Legends
152-584: Legends Legends The Sith are the main antagonists in the fictional universe of the Star Wars franchise. They are the antithesis and ancient enemies of the Jedi . The Sith Order is depicted as an ancient cult of warriors who draw strength from the dark side of the Force and use it to seize power by any means necessary, including terrorism and mass murder ; their ultimate goals are to destroy
304-533: A hero and the antagonist as a villain , like Harry Potter and Lord Voldemort in Harry Potter , the antagonist does not always appear as the villain. In some narratives, like Light Yagami and L in Death Note , the protagonist is a villain and the antagonist is an opposing hero. Antagonists are conventionally presented as making moral choices less savory than those of protagonists. This condition
456-588: A plain on the Italian peninsula, by the 1st millennium BC. The origins of the Italic peoples lie in prehistory and are therefore not precisely known, but their Indo-European languages migrated from the east in the second half of the 2nd millennium BC. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus , many Roman historians—including Cato and Sempronius —considered the Italian aborigines to have been prehistoric Greek colonists . The Romans then considered themselves
608-581: A Sith temple hidden underneath a later Jedi temple. Anakin's children, Leia , and Luke Skywalker would become key members of the Rebel Alliance to restore the Galactic Republic. Luke would be secretly tutored in the ways of the Force by Vader's own former Jedi Master, Obi-Wan Kenobi , and a powerful elder Jedi, Yoda , who also survived Darth Sidious' purge. Ironically, during a final confrontation between Luke Skywalker, Darth Vader and
760-424: A Thousand Faces (1949), directly influenced Lucas, and was what drove him to create the 'modern myth' of Star Wars . In particular, the contrasting narrative relationship between the dark side-using Sith and light side-using Jedi mirrors several modern and classical literary tropes. The ongoing struggle of the humanistic "light side"-affiliated Jedi to permanently defeat the egoistic "dark side"-affiliated Sith
912-761: A better education . After the wars, the Senate was theoretically restored, but under the supervision of the urban prefect and other officials appointed by, and responsible to, the Eastern Roman authorities in Ravenna . However, the Pope was now one of the leading religious figures in the entire Byzantine Roman Empire and effectively more powerful locally than either the remaining senators or local Eastern Roman (Byzantine) officials. In practice, local power in Rome devolved to
1064-543: A civil war that provided an opportunity for him to seize absolute power. He had three known Sith apprentices: Darth Maul, Darth Tyranus, and Darth Vader. He was eventually betrayed and killed by his last, Vader, at the end of Return of the Jedi . He returned more than 30 years later in The Rise of Skywalker , having managed to cheat death through powerful mastery of the dark side of the Force. He attempted to reclaim control of
1216-643: A contingent of assassins to hunt down the survivors. This First Jedi Purge brought the Jedi Order to the brink of extinction. The Triumvirate's downfall came about when Meetra Surik, a Jedi who was exiled after the Mandalorian Wars, returned to known space. She defeated the three Sith, and without the Sith leadership, and the destruction of their base of operations on Malachor V, the remaining Sith forces faded into obscurity. Surik's students were able to help
1368-561: A cultural and technical point of view, Etruscans had arguably the second-greatest impact on Roman development, only surpassed by the Greeks. Expanding further south, the Etruscans came into direct contact with the Greeks and initially had success in conflicts with the Greek colonists; after which, Etruria went into a decline. Taking advantage of this, Rome rebelled and gained independence from
1520-555: A device to increase their shows' ratings. Characters may be antagonists without being evil – they may simply be injudicious and unlikeable for the audience. In some stories, such as The Catcher in the Rye , almost every character other than the protagonist may be an antagonist. Another example of this occurring is through Javert in Victor Hugo's Les Misérables , in which Javert displays no malicious intent, but instead represents
1672-515: A disastrous flood of the Tiber in 589, described by Paul the Deacon as a "swarm of snakes." This was followed by a plague in 590, which was notable for the legend of the angel seen, while the newly elected Pope Gregory I (term 590–604) was passing in procession by Hadrian's Tomb , to hover over the building and to sheathe his flaming sword as a sign that the pestilence was about to cease. The city
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#17327654209951824-599: A fairly successful leader but over time the Sith Empire eventually fell to infighting and mostly disappeared. Occasionally, a Dark Lord such as Darth Rivan or Darth Ruin would rise and fall, but the Sith did not become a major threat again until around 2,500 years later. At this point the Brotherhood of Darkness arose, led by the Sith Lord Skere Kaan. They focused on controlling the infighting between
1976-577: A former prodigy from the Jedi stronghold world of Ossus, made the conscious choice to embrace the dark side of the Force and sought out knowledge from Sadow's fallen empire, eventually leading him to Sadow himself, still alive and in exile on Yavin IV . After learning from Sadow, Nadd killed him and used his Sith status and power to conquer the planet Onderon and produce a royal lineage. After Nadd's death, Exar Kun sought out Sith arts from both Nadd's spirit and that of Marka Ragnos. The latter declared Kun Dark Lord of
2128-504: A great host of Germanic peoples , namely Cimbri and Teutones , crossed the river Rhone and moved to Italy. Gaius Marius was consul five consecutive times (seven total), and won two decisive battles in 102 and 101 BC. He also reformed the Roman army, giving it such a good reorganisation that it remained unchanged for centuries. The first thirty years of the last century BC were characterised by serious internal problems that threatened
2280-531: A harsher hiss. The Sith nearly became extinct at the Battle of Ruusan, one thousand years before the Galactic Civil War, but they continued to precariously exist as two Dark Lords at one time: a master and an apprentice. The word Sith is taken from the 1914 science fiction novel, The Warlord of Mars , by Edgar Rice Burroughs in which it refers to a species of beetle. Another possible derivation
2432-525: A loose alliance of soldiers, assassins, and fallen Jedi led by the Sith Triumvirate, a triad of Sith Lords consisting of Darth Traya , Revan's former teacher; Darth Nihilus, a fallen Jedi and survivor of the Mandalorian Wars; and Darth Sion, a veteran Sith warrior from Exar Kun's war. The three of them began a shadow war against the Jedi, with Nihilus using his power to absorb Force energies to wipe out an entire planet of Jedi refugees, while Sion led
2584-412: A loss of humanity, morality, and the ability to love, leaving every Sith, to varying degrees, amoral, cruel, and violent. Considering this dark change in personality to be a transformation into a different person altogether, some who turn to the dark side take on a different name, as they regard their former persona as dead and destroyed. Sith Lords, in particular, adopt a new name upon their initiation into
2736-509: A master and an apprentice. The Star Wars saga began with the film Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope , which was released in 1977. Since then, films , books , computer games and comics have been released, all set in the fictional universe of Star Wars , which has expanded the history of the Sith within their stories. The schemes of the Sith are key to the overarching plot of the Star Wars films and much other fictional material in
2888-638: A master-apprentice tradition called the Rule of Two. Starting with Darth Bane, there would be only two Sith at a time: one to embody power, and the other to crave it. While concealing their identity as Sith, a succession of Sith masters and apprentices would work through the centuries to place themselves into positions of power and undermine the responsible authorities, preparing to overtake the Galactic Republic. The Banite tradition encouraged each apprentice to eventually challenge and murder his or her master, and take an apprentice in turn. In this way, Darth Bane guaranteed
