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44-465: The Sultanate of Aceh , officially the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam ( Acehnese : Keurajeuën Acèh Darussalam ; Jawoë : اچيه دارالسلام ‎), was a sultanate centered in the modern-day Indonesian province of Aceh . It was a major regional power in the 16th and 17th centuries, before experiencing a long period of decline. Its capital was Kutaraja , the present-day Banda Aceh . At its peak it

88-675: A kongsi . His descendants played a major role in the Penang-Kedah Chinese community for generations. He had six sons and two daughters by Saw It Neoh, his wife in Penang, and two sons and one daughter by Guan Boey Neoh, his wife in Kedah. His daughter, Luan, the wife of the headman/ penghulu of Nakhon Srithammarat , later became the mother of the governors of Phang Nga and Takuapa , who financially supported Khaw Su Chiang 's successful tax monopolies in those provinces and who with

132-615: A tin -producing region of the Malay Peninsula, and was able to force the sultans of Johor to recognise his overlordship, if temporarily. During his reign, he created a code of laws known as Adat Meukuta Alam (Adat meaning "customs", or "customary rules"). The strength of his formidable fleet was brought to an end with a disastrous campaign against Malacca in 1629 when the combined Portuguese and Johor forces managed to destroy all his ships and 19,000 troops according to Portuguese account. Aceh's forces were not destroyed, however, as Aceh

176-665: A Bugis dynasty strengthened Acehnese identity in-contrast to the Bugis of Johor, which emphasized their connections to Malay culture. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Koh Lay Huan  – the first Kapitan Cina of Penang , had good contacts with the English-and-French-speaking sultan of Aceh, Jauhar al-Alam . The sultan allowed Koh to gather pepper plants in Aceh to begin pepper cultivation in Penang. Later, about 1819, Koh helped Sultan Jauhar al-Alam put down

220-483: A grandson of Tuanku Ibrahim sultan. The local rulers of Acehnese ports nominally submitted to Dutch authority to avoid a blockade, but they used their income to support the resistance. During this time, many Acehan politicians sought aid from the Ottoman Empire. Their efforts were futile, but they did serve to inspire resistance movements across south-east Asia. Local resistance in northern Sumatra then passed to

264-457: A pledge of allegiance to the Dutch colonial overlords. Because of their co-operation, the Dutch were able to establish a fairly stable government in Aceh and get the sultan to surrender in 1903. After his exile in 1907, no successor was named, but the resistance continued to fight for some time, until 1912. During the reign of Iskandar Muda (c.1538–1636), state centralization was carried out. This

308-418: A rebellion by Acehnese territorial chiefs. In the 1820s, as Aceh produced over half the world's supply of pepper, a new leader, Tuanku Ibrahim , was able to restore some authority to the sultanate and gain control over the "pepper rajas " who were nominal vassals of the sultan by playing them off against each other. He rose to power during the sultanate of his brother, Muhammad Syah , and was able to dominate

352-475: A second family, and became Kapitan Cina of Kedah at Kuala Muda . In 1786 Francis Light claimed the island of Pulau Pinang on behalf of the King of England and renamed it Prince of Wales Island. There were only about a hundred Malay fishermen inhabiting the island at that time, but the population would grow fast - to 5,000 in 1789 and 10,000 ten years later. Koh Lay Huan had a share in that success. Already

396-483: A shortly time after Light arrived, Koh Lay Huan came to visit him and brought with him, from Kuala Muda , Kedah , several boatloads of Chinese and Malays to clear the land, inhabit, trade and generally develop the island. At their inaugural meeting, Koh presented Light with a present of some fishing nets. In May 1787 Light appointed Koh as the first Kapitan Cina of Penang . Light respected Koh's canniness, enterprise and social and political acumen and connections. He

440-444: A slow siege of the entire country, conducted by General van Pel. The capital, in particular, was surrounded by forts connected by railways. The Dutch made another serious attempt to finally pacify the country in 1884, but it quickly slowed and suffered from popular criticism. Dutch armies were finally able to make progress between 1898 and 1903, with each local potentate in occupied territories being forced to sign "The Short Declaration",

484-499: A total of 31 letters in its orthography. The table below shows the Acehnese consonant phonemes and the range of their realizations. Notes: Acehnese features a split ergative system. Intransitives that align with the agent of a transitive verb (Sa) always show agreement by a proclitic (1). Meanwhile, intransitives that align with the patient of a transitive verb (Sp) may optionally show agreement by an enclitic (2). Volitionality

