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68-576: The kingdom was a rump state that was created from the territory ruled by Lysimachus , a general of Alexander the Great . Philetaerus , one of Lysimachus' lieutenants, rebelled and took the city of Pergamon and its environs with him; Lysimachus died soon after in 281 BC. The new kingdom was initially in a vassal-like relationship of nominal fealty to the Seleucid Empire , but exercised considerable autonomy and soon became entirely independent. It

136-647: A German puppet state led by Benito Mussolini , was a rump state of the Kingdom of Italy 1943–1945. [REDACTED] The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) / Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) was often viewed as the rump state left behind by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) after it broke up . SFR Yugoslavia itself was considered the 'rump Yugoslavia' for its last ten months, between Slovenian and Croatian declarations of independence on 25 June 1991 and

204-658: A political force. Not that much has survived in ancient sources of the reign of the last Attalid king, Attalus III ; they tend to focus on his personal character rather than describe events during his reign. He seems to have continued to defend his kingdom militarily and to have funded various cults and religious works. He did not have any children, and bequeathed his realm to the Roman Republic in his will with his death in 133 BC. The Romans were reluctant to take on territory in Asia Minor and did not take charge of

272-590: A rump state in 1920 after Turkish invasion . [REDACTED] The Hungarian Republic became a rump state in 1919 after Hungarian–Romanian War . [REDACTED] The Second Czechoslovak Republic was the result of the events following the Munich Agreement , where Czechoslovakia was forced to cede the German-populated Sudetenland region to Germany on 1 October 1938. The state existed for 169 days during which it lost

340-657: A rump state under Aegidius and Syagrius , until it was conquered by the Franks under Clovis I in 486. Post-classical history [ edit ] [REDACTED] Guge and Maryul was a rump state of the Tibetan Empire . [REDACTED] The Sultanate of Rum was a rump state of the Seljuk Empire . [REDACTED] Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was an Armenian rump state in Cilicia. After

408-589: A second force defeated Eumenes III in 129 BC. They annexed the former kingdom of Pergamon, which became the Roman province of Asia . Two notable cults in early Pergamon were the cult of the Cabiri , a pantheon likely of original Phrygian or Thracian origin that became syncretized with Greek beliefs and mythology, and the Corybantes, worshippers of the mother goddess Cybele (possibly the Asia Minor equivalent of

476-534: A small remnant of the former empire still ruled by the House of Bolkiah , which has governed the nation throughout almost its entire existence. [REDACTED] The Republic of German-Austria was created in 1918 as the initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking population within what had been the Austro-Hungarian Empire . [REDACTED] The Republic of Armenia became

544-426: Is different from Wikidata All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from November 2024 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2024 Battle of Aphrodisium Seleucids The Battle of Aphrodisium was fought circa 238 BC between the Kingdom of Pergamon of Attalus I against Seleucid forces led by Antiochus Hierax , allied with

612-708: Is the common Tibetan name for the Leh district in Ladakh. Mngah-ris ( Mnga-ris ), although now restricted to West Tibet, then referred to the entire territory between the Zoji and Mayum passes." ^ Richard Todd (2014), The Sufi Doctrine of Man: Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī's Metaphysical Anthropology , p. 6 ^ Davies, Norman . Europe: A History , p. 335 ^ Fletcher, R. A. (2001). Moorish Spain . London: Phoenix Press. p. 117. ISBN   9781842126059 . ^ Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of

680-1003: The Almoravid conquest of the Taifa of Zaragoza in 1110, the taifa's last ruler, Abd-al-Malik, maintained a tiny rump emirate at Rueda de Jalón until his death in 1130. Qara Khitai was a rump state of the Liao dynasty . After the Jin dynasty assumed control over northern China in 1127, the Southern Song existed as a rump state of the Northern Song dynasty , although it still retained over half of Northern Song's territory and more than half of its population. [REDACTED] Several Byzantine rump states like Nicaea , Trebizond and Epirus were formed following conquests from Muslim Turks and Crusaders. [REDACTED] After

