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82-429: Biafo Glacier and Hispar Glacier, which is a 49km (30mi) long glacier, converge at Hispar La, situated at an elevation of 5,128 meters (16,824 feet), forming the world's longest non-polar glacial system, spanning a distance of 49 kilometers (30 miles). This frozen pathway links two ancient mountain regions, connecting Nagar in the west with Shigar District, Baltistan in the east. Approximately, 20 kilometers (12 miles) from

164-525: A Sindhi Rajput family; Owen Bennett-Jones writes that the family traces its ancestry back to a 9th-century Rajput prince of the Bhati clan who ruled the town of Tanot (in current-day Rajasthan, India ), Bhutto's ancestors later appearing in different Rajasthani chronicles in prominent roles, the family converting to Islam mostly around the 17th century before moving to Sindh. He was born to Shah Nawaz Bhutto and Khursheed Begum near Larkana . His father

246-738: A peace treaty with Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri . Ayub and Shastri agreed to exchange prisoners of war and withdraw respective forces to pre-war boundaries. The agreement, deeply unpopular in Pakistan, caused significant political unrest against Ayub's regime. Bhutto's criticism of the final agreement created a major rift with Ayub. Initially denying rumors, Bhutto resigned in June 1966, expressing strong opposition to Ayub's regime. During his term, Bhutto formulated aggressive geostrategic and foreign policies against India. In 1965, Bhutto received information from his friend Munir Ahmad Khan about

328-1195: A certain degree of protection against invading forces. The highest mountain is the 7,885 m Mount Dastagilsar of Hisper , south of the town of Nagar. The Karakoram Highway crosses Nagar, connecting Pakistan with China via the Khunjerab Pass . The road follows the Hunza river for some distance through Nagar and into the Hunza region. In terms of the languages spoken locally, Nagar Valley is divided into two parts: Nagar Shinaki and Nagar Burosho. Shina Speaking Villages in Nagar (Shinaki/Sheenbar) Burushaski Speaking Villages in Nagar Bilingual Valleys in Nagar The Nagar villages are mainly populated by religious scholars, Educationists, Sportsmen, Craftsmen and Craftswomen, farmers, hunters and fishermen, handicrafts, miners, Shepherds, adventurers, mountaineers and so on. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (5 January 1928 – 4 April 1979)

410-440: A coup against Bhutto, who appointed then-Brigadier Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq to head a military tribunal to investigate and try the suspects. The National Assembly approved the new 1973 Constitution , which Bhutto signed into effect on 12 April. The constitution proclaimed an " Islamic Republic " in Pakistan with a parliamentary form of government. On 10 August, Bhutto turned over the post of president to Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry , assuming

492-481: A crippling limitation on the development of Pakistan's science and technology .... Our problem in its essence is how to obtain such a weapon in time before the crisis begins... After India's nuclear test – codenamed Smiling Buddha —in May 1974, Bhutto sensed and saw this test as the final anticipation for Pakistan's death. In a press conference held shortly after India's nuclear test, Bhutto said, "India's nuclear program

574-618: A decision allegedly to crush the Awami League and its supporters. Capitalizing on West Pakistani fears of East Pakistani separatism, Bhutto demanded that Sheikh Mujibur Rahman form a coalition with the PPP. And at some stage proposed " idhar hum, udhar tum ", meaning he should govern the West and Mujib should Govern the East. President Yahya postponed the meeting of the national assembly which fueled

656-515: A deterrence program to stand up to industrialized states and a nuclear-armed India. He developed a manifesto outlining the program's development and selected Munir Ahmad Khan to lead it. After resigning as foreign minister, large crowds gathered to hear Bhutto's speech upon his arrival in Lahore on 21 June 1967. Riding a wave of anger against Ayub, Bhutto traveled across Pakistan, delivering political speeches. In October 1966, Bhutto explicitly outlined

738-440: A feudal background himself, Bhutto announced his first reforms in 1972 which is also called Martial Law Regulation (MLR-115). As Bhutto came as a Populist leader, his charismatic politics were evident. Consequently, he put a ceiling on land ownership wherein no one can hold more than 200 acres irrigated and more than 300 acres non-irrigated land. Bhutto also dismissed the military chiefs on 3 March after they refused orders to suppress