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528-596: Is now a boutique hotel (The East Indies Mansion) at 25 Lebuh China (China Street) in George Town, Penang. In 1795, Light's business partner, James Scott, sought representation when it was decided that properties should be taxed, the revenue being needed to fund the police force, maintain roads and ensure cleanliness. It was at this time that Kapitan Cina Koh Lay Huan, his counterpart for the Indian community ( Kapitan Keling ) Cauder Mohideen , and other prominent members of

572-403: Is the determining factor for whether an intransitive verb is Sa or Sp. Jih he ka= ji =jak. INCHO = 3 =go Jih ka= ji =jak. he INCHO= 3 =go "He has gone." Gopnyan he ka=saket= geuh . INCHO =sick= 3 Gopnyan ka=saket= geuh . he INCHO=sick= 3 "He is sick." Formerly, the Acehnese language was written in an Arabic script called Jawoë or Jawi in

616-582: The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of Sumatra , which allowed for Dutch control throughout Sumatra in exchange for concessions in the Gold Coast and equal trading rights in northern Aceh. The treaty was tantamount to a declaration of war on Aceh, and the Aceh War followed soon after in 1873, with the Dutch making the unfounded excuses that Aceh was sponsoring piracy and preparing to conclude a treaty with

660-626: The Lioness as the first of three planned voyages to the East Indies . The crew stayed for three months acquiring pepper and other spices. British crew member John Davis claims the party was subsequently attacked by the local warlord with the loss of 68 dead and captured. After they arrived, they were permitted by the sultan to purchase pepper, during the same year as representatives of the English East India Company under

704-639: The Manchu -led Chinese Qing dynasty and fled to Siam and the Malay States , to eventually settle in Penang as its first Kapitan China . He was a merchant, planter, tax farmer, Chinese secret society headman, and one of a handful of pioneering leaders of Penang. Koh Lay Huan was from T'ung-an county, Zhang Zhou Prefecture in the Fujian Province, on the southeast coast of China . At

748-477: The United States . As the Dutch prepared for war, Mahmud Syah (1870–1874) appealed for international help, but no one was willing or able to assist. In early 1874 the sultan abandoned the capital after the palace was captured on 31 January, withdrawing to the hills, while the Dutch announced the annexation of Aceh. He would die of cholera , as did many combatants on both sides, but the Acehnese proclaimed

792-1441: The schwa sound which forms the second part of diphthongs. The letters f, q, v, x, and z are only used in loanwords. Acehnese language is rich with literature. The oldest manuscript written in Acehnese is Hikayat Seumau'un from 1658 CE. Most Acehnese literatures consist of poetic works, very little written in prose form. At least ten Achehnese dialects exist: Pasè, Peusangan, Matang, Pidië, Buëng, Banda, Daya, Meulabôh, Seunagan, and Tunong. At least three major dialects exist: Baet Lambuot, Mesjid Punteut and Panthe Ketapang. Baet Lambuot dialect spoken in Aceh Besar regency. Mesjid Punteut dialect spoken in Simpang Ulim district, East Aceh regency. Panthe Ketapang dialect spoken in Jaya district, Aceh Jaya regency. Geographical dialects: Aceh Besar, Pidie, Peusangan, Pasai, East Aceh ( Aceh Timur ) and West Aceh ( Aceh Barat ), North Aceh ( Aceh Utara ), Bireun, Aceh Jaya West coast dialects ( dialek pesisir barat ): Tunong, Seunagan, Meulabôh, Daya. Banda Aceh dialect Aceh Besar dialect       Tunong dialect Seunagan dialect Meulabôh dialect Daya dialect Peusangan dialect     The following texts are excerpts from

836-551: The English- and French-speaking Sultan of Acheh , Jauhar al-Alam . At the time, Aceh accounted for a large part of the worldwide production of pepper. In 1790 Francis Light sent Koh to Acheh to gather pepper plants for cultivation in Penang. Koh retained his connection with the Acheh Sultan Jauhar al-Alam and around 1819 helped him to put down a rebellion by Achenese territorial chiefs . Koh would go on to found

880-464: The Hikayat Aceh and Mahfuzat-i-Timuri with Akbarnama manuscript. Aceh gained wealth from its export of pepper, nutmeg , cloves , betel nuts , and also tin once it conquered Pahang in 1617. Low-interest rates and the use of gold currency strengthened its economy. Aceh tended somehow to be fragile economically, however, because of the difficulty in providing enough surplus food to support

924-619: The Indian Nuruddin ar-Raniri . It is also through the Russian linguist, Vladimir Braginskiĭ, that the Hikayat Aceh from were influenced by Mughal dynasty historiography, as he found out the literal structure similarities of Hikayat Aceh with Mahfuzat-i-Timuri , as the former shared similar themes with the latter about the lifetime and exploits of the protagonist, Timur . Braginskiĭ also found similarities in structure of both