3040-428: A means of execution or intimidation. He even went so far as to murder individuals with his power, including at least two Imperial officers and his own wife, Padme Amidala (though it is unclear if Padme's death was caused directly by the choke). "Fear is the path to the dark side. Fear leads to anger, anger leads to hate, hate leads to suffering." Extended use of the dark side reshapes the user's very nature, resulting in
3192-599: A mix of these people, the Albans , and the other Latins , considered a blend of Pelasgians , Arcadians , Epeans , and refugee Trojans . Over time, the Etruscans and other ancient Italic peoples were admitted as citizens as well. The Sabines—considered to be Gaulish along with the other Umbri peoples of central Italy— were first mentioned in Dionysius's account for having captured the city of Lista by surprise, which
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#17327654209953344-653: A pretext for annihilating the Jedi by activating “Order 66,” one of the embedded protocols in the clone soldiers. In the course of effecting his designs, Palpatine also manipulated the most powerful Jedi knight, Anakin Skywalker, into his service by promising to teach him how to save the life of Padmé Amidala . In a tragic irony, Padmé's sheer horror at discovering Anakin's collaboration with Sidious resulted in her death during childbirth. Sidious would trick Anakin into believing that he had killed Padmé in anger. Anakin's subsequent emotional collapse would lead him to fully embrace
3496-606: A pretext to send forces to Italy under his famed general Belisarius , recapturing the city next year, on 9 December AD 536. In 537–538, the Eastern Romans successfully defended the city in a year-long siege against the Ostrogothic army, and eventually took Ravenna, too. Gothic resistance revived however, and on 17 December 546, the Ostrogoths under Totila recaptured and sacked Rome . Belisarius soon recovered
3648-675: A space battle. Sadow was victorious once again, but they were soon attacked by Republic forces. Sadow escaped by causing the Denarii Binary Star to go supernova . The Sith Empire was saved from collapse by Darth Vitiate, another one of Ragnos' former acolytes, who led the Sith into hiding in the Unknown Regions. In the Empire's absence, the influence of the Sith eventually led to the corruption of several Jedi Knights, including Freedon Nadd, Exar Kun, and Ulic Qel-Droma. Nadd,
3800-466: A special Sith Holocron in an obelisk at the summit of the pyramid inside the temple. Thousands of years prior, a battle was waged on Malachor that resulted in the deaths of its inhabitants. Somewhere between the events of his last appearance in Solo: A Star Wars Story and this Rebels episode, Darth Maul had become stranded on the planet. When Ahsoka Tano , Kanan Jarrus and Ezra Bridger arrive, Ezra
3952-405: A species of Force-sensitive warriors who discovered the efficacy of passion as a tool to draw on the Force at least 5,000 years prior to the events of the first Star Wars film. Fully embracing this approach, they became defined and corrupted by it. The warriors who would become the first Sith were apparently heterodox members of the Jedi. The Jedi served as a space-faring knightly order within
4104-419: A technique opposed to that of their archenemies, the Jedi, who rely on the Force's "light side," i.e., the Force as experienced through disciplined states of apathy. Notably, both the Jedi and Sith shun romantic and familial love, as well as other positive emotions; the Jedi fear that such love will lead to attachment, and thus selfishness, while the Sith fear it will compromise their ruthlessness and connection to
4256-619: Is also of dubious historical value, though the last-named kings may be historical figures. It is believed by some historians (again, this is disputed) that Rome was under the influence of the Etruscans for about a century. During this period, a bridge was built called the Pons Sublicius to replace the Tiber ford, and the Cloaca Maxima was also built; the Etruscans are said to have been great engineers of this type of structure. From
4408-463: Is chaotic: a Sith is never at peace, wracked by jealousy and paranoia until he or she has achieved ultimate supremacy. Within the Star Wars narrative, the Jedi and Sith naturally have a different understanding of the Force. In Sith rhetoric, the relationship between the philosophy of Jedi versus Sith closely mirrors German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche 's concept of master–slave morality ; Sith value "master" virtues, such as pride and power, whereas
4560-586: Is enhanced by negative raw and aggressive emotions and instinctual feelings such as anger, greed, hatred, and rage. By deciding to learn the ways of the dark side of the Force, the Sith may also acquire powers and abilities considered by some in the Star Wars universe to be unnatural. A notable example is " Force lightning ", electricity projected from the fingertips as a means of attack and torture, most famously used by Darth Sidious to torture Luke Skywalker in Star Wars Episode VI: Return of
4712-422: Is framed not only as a contest of values, but as a deep metaphysical conflict: The dark side of the Force is viewed by the Jedi, and generally represented within Star Wars media, as not only a dangerous expedient but as a form of existential corruption which must be purged for the universe, or a person, to attain spiritual balance. Jedi are often depicted as imperfect individuals, but their cause of selfless heroism
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4864-690: Is generally associated with the beginning of the decline of the Western Roman Empire. Rome's population was only a fraction of its peak when the Aurelian Wall was completed in AD 273 (in that year its population was only around 500,000). Starting in the early 3rd century, matters changed. The " Crisis of the Third Century " defines the disasters and political troubles for the Empire, which nearly collapsed. The new feeling of danger and
5016-466: Is often used by an author to create conflict within a story. This is merely a convention, however. An example in which this is reversed can be seen in the character Macduff from Macbeth , who is arguably morally correct in his desire to fight the tyrant Macbeth , the protagonist. Examples from television include J.R. Ewing ( Larry Hagman ) from Dallas and Alexis Colby ( Joan Collins ) from Dynasty . Both became breakout characters used as
5168-548: Is said by the ancient literary sources to be the son of a Greek refugee and an Etruscan mother.) Their names refer to the Etruscan town of Tarquinia . Livy , Plutarch , Dionysius of Halicarnassus , and others claim that Rome was ruled during its first centuries by a succession of seven kings. The traditional chronology, as codified by Varro , allots 243 years for their reigns, an average of almost 35 years, which has been generally discounted by modern scholarship since
5320-410: Is separated from them. He is discovered by Maul, and together, they use the Force cooperatively to solve a series of tests, and retrieve a Sith Holocron. With the help of Kanan and Ahsoka, they fought three Inquisitors, all of whom are killed by Maul. Maul then betrays his allies, blinding Kanan, and proceeds to activate the superweapon. Maul is defeated by a sightless Kanan, and Darth Vader arrives with
5472-640: Is the Scottish Gaelic word sith , which refers to a type of spirit or fairy. It was first used for Star Wars in the 1974 rough draft of Star Wars with the first published use being the 1976 novelization of Star Wars as a title for the villain Darth Vader , the "Dark Lord of the Sith". Sith characters had also been portrayed as such in some Star Wars Legends works prior to the release of The Phantom Menace (the first film to identify characters as Sith on-screen), and in deleted footage from
5624-409: Is ultimately on the right side of an inexorable cosmic struggle against evil, embodied in the power-hungry Sith and the dark side of the Force. The dualistic relationship between these Sith and Jedi concepts of "purity" mirrors the philosophical and literary concept of " Apollonian and Dionysian ": the Jedi are portrayed as embracing purity , reason, temperance, altruism and other humanistic virtues ;