820-565: A formal peace agreement and the release of 93,000 Pakistani prisoners of war . The two leaders signed the Simla Agreement , which committed both nations to establish a new-yet-temporary Line of Control in Kashmir and obligated them to resolve disputes peacefully through bilateral talks. Bhutto also promised to hold a future summit for the peaceful resolution of the Kashmir dispute and pledged to recognize Bangladesh. Although he secured

902-757: A major police strike in Punjab. He appointed General Tikka Khan as the new Chief of the Army Staff in March 1972 as he felt the general would not interfere in political matters and would concentrate on rehabilitating the Pakistan Army. Bhutto convened the National Assembly on 14 April, rescinded martial law on 21 April, and charged the legislators with writing a new constitution. Bhutto visited India to meet Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and negotiated

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984-413: A new cabinet, Bhutto appointed Lieutenant-General Gul Hasan as Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army . On 2 January 1972 Bhutto announced the nationalization of all major industries, including iron and steel, heavy engineering, heavy electricals, petrochemicals, cement, and public utilities. A new labour policy was announced increasing workers' rights and the power of trade unions. Although he came from

1066-554: A nuclear bomb. We have no other choice ," observing India's progress toward developing the bomb. In 1965, Bhutto advocated for Salam, successfully appointing him as the head of Pakistan's delegation at the IAEA, and assisted Salam in lobbying for nuclear power plants. In November 1972, Bhutto advised Salam to travel to the United States to avoid the war and encouraged him to return with key literature on nuclear weapons history . By

1148-520: A popular movement in East Pakistan. Amidst popular outrage in East Pakistan, on 7 March 1971, Sheikh Mujib called the Bengalis to join the struggle for " Bangladesh ". According to historical references and a report published by the leading Pakistani newspaper The Nation , "Mujib no longer believed in Pakistan and is determined to make Bangladesh". Many also believed that Bhutto wanted power in

1230-469: A result, Bhutto's party and other leftists won a large number of seats from constituencies in West-Pakistan. However, Sheikh Mujib's Awami League won an absolute majority in the legislature, receiving more than twice as many votes as Bhutto's PPP. Bhutto strongly refused to accept an Awami League government and infamously threatened to " break the legs " of any elected PPP member who dared to attend

1312-574: A role in the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization and the Central Treaty Organization , Bhutto asserted an independent foreign policy for Pakistan, free from U.S. influence . During visits to both East and West Germany , Bhutto established strong links and pursued economic, technological, industrial, and military agreements. He strengthened Pakistan's strategic alliance with Germany, emphasizing

1394-600: A secular internationalist agenda, yet criticized for political repression, economic challenges, and human rights abuses. He is often considered one of Pakistan's greatest leaders . His party, the PPP, continues to be a significant political force in Pakistan, with his daughter Benazir Bhutto serving twice as Prime Minister, and his son-in-law, Asif Ali Zardari , becoming president. Socialism Elections Political parties Foreign Minister President of Pakistan Prime Minister of Pakistan Downfall Bibliography [REDACTED] Zulfikar Ali Bhutto belonged to

1476-597: A technical post to Munir Ahmad Khan in PAEC in 1958 and lobbied for Abdus Salam to be appointed as Science Adviser in 1960. Before being elevated to Foreign Minister , Bhutto directed funds for key research in nuclear weapons and related science. In October 1965, as the Foreign Minister, Bhutto visited Vienna, where nuclear engineer Munir Ahmad Khan held a senior technical post at the IAEA . Munir Khan briefed him on

1558-608: A trusted ally and advisor of Ayub Khan, rising in influence and power despite his youth and relative inexperience. Bhutto aided his president in negotiating the Indus Water Treaty in India in 1960 and the next year negotiated an oil-exploration agreement with the Soviet Union, which agreed to provide economic and technical aid to Pakistan. Bhutto, a Pakistani nationalist and socialist , held distinctive views on