748-524: The Battle of Corupedium , while Seleucus himself was killed a few months later. Philetaerus offered his services to Seleucus and his successors of the Seleucid Empire , but enjoyed considerable autonomy. He extended his power and influence beyond just the city of Pergamon, making allies with neighboring city states. He contributed troops, money, and food to the city of Cyzicus , in Mysia , for its defense against

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816-755: The Battle of the Caecus River . This victory was a key to the legitimacy of Hellenistic kings, who styled themselves after Alexander the Great's legacy of military glories, and improved the standing and prestige of the kingdom. Attalus took the name Soter , "Savior", afterward, and explicitly took the title of basileus , king. Several years later, the "War of the Brothers" broke out in the Seleucid Empire between Seleucus II Callinicus and Antiochus Hierax . Antiochus Hierax made alliances with other kings in Asia Minor, his base of power, including both

884-660: The Galatian Gauls . Attalus was victorious. In 241 BC Attalus had won a great victory against the Galatians, who were migrating into Anatolia from Thrace . Several years after this defeat the Galatians wished to retaliate against Attalus and so allied themselves with Antiochus Hierax, who was Seleucid ruler of much of Asia Minor and also wished to expand his influence. The allies invaded Pergamon but were defeated at Aphrodisium by Attalus. Attalus would continue his war with Antiochus, winning many more victories. After

952-615: The Kurdish Zand and Durrani Empire of Afghanistan , until the region finally annexed by the Qajars in 1796. Modern history [ edit ] [REDACTED] The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was left as a rump state after the First Partition of Poland by Russia , Prussia , and Austria in 1772. The resulting rump state was partitioned again in 1793 and annexed outright in 1795. After Napoleon 's victory in

1020-486: The Lydian capital of Sardis in 261 BC. He created an outright independent Pergamese state, and greatly increased its territories. He established garrisons, such as Philetaireia, in the north at the foot of Mount Ida , which was named after his adoptive father, and Attaleia, in the east, to the northeast of Thyatira near the sources of the river Lycus , which was named after his grandfather. He also extended his control to

1088-768: The Ming dynasty established control over China proper in 1368, the Yuan dynasty retreated to the Mongolian Plateau and survived as a rump state called the Northern Yuan . [REDACTED] The Timurid Empire reduced into a rump state in Kabulistan and Balkh under Babur after most of its territory in Khorasan and Central Asia falls to Shaybanid Khanate of Bukhara in 1500s, the state later turned into

1156-834: The Mughal Empire after the Babur's conquest of Delhi in 1526. [REDACTED] By summer 1503, Aq Qoyunlu rule collapsed in Iran. Some Aq Qoyunlu rump states continued to survive until 1508, before they were absorbed into the Safavid Empire by Ismail I . [REDACTED] After the fall of the Malacca Sultanate in 1511 to the Portuguese naval forces, many of the Malaccan royalty and nobility retreated to

1224-623: The War of the Fourth Coalition in 1807, he created a new Polish rump state, the Duchy of Warsaw . After Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna created a state, Congress Poland in 1815. [REDACTED] The modern country of Luxembourg is the rump state of the former Duchy of Luxembourg , which lost two thirds of its territory due to multiple partitions between 1659 and 1839. This

1292-519: The giants in the Gigantomachy was likely allegorical to the modern Attalids defeating the Galatians and Gauls in a similar battle of good vs. evil, to burnish the legitimacy of the dynasty. Similarly, the Attalids implausibly claimed a link to Alexander the Great via Pergamus , a very marginal figure who was a son of Andromache and Neoptolemus . According to the Attalids, Pergamus had founded

1360-491: The invading Gauls , thus gaining prestige and goodwill for him and his family. He built the sanctuary of Demeter on the acropolis of Pergamon, the temple of Athena (Pergamon's patron deity), and Pergamon's first palace. He added considerably to the city's fortifications. Philetaerus' nephew and adopted son, Eumenes I , succeeded him upon his death in 263 BC. He rebelled and defeated the Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter near