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968-521: The Malay language. The script is less common nowadays. Since colonization by the Dutch, the Acehnese language has been written in the Latin script , with the addition of supplementary letters. The diacritical letters are é, è, ë, ö and ô. The sound /ɨ/ is represented by ⟨eu⟩ and the sound /ʌ/ is represented by ⟨ö⟩ , respectively. The letter 'ë' is used exclusively to represent

1012-457: The command of James Lancaster . He returned in 1602 bearing a letter from English queen Elizabeth I . The tenth sultan from 1589 to 1604 was Alauddin Ri'ayat Shah . Internal dissension in the sultanate prevented another powerful sultan from appearing until 1607 when his grandson Iskandar Muda came to the position. He extended the sultanate's control over most of Sumatra. He also conquered Pahang ,

1056-535: The community, formed the first Committee of Assessors to decide the rates and collection of taxes (assessments). Cultivation of pepper in Penang began through the initial effort of Francis Light and Koh Lay Huan. Koh had been involved with pepper cultivation already long before his arrival at Penang, having had experience in this field both in Phuket and in Kedah . This was facilitated by his being well connected with

1100-430: The first to second century BCE. Acehnese language is spoken primarily in coastal region of Aceh. This language is spoken in thirteen regencies and four cities in Aceh, which are: City North-East Coast West-South Coast Oral monophthong vowels in Acehnese are shown in the table below. In addition to the modern 26 letter basic Latin alphabet , Acehnese uses the supplementary letters è, é, ë, ô, and ö, making

1144-724: The language is called Basa/Bahsa Acèh . In Indonesian it is called Bahasa Aceh . Acehnese belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian . Acehnese's closest relatives are the other Chamic languages , which are principally spoken in Vietnam and Cambodia . The distant relative of the Chamic family is the Malayic language family, which includes languages also spoken in Sumatra such as Minangkabau as well as

1188-475: The local lords and potentates, and then to the religious leaders. However, an adviser of the sultan, Abd al-Rahman al-Zahir, soon returned to take command of the independence movement, fell out with the revolutionary leaders, and promptly agreed to surrender himself to the Dutch in exchange for a lifetime pension in Mecca. The Dutch, now hounded by locals and cholera alike, fortified their coastal positions and began

1232-522: The military and commercial adventures of the state. As Aceh lost political cohesion in the 17th century, it saw its trading importance yielded to the Dutch East India Company , who became the dominant military and economic power in the region following the successful siege of Malacca in 1641. Acehnese language As of 1988, Acehnese is the modern English name spelling and the bibliographical standard, and Acehnese people use

1276-498: The national language, Indonesian . Paul Sidwell notes that Acehnese likely has an Austroasiatic substratum. Linguist Paul Sidwell wrote that "Sometime during this early phase of language shift, perhaps before the beginning of Common Era, the Chamic speakers who were to become the Acehnese left the mainland on a journey that would ultimately end in northern Sumatra." Basing on Graham Thurgood 's thesis, Sidwell argues that Acehnese likely had been long separated from Chamic around

1320-540: The official translations of article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Acehnese, along with the original declaration in English. Koh Lay Huan Kapitan China Koh Lay Huan ( simplified Chinese : 辜礼欢 ; traditional Chinese : 辜禮歡 ; pinyin : Gū Lǐhuān ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Ko͘ Lé-hoan ; died 1826) was a wealthy and educated man, who had earlier rebelled against

1364-578: The planter and Teng Choon's son, Koh Seang Tat who together with Foo Tye Sin operated the successful firm of Tye Sin Tat & Co. A descendant of Koh Seang Teik (younger brother of Koh Seang Tat) was Koh Lip Cheng and Koh Lip Teng (Queens scholar of Penang Free School ). One more famous descendant of Koh Lip Cheng was Datuk Koh Sin Hock (DSPN, AMN, OBE, JP) who was actively in the Malayan politics under both

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1408-465: The reign of his successor Sulaiman Syah (r. 1838–1857), before taking the sultanate himself, under the title Sultan Ali Alauddin Mansur Syah (1857–1870). He extended Aceh's effective control southward at just the time when the Dutch were consolidating their holdings northward. Britain, heretofore guarding the independence of Aceh to keep it out of Dutch hands, re-evaluated its policy and concluded

1452-416: The results were Aceh's control weakened while regional rulers gained effective power. The sultan ultimately became a largely symbolic title. By the 1680s, a Persian visitor could describe a northern Sumatra where "every corner shelters a separate king or governor and all the local rulers maintain themselves independently and do not pay tribute to any higher authority." As a result of these internal conflicts and