5776-729: The Altar of Victory in the Senate House, as asked by remaining pagan Senators. The Empire's conversion to Christianity made the Bishop of Rome (later called the Pope) the senior religious figure in the Western Empire, as officially stated in 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica . In spite of its increasingly marginal role in the Empire, Rome retained its historic prestige, and this period saw
5928-589: The First Punic War brought the first two provinces outside the Italian peninsula, Sicily and Sardinia . Parts of Spain ( Hispania ) followed, and in the beginning of the 2nd century the Romans got involved in the affairs of the Greek world. By then all Hellenistic kingdoms and the Greek city-states were in decline, exhausted from endless civil wars and relying on mercenary troops. The Romans looked upon
6080-577: The Forum of Augustus and the Ara Pacis . He is said to have remarked that he found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble ( Urbem latericium invenit, marmoream reliquit ). Augustus's successors sought to emulate his success in part by adding their own contributions to the city. In AD 64, during the reign of Nero , the Great Fire of Rome left much of the city destroyed, but in many ways it
6232-507: The Galactic Republic , a representative democracy encompassing most developed worlds. The Jedi Order sought to use the powers of the Force to help defend the weak and advance the rule of law across the galaxy, in keeping with their ethics of self-sacrifice and service to the common welfare. The Jedi creed mirrored their method of utilizing the Force, and Jedi doctrine favored states of serenity, detachment, compassion, and humility as
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6384-568: The Gauls under their leader Brennus in 387 BC. The sacking of 410 is seen as a major landmark in the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire . St. Jerome , living in Bethlehem at the time, wrote that "The City which had taken the whole world was itself taken." These sackings of the city astonished all the Roman world. In any case, the damage caused by the sackings may have been overestimated. The population already started to decline from
6536-537: The Ostrogoths continued, like the last emperors, to rule Italy as a virtually independent realm from Ravenna . Meanwhile, the Senate, even though long since stripped of wider powers, continued to administer Rome itself, with the Pope usually coming from a senatorial family. This situation continued until Theodahad murdered Amalasuntha , a pro-imperial Gothic queen, and usurped the power in 535. The Eastern Roman emperor , Justinian I (reigned 527–565), used this as
6688-608: The Palatine Hill and surrounding hills approximately 30 km (19 mi ) from the Tyrrhenian Sea on the south side of the Tiber . The Quirinal Hill was probably an outpost for the Sabines , another Italic -speaking people. At this location, the Tiber forms a Z-shaped curve that contains an island where the river can be forded. Because of the river and the ford, Rome was at a crossroads of traffic following
6840-728: The Plebeians (commoners) and Patricians (aristocrats) of the ancient Roman Republic , in which the Plebeians sought political equality with the Patricians. It played a major role in the development of the Constitution of the Roman Republic . It began in 494 BC, when, while Rome was at war with two neighbouring tribes, the Plebeians all left the city (the first Plebeian Secession ). The result of this first secession
6992-559: The Sabines . Winning the Battle of Lake Regillus in 493 BC, Rome established again the supremacy over the Latin countries it had lost after the fall of the monarchy. After a lengthy series of struggles, this supremacy became fixed in 393, when the Romans finally subdued the Volsci and Aequi . In 394 BC, they also conquered the menacing Etruscan neighbour of Veii . The Etruscan power
7144-540: The Trojan prince Aeneas , supposed son of the Greek love goddess Aphrodite . Exposed on the Tiber , they were suckled by a she-wolf and raised by a shepherd and his wife . Avenging themselves on their usurping grand-uncle and restoring their grandfather Numitor to Alba Longa 's throne , they were ordered or decided to settle the hills around Rome's later Forum Boarium , an important river port connected in Roman myth with Hercules 's tenth labour , capturing
7296-522: The patricians . He created three centuries of equites : Ramnes (meaning Romans), Tities (after the Sabine king), and Luceres (Etruscans). He also divided the general populace into thirty curiae , named after thirty of the Sabine women who had intervened to end the war between Romulus and Tatius. The curiae formed the voting units in the Comitia Curiata . Rome grew from pastoral settlements on
7448-532: The Aequi, and of course the Etruscans. As years passed and military successes increased Roman territory, new adversaries appeared. The fiercest were the Gauls , a loose collective of peoples who controlled much of Northern Europe including what is modern North and Central-East Italy. In 387 BC, Rome was sacked and burned by the Senones coming from eastern Italy and led by Brennus , who had successfully defeated
7600-650: The Emperor aboard a mobile battle station known as the Death Star , the Sith lineage would end as Darth Bane prescribed that it proceed. Sidious offered Skywalker an ultimatum to enter his service or die, and proceeded to use his Force-derived powers to torture and threaten to kill Skywalker when the latter refused to embrace the dark side of the Force. Experiencing a crisis of conscience at the imminent death of Skywalker, whom Vader now knew to be his son, Vader chose to intervene and kill his former master, Sidious, fulfilling
7752-525: The Empire. Later, western emperors ruled from Milan or Ravenna , or cities in Gaul . In 330, Constantine I established a second capital at Constantinople . Christianity reached Rome during the 1st century AD. For the first two centuries of the Christian era , Imperial authorities largely viewed Christianity simply as a Jewish sect rather than a distinct religion. No emperor issued general laws against
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#17327654209957904-526: The Etruscan origin of some of the mythical Roman kings. Historians have no literature, nor texts of religion or philosophy; therefore, much of what is known about this civilisation is derived from grave goods and tomb findings. The Greeks had founded many colonies in Southern Italy between 750 and 550 BC (which the Romans later called Magna Graecia ), such as Cumae , Naples , Reggio Calabria , Crotone , Sybaris , and Taranto , as well as in
8056-416: The Etruscans around 500 BC. It also abandoned monarchy in favour of a republican system based on a Senate , composed of the nobles of the city, along with popular assemblies which ensured political participation for most of the freeborn men and elected magistrates annually. The Etruscans left a lasting influence on Rome. The Romans learned to build temples from them, and the Etruscans may have introduced
8208-434: The Force is stigmatized as seductive, corruptive, and addictive by the Jedi, who view it as evil, whereas the Sith consider the dark side of the Force to be its most powerful manifestation, and regard the abstemious Jedi as blinded by false virtue. As portrayed in all Star Wars -related media, the dark side provides users with powers similar to those of the light side-using Jedi, but as it leverages passion and violence, its use
8360-570: The Force. While the Jedi seek a harmonious connection to the Force, the Sith seek a deeper understanding through conflict because they believe the Force is defined by conflict. Originally, George Lucas conceived the Sith as an army of fanatical soldiers that served the Emperor in the same way that the Schutzstaffel had served Adolf Hitler . In developing the history for The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas condensed this into one character in
8512-718: The Galactic Cold War, tensions boiled over, and the Galactic War began. The war briefly fell in favor of the Republic and the Jedi, with the Sith gradually losing ground, until both factions were forced to join in an alliance against a third faction of Force-users known as the Eternal Empire. Once the Eternal Empire was defeated, the war against the Sith resumed. Vitiate perished during the conflict, with Darth Malgus eventually taking control. Malgus proved to be
8664-494: The Galactic Republic, Palpatine orchestrated civil war. This conflict, known within the Star Wars universe as the " Clone Wars ", provided a justification for consolidating power in the Galactic Republic's chief executive and assembling a large army of cloned soldiers conditioned to obey certain key commands issued by Palpatine. The Jedi eventually discovered Palpatine's identity as a Sith Lord and attempted to arrest him. Palpatine framed their actions as an attempted coup, using it as
