Misplaced Pages

#93906

107-527: While most authors included Papuans , Aboriginal Australians and Melanesians (mainly from Fiji , New Caledonia , Solomon Islands and Vanuatu ), there was controversy about the inclusion of the various Southeast Asian populations grouped as " Negrito ", or a number of dark-skinned tribal populations of the Indian subcontinent . The concept of dividing humankind into three, four or five races (often called Caucasoid , Mongoloid , Negroid , and Australoid)

214-717: A census of the Spanish-Philippines based on the tribute counts (representing an average family of seven to ten children and two parents per tribute) and came upon the following statistics: The Spanish-Filipino population as a proportion of the provinces widely varied; with as high as 19% of the population of Tondo province (The most populous province and former name of Manila), to Pampanga 13.7%, Cavite at 13%, Laguna 2.28%, Batangas 3%, Bulacan 10.79%, Bataan 16.72%, Ilocos 1.38%, Pangasinan 3.49%, Albay 1.16%, Cebu 2.17%, Samar 3.27%, Iloilo 1%, Capiz 1%, Bicol 20%, and Zamboanga 40%. According to

321-590: A colonial middle-class group known as the Mestizo de Sangley ( Chinese mestizos ) descend from. Its descendants during the late 19th century produced a major part of the ilustrado intelligentsia of the late Spanish Colonial Philippines , that were very influential with the creation of Filipino nationalism and the sparking of the Philippine Revolution . There are also Japanese people , which include escaped Christians (Kirishitan) who fled

428-476: A first wave from the Malay Archipelago perhaps 50,000 years ago when New Guinea and Australia were a single landmass called Sahul   and, much later, a wave of Austronesian people from the north who introduced Austronesian languages and pigs about 3,500 years ago. They also left a small but significant genetic trace in many coastal Papuan peoples. Linguistically, Papuans speak languages from

535-548: A major language during the short-lived Republic of Zamboanga . Most Maranaos with part- Tausug or Yakan from Zamboanga and Basilan are conversant, specifically the Zamboanga dialect known as Zamboangueño . The Iranun /Ilanun are a Moro ethnic group native to Mindanao , Philippines , and the west coast of Sabah . The modern Iranun are believed to be descendants of Maranao who left Lake Lanao and settled elsewhere. These migrations were usually of merchant clans of

642-521: A mechanism for the initiation, maintenance, renewal and reinforcement of kinship and social ties. They also speak different Kalinga tribal languages , Ilocano , Tagalog and English . The Balangao tribe inhabits a barangay in Natonin , Mountain Province , Philippines . The tribe, focuses primarily on farming; which is performed either in rice terraces or from lands that were cleared by fire. At

749-499: A significant presence throughout the country's history. The Muslim-majority ethnic groups ethnolinguistic groups of Mindanao, Sulu , and Palawan are collectively referred to as the Moro people , a broad category that includes some Indigenous people groups and some non-Indigenous people groups. With a population of over 5 million people, they comprise about 5% of the country's total population. The Spanish called them Moros after

856-431: A simple sister group of Tianyuan " ("Basal East Asians"). There is evidence that the ancestors of Papuans and related groups "underwent a strong bottleneck before the settlement of the region, and separated around 20,000–40,000 years ago". Papuans display pronounced genetic diversity, explained through isolation and drift between different subgroups after the settlement of New Guinea . The most notable differentiation

963-485: A total of 1083 languages, with 12 languages overlapping. They can be divided into two groups, the Austronesian languages , and all the others, called Papuan languages for convenience. The term Papuan languages refers to an areal grouping , rather than a linguistic one. So-called Papuan languages comprise hundreds of different languages, most of which are not related. The following indigenous peoples live within

1070-588: A traditional horse culture . They are renowned for their weaving traditions. The Tausūg people (known as Suluk in Sabah ) are an ethnic group of the Philippines , Malaysia and Indonesia . The Tausūg are a Visayan subgroup that mostly converted to Islam in the late AD 1300s, and are closely related to the Surigaonon and Butuanon people . The Muslim Tausugs originally had an independent state known as

1177-634: Is a South-Central Cordilleran dialect . They have an indigenous Itneg religion with its own pantheon. The Kalinga , also known as "iKalinga", inhabit the drainage basin of the middle Chico River in Kalinga Province . The Kalinga are sub-divided into Southern and Northern groups; the latter is considered the most heavily ornamented people of the northern Philippines. The Kalinga practice both wet and dry rice farming. They also developed an institution of peace pacts called Bodong which has minimised traditional warfare and headhunting and serves as

SECTION 10

#1732776457094

1284-495: Is estimated at 32,227 (NM 1994). The generalized culture is lowland central Philippines focused on wet rice cultivation, and some localized swidden cultivation. Adaptation to the marine environment is made, but mostly in terms of domestic fishing. The Maranao people ( Maranao: [ˈmәranaw] ; Filipino : Maranaw ), also spelled Meranao, Maranaw, and Mëranaw, is the term used by the Philippine government to refer to

1391-555: Is heavily influenced by the Sulu Sultanate . They are relatively isolated and do not usually consider themselves as Sama. Banguingui , also known as Sama Banguingui or Samal Banguingui (alternative spellings include Bangingi’, Bangingi, Banguingui, Balanguingui, and Balangingi) is a distinct ethno-linguistic group dispersed throughout the Greater Sulu Archipelago and southern and western coastal regions of