1640-411: Is a very serious political decision, which Pakistan must make, and perhaps all Third World countries must make one day, because it is coming. So can you boys do it?". Nearly all senior scientists replied in one tone, "Yes... We can do it, given the resources and given the facilities". Bhutto ended the meeting by simply saying, "I shall find you the resources and I shall find you the facilities". Before

1722-491: Is designed to intimidate Pakistan and establish " hegemony in the subcontinent ". Despite Pakistan's limited financial resources, Bhutto was so enthusiastic about the nuclear energy project that he is reported to have said " Pakistanis will eat grass but make a nuclear bomb ". The militarization of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission was initiated on 20 January 1972 and, in its initial years,

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1804-534: The Muhajirs . Mubashir Hassan, an engineering professor at UET Lahore , played a pivotal role in the success and rise of Bhutto. Under Hassan's guidance and Bhutto's leadership, the PPP became part of the pro-democracy movement involving diverse political parties from all across Pakistan. PPP activists staged large protests and strikes in different parts of the country, increasing pressure on Ayub to resign. Asghar Khan recalls Bhutto asking him to join his party,

1886-533: The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). Asghar Khan declined, stating he had no interest in politics. After Dr. Hassan and Bhutto's arrest on 12 November 1968, Asghar Khan held a press conference in Lahore on 17 November 1968. Asghar Khan led protests calling for Bhutto's release, which ultimately led to his freedom and grew so close to Bhutto that many saw him as a potential successor. After his release, Bhutto, joined by key leaders of PPP, attended

1968-610: The Tashkent Declaration , he was dismissed from the government. Bhutto established the PPP in 1967, focusing on an Islamic socialist agenda, and contested the 1970 general election . The Awami League and PPP were unable to agree on power transfer, leading to civil unrest and the creation of Bangladesh. After Pakistan's loss in the 1971 war against Bangladesh , Bhutto assumed the presidency in December 1971, imposing emergency rule . During his presidency, Bhutto secured

2050-593: The University of Oxford , Bhutto trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn before entering politics . Initially, he was a cabinet member during president Iskandar Ali Mirza 's tenure, holding various ministries during president Ayub Khan 's military rule from 1958. Bhutto became the Foreign Minister in 1963, advocating for Operation Gibraltar in Kashmir , leading to the 1965 war with India . Following

2132-590: The bomb ". He asked them, "Can you give it to me? And how long will it take to make a bomb?" Many senior scientists, emotionally and psychologically disturbed from witnessing the war, responded positively, saying, "Oh...Yes.. Yes... You can have it". A lively debate ensued on the time needed to make the bomb, and finally, one scientist dared to suggest that maybe it could be done in five years. Prime Minister Bhutto smiled, lifted his hand, and dramatically thrust forward three fingers, saying, "Three years, I want it in three years". The atmosphere suddenly became electric. It

2214-963: The foreign ministry assertively, rapidly gaining national prominence. During a visit to Beijing, Bhutto, along with his staff, received a warm welcome from the Chinese leadership, including Mao Zedong . Bhutto contributed to negotiating trade and military agreements between Pakistan and China, fostering collaboration on various military and industrial projects. Bhutto signed the Sino-Pakistan Boundary Agreement on 2 March 1963, transferring 750 square kilometers of territory from Gilgit Baltistan to Chinese control. Bhutto embraced non-alignment , making Pakistan an influential member in non-aligned organizations. Advocating pan-Islamic unity , Bhutto developed closer relations with Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. Bhutto significantly transformed Pakistan's pro-West foreign policy. While maintaining

2296-399: The 1970s, nuclear deterrence was well-established under the government of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy , but it was entirely peaceful and dedicated to civilian power needs . Bhutto, in his book The Myth of Independence in 1969, wrote: If Pakistan restricts or suspends her nuclear deterrence , it would not only enable India to blackmail Pakistan with her nuclear advantage but would impose

2378-452: The Biafo are located off the glacier, adjacent to the lateral moraines and steep mountainsides. The first three (heading up from the last village before the glacier, the thousand-year-old Askole village) are beautiful sites with flowing water nearby. Mango and Namla, the first two campsites, are often covered in flowers and Namla has an amazing waterfall very close to the camping area. Baintha,