8816-411: The Greek civilisation with great admiration. The Greeks saw Rome as a useful ally in their civil strifes, and it was not long before the Roman legions were invited to intervene in Greece. In less than 50 years the whole of mainland Greece was subdued. The Roman legions crushed the Macedonian phalanx twice, in 197 and 168 BC; in 146 BC the Roman consul Lucius Mummius razed Corinth , marking
8968-414: The Indo-Aryans of India (a rigid caste system). The strongest among the Exiles, Ajunta Pall, became the first to hold the title Dark Lord of the Sith. His contemporaries, such as Karness Muur and XoXaan, became Sith Lords. The human Dark Jedi interbred with the Sith species, who also had an affinity for the Dark Side. They would become the original Sith Empire. One of the earliest leaders of this Sith Empire
9120-423: The Italian peninsula. In the 3rd century BC, Rome brought the Greek poleis in the south under its control as well. Amidst the never-ending wars (from the beginning of the Republic up to the Principate, the doors of the temple of Janus were closed only twice—when they were open it meant that Rome was at war), Rome had to face a severe major social crisis, the Conflict of the Orders , a political struggle between
9272-418: The Jedi . In Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith , meanwhile, Palpatine claims that the dark side gave the Sith lord Darth Plagueis power over death itself. Being uninhibited in their use of the Force, Sith could also repurpose abilities shared with the Jedi, such as telekinesis , to new and terrifying effect: Darth Vader was infamous for his use of telekinetic strangulation , or "Force choke," as
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#17327654209959424-428: The Jedi and rule the galaxy . The various antagonistic factions in the franchise, namely the Confederacy of Independent Systems, the First Galactic Empire , the Imperial Remnant, and the First Order , all originated with the Sith. Sith, known individually as Sith Lords , are, by nature, ruthless. At any point a single individual assumes absolute authority amongst their kind and is granted the honorific Dark Lord of
9576-405: The Jedi recover from the Triumvirate's purge. Around 300 years later, the original Sith Empire, still under the leadership of a seemingly immortal Vitiate, emerged from the Unknown Regions and declared war on the republic. This war, dubbed the Great Galactic War, was halted when Vitiate, on the cusp of victory, was restrained by the telepathic prowess of Revan. After a period of non-fighting, called
9728-492: The Jedi value altruistic "slave" virtues like kindness and compassion. The goal of the Sith is tangible greatness: the ability to shape or destroy a world according to one's will, alone. The goal of the Jedi is moral goodness: freedom from inner turmoil and selfish desires. However, the Sith consider the Jedi's aspirations to be either hopeless or pathetic. To the Sith, achieving greater power, following one's passion, and freedom from inhibition are more authentic ways of expressing
9880-419: The Jedi, the Sith use the lightsaber as their traditional weapon, a device that generates a blade-like plasma powered by a kyber crystal . In contrast to the Jedi, who primarily use blue and green lightsabers, the usual color for a Sith lightsaber is red, born of an unnatural corruption of the kyber crystal through the dark side's malignancy, causing it to "bleed". This even affects the sound of ignition, with
10032-447: The Jedi. A succession of Sith-led regimes would arise to challenge the Jedi and the Galactic Republic, an era known as The Great Hyperspace Wars. The Jedi-led Republic Armed Forces managed to repel the Sith Invasion from Coruscant and then pursued them all the way back to Korriban and essentially killed and purged all of the Sith they could find; Republic historians would call this campaign the post-great hyperspace War counter Invasion but
10184-404: The Jews during Nero's reign, which so destabilised the empire that it led to civil war and Nero's suicide, provided an additional rationale for suppression of this 'Jewish' sect. Diocletian undertook what was to be the most severe and last major persecution of Christians , lasting from 303 to 311. Christianity had become too widespread to suppress, and in 313, the Edict of Milan made tolerance
10336-435: The Mandalorian Wars, whereas the individuals known as Revan and Alek came across Darth Vitiate's empire in the Unknown Regions. Seduced to the dark side and declaring themselves Sith Lords, Revan and Alek became Darth Revan and Darth Malak, respectively. Vitiate had them seek out the Star Forge, an ancient, alien weapons plant that the Sith hoped to use to speed up their return to the galaxy. Revan and Malak instead opted to use
10488-544: The Order, prefixing it with the title Darth (e.g., "Darth Vader"). Severe saturation in the dark side may even lead to physical degradation. It is common for Sith who have immersed themselves in the dark side to have yellow eyes and pale skin, as evidenced by Darth Sidious in Return of the Jedi and the newly corrupted Vader in Revenge of the Sith . Although Sith are deeply affected by the Machiavellian methods and dark arts they practice, they are not portrayed as necessarily irredeemable: some Sith, most famously Darth Vader in
10640-421: The Order. The Dark Jedi were defeated and cast out, exiled to the unknown regions. These Exiles settled on the planet Korriban, and encountered its native species, the Sith. This species consisted of ape-like humanoids with dark salmon-colored skin, chin tentacles, and long bones jutting from their faces. Their culture was reminiscent of both the ancient Egyptians (a monumental necropolis for deceased Dark Lords) and
10792-498: The Pagan god or hero to a corresponding Christian saint or martyr. In this way, the Temple of Romulus and Remus became the basilica of the twin saints Cosmas and Damian . Later, the Pantheon , Temple of All Gods, became the church of All Martyrs. In 480, the last Western Roman emperor, Julius Nepos , was murdered and a Roman general of barbarian origin, Odoacer , declared allegiance to Eastern Roman emperor Zeno . Despite owing nominal allegiance to Constantinople , Odoacer and later
10944-616: The Pope and, over the next few decades, both much of the remaining possessions of the senatorial aristocracy and the local Byzantine Roman administration in Rome were absorbed by the Church . The reign of Justinian's nephew and successor Justin II (reigned 565–578) was marked from the Italian point of view by the invasion of the Lombards under Alboin (568). In capturing the regions of Benevento , Lombardy , Piedmont , Spoleto and Tuscany ,
11096-456: The Republic and eventually take control of the galaxy. The Sith are dedicated to the "Code of the Sith" and to mastering the dark side of the Force. The Code of the Sith identifies conflict as the fundamental dynamic of reality, and holds that the search for lasting peace, within or without, is both quixotic and misguided. Rather, Sith embrace strife and dark passion as salutary and emancipatory forces, as they believe that violent struggle purges
11248-465: The Republic, and finally to self-proclaimed Emperor of the Galactic Empire . This was done by cultivating a public image as a humble and competent politician while secretly mastering dark Sith arts studying under Plagueis, and planning the destruction of the Jedi Order and Republic. Eventually, by manipulating disaffected political groups and using double agents to sow discord, Palpatine fomented
11400-407: The Republic, but its champions, Marcus Junius Brutus (descendant of the founder of the republic) and Gaius Cassius Longinus were defeated by Caesar's lieutenant Marcus Antonius and Caesar's nephew, Octavian . The years 44–31 BC mark the struggle for power between Marcus Antonius and Octavian (later known as Augustus). Finally, on 2 September 31 BC, in the Greek promontory of Actium ,
11552-715: The Roman army at the Battle of the Allia in Etruria . Multiple contemporary records suggest that the Senones hoped to punish Rome for violating its diplomatic neutrality in Etruria. The Senones marched 130 kilometres (81 mi) to Rome without harming the surrounding countryside; once they had sacked the city, the Senones withdrew from Rome. Brennus was defeated by the dictator Furius Camillus at Tusculum soon afterwards. After that, Rome hastily rebuilt its buildings and went on