1498-579: Is primarily derived from Ancient East Eurasians , which relates them to other mainland Asian groups such as the " AASI ", Andamanese, as well as East/Southeast Asians, although Papuans may have also received some gene flow from an earlier group (xOoA), around 2%, next to additional archaic Denisovan admixture in the Sahul region. Papuans may habor varying degrees of deep admixture from "a lineage basal to West and East-Eurasians which occurred sometimes between 45 and 38kya", although they are generally regarded "as

1605-618: Is sometimes considered offensive. Their preferred endonym is simply "Sama", but they can also be called as Sama Deya or Sama Darat. These are the Sama-Bajau which traditionally lived in island interiors. Some examples are the Sama Sibutu and the Sama Sanga-Sanga. They are usually farmers who cultivate rice , sweet potato , cassava , and coconuts for copra through traditional slash-and-burn agriculture (in contrast to

1712-463: Is suggested to date back at least 20kya, while the sub-structure among Highlanders dates back around 10kya, with higher diversity among western Highlanders than Eastern ones. The genetic diversity is paralleled by linguistic and cultural diversity. Based on his genetic studies of the Denisova hominin , an ancient human species discovered in 2010, Svante Pääbo claims that ancient human ancestors of

1819-665: Is the Sama Simunul. They are originally from the larger islands of Tawi-Tawi . They have a more flexible lifestyle than the Sama-Gimba (Sama Dilaut Origin), and will farm when there is available land. They usually act as middlemen in trade between the Sama Dilaut and other land-based peoples. The Sama Dilaut (Bajau) are part of the Sama-Bajau peoples and are the dominant ethnic group of the islands of Tawi-Tawi in

1926-529: Is their most prized agricultural crop. The word Malubog means "murky or turbid water". The Molbog are likely a migrant people from nearby Sabah , North Borneo . Based on their dialect and some socio-cultural practices, they seem to be related to the Orang Tidung or Tirum (Camucone in Spanish), an Islamized ethnolinguistic group native to the lower east coast of Sabah and upper East Kalimantan . They speak

2033-628: Is used for morphological features characteristic of Aboriginal Australians by Daniel John Cunningham in his Text-book of Anatomy (1902). An Australioid ( sic , with an additional -i- ) racial group was first proposed by Thomas Huxley in an essay On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind (1870), in which he divided humanity into four principal groups (Xanthochroic, Mongoloid , Negroid , and Australioid). His original model included

2140-534: The Aeta of Luzon, the Negrito population was estimated at 31,000 as of 2004. There are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos, starting with the " Waves of Migration " hypothesis of H. Otley Beyer in 1948, which claimed that Filipinos were "Indonesians" and "Malays" who migrated to the islands. This is completely rejected by modern anthropologists and is not supported by any evidence, but

2247-935: The Andamanese (from the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean), the Semang and Batek peoples (from Malaysia), the Maniq people (from Thailand), the Aeta people , the Ati people , and certain other ethnic groups in the Philippines , the Vedda people of Sri Lanka and a number of dark-skinned tribal populations in the interior of the Indian subcontinent (some Dravidian-speaking tribes and Austroasiatic-speaking Munda peoples ) were also suggested by some to belong to

SECTION 20

#1732776457094

2354-615: The Cordillera Administrative Region , Caraballo Mountains , and Sierra Madre . The Isnag people (also Isneg or Apayao) are native to Apayao Province in the Cordillera Administrative Region . Their native language is Isneg (also called Isnag), although most Isnag also speak Ilokano . Two major sub-groups among the Isnag are known: the Ymandaya, mostly concentrated in the municipality of Calanasan ; and

2461-844: The Cordillera Administrative Region , but can also be found in Nueva Vizcaya , Nueva Ecija , and Pangasinan . They speak the Kalanguya language or "Kallahan", which was once the most spoken language in most parts of today's Benguet , Nueva Vizcaya, Ifugao , Mt. Province , and some parts of Nueva Ecija but is no longer due to ethnocentrism. The Kalanguya population in Nueva Vizcaya has also been identified in anthropological literature as "Ikal-lahan". Those who reside in Tinoc and Buguias call themselves Kalangoya. Those who reside in Nueva Vizcaya and Quirino call themselves Ikalahans. In

2568-821: The Dravidians themselves have been claimed as originally of Australo-Melanesian stock, a view held by Biraja Sankar Guha among others. South Indian tribes specifically described as having Australo-Melanesian affinities include the Oraon , Munda , Santal , Bhil , Gondi , the Kadars of Kerala, the Kurumba and Irula of the Nilgiris , the Paniyans of Malabar, the Uralis , Kannikars , Muthuvan and Chenchus . In 1953,

2675-546: The Ibaloy and Ikalahan . The characteristic village enclosing fences are sometimes composed in part of the houses with the front entry facing inward. Pig sties are part of the residential architecture. The Iwak are found principally in the municipalities of Boyasyas and Kayapa , province of Nueva Vizcaya . The subgroups are: (1) Lallang ni I’Wak, (2) Ibomanggi, (3) Italiti, (4) Alagot, (5) Itangdalan, (6) Ialsas, (7) Iliaban, (8)Yumanggi, (9) Ayahas, and (10) Idangatan. They speak

2782-977: The Ilocano , the Pangasinense , the Kapampangan , the Tagalog , the Bicolano , and the Visayans (including the Cebuano , the Boholano , the Hiligaynon/Ilonggo , and the Waray ). Many of these groups converted to Christianity , particularly both the native and migrant lowland-coastal groups, and adopted foreign elements of culture throughout the country's history. Due to the past history of