1428-1105: The 21st Century . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   9798216117292 . ^ Mirzoyan, Alla (2010). Armenia, the Regional Powers, and the West: Between History and Geopolitics , Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 188—189 ^ Hovannisian Richard G. Armenian Sebastia/Sivas and Lesser Armenia , p. 430 ^ Romsics, Ignác (2004). Magyarország története a XX. században (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 136. ISBN   963-389-590-1 . ^ Rychlík, J.; Rychlíková, M. (2016). Podkarpatská Rus v dějinách Československa, 1918–1946 (in Czech). Prague: Vyšehrad. ISBN   9788074295560 . ^ "Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental – Version consolidée au 10 août 1944" [Law of 9 August 1944 Concerning

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1496-550: The Antigonid Macedonian kingdom. While this dialogue was surely a literary invention, it seems accurate that the Attalid royal court avoided scandal and appealed well to the common citizenry. Rump state Reduced territory of a once-larger state [REDACTED] Kingdom of Soissons , a Roman rump state A rump state is the remnant of a once larger state that

1564-857: The Archaeology of Inca Resistance . Los Angeles. pp. 1–2. ISBN   9781938770623 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) ^ Fazal, Tanisha M. (2011). State Death: The Politics and Geography of Conquest, Occupation, and Annexation . Princeton University Press. p. 110. ISBN   9781400841448 . ^ Lerski, George J. (1996). Historical dictionary of Poland, 966-1945 . Greenwood Press. p. 121. ISBN   9780313260070 . ^ "History" . Embassy of Luxembourg in Vientiane . Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes . Retrieved 23 May 2023 . The Belgian Revolution of 1830 and subsequent Treaty of London (1839) led to

1632-544: The Cold War . Brookings Institution Press . p. 285. ISBN   9780815722953 . OCLC   476203561 . ^ Williams, Jack; Chang, Ch’ang-yi David (2008). Taiwan's Environmental Struggle . Taylor & Francis . p. 18. ISBN   978-0-415-44723-2 . Taiwan was now the rump state of the 'Republic of China', under the Kuomintang (KMT) or 'Nationalist' party rule, 'temporarily' in exile on

1700-527: The Galatian War. He was the lead commander in the war with Pontus, as well. After becoming king in his own right, he made war against Prusias II of Bithynia in 156–154 BC with the help of the Romans. He also made an alliance and received troops from Ariarathes V of Cappadocia , led by his son Demetrius. Attalus expanded his kingdom and founded the cities of Philadelphia and Attalea-in-Pamphylia. In 152 BC

1768-722: The Galatians and the Cappadocians. Around 230 BC, Hireax attacked Pergamon with the help of the Galatians. Attalus defeated the Gauls and Antiochus in the Battle of Aphrodisium and in a second battle in the east. He then fought Antiochus alone in a battle near Sardis and in the Battle of the Harpasus in Caria in 229 BC. After this Antiochus left to start a campaign in Mesopotamia , and then pivoted toward Thrace in 227 BC. He

1836-711: The Greek goddess Rhea ). Various art and statues were built to them. The worship of Cybele would later intersect with Roman history. According to Livy , during the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage (205 BC), the Sibylline Oracle told the Senate that Carthage would be defeated if the cult of the Mater Deum Magna Idaea ( Magna Mater = "Great Mother") was imported into Rome. At

1904-534: The Hellenistic world, was to the goddess Athena . A temple to Athena seems to have been built around the beginning of the third century BC, while Lysimachus still acknowledged Seleucid suzerainty, and portraits of Athena appeared on coinage. A festival was also held called Panathenaia , but nothing is known of it. By 220 BC, Attalus I is recorded as holding important games in Athena's honor, and likely expanding

1972-648: The Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . pp. 292–351. ISBN   9780521470308 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rump_state&oldid=1259676164 " Categories : Political metaphors Types of countries Rump states Former countries Hidden categories: Harv and Sfn no-target errors CS1 maint: location missing publisher CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu) CS1 Czech-language sources (cs) Articles with short description Short description