11704-463: The Sith . Sith culture is based on perpetual treachery and betrayal. The fate of Sith Lords is, typically, to be murdered and replaced by their own apprentices. Sith teach their apprentices to revere the dark side of the Force, to give full reign to aggressive emotions such as rage and hatred, and to believe that others are expendable in the pursuit of power, thus making the Lords' demise inevitable. Like
11856-655: The Sith and made Qel-Droma his apprentice. Corrupting several Jedi to their cause and allying themselves with warriors such as the Mandalorians , Kun and Qel-Droma declared war on the Galactic Republic. During a raid on the Jedi Library at Ossus, Qel-Droma dueled and killed his brother, but was captured. Qel-Droma was redeemed and was instrumental in Kun's downfall, when the latter retreated to Naga Sadow's former stronghold on Yavin IV. Exar Kun's invasion directly influenced
12008-408: The Sith are infamous as the dualistic antagonists to the Jedi , an affiliation of altruistic warriors who strive to use their own martial training and connection to the "light side" of the Force to promote peace and the common welfare throughout the galaxy. To counteract the Jedi's benevolent influence, the Sith instigate both large and small-scale conflicts as part of their larger plan to destabilize
12160-452: The Sith are intertwined with their relationship to the Force . With proper training, the Force may be called upon by rare individuals capable of "sensing" or "touching" it to achieve extraordinary feats such as telekinesis, precognition, and mental suggestion. Not all psychological states are conducive to employing the Force; discipline is required. However, both quietude and focused, intense passion alike can be effective. The Sith originated in
12312-399: The Sith simply called it a holocaust. However, internal power struggles would prove decisive in thwarting the Sith's designs. The paradox of reconciling endless personal ambition with the interests of the Sith as a whole became a great practical and philosophical concern for the Sith. Ultimately, this paradox was “resolved” through a drastic reorganization by Darth Bane, who recast the Sith into
12464-482: The Sith, by contrast, embrace curiosity, emotion, conflict, power, instincts, unfettered self-interest and other hedonistic vices . However, whereas the classic Greek concept did not necessarily view the Apollonian and Dyonisian principles as opposed, Star Wars frames the Jedi and Sith as opponents in a dire moral struggle, with the Sith cast as corrupted villains apparently destined to defeat or self-destruction in
12616-499: The Sith. This policy allowed them to make great progress in their war against the Republic. Ironically, one of their own, the Sith Lord Darth Bane , turned on them, engineering a civil war that ended with the deaths of every one of the Brotherhood's members, except for Bane himself. Bane then started the Rule of Two, which evolved into the Sith as they are seen in the films - an order consisting only of two Sith lords,
12768-489: The Star Forge to fuel their own imperial war machine and led a brutal and hugely successful campaign against the Republic. Revan was eventually betrayed by Malak, allowing a Jedi strike team to capture him. Malak continued his conquest without Revan's tactical leadership until a redeemed Revan defeated him, and the Star Forge, the source of the Sith fleet, was destroyed. Remnants of Revan's Sith Empire were reorganized into
12920-497: The Tiber's embankments fell into disrepair in the course of the latter half of the 6th century. Here, malaria developed. The aqueducts , except for one, were not repaired. The population, without imports of grain and oil from Sicily, shrank to less than 50,000 concentrated near the Tiber and around the Campus Martius , abandoning those districts without water supply. There is a legend, significant though untrue, that there
13072-517: The cattle of Geryon . Disputing some point of the founding or its related auguries , Remus was murdered by Romulus or one of his supporters. Romulus then established a walled and roughly square settlement , whose sacred boundary and gates were established by a ploughing ritual . Romulus then declared the town an asylum, permitted men of all classes to come to Rome as citizens , including criminals, runaway slaves , and freemen without distinction. To provide his citizens with wives, Romulus invited
13224-410: The cause of the protagonist's main problem, or lead a group of characters against the protagonist; in comedies, they are usually responsible for involving the protagonist in comedic situations. Author John Truby argues that a true opponent not only wants to prevent the hero from achieving his desire but is competing with the hero for the same goal. According to John Truby, "It is only by competing for
13376-412: The city's ancient foundation is also obscured by the legend of Rome's beginning involving Romulus and Remus . The traditional date for the founding of Rome is 21 April 753 BC, following M. Terentius Varro , and the city and surrounding region of Latium has continued to be inhabited with little interruption since around that time. Excavations made in 2014 have revealed a wall built long before
13528-472: The city's official founding year. Archaeologists uncovered a stone wall and pieces of pottery dating to the 9th century BC and the beginning of the 8th century BC, and there is evidence of people arriving on the Palatine hill as early as the 10th century BC. The site of Sant'Omobono Area is crucial for understanding the related processes of monumentalisation, urbanisation , and state formation in Rome in
13680-436: The city, but the Ostrogoths retook it in 549. Belisarius was replaced by Narses , who captured Rome from the Ostrogoths for good in 552, ending the so-called Gothic Wars which had devastated much of Italy. The continual war around Rome in the 530s and 540s left it in a state of total disrepair – near-abandoned and desolate with much of its lower-lying parts turned into unhealthy marshes as the drainage systems were neglected and
13832-466: The conspiracy remained a secret for a thousand years. He believed the Sith could exert their power and obtain their revenge against the Jedi by galactic domination. The first six Star Wars films chronicle this ancient scheme. Darth Bane's plan would come to fruition through Senator Palpatine , of Naboo , later Supreme Chancellor, of the Galactic Republic , and secretly a Dark Lord of the Sith (“Darth Sidious”). By manipulating disgruntled factions within
13984-500: The cunning and strength to seize it. In their training, the dissidents would seek to master the Force by cultivating dark passions such as anger and hate, a practice condemned by the Jedi. Guided by their egoistic philosophy based on ruling by seizing power, and armed with taboo Dark Side techniques, the former Jedi exiles reemerged to menace the galaxy as the Sith Order, aiming to conquer the Galactic Republic and exact revenge against
14136-514: The dark side of the Force. Although the Sith are intimately linked to the dark side, not every user of the dark side is a Sith, nor is every user of the light side a Jedi. Yes, a Jedi’s strength flows from the Force. But beware of the dark side. Anger, fear, aggression; the dark side of the Force are they. Easily they flow, quick to join you in a fight. If once you start down the dark path, forever will it dominate your destiny, consume you it will, as it did Obi-Wan's apprentice . The dark side of
14288-509: The dark side of the Force. Sidious would rule the newly created Galactic Empire for approximately 20 years as its Emperor with Darth Vader at his side. Initially unknown to Vader and Sidious, two children were delivered by Padme before her death. The Rebels episode "Twilight of the Apprentice" features a forbidden planet called Malachor, home of an ancient Sith temple . The temple contains a superweapon, and can only be activated by placing
14440-456: The decadent and weak, and that emotions such as aggression and hate provide the strength and resolve to secure freedom through victory. The Code: Peace is a lie. There is only passion. Through passion I gain strength. Through strength I gain power. Through power I gain victory. Through victory my chains are broken. The Force shall free me. Although Sith seek dominion, Sith philosophy stresses that power belongs only to those with