2889-966: The Initial Upper Paleolithic , which is "ascribed to a population movement with uniform genetic features and material culture" ( Ancient East Eurasians ), and sharing deep ancestry with modern East Asian peoples and other Asia-Pacific groups. It is estimated that people reached Sahul (the geological continent consisting of Australia and New Guinea) between 50,000 and 37,000 years ago. Rising sea levels separated New Guinea from Australia about 10,000 years ago. However, Aboriginal Australians and Papuans had diverged genetically much earlier, around 40,000 years BP. Papuans are more closely related to Melanesians than to Aboriginal Australians. The majority of Papuan Y-DNA Haplogroups belong to subclades of Haplogroup   MS , and Haplogroup   C1b2a . The frequency of each haplogroup varies along geographic clines. The genetic makeup of Papuans

2996-573: The Malagasy people . Aside from language and genetics, they also share common cultural markers like multihull and outrigger boats , tattooing , rice cultivation , wetland agriculture , teeth blackening , jade carving, betel nut chewing , ancestor worship , and the same domesticated plants and animals (including dogs, pigs, chickens, yams, bananas, sugarcane, and coconuts). Prehistoric Tabon Man , found in Palawan in 1962 was, until 2007,

3103-644: The Manobo people who live in inland Mindanao, and the other in the Sama-Bajau and related people of the Sulu archipelago, Zamboanga Peninsula, and Palawan. The admixture found in the Sama people indicates a relationship with the Lua and Mlabri people of mainland Southeast Asia, and reflects a similar genetic signal found in western Indonesia. These happened sometime after 15,000 years ago and 12,000 years ago respectively, around

3210-573: The Maranao and Iranun . These three groups speak related languages belonging to the Danao language family .They live primarily in Maguindanao , Soccsksargen , Davao Region and Zamboanga Peninsula and speak Maguindanaon with second languages as Hiligaynon , Cebuano , Tagalog and Arabic and/or English . Because of the mass influx of Cebuano and Hiligaynon migrants to Mindanao, many of

3317-411: The Maranao and live in the provinces of Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur . Because of the mass influx of Cebuano migrants to Mindanao, many Maranaos are also fluent in Cebuano . They also use Arabic as a liturgical language of Islam . Most Maranaos, however, do not know Arabic beyond its religious use. Some also know Chavacano , which is a Philippine Spanish Creole that gained popularity as

Australo-Melanesian - Misplaced Pages Continue

3424-604: The Molbog language , which is related to Bonggi , spoken in Sabah, Malaysia . However, some Sama words (of the Jama Mapun variant) and Tausug words are found in the Molbog dialect after a long period of exposure with those ethnics. This plus a few characteristics of their socio-cultural life style distinguish them from the Orang Tidung . Molbog livelihood includes subsistence farming, fishing and occasional barter trading with

3531-466: The Moors , despite no resemblance or cultural ties to them apart from their religion. About 142 of the Philippines' Indigenous people groups are not classified as Moro peoples. Some of these people groups are commonly grouped together due to their strong association with a shared geographic area, although these broad categorizations are not always welcomed by the ethnic groups themselves. For example,

3638-645: The Moros and neighbouring ethnolinguistic groups in Sabah. In the past, both the Molbog and the Palawanon Muslims were ruled by Sulu datus , thus forming the outer political periphery of the Sulu Sultanate . Intermarriage between Tausug and the Molbog hastened the Islamization of the Molbog. The offsprings of these intermarriages are known as kolibugan or "half-breed". The Kolibugan resulted from

3745-530: The Philippines . They are known as the "sea Sama" or "ocean Sama". In the Philippines, they are more popularly known as the Bajau or Badjao / Bajaw, but their preferred ethnonym is Sama Dilaut or Sama Mandilaut / Sama Pala'u; while in Malaysia, they usually identify as Bajau Laut. This subgroup originally lived exclusively on elaborately crafted houseboats called lepa , but almost all have taken to living on land in

3852-588: The Sangihe and Talaud Islands (now part of Indonesia ) and parts of Davao Occidental (particularly in the Sarangani Islands ), Davao del Norte , Davao del Sur , Sultan Kudarat , South Cotabato , and North Cotabato . Their populations (much like the Sama-Bajau ) were separated when borders were drawn between the Philippines and Indonesia during the colonial era . The Sangil people are traditionally animistic, much like other Lumad peoples . During

3959-588: The Sangirese language . The exact population of Sangil people in the Philippines is unknown, but is estimated to be around 10,000 people. Indonesian Sangir live in the Philippines, particularly Balut Island, Davao del Sur , Davao del Norte , Davao Oriental , Sarangani , Sultan Kudarat , North Cotabato , South Cotabato , General Santos and Davao City , because of its proximity to Indonesia; they speak Cebuano & Tagalog as second languages & are Protestant Christians by faith. The Yakan people are among

4066-635: The Senate of the Philippines , there were approximately 1.35 million ethnic (or pure) Chinese within the Philippine population, while Filipinos with any Chinese descent comprised 22.8 million of the population. The results of a massive DNA study conducted by the National Geographic 's "The Genographic Project", based on genetic testings of 80,000 Filipino people by the National Geographic in 2008–2009, found that

4173-550: The Spanish held territories along the way. The Maguindanao people are the historical people of the Sultanate of Maguindanao . The word Maguindanao or Magindanaw means "people of the flood plains", from the word Magi'inged , which means "people or citizen", and danaw , which means "lake or marsh". Thus Maguindanao or Magindanaw can also be translated as "people of the lake", identical to their closely related neighbors,