2040-661: The Ottoman Empire , in which the state lost all of its territory in Northern Africa, The Middle East, and Europe, which constituted in a total territorial loss of 89%. See also [ edit ] Exclusive mandate Feudal fragmentation Government-in-exile List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies Puppet state Secession Separatism Succession of states References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ Tir, Jaroslav (Feb 22, 2005). Keeping

2108-893: The Peace After Secessions: Territorial Conflicts Between Rump and Secessionist States . Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association . Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu: Hawaii Online . Retrieved Oct 26, 2014 . ^ Van de Mieroop, Marc (2021). A history of ancient Egypt (Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. p. 152. ISBN   9781119620891 . ^ Myśliwiec, Karol (2000). The twilight of ancient Egypt : first millennium B.C.E . Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. p. 69. ISBN   9780801486302 . ^ Potts, D. T.; Radner, Karen; Moeller, Nadine (2020). The Oxford history of

Kingdom of Pergamon - Misplaced Pages Continue

2176-689: The Pergamese state was hanging by a thread when Eumenes II ( r.  197–159 BC ) came to the throne in 197 BC. Eumenes II sought alliances with the Achaean League , rejected an offer of marriage and alliance with the Seleucids, and supported Rome in the Roman–Seleucid War of 192–188 BC. In 188 BC, after the war's end by the Treaty of Apamea , the Romans seized the possessions of

2244-558: The Pergamese would also fight the Galatian War , Prusias I of Bithynia (around 188–184 BC?), Pharnaces I of Pontus (around 183-179 BC?), and would aid the Romans again in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC). Eumenes II also successfully intervened in Seleucid politics, aiding Antiochus IV Epiphanes in his quest to take the throne from Heliodorus . Eumenes II was ill for the last decade of his life, and

2312-675: The Present . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 115. ^ Charles Melville (2021). Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran . Vol. 10. p. 33. Only after five more years did Esma'il and the Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when

2380-708: The Roman Provinces . Routledge. p. 170. ISBN   9781317086147 . ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present . Princeton University Press. pp. 169–. ISBN   978-0-691-13589-2 . ^ Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963) , p. 19 harvp error: no target: CITEREFFisher,_Rose_&_Huttenback,_Himalayan_Battleground1963 ( help ) : " Mar-yul (literally "lower land")

2448-480: The Romans in the first war, also provided them with assistance in the Second Macedonian War (200–197 BC). King Antiochus III of the Seleucids seem to have conquered or at least cowed into neutrality much of Pergamese territory in 198 BC; by 196 BC, at least, it seems that Antiochus III was able to march his armies through the area without opposition, and important putatively Attalid cities such as Phocaea and Thyatira were in Seleucid possession. The authority of

2516-620: The Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year the Safavids conquered Iraq and drove out Soltan-Morad, who fled to Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma'il. ^ Husain, Muzaffar; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (2011). Concise History of Islam (unabridged ed.). Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 310. ISBN   9789382573470 . OCLC   868069299 . ^ Bauer, Brian S.; Fonseca Santa Cruz, Javier; Araoz Silva, Miriam (2015). Vilcabamba and

2584-490: The Steppes: A History of Central Asia. p. 166. ISBN 9780813513041. ^ Des Forges, Roger V. (2003). Cultural centrality and political change in Chinese history : northeast Henan in the fall of the Ming . Stanford University Press. p. 6. ISBN   9780804740449 . ^ Chaffee, John W. (2015). The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 Part Two Sung China, 960-1279 . Cambridge University Press. p. 625. ^ The Columbia history of

2652-422: The ancient Near East. Volume III: from the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC . New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 88. ISBN   9780190687601 . ^ Fattah, Hala Mundhir; Caso, Frank (2009). A Brief History of Iraq . p. 277. ^ Dodd, Leslie (25 November 2016). "Kinship Conflict and Unity among Roman Elites in Post-Roman Gaul". Official Power and Local Elites in