14592-421: The early part of the Republic (before roughly 300 BC, when Old Latin inscriptions and Greek histories about Rome provide more concrete evidence of events) are generally considered to be legendary, their historicity being a topic of debate among classicists. The Roman Republic traditionally dates from 509 BC to 27 BC. After 500 BC, Rome is said to have joined with the Latin cities in defence against incursions by
14744-562: The eastern two-thirds of Sicily . After 650 BC, the Etruscans became dominant in Italy and expanded into north-central Italy. Roman tradition claimed that Rome had been under the control of seven kings from 753 to 509 BC beginning with the mythical Romulus who was said to have founded the city of Rome along with his brother Remus . The last three kings were said to be Etruscan (at least partially)—namely Tarquinius Priscus , Servius Tullius and Tarquinius Superbus . (Priscus
14896-506: The end of free Greece. The same year Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus , the son of Scipio Africanus , destroyed the city of Carthage , making it a Roman province. In the following years, Rome continued its conquests in Spain with Tiberius Gracchus , and it set foot in Asia, when the last king of Pergamum gave his kingdom to the Roman people. The end of the 2nd century brought another threat, when
15048-457: The end. The Greek analogy also makes clear that the conflict between the Jedi and the Sith reflects the universe's eternal dichotomy between order (Apollonian) and chaos (Dionysian). Ironically, the Sith, and the Imperials generally, believe in an extreme social conservatism for sentient beings at large, enforcing order on society through brutal authoritarianism. However, the individual Sith soul
15200-473: The events of the films is portrayed in the comic book series Tales of the Jedi , published by Dark Horse Comics from 1993 to 1998 and considered part of the non-canonical Legends continuity . The Sith Order began around 6,900 BBY, during a period known as the Hundred Year Darkness. A series of conflicts began between the rebellious Dark Jedi, a faction of the Jedi Order, and the rest of
15352-510: The existence of the Republic. The Social War , between Rome and its allies, and the Servile Wars (slave uprisings) were hard conflicts, all within Italy, and forced the Romans to change their policy with regards to their allies and subjects. By then Rome had become an extensive power, with great wealth which derived from the conquered people (as tribute, food or manpower, i.e. slaves). The allies of Rome felt bitter since they had fought by
15504-460: The extraordinary commands of Pompey Magnus , and the first triumvirate made that clear. In January 49 BC, Julius Caesar the conqueror of Gaul, crossed the Rubicon with his legions, occupying Rome and beginning a civil war with Pompey. In the following years, he vanquished his opponents, and ruled Rome for four years. After his assassination in 44 BC, the Senate tried to reestablish
15656-539: The faith or its Church, and persecutions, such as they were, were carried out under the authority of local government officials. A surviving letter from Pliny the Younger , governor of Bythinia, to the emperor Trajan describes his persecution and executions of Christians; Trajan notably responded that Pliny should not seek out Christians nor heed anonymous denunciations, but only punish open Christians who refused to recant. Suetonius mentions in passing that during
15808-789: The final battle took place in the sea. Octavian was victorious, and became the sole ruler of Rome (and its empire). That date marks the end of the Republic and the beginning of the Principate . By the end of the Republic, the city of Rome had achieved a grandeur befitting the capital of an empire dominating the whole of the Mediterranean . It was, at the time, the largest city in the world. Estimates of its peak population range from 450,000 to over 3.5 million people with estimates of 1 to 2 million being most popular with historians. This grandeur increased under Augustus , who completed Caesar's projects and added many of his own, such as
15960-486: The final moments of his life, have renounced the Order and the dark side of the Force. Martial arts are a core part of the Sith tradition, and Sith featured in the Star Wars film series have all been highly trained warriors who further augment their abilities with the Force. Like the Jedi, the Sith's signature armament is a lethal focused energy melee weapon known as a lightsaber , which (generally) only those trained in
16112-514: The first great basilica, the old St. Peter's Basilica . Still Rome remained one of the strongholds of paganism, led by the aristocrats and senators. However, the new walls did not stop the city being sacked first by Alaric on 24 August 410, by Geiseric on 2 June 455, and even by general Ricimer 's unpaid Roman troops (largely composed of barbarians) on 11 July 472. This was the first time in almost 800 years that Rome had fallen to an enemy. The previous sack of Rome had been accomplished by
16264-517: The following periods: Attempts have been made to find a linguistic root for the name Rome. Possibilities include derivation from the Greek Rhṓmē ( Ῥώμη ), meaning "bravery" or "courage"; Compare also Rumon , former name of the Tiber River. Its further etymology remains unknown, as with most Etruscan words. Thomas G. Tucker 's Concise Etymological Dictionary of Latin (1931) suggests that
16416-549: The form of Darth Vader. Sith philosophy values conflict as a catalyst for growth and as a tool for purging the weak, disloyal, and undisciplined. Sith emphasize the maxims, "because we feel like it" and " survival of the fittest " and view restraint as a weakness. Members adhere to master morality , are characterized by the desire to seize power by any means necessary, leveraging force (both physical and supernatural), social maneuvering, and political cunning to their advantage. Throughout Star Wars media and in popular culture,
16568-417: The franchise. Their background has varied among depictions, but the Sith have always been insidious archenemies of the Jedi leveraging dark arts in pursuit of power and revenge. The Sith were first mentioned in A New Hope in a scene ultimately cut from the film. They were expanded upon heavily in the following years in books, comics, games and other multimedia. The Sith were formally introduced on-screen with
16720-528: The galaxy through the Sith Eternal's fleet of Xyston -class Star Destroyers , the Final Order, but was finally killed by his granddaughter, Rey , who deflected his Force lightning back at him using the two Skywalker lightsabers. Darth Sidious' final death marked what appears to be the definitive end of the Sith. Antagonist An antagonist is a character in a story who is presented as
16872-440: The great Mediterranean empire of Carthage (264–146 BC), Rome's stature increased further as it became the capital of an overseas empire for the first time. Beginning in the 2nd century BC, Rome went through a significant population expansion as Italian farmers, driven from their ancestral farmlands by the advent of massive, slave-operated farms called latifundia , flocked to the city in great numbers. The victory over Carthage in
17024-493: The hands of his granddaughter, Rey , the moment also marks the definitive end of the Sith. Darth Sidious (Emperor Palpatine) was a human Dark Lord of the Sith who appeared in each trilogy of the Skywalker Saga . Originally the eldest son of an aristocratic family from the planet Naboo , he rose to power within the Galactic Republic's government system starting from Senator of his homeworld, then to Supreme Chancellor of
17176-478: The intention of retrieving the holocron, but is challenged by Ahsoka, his former Padawan. While the superweapon is preparing to fire, Kanan and Ezra retrieve the holocron and escape, preventing the weapon of mass destruction from being used. Even though the temple is destabilized, Ahsoka and Vader keep fighting to the death within the rapidly crumbling building, until it eventually explodes, wounding Vader. The Star Wars Resistance episode "The Relic Raiders" depicts
17328-434: The invaders effectively restricted Imperial authority to small islands of land surrounding a number of coastal cities, including Ravenna , Naples , Rome and the area of the future Venice . The one inland city continuing under Eastern Roman control was Perugia , which provided a repeatedly threatened overland link between Rome and Ravenna. In 578 and again in 580, the Senate, in some of its last recorded acts, had to ask for