2460-622: The Gilgit Agency until 1947. However, starting in 1868, Nagar was a vassal state under the authority of the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir , even though it was never directly governed by Kashmir. The rulers of Nagar were considered to be among the most loyal vassals of the Maharajas of Jammu and Kashmir , sending annual tributes to their Durbars until 1947. The British granted them a hereditary gun salute of 15-guns. In November 1947,

2542-567: The Indian army) . Pakistan launched an air attack on India in the western border that resulted in the Indian intervention in East Pakistan, which led to the very bitter defeat of Pakistani forces, who surrendered on 16 December 1971. Consequently, the state of People's Republic of Bangladesh was born, and Bhutto and others condemned Yahya Khan for failing to protect Pakistan's unity. Isolated, Yahya Khan resigned on 20 December and transferred power to Bhutto, who became president, commander-in-chief, and

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2624-515: The Multan meeting, scientists wondered why the President, who had much on his hands in those trying days, was paying so much attention to scientists and engineers in the nuclear field. At the meeting, Bhutto slowly discussed the recent war and the country's future, emphasizing the great mortal danger the country faced. As the academicians listened carefully, Bhutto stated, "Look, we're going to have

2706-598: The Nagar valley ( AKRSP Census, 2000). Nagar is home to two main ethnic groups – the Burushaski speakers and the Shina speakers. An older type of Burushaski is still spoken in the valley with a mild modern accent. A third language, Bedeski, is also still spoken in Chalt Nagar. The population is traditionally predominantly Shia Isna'asheri (Jafaria). The terrain of Nagar is extremely mountainous, which provided

2788-567: The People's Republic of China. Bhutto staunchly supported Beijing in the UN and the UNSC , while also maintaining connections with the United States. Bhutto's strong advocacy for closer ties with China drew criticism from the United States, with President Lyndon B. Johnson cautioning him about potential repercussions on congressional support for aid to Pakistan. Bhutto, known for his demagogic speeches, led

2870-596: The Round Table Conference called by Ayub Khan in Rawalpindi but refused to accept Ayub's continuation in office and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 's Six point movement for regional autonomy. Following Ayub's resignation, his successor, General Yahya Khan promised to hold parliamentary elections on 7 December 1970. Under Bhutto's leadership, the democratic socialists , leftists, and Marxist - communists gathered and united into one party platform for

2952-666: The U.S. for providing military aid to India during and after the 1962 Sino-Indian War, seen as a breach of Pakistan's alliance with the United States. On Bhutto's counsel, Ayub Khan launched Operation Gibraltar in an attempt to "liberate" Kashmir. The operation failed, leading to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 . This war followed brief skirmishes between March and August 1965 in the Rann of Kutch , Jammu and Kashmir, and Punjab. Bhutto joined Ayub in Uzbekistan to negotiate

3034-497: The United Kingdom to study law at Christ Church, Oxford and received a BA in jurisprudence , followed by an LLM degree in law and an M.Sc. (honours) degree in political science. Upon finishing his studies, he served as a lecturer in international law at the University of Southampton in 1952, and he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1953. In 1957, Bhutto became the youngest member of Pakistan's delegation to

3116-742: The United Nations. He addressed the UN Sixth Committee on Aggression that October and led Pakistan's delegation to the first UN Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1958. That year, Bhutto became Pakistan's youngest cabinet minister, taking up the reins of the Ministry of Commerce by President Iskander Mirza , pre- coup d'état government. In 1960, he was promoted to Minister of Water and Power , Communications and Industry . Bhutto became

3198-563: The University of California, Berkeley, Bhutto became interested in the theories of socialism, delivering a series of lectures on their feasibility in Islamic countries. During this time, Bhutto's father played a controversial role in the affairs of Junagadh. Coming to power in a palace coup, he secured the accession of his state to Pakistan, which was ultimately negated by Indian intervention in December 1947. In June 1950, Bhutto travelled to

3280-463: The West even at the expense of the separation of the East. However, Mujib still kept doors open for some sort of settlement in his speech of 7 March. Yahya started a negotiating conference in Dhaka, presumably to reach a settlement between Bhutto and Mujib. The discussion was expected to be "fruitful" until the president left for West Pakistan on the evening of 25 March. On that night of 25 March 1971,