2720-427: The avoiding of petty royal squabbles between siblings that consumed their neighbors in civil wars and assassinations. Perhaps spurred by the precariousness of their royal claim, the Attalids displayed remarkable cooperation between each other. Polybius has Philip V of Macedon praise the Attalids, his enemies, for their unity as instrumental to their success as he mourns the hatred between his own sons that brought down

2788-404: The city of Pergamon and named it after himself, while they claimed Andromache was a distant ancestor of Olympias , Alexander's mother. Knowledge of the dates of the reigns of the Attalid kings are largely based on Strabo 's Geography , with a few minor corrections by modern historians for apparent slips of the pen. A notable aspect of Attalid dynastic propaganda was the unity of the family and

Kingdom of Pergamon - Misplaced Pages Continue

2856-423: The conquest of Lower Egypt by the Hyksos , there was a rump Egyptian kingdom in Upper Egypt centered on Thebes , which eventually reunified the country at the start of the New Kingdom . The Seleucid Empire becomes a rump state in Northern Syria after losing most of its territory to the Parthian Empire . After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in Gaul , the Kingdom of Soissons survived as

2924-412: The defeated Antiochus III in Asia Minor and gave Mysia, Lydia , Phrygia , and Pamphylia to the kingdom of Pergamon and Caria , Lycia and Pisidia , in the southwestern corner of Asia Minor, to Rhodes , another Roman ally. Later the Romans gave these possessions of Rhodes to Pergamon. These acquisitions were an enormous increase in the size and influence of Pergamon. During the reign of Eumenes II,

2992-517: The great Pergamon Altar in the late 180s BC. In its interior there is a frieze depicting the life of Telephus , son of the demigod Herakles . The ruling dynasty associated Telephus with its city and claimed him as its legendary forefather and the ancestor of the Attalids. Pergamon, having entered the Greek world much later than its counterparts to the west, could not boast the same divine heritage as older city-states and so had to cultivate its place in Greek mythology retroactively. Telephus defeating

3060-643: The island [...] ^ Williams, Jack; Chang, Ch’ang-yi David (2008). Taiwan's Environmental Struggle . Taylor & Francis . p. 7. ISBN   978-0-415-44723-2 . Exactly what is Taiwan—nation state, de facto nation, rump state, pariah state, renegade province? The answer depends very much on the viewpoint of the observer. ^ Nicolle 2008 , p. 162 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNicolle2008 ( help ) Sources [ edit ] Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999). "Western Zhou History". In Michael Loewe; Edward L. Shaughnessy (eds.). The Cambridge History of ancient China - From

3128-431: The kingdom. A man named Aristonicus, claiming to be the illegitimate son of Eumenes II, assumed the dynastic name of Eumenes III, attempted to overturn Attalus III's will, and apparently acquired authority at least in the core Pergamese cities. In 131 or 130 BC Rome sent an army against him which was defeated. Scandalously for the time, Eumenes III was apparently willing to recruit slaves for his army and arm them. However,

3196-405: The legal dissolution of Yugoslavia on 27 April 1992. [REDACTED] Taiwan was the rump state of the Republic of China , under the Kuomintang rule. The current status of Taiwan is disputed and varies based on the observer's perspective. See also Political status of Taiwan . [REDACTED] The Republic of Turkey , a rump state left over in Asia Minor after the Dissolution of

3264-449: The most important religious celebration in Pergamum in the 2nd century BC. After the Pergamese expansion in size and prestige after the Treaty of Apamea, King Eumenes II embarked upon a vast building program in Pergamon to suit the capital's new prominence. He expanded the Library of Pergamon that had probably been started by his father Attalus I, which adjoined the newly created Temple to Athena noted above. He also began construction of

3332-567: The partitioning of a section of Luxembourg territory between Belgium and the Dutch king, which resulted in the Grand Duchy's present-day geographical borders. ^ CIA Factbook 2017 . sfn error: no target: CITEREFCIA_Factbook2017 ( help ) ^ Magocsi, Paul Robert (2018). Historical atlas of Central Europe: Third Revised and Expanded Edition . University of Toronto Press. p. 128. ISBN   9781487523312 . ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2019). Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to