17480-528: The last wave of construction activity: Constantine's predecessor Maxentius built buildings such as its basilica in the Forum , Constantine himself erected the Arch of Constantine to celebrate his victory over Maxentius, and Diocletian built the greatest baths of all. Constantine was also the first patron of official Christian buildings in the city. He donated the Lateran Palace to the Pope, and built
17632-469: The late 4th century onward, although around the middle of the fifth century it seems that Rome continued to be the most populous city of the two parts of the Empire, with a population of no fewer than 650,000 inhabitants. The decline greatly accelerated following the capture of Africa Proconsularis by the Vandals . Many inhabitants now fled as the city no longer could be supplied with grain from Africa from
17784-402: The late Archaic period. The Sant'Omobono temple site dates to 7th–6th century BC, making these the oldest known temple remains in Rome. The city's name was long credited to the legendary culture hero Romulus . It was said that Romulus and his twin brother Remus were the offspring of the rape of an Alban princess by the war god Mars and, via their mother, were further descended from
17936-457: The main enemy or rival of the protagonist . The English word antagonist comes from the Greek ἀνταγωνιστής – antagonistēs , "opponent, competitor, villain, enemy, rival," which is derived from anti- ("against") and agonizesthai ("to contend for a prize"). The antagonist is commonly positioned against the protagonist and their world order. While narratives often portray the protagonist as
18088-461: The menace of barbarian invasions was clearly shown by the decision of Emperor Aurelian , who at year 273 finished encircling the capital itself with a massive wall which had a perimeter that measured close to 20 km (12 mi). Rome formally remained capital of the empire , but emperors spent less and less time there. At the end of 3rd century Diocletian 's political reforms, Rome was deprived of its traditional role of administrative capital of
18240-429: The mid-5th century onward. At the end of the 6th century Rome's population had reduced to around 30,000. Many monuments were being destroyed by the citizens themselves, who stripped stones from closed temples and other precious buildings, and even burned statues to make lime for their personal use. In addition, most of the increasing number of churches were built in this way. For example, the first Saint Peter's Basilica
18392-466: The name is most probably from *urobsma (cf. urbs , robur ) and otherwise, "but less likely" from *urosma "hill" (cf. Skt. varsman- "height, point," Old Slavonic врьхъ "top, summit", Russ. верх "top; upward direction", Lith. virsus "upper"). There is archaeological evidence of human occupation of the Rome area from at least 5,000 years, but the dense layer of much younger debris obscures Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites. The evidence suggesting
18544-465: The neighbouring tribes to a festival in Rome where the Romans abducted many of their young women . After the ensuing war with the Sabines , Romulus shared Rome's kingship with the Sabine king Titus Tatius . Romulus selected 100 of the most noble men to form the Roman Senate , initially serving as his advisory council. These men he called fathers ( Latin : patres ), and their descendants became
18696-474: The offensive, conquering the Etruscans and seizing territory from the Gauls in the north. After 345 BC, Rome pushed south against other Latins. Their main enemy in this quadrant were the fierce Samnites , who outsmarted and trapped the legions in 321 BC at the Battle of Caudine Forks . In spite of these and other temporary setbacks, the Romans advanced steadily. By 290 BC, Rome controlled over half of
18848-601: The official policy. Constantine I (sole ruler 324–337) became the first Christian emperor, and in 380 Theodosius I established Christianity as the official religion. Under Theodosius , visits to the pagan temples were forbidden, the eternal fire in the Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum extinguished, the Vestal Virgins disbanded, auspices and witchcraft punished. Theodosius refused to restore
19000-447: The original film. In his novel series The Thrawn Trilogy (1991–1993), author Timothy Zahn labeled Darth Vader and Emperor Palpatine as " Dark Jedi ", as the meaning of the term "Sith" had not yet been defined. Subsequent Star Wars Legends media use the term "Dark Jedi" for various characters attuned to the dark side of the Force . Some of these characters (including Vader and Palpatine) would be later identified as Sith, although
19152-434: The proper means of accessing its power. Controversy emerged when members of the Jedi Order began to experiment with passion as an alternative. The Jedi establishment saw these innovations as a threat to the ethos of the Jedi, opening members to the seduction of power and cruelty. Eventually, this controversy led to a conflict in which the rebelling Jedi were defeated and exiled. In exile, the dissident Jedi were free to explore
19304-527: The prophecy of the Chosen One. Vader would die of his own injuries shortly thereafter, thus apparently bringing an end to the Sith and their ancient vendetta. The 2019 film The Rise of Skywalker depicts the climax of the conflict between the Sith and the Jedi, and features the group known as the Sith Eternal , led by a resurrected Darth Sidious. When Sidious meets his permanent and final demise at
19456-465: The reign of Nero "punishment was inflicted on the Christians, a class of men given to a new and mischievous superstition " ( superstitionis novae ac maleficae ). He gives no reason for the punishment. Tacitus reports that after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64, some among the population held Nero responsible and that the emperor attempted to deflect blame onto the Christians. The war against
19608-510: The relationship between passion and the Force. They concluded that the martial and ethical disciplines of the Jedi establishment were foolish and misguided. Passion, not quietude, was the most potent means of accessing the Force, and conflict, not peace, was the natural and healthy state of the universe. Rejecting the teachings of the Light side of the force, the exiles now embraced ruthless personal ambition, believing that power belonged to those with
19760-481: The release of Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace in 1999 as a shadowy martial order manipulating the movie's political factions into a galaxy-spanning civil war. Star Wars: The Clone Wars first aired on Cartoon Network in 2008. This series took place between Episode II: Attack of the Clones and Episode III: Revenge of the Sith . During this time, Anakin Skywalker is a full-fledged Jedi Knight and
19912-418: The rigid and inflexible application of the law, even when it leads to moral and ethical dilemmas. An aspect or trait of the protagonist may be considered an antagonist, such as morality or indecisiveness. An antagonist is not always a person or people. In some cases, an antagonist may be a force, such as a tidal wave that destroys a city; a storm that causes havoc; or even a certain area's conditions that are
20064-669: The river valley and of traders travelling north and south on the west side of the peninsula . Archaeological finds have confirmed that there were two fortified settlements in the 8th century BC, in the area of the future Rome: Rumi on the Palatine Hill, and Titientes on the Quirinal Hill, backed by the Luceres living in the nearby woods. These were simply three of numerous Italic-speaking communities that existed in Latium ,
20216-406: The root cause of a problem. An antagonist may or may not create obstacles for the protagonist. Societal norms or other rules may also be antagonists. An antagonist is used as a plot device, to set up conflicts, obstacles, or challenges for the protagonist. Though not every story requires an antagonist, it often is used in plays to increase the level of drama. In tragedies, antagonists are often
20368-546: The same goal that the hero and the opponent are forced to come into direct conflict and to do so again and again throughout the story." History of Rome The history of Rome includes the history of the city of Rome as well as the civilisation of ancient Rome . Roman history has been influential on the modern world, especially in the history of the Catholic Church , and Roman law has influenced many modern legal systems . Roman history can be divided into