4280-622: The Sulu Archipelago . The Tausūg in Sabah refer to themselves as Tausūg but refers to their ethnic group as "Suluk" as documented in official documents such as birth certificates in Sabah , which are written Malay . Because of the mass arrival of Cebuano settlers to Mindanao, many Tausug people are exposed in the Cebuano language easily enough to be able to speak it as Tausug & Cebuano languages belong to Visayan languages. Some Tausug in Sulu & Tawi-Tawi speak Chabacano, specifically

4387-720: The Sulu Sultanate , which once exercised sovereignty over the present day provinces of Sulu , coastal areas of Basilan , southern Palawan , Tawi-Tawi , some coastal areas of the Zamboanga Peninsula , and the eastern part of the Malaysian state of Sabah (formerly North Borneo ) and North Kalimantan in Indonesia. "Tausug" means "the people of the current", from the word tau which means "man" or "people" and sūg (alternatively spelled sulug or suluk ) which means "[sea] currents". This refers to their homelands in

Australo-Melanesian - Misplaced Pages Continue

4494-461: The Zamboanga Peninsula in Mindanao , Philippines . They are one of the ethnic groups usually collectively known as the Sama-Bajau peoples . The Sama Dea (Samal/Sama) are part of the Sama-Bajau peoples , more accurately a general subgroup of "Land Sama" native to the Philippines. They are popularly known as Samal (also spelled "Siamal" or "Siyamal"), which is a Tausūg and Cebuano term that

4601-634: The persecutions of Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu which the Spanish authorities in the Philippines had offered asylum from to form part of the Japanese settlement in the Philippines . In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of Japanese people traders also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population. The Philippines was a former American colony and during the American colonial era, there were over 800,000 Americans who were born in

4708-430: The plow agriculture technology brought by the Tausūg). They are originally from the larger islands of Tawi-Tawi and Pangutaran . In the Philippines, the Sama Dea will often completely differentiate themselves from the Sama Dilaut. A large number are now residing around the coasts of northern Sabah , though many have also migrated north to the Visayas and southern Luzon . They are predominantly land-dwelling. They are

4815-437: The "Sea Gypsies" or "Sea Nomads". They usually live a seaborne lifestyle, and use small wooden sailing vessels such as the perahu ( layag in Meranau ), djenging , balutu , lepa , pilang , and vinta (or lepa-lepa ). There are more than 100 highland, lowland, and coastland indigenous groups in the Philippines. These include: The Igorots/Cordillerans live in the highlands of Luzon . They are primarily located in

4922-562: The 16th century, Spanish colonization brought new groups of people to the Philippines mainly Spaniards and Mexicans . Many settled in the Philippines, and intermarried with the indigenous population. This gave rise to the Filipino mestizo or individuals of mixed Austronesian and Hispanic descent. There was migration of a military nature from Latin-America (Mexico and Peru) to the Philippines , composed of varying races (Amerindian, Mestizo and Criollo) as described by Stephanie J. Mawson in her book "Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in

5029-441: The 20th century and late 19th century, possibly numbering around 2 million, although there are an estimated 27 percent of Filipinos who have partial Chinese ancestry, stemming from precolonial and colonial Chinese ( Sangley ) migrants from the past centuries especially during the Spanish Colonial Era . Intermarriage between the groups is evident in the major cities and urban areas, and spans back to Spanish colonial times , where

5136-465: The Australo-Melanesian group, but there were controversies about this inclusion. The inclusion of Indian tribes in the group was not well-defined, and was closely related to the question of the original peopling of India , and the possible shared ancestry between Indian, Andamanese, and Sahulian populations of the Upper Paleolithic. The suggested Australo-Melanesian ancestry of the original South Asian populations has long remained an open question. It

5243-417: The Australoid race were believed to be part of the "Archaic Caucasoid race", along with Ainus , Dravidians and Veddas . After discussing various criteria used in biology to define subspecies or races, Alan R. Templeton concludes in 2016: "[T]he answer to the question whether races exist in humans is clear and unambiguous: no." The Pan-Asian genome project concluded that Negrito populations in Malaysia and

5350-399: The Imallod, with populations distributed among the other towns of the province. Isnag populations can also be found in the eastern part of the adjacent provinces of Ilocos Norte and Cagayan . The Itneg ( exonym Tinguian / Tingguian / Tinggian ) are an Austronesian ethnic group from the upland province of Abra in northwestern Luzon , in the Philippines . The native Itneg language

5457-488: The Indigenous peoples of the Cordillera Mountain Range in northern Luzon are often referred to using the exonym "Igorot people," or more recently, as the Cordilleran peoples . Meanwhile, the non-Moro peoples of Mindanao are collectively referred to as the Lumad , a collective autonym conceived in 1986 as a way to distinguish them from their neighboring Indigenous Moro and Visayan neighbors. Small Indigenous ethnic communities remain marginalized, and often poorer than

SECTION 50

#1732776457094

5564-455: The Indonesian province of Papua include: Papuan ethnic groups/tribes in the Indonesian province of Highland Papua include: Papuan ethnic groups/tribes in the Indonesian province of Central Papua include: Papuan ethnic groups/tribes in the Indonesian province of South Papua include: The origin of Papuans is generally associated with the first settlement of Australasia by a lineage dubbed 'Australasians' or 'Australo-Papuans' during

5671-424: The Indonesian province of Southwest Papua include Abun, Ambel, Batanta, Biak (Betew, Kafdaron, Bikar, Usba, Wardo), Biga, Butlih, Domu, Fiawat, Imekko (Inanwatan-Bira, Matemani-Iwaro, Kais-Awe, Kokoda-Emeyode), Irires, Ma'ya (Kawe, Langanyan, Wawiyai), Matbat, Maybrat (Ayamaru, Mare, Karon Dori, Ayfat, Aytinyo), Meyah, Moi-Ma'ya, Moi, Mpur, Nerigo, Tehit , Tepin, Yahadian, Yaben-Konda. Papuan ethnic groups/tribes in