3400-434: The precincts of Athena's temple. At some point at either the end of Attalus I's rule or near the start of Eumenes II's rule, Athena was given the local title Nikephoros , "bestower of victory." Eumenes II would create a magnificent new two-story temple to Athena, refounded the festival in her honor as the festival of Nikephoria in 181 BC, and dedicated a site outside the city with the name Nikephorion. The Nikephoria would be

3468-579: The reestablishment of the legally constituted Republic on the mainland – consolidated version of 10 August 1944]. gouv.fr . Legifrance. 9 August 1944. Archived from the original on 16 July 2009 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Article 1: The form of the government of France is and remains the Republic. By law, it has not ceased to exist. Article 2: The following are therefore null and void: all legislative or regulatory acts as well as all actions of any description whatsoever taken to execute them, promulgated in Metropolitan France after 16 June 1940 and until

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3536-401: The region of Carpathian Ruthenia . [REDACTED] Vichy France , a collaborationist state with Nazi Germany , was a rump state of the French Third Republic . It existed as an independent state under partial occupation from 1940 to 1942, was fully occupied by Germany until 1944, and operated as a government-in-exile until 1945. [REDACTED] The fascist Italian Social Republic ,

3604-935: The restoration of the Provisional Government of the French Republic. This nullification is hereby expressly declared and must be noted. Article 3. The following acts are hereby expressly nullified and held invalid: The so-called "Constitutional Law of 10 July 1940; as well as any laws called 'Constitutional Law';... ^ James Hartfield, Unpatriotic History of the Second World War , ISBN   178099379X , 2012, p. 424 ^ Eric Morris, Circles of Hell: The War in Italy 1943-1945 , ISBN   0091744741 , 1993, p. 140 ^ Neville, Peter (2014). Mussolini (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 199. ISBN   9781317613046 . ^ Sudetic, Chuck (1991-10-24), "Top Serb Leaders Back Proposal To Form Separate Yugoslav State" , New York Times , retrieved 2018-03-07 . ^ Woodward, Susan L. (April 1995). Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution After

3672-409: The son in law of a former Byzantine Emperor, establish a court that soon become the Small but reviving Greek empire." ^ This is the date determined by Franz Babinger, "La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)" , Revue des études byzantines , 7 (1949), pp. 205–207 doi : 10.3406/rebyz.1949.1014 ^ Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to

3740-434: The south of the river Caïcus , reaching the Gulf of Cyme. Eumenes I minted coins with the portrait of Philetaerus, who during his reign had still been depicting the Seleucid king Seleucus I Nicator on his coins. Attalus I ( r.  241–197 BC ) succeeded Eumenes I after being adopted as his son. Early in his reign, he won a battlefield victory against the Galatians of Asia Minor (called Gauls by Pausanias ) at

3808-402: The southern region of the Malay Peninsula and established the Johor Sultanate . [REDACTED] After the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532, the Neo-Inca State based at Vilcabamba survived as a rump state until 1572. [REDACTED] The Afsharid Dynasty survived as a rump state in Mashhad and surrounding after most of its territory in Iran and Khorasan conquered by

3876-461: The time, Pergamon was Rome's closest ally in the region of the Greek Eastern Mediterranean, and they sought out artifacts from the region that matched the request, where the closest equivalent goddess was Cybele. A sacred stone dedicated to Cybele under Pergamese stewardship was sent to Rome within a year (and possibly other relics), and the new cult in Rome took credit for Rome's eventual victory in 201 BC. Another cult of importance, if more common in

3944-399: The two kings and Rome helped and funded Alexander Balas in his successful bid to start a civil war in the Seleucid Empire and to seize the Seleucid throne from Demetrius I Soter . In 149 BC, Attalus helped Nicomedes II Epiphanes to seize the Bithynian throne from his father Prusias II. Attalus II also aided the Romans in the Fourth Macedonian War , the final war that destroyed Macedonia as