3362-535: The army before leaving on the 26th. While supportive of the army's actions and working to rally international support, Bhutto distanced himself from the Yahya Khan regime and began to criticize Yahya Khan for mishandling the situation. He refused to accept Yahya Khan's scheme to appoint Bengali politician Nurul Amin as Prime Minister, with Bhutto as deputy prime minister. Soon after Bhutto's refusal and continuous resentment toward General Yahya Khan's mishandling of

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3444-606: The army initiated Operation Searchlight , which had been planned by the military junta of Yahya Khan, presumably to suppress political activities and movements by the Bengalis. Mujib was arrested and imprisoned in West Pakistan. Genocide and atrocities by the military against the Bengali population were alleged during the operation. Bhutto stayed in Dhaka on the night of 25 March and commented that Pakistan had been saved by

3526-432: The beliefs of his new party: "Islam is our faith, democracy is our policy, socialism is our economy. All power to the people." On 30 November 1967, at the Lahore residence of Mubashir Hassan , a gathering including Bhutto, political activist Sufi Nazar Muhammad Khan, Bengali communist J. A. Rahim , and Basit Jehangir Sheikh founded the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), establishing a strong base in Punjab, Sindh, and among

3608-508: The budget for the development of the programme. Wanting a capable administrator, Bhutto sought Lieutenant-General Rahimuddin Khan to chair the commission, which Rahimuddin declined, in 1971. Instead, in January 1972, Bhutto chose a U.S.-trained nuclear engineer , Munir Khan, as chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). Bhutto realized he wanted an administrator who understood

3690-685: The creation of Pakistan—lay discredited, and Pakistan's foreign policy collapsed when no moral support was found anywhere, including long-standing allies such as the U.S. and China. However, this is disputed even by Bangladeshi academics who insist that the two-nation theory was not discredited. Since her creation, the physical and moral existence of Pakistan was in great danger. On the internal front, Baloch , Sindhi , Punjabi , and Pashtun nationalisms were at their peak, calling for their independence from Pakistan. Finding it difficult to keep Pakistan united, Bhutto launched full-fledged intelligence and military operations to stamp out any separatist movements. By

3772-452: The democracy required in Pakistan. Upon becoming foreign minister in 1963, his socialist stance led to a close relationship with neighboring China, challenging the prevailing acceptance of Taiwan as the legitimate government of China when two governments each claimed to be "China" . In 1964, the Soviet Union and its satellite states broke off relations with Beijing over ideological differences, with only Albania and Pakistan supporting

3854-536: The development. Bhutto's Science Advisor, Abdus Salam 's office was also set up in Bhutto's Prime Minister Secretariat. On Bhutto's request, Salam had established and led the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) that marked the beginning of the nuclear deterrent program. The TPG designed and developed the nuclear weapons as well as the entire program. Later, Munir Ahmad Khan had him personally approved

3936-428: The end of 1978, these nationalist organizations were brutally quelled by Pakistan Armed Forces. Bhutto immediately placed Yahya Khan under house arrest, brokered a ceasefire, and ordered the release of Sheikh Mujib, who was held prisoner by the Pakistan Army. To implement this, Bhutto reversed the verdict of Mujib's earlier court-martial trial, in which Brigadier Rahimuddin Khan had sentenced Mujib to death. Appointing

4018-522: The end of December 1972, Salam returned to Pakistan with suitcases loaded with literature on the Manhattan Project . In 1974, Bhutto initiated a more aggressive diplomatic offensive on the United States and the Western world over nuclear issues. Writing to world and Western leaders, Bhutto conveyed: Pakistan was exposed to a kind of "nuclear threat and blackmail" unparalleled elsewhere.... If

4100-402: The first civilian chief martial law administrator. Bhutto was the country's first civilian chief martial law administrator since 1958, as well as the country's first civilian president. With Bhutto assuming control, the leftists and democratic socialists entered the country's politics and later emerged as power players in the country's politics. And, for the first time in the country's history,