5778-493: The Journal of Forensic Anthropology, collating contemporary Anthropological data show that the percentage of Filipino bodies who were sampled from the University of the Philippines , that is phenotypically classified as Asian ( East , South and Southeast Asian ) is 72.7%, Hispanic (Spanish-Amerindian Mestizo, Latin American , and/or Spanish-Malay Mestizo ) is at 12.7%, Indigenous American ( Native American ) at 7.3%, African at 4.5%, and European at 2.7%. In 2013, according to

5885-419: The Kankanaey built sloping terraces to maximize farm space in the rugged terrain of the Cordilleras . They speak the Kankanaey language . The only difference amongst the Kankanaey are the way they speak such as intonation and word usage. In intonation, there is distinction between those who speak Hard Kankanaey ( Applai ) and Soft Kankanaey. Speakers of Hard Kankanaey are from the towns of Sagada and Besao in

5992-580: The Maguindanao people tend to be exposed to the Cebuano or Hiligaynon languages from Visayas easily enough to be able to speak it. Arabic is spoken by a minority of the Moro people, being the liturgical language of Islam . Some also speak Chabacano, which is a Philippine Spanish Creole that gained popularity as a major language during the Spanish rule and during the short-lived Republic of Zamboanga, most specifically Cotabateño dialect, spoken in Cotabato City . The Sangil people (also called Sangir, Sangu, Marore, Sangirezen, or Talaoerezen) are originally from

6099-402: The Malayan Arabic script, with adaptations to sounds not present in Arabic . Yakans speak Chabacano , which is the lingua franca of Basilan, the reason of easier adaptation to the society of Zamboanga City. Because of the mass influx of Cebuano migrants to Mindanao, many of the Yakans also tend to be exposed to the Cebuano language from Visayas easily enough to be able to speak it. The Yakan have

6206-407: The Maranao which established trading routes near the coast. Some Iranun clans, however, are descendants of outcast clans that left Lake Lanao after one of their clan members committed a murder. For several centuries, the Iranuns in the Philippines formed part of the Sultanate of Maguindanao . In the past, the seat of the Maguindanao Sultanate was situated at Lamitan and Malabang . Both of which were

6313-464: The Negrito populations in the Philippines were more closely related to non-Negrito local populations, rather than to each other, highlighting the non-existence of a distinct Australo-Melanesian grouping. Papuan people The indigenous peoples of Western New Guinea in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea , commonly called Papuans , are Melanesians . There is genetic evidence for two major historical lineages in New Guinea and neighboring islands:

6420-530: The Neolithic rice-cultivating pre-Austronesian civilizations of the Yangtze River delta in coastal southeastern China pre-dating the conquest of those regions by the Han Chinese . This includes civilizations like the Liangzhu culture , Hemudu culture , and the Majiabang culture . It connects speakers of the Austronesian languages in a common linguistic and genetic lineage, including the Taiwanese indigenous peoples , Islander Southeast Asians , Chams , Islander Melanesians , Micronesians , Polynesians , and

6527-453: The Papuan people have among the highest rate of the newly evolved ASPM Haplogroup   D, at 59.4% occurrence of the approximately 6,000-year-old allele . While it is not yet known exactly what selective advantage is provided by this gene variant, the haplogroup   D allele is thought to be positively selected in populations and to confer some substantial advantage that has caused its frequency to rapidly increase. Ethnic groups in

SECTION 60

#1732776457094

6634-433: The Papuans interbred in Asia with these humans . He has found that people of New Guinea share 4%–7% of their genome with the Denisovans, indicating this exchange. Denisovan introgressions may have influenced the immune system of present-day Papuans and potentially favoured "variants to immune-related phenotypes" and "adaptation to the local environment". In a 2005 study of ASPM gene variants , Mekel-Bobrov et al. found that

6741-593: The Philippines The Philippines is inhabited by more than 182 ethnolinguistic groups, many of which are classified as "Indigenous Peoples" under the country's Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997 . Traditionally-Muslim peoples from the southernmost island group of Mindanao are usually categorized together as Moro peoples , whether they are classified as Indigenous peoples or not. About 142 are classified as non-Muslim Indigenous people groups, and about 19 ethnolinguistic groups are classified as neither Indigenous nor Moro. Various migrant groups have also had

6848-447: The Philippines since the Spanish colonial era , there are also some historical migrant heritage groups such as the Chinese Filipinos and Spanish Filipinos , both of whom intermixed with the above lowland Austronesian-speaking ethnic groups, which produced Filipino Mestizos . These groups also comprise and contribute a considerable proportion of the country's population, especially its bourgeois , and economy and were integral to

6955-491: The Philippines was only about 667,612 . In the 1600s, Spain deployed thousands of Mexican and Peruvian soldiers across the many cities and presidios of the Philippines. Another 35,000 Mexican immigrants arrived in the 1700s and they were part of a Philippine population of only 1.5 million, forming about 2.3% of the population. In the late 1700s to early 1800s, Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga, an Agustinian Friar, in his Two Volume Book: "Estadismo de las islas Filipinas" compiled

7062-469: The Philippines. As of 2013 , there were 220,000 to 600,000 American citizens living in the country. There are also 250,000 Amerasians scattered across the cities of Angeles City , Manila , and Olongapo . Practicing forensic anthropology , while exhuming cranial bones in several Philippine cemeteries, researcher Matthew C. Go estimated that 7% of the mean amount, among the samples exhumed, have attribution to European descent. Research work published in

