate . Film industry researchers and specialists have found that color films (made using processes for Technicolor and its successors) are also decaying at an increasingly rapid rate. A number of well-known films only exist as copies of original film productions or exhibition elements because

13250-437: The world's largest collection of paper materials documenting the history of American and international film and video as art, and is accessed weekly by students, scholars, researchers, writers, artists, and curators. Manhattan Third District Magistrate's Courthouse and Jail , aka New Essex Market Courthouse , at 32 Second Avenue (aka 43-45 East 2nd Street), opened on April 30, 1919. The three-story brick and terra cotta building

13375-430: The year 3,000 and 4,000 A.D. may learn about us". Beginning in the 1970s, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , aware that the original negatives to many of its Golden Age films had been destroyed in a fire, began a preservation program to restore and preserve all of its films by using whatever negatives survived, or, in many cases, the next best available elements (whether it be a fine-grain master positive or mint archival print). From

13500-439: The years, their negatives and prints crumbled into powder or dust. Many of them were recycled for their silver content, or destroyed in studio or vault fires. The largest cause, however, was intentional destruction. As film preservationist Robert A. Harris explains, "Most of the early films did not survive because of wholesale junking by the studios. There was no thought of ever saving these films. They simply needed vault space and

13625-457: Was a way to retroactively add some of these elements to the original character." In 2016, James Charisma of Playboy ranked the film #9 on a list of "15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals". Conversely, J. Hoberman , of The Village Voice , thought the first half of the film was "talky bordering on tiresome", with the film often stopping to showcase Raimi's idea of humor. Spider-Man 2 has frequently been listed among rankings of

13750-509: Was added to co-write with Gough and Millar. Koepp originally wanted to do the Gwen Stacy and Harry Osborn story and have Gwen to be killed in the middle of the second movie. In September 2002, Michael Chabon was hired to rewrite. His draft had a younger Doc Ock, who becomes infatuated with Mary Jane. His mechanical limbs use endorphins to counteract the pain of being attached to his body, which he enjoys. When he injures two muggers on

13875-547: Was always filmed first with Edge FX's creations to see if CGI was truly necessary. In some shots where CGI is used, Molina is replaced by a virtual actor possessing the CGI tentacles. Through the use of motion-capture and cyber-scanning, visual effects supervisor Scott Stokdyk and CGI character animation supervisor Anthony LaMolinara were able to create more detailed virtual actors to replace Maguire and Molina in some shots, as well as make them display natural human motion. Completing

14000-454: Was an injury in his back. Jake Gyllenhaal was cast to replace Maguire; the two actors so resemble each other that "a source close to Maguire" reportedly said that, had Gyllenhaal taken over the role, "A year from now? The public wouldn't know the difference". Maguire's girlfriend's father Ronald Meyer —head of Universal Studios —helped Maguire regain the role, with a salary of $ 17 million. Maguire underwent tests to make sure if his back

14125-615: Was announced to return as Doctor Octopus in Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), which is part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe and directed by Jon Watts . Molina later clarified in April that the character would be the same iteration as depicted in Spider-Man 2 and his story arc would continue directly from the film's ending. To coincide with the film's release, a video game of the same name

14250-518: Was cast as Octavius in February 2003 and underwent physical training for the role. The reaction to his casting was mixed. Raimi had been impressed by his performance in Frida and also felt that his large physical size was true to the comic book character. Molina only briefly discussed the role and was not aware that he was a strong contender. He was a big fan of Marvel Comics and was excited to get

14375-514: Was designed in the Renaissance Revival style by Alfred Hopkins , author of a book on prison construction. The design replaced a more ambitious 1913 plan for a 14-story municipal tower. One of the most notorious gang murders in a neighborhood then notorious for its gangs occurred outside the courthouse doors on August 28, 1923, when "Kid Dropper" was assassinated by gunman Louis Cohen . The court relocated after February 1946, and