4182-455: The first time in Pakistan's history. The Socialist-Communist bloc, under Bhutto's leadership, intensified its support in Muhajir and poor farming communities in West Pakistan, working through educating people to cast their vote for their better future. Gathering and uniting the scattered socialist-communist groups in one single center was considered Bhutto's greatest political achievement and as

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4264-651: The importance of Pakistan-German relations in a farewell speech at the University of Munich . Bhutto also visited Poland in 1962, establishing diplomatic relations and fostering mutual cooperation, reaching out to the Polish community in Pakistan . Using Pakistan Air Force 's Brigadier-General Władysław Turowicz , Bhutto initiated military and economic links between Pakistan and Poland. In 1962, as territorial differences escalated between India and China, Beijing considered staging an invasion in northern Indian territories. Premier Zhou Enlai and Mao invited Pakistan to join

4346-546: The inaugural session of the National Assembly . On 17 January 1971, President Yahya visited Bhutto at his baronial family estate, Al-Murtaza, in Larkana, Sindh, accompanied by Lt. General S. G. M. Pirzada, Principal Staff Officer to President Yahya, and General Abdul Hamid Khan, Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army and Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator. On February 22, 1971, the generals in West Pakistan took

4428-534: The leftists and democratic socialists had a chance to administer the country with the popular vote and widely approved exclusive mandate, given to them by the West's population in the 1970s elections. In a reference written by Kuldip Nayar in his book " Scoop! Inside Stories from the Partition to the Present ", Nayar noted that "Bhutto's releasing of Mujib did not mean anything to Pakistan's policy as in if there

4510-481: The office of prime minister instead. Bhutto, the founder of Pakistan's atomic bomb program, earned the title "Father of Nuclear Deterrence" due to his administration and aggressive leadership of this program. Bhutto's interest in nuclear technology began during his college years in the United States, attending a political science course discussing the political impact of the U.S.'s first nuclear test, Trinity , on global politics. While at Berkeley, Bhutto witnessed

4592-539: The prime minister's office. He played a crucial role in initiating the country's nuclear program . However, his policies, including extensive nationalisation , led to economic stagnation. Despite winning the 1977 parliamentary elections , Bhutto faced allegations of widespread vote rigging , sparking violence across the country. On 5 July 1977, Bhutto was deposed in a military coup by army chief Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq . Controversially tried and executed in 1979, Bhutto's legacy remains contentious, praised for nationalism and

4674-501: The public panic when the Soviet Union first exploded their bomb, codenamed First Lightning in 1949, prompting the U.S. government to launch their research on 'hydrogen' bombs . However, in 1958, as Minister for Fuel, Power , and National Resources , Bhutto played a key role in setting up the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) administrative research bodies and institutes. Soon, Bhutto offered

4756-473: The raid to reclaim the State of Jammu and Kashmir from India. Bhutto supported the plan, but Ayub opposed it due to fears of Indian retaliation. Instead, Ayub proposed a "joint defense union" with India, shocking Bhutto, who felt Ayub Khan lacked understanding of international affairs. Bhutto, aware of China's restraint from criticizing Pakistan despite its membership in anti-communist western alliances, criticized

4838-555: The release of 93,000 prisoners of war and reclaimed five thousand square miles (13,000 km ) of Indian-held territory through the Simla Agreement . He strengthened diplomatic ties with China and Saudi Arabia , recognized Bangladesh, and hosted the second Organisation of the Islamic Conference in Lahore in 1974. Bhutto's government drafted the current constitution of Pakistan in 1973, after which he transitioned to

4920-616: The release of Pakistani soldiers held by India, Bhutto was criticized by many in Pakistan for allegedly making too many concessions to India. It is theorized that Bhutto feared his downfall if he could not secure the release of Pakistani soldiers and the return of territory occupied by Indian forces. Bhutto established an atomic power development program and inaugurated the first Pakistani atomic reactor , built in collaboration with Canada in Karachi on 28 November. On 30 March, 59 military officers were arrested by army troops for allegedly plotting