4012-477: The two resumed. Attalus made an alliance with Antiochus III, who besieged Achaeus in Sardis in 214 BC. Antiochus captured the city and put Achaeus to death in the next year. Attalus regained control over his territories. The Attalids became allies of the Roman Republic during the First Macedonian War (214–205 BC), although their participation was rather ineffective and insignificant. They would go on to support Rome in many subsequent wars. Attalus I, who had helped

4080-501: The walls of Pergamon. However, Achaeus himself turned on Antiochus III and proclaimed himself a king, perhaps because he was accused of intending to revolt anyway, or perhaps simply drunk with success. By 220/219 BC, Achaeus and Attalus seem to have made peace. In 218 BC, Achaeus undertook an expedition to Selge, south of the Taurus. Attalus recaptured his former territories with the help of some Thracian Gauls. Achaeus returned from his victorious campaign in 217 BC and hostilities between

4148-413: The world by John Arthur Garraty, Peter Gay (1972), p. 454: "The Greek empire in exile at Nicaea proved too strong to be driven out of Asia Minor, and in Epirus another Greek dynasty defied the intruders". ^ A Short history of Greece from early times to 1964 by W. A. Heurtley , H. C. Darby, C. W. Crawley, C. M. Woodhouse (1967), p. 55: "There in the prosperous city of Nicaea, Theodoros Laskaris,

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4216-403: Was a monarchy ruled by Philetaerus's extended family and their descendants. It lasted around 150 years before being eventually absorbed by the Roman Republic during the period from 133–129 BC. Philetaerus rose from humble origins to become a lieutenant of Lysimachus , one of Alexander the Great 's generals ( diadochi ), who ruled a large state centered around Byzantium . Philetaerus

4284-489: Was cemented by the Treaty of London , which gave most of its former territory to newly independent Belgium . [REDACTED] The modern-day state of Brunei is a rump state of the former Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888) , which once encompassed much of northern Borneo . The nation declined sharply during the 19th century, eventually falling under a British protectorate and reduced to its present size by 1901. Brunei would ultimately regain its independence in 1984, remaining

4352-427: Was killed in battle against the Gauls and the Kingdom of Tylis . With Antiochus Hierax's death, Attalus gained control over all Seleucid territories in Asia Minor north of the Taurus Mountains . He repulsed several attempts by Seleucus III Ceraunus , who had succeeded Seleucus II, to recover the lost territory. The newly expanded kingdom stretched over 143,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi). The expansion

4420-461: Was not to last long. In 223 BC, Seleucus III crossed the Taurus, but was assassinated, and the general Achaeus assumed control of the Seleucid army. Antiochus III the Great made Achaeus governor of the Seleucid territories north of the Taurus. Achaeus embarked upon a remarkably successful military campaign. Within two years, he had recovered the lost territories, taken parts of the traditional Pergamese heartland, and forced Attalus to retreat within

4488-411: Was reduced in the wake of secession , annexation , occupation , decolonization , a successful coup d'état or revolution on part of its former territory . In the last case, a government stops short of going into exile because it controls parts of its remaining territories. Examples [ edit ] Ancient history [ edit ] During the Second Intermediate Period , following

4556-415: Was succeeded by his brother Attalus II as king in 159 BC, although Attalus II had already assumed many key responsibilities by then. Before he became king, he was a military commander. In 190 BC he took part in the Battle of Magnesia , which was the final victory of the Romans in the war against the Seleucids. In 189 BC he led the Pergamene troops which flanked the Roman army under Gnaeus Manlius Vulso in

4624-435: Was trusted to manage the fortress of Pergamon and guard much of Lysimachus's treasury, and had 9,000 talents under his purview. At some point prior to 281 BC, Philetaerus deserted Lysimachus and rebelled, allegedly over fears of Arsinoe, Lysimachus's wife, who was accused of arranging the death of Agathocles, Lysimachus's son . In 281 BC, Seleucus I Nicator , another of Alexander's generals, defeated and killed Lysimachus at

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