14500-427: Was fit for filming. Gyllenhaal would later say in a 2019 interview saying that he was one of several actors considered to replace Maguire. Raimi stated that prior to filming he was concerned that Maguire and Dunst weren't going to have the same chemistry, as they had since broken up. Several actors were considered for the part of Doctor Octopus, including Ed Harris , Chris Cooper , and Christopher Walken ; Molina

14625-662: Was from old newsreel and archive film and was obtained by Morrison from several sources, such as the George Eastman House , the archives of the Museum of Modern Art , and the Fox Movietone News film archives at the University of South Carolina . The preservation of film usually refers to physical storage of the film in a climate-controlled vault, and sometimes to the actual repair and copying of

14750-449: Was joined in this effort by fellow film makers who served on the foundation's board of directors— Woody Allen , Robert Altman , Francis Ford Coppola , Clint Eastwood , Stanley Kubrick , George Lucas , Sydney Pollack , Robert Redford , and Steven Spielberg . In 2006, Paul Thomas Anderson , Wes Anderson , Curtis Hanson , Peter Jackson , Ang Lee , and Alexander Payne were added to the board of directors of The Film Foundation, which

14875-580: Was made into pieces, to give a better sense of movement. The helmet Maguire wore under his mask was also improved, with better movement for the false jaw and magnetic eyepieces, which were easier to remove. To create Doctor Octopus ' mechanical tentacles, Steve Johnson 's Edge FX was hired to create a corset, a metal and rubber girdle, a rubber spine and four foam rubber tentacles which were 8 feet (2.4 m) long and altogether weighed 100 pounds (45 kg). The claws of each tentacle, which were called "death flowers", were controlled by one puppeteer sitting on

15000-442: Was nominated for two British Academy Film Awards for Special Visual Effects and Sound , but lost to The Day After Tomorrow and Ray , respectively. The American Film Institute (AFI) listed the film as one of the 2004's ten best films . In March 2004, three months before Spider-Man 2 's release, Sony announced that a sequel was already in development. Spider-Man 3 was released on May 4, 2007. In 2021, Molina

15125-433: Was only hired to do scenes where Octavius carries his tentacles. CGI was used for when the tentacles carry Octavius: a 20 ft (6.1 m) high rig held Molina to glide through his surroundings, with CGI tentacles added in post-production . The CGI versions were scanned straight from the real ones to allow them to appear more realistic. However, using the real versions was always preferred to save money, and each scene

15250-473: Was originally slated to start in January 2003, but was pushed back to April so that Maguire could finish Seabiscuit . Principal photography began on April 12, 2003, in New York City and Chicago. The crew moved on May 13 to Los Angeles, shooting on sets created by production designer Neil Spisak. After the scare surrounding his back pains, Tobey Maguire relished performing many of his stunts, even creating

15375-669: Was ranked as the country's third largest opening, coming in at 10% less than the original. Spider-Man 2 produced $ 1.3 million in Malaysia, smashing Godzilla ' s record for having the biggest movie opening in the country. In Indonesia, it was the first film in the country's history to reach $ 2.3 million, surpassing the previous record held by Titanic . In total, the international grosses include Australia ($ 17.8 million), France ($ 40.2 million), Germany ($ 24.2 million), Italy ($ 24.4 million), Japan ($ 59.5 million), Mexico ($ 20.5 million), South Korea ($ 13 million), Spain ($ 18.8 million), and

15500-477: Was re-released on April 22, 2024. The film was initially released on DVD and VHS on November 30, 2004, in the United States, in Australia on November 17, and in the United Kingdom on November 26. The DVD was available in both anamorphic widescreen and Pan-and-scan "fullscreen", as well as a Superbit edition and in a box-set with the first film. The film was also the first Sony Pictures movie released in

15625-731: Was released for the Game Boy Advance , GameCube , Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 2 and Xbox on June 28, 2004. Releases on the PlayStation Portable , N-Gage , and Nintendo DS systems would follow. An action-adventure video game , it serves as a sequel to the Spider-Man: The Movie (2002). Published by Activision , the console versions were developed by Treyarch , but the other versions had different developers. The console versions and handheld versions of Spider-Man 2 were well received, with

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