7169-419: The Philippines. Their home islands include Sitangkai and Bongao . They sometimes call themselves the "Sama To'ongan" (literally "true Sama" or "real Sama"), to distinguish themselves from the land-dwelling Sama-Bajau subgroups. They are also found in other islands of the Sulu Archipelago , coastal areas of Mindanao , northern and eastern Borneo , Sulawesi , and throughout eastern Indonesian islands. Within

7276-419: The Seventeenth-Century Pacific". Also, in her dissertation paper called, ‘Between Loyalty and Disobedience: The Limits of Spanish Domination in the Seventeenth Century Pacific’, she recorded an accumulated number of 15,600 soldier-settlers sent to the Philippines from Latin-America during the 1600s. In contrast, there were only 600 Spaniards who immigrated from Europe, in which timeframe, the total population of

7383-468: The Zamboanga dialect; most of those fluent in Chabacano are residents of Basilan & Zamboanga City. Most Tausug in Sabah and North Kalimantan & some Tausug in Sulu Archipeago & south Palawan speak Sabah Malay . The Jama Mapun are sometimes known by the exonyms 'Sama Mapun", "Sama Kagayan", or "Bajau Kagayan". They are part of the Sama-Bajau peoples. They are from the island of Mapun, Tawi-Tawi (formerly known as Cagayan de Sulu). Their culture

7490-487: The advent of Christianity . In general, however, it can be said that all Bontocs are very aware of their own way of life and are not overly eager to change. The Ifugao (also known as Amganad, Ayangan, Kiangan, Gilipanes, Quiangan, Tuwali Ifugao, Mayoyao, Mayaoyaw) are the people inhabiting Ifugao Province . The country of the Ifugao in the southeastern part of the Cordillera region is best known for its famous Banaue Rice Terraces , which in modern times have become one of

7597-407: The average Filipino's genes are around 53% Southeast Asian and Oceanian, 36% East Asian, 5% Southern European, 3% South Asian and 2% Native American. The collective term Moro people or Bangsamoro people refers to the, at least 13, islamicized ethnolinguistic groups of Mindanao , Sulu and Palawan . As Muslim-majority ethnic groups, they form the largest non- Christian majority population in

7704-732: The banks of the Chico River in the Central Mountain Province on the island of Luzon . They speak Bontoc and Ilocano . They formerly practiced head-hunting and had distinctive body tattoos . Present-day Bontocs are a peaceful agricultural people who have, by choice, retained most of their traditional culture despite frequent contacts with other groups. The Bontoc social structure used to be centered around village wards ( ato ) containing about 14 to 50 homes. Traditionally, young men and women lived in dormitories and ate meals with their families. This gradually changed with

7811-744: The colonial era, the Sangil (who usually call themselves "Sangir") in the Sangihe Islands mostly converted to Protestant Christianity due to proximity and contact with the Christian Minahasa people of Sulawesi . In the Philippines, most Sangil converted to Islam due to the influence of the neighboring Sultanate of Maguindanao . However, elements of animistic rituals still remain. The Indonesian and Filipino groups still maintain ties and both Manado Malay and Cebuano are spoken in both Indonesian Sangir and Filipino Sangil, in addition to

7918-421: The color of chocolate and irises which are dark brown or black. The term "Proto-Australoid" was used by Roland Burrage Dixon in his Racial History of Man (1923). In The Origin of Races (1962), Carleton Coon expounded his system of five races (Australoid, Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Congoid and Capoid) with separate origins. Based on such evidence as claiming Australoids had the largest, megadont teeth, this group

8025-619: The country, and comprise about 5% of the total Philippine population, or 5 million people. Most Moros are followers of Sunni Islam of the Shafi'i madh'hab . The Muslim Moros originally had a few independent states such as the Maguindanao Sultanate & Buayan Sultanate for Maguindanaon , the Lanao Sultanates for Maranao , and the Sulu Sultanate for Tausug . The Sultanate of Sulu once exercised sovereignty over

8132-562: The data, in the Archdiocese of Manila which administers much of Luzon under it, about 10% of the population was Spanish-Filipino. Overall the whole Philippines, even including the provinces with no Spanish settlement, as summed up, the average percentage of Spanish Filipino tributes amount to 5% of the total population. The current modern-day Chinese Filipinos are mostly the descendants of immigrants from Southern Fujian in China from

8239-659: The diverse, mutually unrelated, non-Austronesian language families spoken in Melanesia , the Torres Strait Islands , and parts of Wallacea . In anthropology, "Papuan" is often used to denote the highly diverse aboriginal populations of Melanesia and Wallacea prior to the arrival of Austronesian-speakers, and the dominant genetic traces of these populations in the current ethnic groups of these areas. Ethnologue ' s 14th edition lists 826 languages of Papua New Guinea and 257 languages of Western New Guinea ,

8346-479: The establishment of the country, from the rise of Filipino nationalism by the Ilustrado intelligentsia to the Philippine Revolution . Other peoples of migrant and/or mixed descent include American Filipinos , Indian Filipinos , and Japanese Filipinos . Aside from migrant groups which speak their own languages, most Filipinos speak languages classified under the Austronesian language family , including

8453-439: The ethnic and cultural development of the islands. Papuan ancestry was also detected among the ethnic Blaan and Sangir people of Mindanao, suggesting that there was westward expansion of peoples from Papua New Guinea into the Philippines. The integration of Southeast Asia into Indian Ocean trading networks around 2,000 years ago also shows some impact, with South Asian genetic signals present within some Sama-Bajau communities. By