5002-546: The ruler, Mir Shaukat Ali Khan acceded Nagar to Pakistan, which became responsible for its external affairs and defense, while Nagar maintained internal self-government. In 1968, Syed Yahya Shah , the first educated politician of the valley, demanded civil rights from the Mir of Nagar. In 1972, the Pakistan People's Party government (under Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto ) forced the Mir of Nagar to abdicate. The area

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5084-434: The scientific and economic needs of this technologically ambitious program. Since 1965, Munir Khan had developed an extremely close and trusted relationship with Bhutto, and even after his death, Benazir and Murtaza Bhutto were instructed by their father to keep in touch with Munir Khan. In the spring of 1976, Kahuta Research Facility , then known as Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL), as part of codename Project-706 ,

5166-573: The situation, Khan ordered Military Police to arrest Bhutto on charges of treason , quite similar to Mujib. Bhutto was imprisoned in the Adiala Jail along with Mujib, where he was set to face the charges. The army crackdown on the Bengalis of East Pakistan fueled an armed resistance by the Mukti-Bahini (a guerrilla force formed for the campaign of an independent Bangladesh and trained by

5248-413: The status of India's nuclear program . Bhutto stated, "Pakistan will fight, fight for a thousand years. If India builds the (atom) bomb, Pakistan will eat grass or leaves, even go hungry, but we (Pakistan) will get one of our own (atom bomb).... We (Pakistan) have no other choice!" In his 1969 book The Myth of Independence, Bhutto argued for the necessity of Pakistan acquiring a fission weapon and starting

5330-477: The status of the Indian nuclear programme and the options for Pakistan to develop its own nuclear capability. Both agreed on the necessity for Pakistan to establish a nuclear deterrent against India. Although Munir Khan had failed to convince Ayub Khan, Bhutto assured him, " Don't worry, our turn will come ." Shortly after the 1965 war, Bhutto declared at a press conference, " Even if we have to eat grass, we will make

5412-514: The third campsite, is often used as a rest day. A large green meadow, it has a few running streams near the camp and many places to spend the day rock climbing or rappelling. Evidence of wildlife can be seen on the trek, including Ibex and the Markhor mountain goat. The area is also known for Himalayan brown bears and snow leopards , although sightings are rare. Nagar (princely state) Nagar ( Urdu : ریاست نگر , Riyasat Nagar )

5494-578: The town of Nagar. The land that was previously part of Nagar now comprises three tehsils within the Nagar District of northern Pakistan. Nagar, established in the 14th century, operated as an autonomous principality until the British exerted control over the region during the Hunza–Nagar Campaign (1889–1893). Subsequently, it became a colonial princely state under the jurisdiction of

5576-466: The upper Biafo Glacier and its tributary glacier Sim Gang, is one of the world's largest basins of snow or ice in the world outside the polar regions, up to 1,600 m (0.99 mi) in depth. The Biafo Glacier is the world's third longest glacier outside the polar regions , second only to the 70 km (43 mi) Siachen Glacier , contested between Pakistan and India, and Tajikistan's 77 km (48 mi) long Fedchenko Glacier . Campsites along

5658-411: The village of Askole in Braldo, Shigar District, this glacial junction is found. The entire journey spans 100 kilometers (62 miles), utilizing 51 kilometers (42 miles) of the Biafo Glacier and the entirety of the Hispar Glacier. The Biafo Glacier presents a trekker with several days of strenuous boulder hopping, with views throughout and Snow Lake near the high point. Snow Lake, consisting of parts of

5740-423: The world's community failed to provide political insurance to Pakistan and other countries against nuclear blackmail, these countries would be constrained to launch atomic bomb programs of their own!... Assurances provided by the United Nations were not "Enough!"... Roughly two weeks after the 1971 winter war , on 20 January 1972, Bhutto convened a conference of nuclear scientists and engineers at Multan . While at

5822-488: The worst crisis in our country's life, a deadly crisis. We have to pick up the pieces, very small pieces, but we will make a new Pakistan, a prosperous and progressive Pakistan, a Pakistan free of exploitation, a Pakistan envisaged by the Quaid-e-Azam . As president, Bhutto faced mounting challenges on both internal and foreign fronts. The trauma was severe in Pakistan, a psychological setback and emotional breakdown for Pakistan. The two-nation theory —the theoretical basis for