20520-527: The series shows how he progresses into his fall to the Dark Side of the Force. Count Dooku is the active Sith Lord and leader of the Separatist Alliance. The series also explores Dooku's attempts at training secret apprentices like Asajj Ventress and Savage Opress in order to eventually defeat Darth Sidious and become the ruling Sith Lord. The origin, agenda, abilities, and philosophy of
20672-598: The side of the Romans, and yet they were not citizens and shared little in the rewards. Although they lost the war, they finally got what they asked, and by the beginning of the 1st century AD practically all free inhabitants of Italy were Roman citizens. However, the growth of the Imperium Romanum (Roman power) created new problems, and new demands, that the old political system of the Republic, with its annually elected magistrates and its sharing of power, could not solve. Sulla's civil war and his later dictatorship,
20824-402: The strength, cunning, and ruthlessness to maintain it, and thus "betrayal" among the Sith is not a vice but an endorsed norm. Accordingly, the Sith reject altruism, self-denial, and kindness, as they regard such attitudes as founded on delusions that fetter one's perceptions and power. In connection with their philosophy, the Sith draw on the dark side of the Force through severe negative emotions,
20976-531: The support of Tiberius II Constantine (reigned 578–582) against the approaching Dukes, Faroald I of Spoleto and Zotto of Benevento . Maurice (reigned 582–602) added a new factor in the continuing conflict by creating an alliance with Childebert II of Austrasia (reigned 575–595). The armies of the Frankish King invaded the Lombard territories in 584, 585, 588 and 590. Rome had suffered badly from
21128-675: The term would also be applied to non-Sith characters with similar goals and practices. George Lucas acknowledged that the Jedi , Sith, and other Force concepts have been inspired by many sources. These include: knighthood , chivalry , paladinism , samurai bushido , Shaolin Monastery , Feudalism , Hinduism , Qigong , Greek philosophy and mythology , Roman history and mythology , Sufism , Confucianism , Shintō , Buddhism and Taoism , and numerous cinematic precursors. The works of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche and mythologist Joseph Campbell , especially his book The Hero with
21280-630: The ways of the Force can use effectively, although General Grievous , a non-Force user, is able to murder numerous Jedi and seize their lightsabers as trophies. Sith use lightsabers in combination with Force-derived powers, such as telekinesis, enhanced dexterity and precognition , to achieve superhuman combat prowess. A well-trained Sith is depicted as being at least a match for a well-trained Jedi Knight, and either can handily defeat multiple ordinary attackers. In matters of dress, Sith may adopt any attire consistent with their plans or guise; they commonly favor black robes and armor. The Sith's history prior to
21432-407: The work of Barthold Georg Niebuhr . The Gauls destroyed much of Rome's historical records when they sacked the city after the Battle of the Allia in 390 BC (according to Polybius, the battle occurred in 387/386) and what was left was eventually lost to time or theft. With no contemporary records of the kingdom existing, all accounts of the kings must be carefully questioned. The list of kings
21584-527: The worship of a triad of gods— Juno , Minerva , and Jupiter —from the Etruscan gods : Uni , Menrva , and Tinia . However, the influence of Etruscan people in the development of Rome is often overstated. Rome was primarily a Latin city. It never became fully Etruscan. Also, evidence shows that Romans were heavily influenced by the Greek cities in the South, mainly through trade. The commonly held stories of
21736-543: Was Tulak Hord. He expanded the Sith territories and conquered the Dromund System, home to Dromund Kaas, later the capital of the Sith Empire. He was eventually followed by Marka Ragnos, the last ruler of a period known as the Golden Age of the Sith. Upon the passing of Ragnos, two contenders for the throne of Dark Lord, Naga Sadow and Ludo Kressh, dueled at his funeral. Eventually, after a series of conflicts, Sadow
21888-426: Was a moment where no one remained living in Rome. Justinian I provided grants for the maintenance of public buildings, aqueducts and bridges—though, being mostly drawn from an Italy dramatically impoverished by the recent wars, these were not always sufficient. He also styled himself the patron of its remaining scholars , orators , physicians and lawyers in the stated hope that eventually more youths would seek
22040-495: Was erected using spoils from the abandoned Circus of Nero . This architectural cannibalism was a constant feature of Roman life until the Renaissance . From the 4th century, imperial edicts against stripping of stones and especially marble were common, but the need for their repetition shows that they were ineffective. Sometimes new churches were created by simply taking advantage of early Pagan temples, while sometimes changing
22192-584: Was mostly paid by taxes that were levied by the Roman government. If it had not been subsidised, Rome would have been significantly smaller. Rome's population declined after its apex in the 2nd century. At the end of that century, during the reign of Marcus Aurelius , the Antonine Plague killed 2,000 people a day. Marcus Aurelius died in 180, his reign being the last of the " Five Good Emperors " and Pax Romana . His son Commodus , who had been co-emperor since AD 177, assumed full imperial power, which
22344-520: Was now limited to Etruria itself, and Rome was the dominant city in Latium. A formal treaty was agreed with the city-state of Carthage in 509 BC which defined the spheres of influence of each city and regulated trade between them. At the same time, Heraclides stated that 4th-century Rome was a Greek city (Plut. Cam. 22). Rome's early enemies were the neighbouring hill tribes of the Volscians,
22496-928: Was regarded as the mother-city of the Aborigines. The Italic speakers in the area included Latins (in the west), Sabines (in the upper valley of the Tiber ), Umbrians (in the north-east), Samnites (in the South), Oscans , and others. In the 8th century BC, they shared the peninsula with two other major ethnic groups: the Etruscans in the North and the Greeks in the south. The Etruscans ( Etrusci or Tusci in Latin ) are attested north of Rome in Etruria (modern northern Lazio, Tuscany and part of Umbria ). They founded cities such as Tarquinia , Veii , and Volterra and deeply influenced Roman culture, as clearly shown by
22648-428: Was safe from capture at least. Agilulf , however, the new Lombard King (reigned 591 to c. 616), managed to secure peace with Childebert , reorganised his territories and resumed activities against both Naples and Rome by 592. With the Emperor preoccupied with wars in the eastern borders and the various succeeding Exarchs unable to secure Rome from invasion, Gregory took personal initiative in starting negotiations for
22800-463: Was the creation of the office of Plebeian Tribune , and with it the first acquisition of real power by the Plebeians. According to tradition, Rome became a republic in 509 BC. However, it took a few centuries for Rome to become the great city of popular imagination. By the 3rd century BC, Rome had become the pre-eminent city of the Italian peninsula. During the Punic Wars between Rome and
22952-403: Was used as an excuse for new development. Rome was a subsidised city at the time, with roughly 15 to 25 percent of its grain supply being paid by the central government. Commerce and industry played a smaller role compared to that of other cities like Alexandria . This meant that Rome had to depend upon goods and production from other parts of the Empire to sustain such a large population. This
23104-595: Was victorious, and Kressh apparently killed. Sadow began the Great Hyperspace War, invading the Republic and laying siege to its planets. Sadow's efforts were initially met with success, his forces amplified by illusions that Sadow projected from his meditation sphere. Ultimately, however, his concentration was broken when his apprentice turned on him. With his illusions dispersed, Sadow's forces were forced to retreat. Upon returning to Sith space they found that Kressh had not been killed, and they engaged him in
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