1496-543: The resurgence of Johor, Aceh transitioned from being the head of the Malay world to focusing inward, adopting a more prominent Acehnese identity. In 1699 Sultan Badr al-alam Syarif Hasyim Jamal ad-din ascended to the throne, the first male to rule in almost 60 years. He was succeeded by several short-lived rulers, and in 1727 a member of the Buginese dynasty, Sultan Ala ad-din Ahmad Shah took power. The coming to power of

1540-576: The spelling Acehnese when writing in English. Achinese is an antiquated spelling of the English language tradition. Atjehnese is the Dutch spelling and an outdated Indonesian one. The spelling Achehnese originates from a 1906 English translation of the Dutch-language Studien over atjesche klank- en schriftleer. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 35.346-442 by Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje , 1892. In Acehnese

1584-630: The support along with men and firearms from Suleiman the Magnificent 's Ottoman Empire . The Ottoman Empire sent a relief force of 15 Xebecs commanded by Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis . Aceh formed the northern tip of Sumatra at the southeast corner of the Bay of Bengal . Ships from the Bengal Sultanate transported diplomats from Sumatra and Brunei to Ming China . On 21 June 1599 a Dutch captain, Cornelius de Houtman , arrived at "Acheen" aboard

1628-565: The support of this powerful lady later became the governor of Rating in 1844. Koh's eldest son, Koh Kok Chye, was from his Penang wife and was promoted to be the governor of Kuala Kedah (1821–1841). Another son accompanied Sir Stamford Raffles to Singapore at its foundation in 1819. Koh Lay Huan's son also served as Raja of Pungah in Ligor , and Agent for the Chau Phya of Ligor. His famous descendants also include Koh Teng Choon ,

1672-624: The time, Fujian was at the focus of the activities of Tiandihui ( Heaven and Earth Society ), a secret society aiming at the overthrow of the Manchu -led Chinese Qing Dynasty . Having become involved in rebellious activity, Koh Lay Huan was forced to flee to the south part of Siam , where he settled successfully. He became a close ally of the headman/ penghulu of Nakhon Srithammarat (who would, around 1821, marry one of Koh's daughters in Penang). Later, encouraged by commercial prospects, he moved to Kedah where he again settled successfully, kept

1716-585: Was a formidable enemy of the Sultanate of Johor and Portuguese -controlled Malacca , both on the Malay Peninsula , as all three attempted to control the trade through the Strait of Malacca and the regional exports of pepper and tin with fluctuating success. In addition to its considerable military strength, the court of Aceh became a noted center of Islamic scholarship and trade. The sultanate

1760-468: Was able to conquer Kedah within the same year and taking many of its citizens to Aceh. The sultan's son-in-law, Iskandar Thani , former prince of Pahang later became his successor. During his reign, Aceh focused on internal consolidation and religious unity. After the reign of Sultan Iskandar Thani, Aceh was ruled by a series of female sultana. Aceh's previous policy of taking hostages from conquered kingdoms' population made them eager to seek independence,

1804-498: Was done by removing or exterminating the present nobility and creating new ones that were friendly to the state. Besides this, the policy carried out the division of plots of land within the sultanate by mukim (similar to Christian parishes subdivisions), each of these mukims would be headed by an uleebalang (leader) who was responsible for security. Some regions of Aceh, especially of the western-producing pepper regions, were controlled by appointed panglima (governors) whose duty

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1848-410: Was founded by Ali Mughayat Syah , who began campaigns to extend his control over northern Sumatra in 1520. His conquests included Deli , Pedir, and Pasai , and he attacked Aru . His son Alauddin al-Kahar (d. 1571) extended the domains farther south into Sumatra, but was less successful in his attempts to gain a foothold across the strait, though he made several attacks on both Johor and Malacca, with

1892-514: Was recorded to have said about Koh, "Tuanka (towkay) China is an old fox . He has little to do with the government but being rich and having married a daughter of the old King he bears a considerable sway in their Becharas or Council" By appointing Koh Kapitan China, Light had gained an able administrator and judge. Koh was known as Chewan in official documents. He was also known as Koh Lay Hwan, Cheki, Chu Khee, Ku Li-huan and Patcan. Today, Koh Lay Huan's original residence has been restored and

1936-691: Was to report on events and were rotated every three years. Aceh saw itself as heir to Pasai , the first Islamic state in Southeast Asia, and succeeded the role of Islamic missionary work of Malacca after it was conquered by the Catholic Portuguese . It was called the "porch of Mecca ", and became a center of Islamic scholarship, where the Qur'an and other Islamic texts were translated into Malay . Its notable scholars included Hamzah Fansuri , Syamsuddin of Pasai , Abdurrauf of Singkil , and

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