5904-506: Was a princely state located in the northern region of Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan. Before August 1947, it maintained a subsidiary alliance with British India. It shared its borders with the Gilgit Agency states to the south and west, while to the north and east, it bordered the princely state of District Hunza . From November 1947 to 1974, Nagar was recognized as a princely state within Pakistan , with its administrative center in

5986-526: Was a Pakistani barrister, politician, and statesman. He served as the fourth president of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and later as the ninth prime minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. Bhutto founded the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his execution for murder. Born in Sindh into a Sindhi Rajput family and educated at the University of California, Berkeley and

6068-461: Was arranged with Shireen Amir Begum. In 1947, Bhutto was admitted to the University of Southern California to study political science. In 1949, as a sophomore, Bhutto transferred to the University of California, Berkeley , where he earned a B.A. (honours) degree in political science in 1950. A year later on 8 September 1951, he married a woman of Iranian Kurdish origin—Nusrat Ispahani, popularly known as Begum Nusrat Bhutto . During his studies at

6150-517: Was implemented by Pakistan Army's Chief of Army Staff General Tikka Khan . The Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP-I) was inaugurated by Bhutto during his role as the President of Pakistan at the end of 1972. The nuclear weapons program was set up loosely based on the Manhattan Project of the 1940s under the administrative control of Bhutto. Senior academic scientists had direct access to Bhutto, who kept him informed about every inch of

6232-419: Was no liberation war. Bhutto's policy, and even as of today, the policy of Pakistan continues to state that "she will continue to fight for the honor and integrity of Pakistan. East Pakistan is an inseparable and unseverable part of Pakistan". When Bhutto set about rebuilding Pakistan, he stated his intention was to "rebuild confidence and rebuild hope for the future". A Pakistan International Airlines flight

6314-694: Was sent to fetch Bhutto from New York City, where he was presenting Pakistan's case before the United Nations Security Council on the East Pakistan Crisis. Bhutto returned home on 18 December 1971. On 20 December, he was taken to the President House in Rawalpindi, where he took over two positions from Yahya Khan, one as president and the other as the first civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator. Thus, he

6396-470: Was the dewan of the princely state of Junagadh and enjoyed an influential relationship with the officials of the British Raj . His mother Khursheed Begum was born Lakhi Bai; and had been a professional dance girl into a Hindu family but converted to Islam when she married Shah Nawaz. Reportedly, Shah Nawaz Bhutto had seen her dancing; and had proposed her, eventually marrying her. Zulfikar

6478-405: Was the first civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator of the dismembered Pakistan. By the time Bhutto had assumed control of what remained of Pakistan, the nation was completely isolated, angered, and demoralized. Bhutto addressing the nation through radio and television said: My dear countrymen, my dear friends, my dear students, labourers, peasants... those who fought for Pakistan... We are facing

6560-574: Was their third child—their first one, Sikandar Ali, had died from pneumonia at age seven in 1914, and the second, Imdad Ali, died of cirrhosis at age 39 in 1953. As a young boy, Bhutto moved to Worli Seaface in Bombay to study at the Cathedral and John Connon School , later St. Xavier's College, Mumbai . He then also became an activist in the Pakistan Movement . In 1943, his marriage

6642-663: Was then merged with the Northern Areas. The state was governed by the hereditary rulers of the Maglot dynasty, who were styled as Mir . The details of these early rulers are uncertain; the first definite dates available are from 1839. In November 1947, the state became one of the princely states of Pakistan . Brigadier Mir Shaukat Ali Khan was the last ruler of the State before it was abolished by Pakistani PM Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in 1972. There are around 90,000 inhabitants of

6724-443: Was then that one of the junior scientists, Siddique Ahmad Butt (a theoretical physicist ), who, under Munir Khan's guiding hand, would come to play a major role in making the fission weapon possible, jumped to his feet and clamored for his leader's attention. Siddique Ahmad Butt replied, "It can be done in three years". When Bhutto heard Butt's reply, he was very much amused and said, "Well.... Much as I appreciate your enthusiasm, this

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