8560-709: The hypothesis is still widely taught in Filipino elementary and public schools resulting in the widespread misconception by Filipinos that they are " Malays ". The most widely accepted theory, however, is the "Out-of-Taiwan" model which follows the Austronesian expansion during the Neolithic in a series of maritime migrations originating from Taiwan that spread to the islands of the Indo-Pacific ; ultimately reaching as far as New Zealand , Easter Island , and Madagascar . Austronesians themselves originated from

8667-624: The intermingling of the indigenous Subanon populations with the Muslim populations in the coastal areas of Zamboanga . Converted Subanons also created the Kolibugan. The population is concentrated along the western side of the provinces of both northern (6,495) and southern Zamboanga (3,270), and a national count of over 11,000. The concentrations are in Siocon (2,040), Sirawai (1,960), and Sibuco (1,520) (NSO 1980). The total population count

8774-710: The islands. Recent archaeological evidence described by Peter Bellwood claimed that the ancestors of Filipinos, Malaysians, and Indonesians first crossed the Taiwan Strait during the Prehistoric period. These early mariners are thought to be the Austronesian people . They used boats to cross the oceans, and settled into many regions of Southeast Asia, the Polynesian Islands, and Madagascar. Two early East Asian waves ( Austroasiatic and possible Austric ) were detected, one most strongly evidenced among

8881-610: The largest single group of Sama-Bajau . In Davao del Norte , the Island Garden City of Samal was possibly named after them. A 2021 genetic study show how the Sama has common ancestry with the Austroasiatic Mlabri and Htin peoples of mainland Southeast Asia. The Sama Bihing or Sama Lipid are also known as "shoreline Sama" or " littoral Sama". These are the Sama-Bajau which traditionally lived in stilt houses in shallows and coastal areas. An example

8988-655: The last fifty years, many of the Filipino Sama-Bajau have migrated to neighbouring Malaysia and the northern islands of the Philippines, due to the conflict in Mindanao . A genetic study published in PNAS show that the Dilaut people of the Philippines have South Asian or Indian descent. As of 2010, they were the second-largest ethnic group in the Malaysian state of Sabah . Sama-Bajau have sometimes been called

9095-582: The major indigenous Filipino ethnolinguistic groups in the Sulu Archipelago . Having a significant number of followers of Islam , the Yakans are included among the 13 Moro groups in the Philippines . The Yakans mainly reside in Basilan but are also in Zamboanga City . They speak a language known as Bissa Yakan , which has characteristics of both Sama-Bajau Sinama and Tausug . It is written in

9202-555: The major tourist attractions of the Philippines. The Ifugaos also speak four distinct dialects and are known for their rich oral literary traditions of hudhud and the alim, which were chosen as one of the 11 Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity . It was then formally inscribed as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2008. The Kankanaey domain includes Western Mountain Province , northern Benguet and southeastern Ilocos Sur . Like most Igorot ethnic groups,

9309-409: The many families of non-Austronesian languages that are found only on New Guinea and neighboring islands, as well as Austronesian languages along parts of the coast, and recently developed creoles such as Tok Pisin , Hiri Motu , Unserdeutsch , and Papuan Malay . The term "Papuan" is used in a wider sense in linguistics and anthropology. In linguistics, " Papuan languages " is a cover term for

9416-521: The modern borders of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Austronesian-speaking (AN) groups are given in italics . Papuan ethnic groups / tribes in the Indonesian province of West Papua include Arfak, Borai, Doreri, Hatam, Irarutu, Koiwai, Kuri, Madewana, Mairasi, Maniwak, Mbaham, Matta, Meiah, Miere, Meyah, Moire, Moru, Moskona, Napiti, Oburauw, Roon, Roswar, Sebyar, Sougb, Soviar, Sumuri, Wamesa, Warumba, Waruri, Wondama. Papuan ethnic groups / tribes in

9523-835: The native inhabitants of Deccan in India under the Australoid category, specifically "in a well-marked form" among the hill tribes of the Deccan Plateau. Huxley further classified the Melanochroi (Peoples of the Mediterranean race ) as a mixture of the Xanthochroi (northern Europeans) and Australioids. Huxley (1870) described Australioids as dolichocephalic ; their hair as usually silky, black and wavy or curly, with large, heavy jaws and prognathism , with skin

9630-691: The nineteenth century. They speak the Karao language (also spelled Karaw). It is spoken in the Karao, Ekip, and Bokod areas of western Benguet Province , and in the southwestern corner of Ifugao Province . The language is named after the barangay of Karaw in Bokod municipality, Benguet . The Iwak people (Oak, Iguat, Iwaak, etc.) is a small ethnic group, which has a population of approximately 3,000, dispersed in small fenced-in villages which are usually enclaves in communities of surrounding major ethnic groups like

9737-551: The older Negrito groups which arrived during the Paleolithic , resulting in the modern Filipino ethnic groups, which all display various ratios of genetic admixture between Austronesian and Negrito groups. By the 14th century, the Malayo-Polynesian ethnolinguistic groups had dominated and displaced the Negrito population in most areas. Traders from southern China, Japan , India , and Arabia also contributed to

9844-590: The oldest human remains discovered by anthropologists in the Philippines. Archaeological evidence indicates similarities with two early human fossils found in Indonesia and China, called the Java Man and Peking Man . In 2007, a single metatarsal from an earlier fossil was discovered in Callao Cave , Peñablanca, Cagayan . That earlier fossil was named as Callao Man . The Negritos arrived about 30,000 years ago and occupied several scattered areas throughout

9951-553: The only indigenous people in Palawan where the majority of its people are Muslims . The area constitutes the homeland of the Molbog people since the classical era prior to Spanish colonization. The Molbog are known to have a strong connection with the natural world, especially with the sacred pilandok ( Philippine mouse-deer ), which can only be found in the Balabac islands. The coconut is especially important in Molbog culture at it

10058-639: The past this ethnolinguistic group was known as Kalanggutan, Keley'I, Mandek'ey, Yatukka, or Kalangoya. The Kalanguya are considered a subgroup of the Ifugao people . The Karao tribe lives in the municipality of Bokod , Benguet . The ancestors of the Karaos are the Panuy-puys (puypuys), who migrated from Palileng, Bontoc to Diyang in Nueva Viscaya , and finally settled in Karao in the latter part of

10165-479: The present day provinces of Basilan , Palawan , Sulu , Tawi-Tawi , the eastern part of the Malaysian state of Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and North Kalimantan in Indonesia. The Molbog (referred to in the literature as Molebugan or Molebuganon) are concentrated in southern Palawan , around Balabac , Bataraza , and are also found in other islands of the coast of Palawan as far north as Panakan. They are

10272-545: The present, many of the younger generation of the tribe have gained education and are exposed to modernization thus changing the once traditional society of the tribe. The Balangao/Farangao/Balangao Bontoc language is used by the Balangao tribe and is confined to the tribe and other nearby tribes who have their own languages related to the language. It is spoken in the central area of Mountain Province , and into Tanudan municipality of Kalinga Province . The Bontoc live on

10379-402: The rest of society. About 86 to 87 percent of the Philippine population belong to the 19 ethnolinguistic groups are classified as neither Indigenous nor Moro. These groups are sometimes collectively referred to as "Lowland Christianized groups," to distinguish them from the other ethnolinguistic groups. The most populous of these groups, with populations exceeding a million individuals, are

10486-574: The southern tribe who are the "people of the lake", a predominantly Muslim Lanao province region of the Philippine island of Mindanao . They are known for their artwork, weaving, wood, plastic and metal crafts and epic literature, the Darengen . They live around Lake Lanao , the ancestral homeland of the Maranao people. They are related to modern the Maguindanao and Iranun people . They speak

10593-750: The strongholds of the Iranun society. Iranuns fought the Western invaders under the flag of the Maguindanao Sultanate. They formed part of the Moro resistance against the US occupation of the Philippines from 1899 to 1913 . The Iranun were excellent in maritime activity as they are traditionally sailors and pirates . They used to ply the route connecting the Sulu Sea , Moro Gulf to Celebes Sea , and raided

10700-497: The structures of inequality (racism) that emerge from such beliefs, are among the most damaging elements in the human experience both today and in the past." The term "Australoid" was coined in ethnology in the mid 19th century, describing tribes or populations "of the type of native Australians". The term "Australioid race" was introduced by Thomas Huxley in 1870 to refer to certain peoples indigenous to South and Southeast Asia and Oceania . In physical anthropology , Australoid

10807-541: The time the last glacial period was coming to an end. The first Austronesians reached the Philippines at around 2200 BC, settling the Batanes Islands and northern Luzon . From there, they rapidly spread downwards to the rest of the islands of the Philippines and Southeast Asia , as well as voyaging further east to reach the Northern Mariana Islands by around 1500 BC. They assimilated

10914-406: The various Negrito peoples of the archipelago, which are genetically and phenotypically distinct from the other ethnic groups of the Philippines. While these groups have maintained a culture and identity distinct from neighboring ethnic groups, they have long adapted their neighbors' Austronesian languages. Traditionally subcategorized geographically as the Ati people of Visayas and Mindanao, and

11021-505: The western Mountain Province as well as their environs. They speak Kankanaey with a hard intonation where they differ in some words from the soft-speaking Kankanaey. Soft-speaking Kankanaey come from Northern and other parts of Benguet, and from the municipalities of Sabangan , Tadian and Bauko in Mountain Province. They also differ in their ways of life and sometimes in culture. The Kalanguya (also called Ikalahan) live in

11128-499: Was assessed by Coon as being the most archaic and therefore the most primitive and backward. Coon's methods and conclusions were later discredited and show either a "poor understanding of human cultural history and evolution or his use of ethnology for a racialist agenda." Terms associated with outdated notions of racial types, such as those ending in "-oid" have come to be seen as potentially offensive and related to scientific racism . The populations grouped as " Negrito ", such as

11235-577: Was embraced by Indian anthropologists as emphasising the deep antiquity of Indian prehistory. Australo-Melanesian hunter-gatherer and fisherman tribes of the interior of India were identified with the Nishada Kingdom described in the Mahabharata . Panchanan Mitra (1923) following Vincenzo Giuffrida-Ruggeri (1913) recognises a Pre-Dravidian Australo-Veddaic stratum in India. Alternatively,

11342-468: Was found to be between Highlanders and Lowlanders. Papuan Highlanders fall into three clusters, but form a single clade compared against Lowlanders. The Highlanders underwent a population bottleneck around 10,000 years ago, associated with the adoption of Neolithic lifestyles. Papuan Lowlanders display increased diversity and can be broadly differentiated into a Southern Lowlander cluster and a Northern Lowlander cluster. The genetic differentiation among Papuans

11449-473: Was introduced in the 18th century and further developed by Western scholars in the context of " racist ideologies " during the age of colonialism . With the rise of modern genetics , the concept of distinct human races in a biological sense has become obsolete. In 2019, the American Association of Biological Anthropologists stated: "The belief in “races” as natural aspects of human biology, and

#93906