85-559: Bishopsgate was one of the eastern gates in London's former defensive wall . The gate's name is traditionally attributed to Earconwald , who was Bishop of London in the 7th century. It was first built in Roman times and marked the beginning of Ermine Street , the ancient road running from London to York (Eboracum). The gate was rebuilt twice in the 15th and 18th centuries, but was permanently demolished in 1760. Bishopsgate gave its name to
170-512: A gate, appears to be the defence of the gate, as gates were the weakest points in any fortification. The earliest origins of the wards reach back further than the 11th century but their emergence and evolution is uncertain and any narrative conjectural. The ward may have developed from the Soke of Bishopsgate , a set of rights, and possibly land, held by the Bishop of London over an area to the east of
255-631: A landholding called Bishopsgate is recorded nearby; this may have been the property later known as Norton Folgate . Bishopsgate had many coaching inns which accommodated passengers setting out on the originally Roman Ermine Street , that issued from the gate. Although they survived the Great Fire of London , they have now all been demolished. These included the Angel, the Black Bull, the Dolphin,
340-517: A large fort, with a large garrison, that stood to its north-western side. The fort, now referred to as the Cripplegate Fort , was later incorporated into a comprehensive city-wide defence, with its strengthened northern and western sides becoming part of the Wall which was built around 200. The incorporation of the fort's walls gave the walled area its distinctive shape in the north-west part of
425-519: A part of this former feature. This seems to have been re-cut in 1213, with the restored ditch being V-cut to a depth of 6 feet and a width of between 9 and 15 feet. The re-cut of the ditch may have diverted some of the waters of the Walbrook which would otherwise have flowed through the city, and the wall itself does appear to have acted like a dam, partially obstructing the Walbrook and leading to
510-472: A profound and continuing effect on the character of the City of London, and surrounding areas. The walls constrained the growth of the city, and the location of the limited number of gates and the route of the roads through them shaped development within the walls, and more fundamentally, beyond them. With few exceptions, the modern roads heading into the former walled area are the same as those which passed through
595-643: A replica statue of the Emperor Trajan standing in front of it. There is a further surviving section preserved in the basement of the One America Square building. There are further remains in the basement of the Old Bailey . The layout of the Roman and medieval walls have had a profound effect on the development of London, even down to the present day. The walls constrained the growth of
680-577: A significant part of Shoreditch from the London Borough of Hackney , while nearly all of Bishopsgate Within was transferred to other wards. Bishopsgate is also the name of the street, being the part of the originally Roman Ermine Street (now the A10 ) within the traditional extent of the Ward. The gate was first built in the Roman era, probably at the time the wall was first built. The road though
765-499: Is commemorated by Catherine Wheel Alley which leads off Bishopsgate to the east. The 17th century façade of Sir Paul Pindar 's House on Bishopsgate, demolished, with many other old buildings, for the expansion of Liverpool Street railway station in 1890, was also preserved and can now be seen in the Victoria and Albert Museum . In the 18th century this grand residence became a tavern called Sir Paul Pindar's Head; another notable venue
850-549: Is commemorated, although now only loosely followed, by the road also named London Wall. The modern road starts in the west with the Rotunda junction at Aldersgate, then runs east past Moorgate , from which point it runs parallel to the line of the City Wall, and eventually becomes Wormwood Street before it reaches Bishopsgate . This alignment, however, is the result of rebuilding between 1957 and 1976. Before this, London Wall
935-559: Is currently no evidence of post-Roman restoration, so surviving sections are not likely to have been part, or an important part, of defences much after the Roman period. The end of Roman rule in Britain in c. 410 resulted in the wall slowly falling into disrepair, though the survival of Romano-British culture in the area is indicated by the settlement in the nearby St Martin-in-the-Fields area of Westminster , which persisted until around 450. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle notes that
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#17327824078141020-614: Is marked by a stone bishop's mitre , fixed high upon a building located near Bishopsgate's junction with Wormwood Street , by the gardens there and facing the Heron Tower . The ward is notable for its skyscrapers, and is home to the main London offices of several major banks, including National Westminster Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . Although tens of thousands of people commute to and work in
1105-512: Is one of 25 wards in the City of London , each electing an Alderman to the Court of Aldermen , and Commoners (the City equivalent of a councillor) to the Court of Common Council of the City of London Corporation . Only electors who are Freemen of the City of London are eligible to stand. On 15 September 2022 the ward elected Kawsar Zaman as its Alderman. He is only the third non-white Alderman in
1190-541: Is unknown. The fort's north and west walls were thickened and doubled in height to form part of the new city wall. The incorporation of the fort's walls gave the walled area its distinctive shape in the north-west part of the city. It continued to be developed until at least the end of the 4th century, making it among the last major building projects undertaken by the Romans before the Roman departure from Britain in 410. Reasons for its construction may have been connected to
1275-937: The Devil's Highway to Silchester and Bath, and Watling Street to St Albans and the west midlands. These roads leading over the River Fleet . Fleet Street and the Strand The bastions, towers built against the face of the city wall, are scattered irregularly across its perimeter. Not bonded to the city wall itself, they are considered to be added after the construction of the wall and even later after by post-Roman builders. 21 bastions are currently known about (more may be undiscovered). They can be grouped into: List entry number: 1357518 Scheduled Monument Botwulf of Thorney Botolph of Thorney ( / ˈ b ɒ t ʊ l f / ; also called Botolph, Botulph or Botulf; later known as Saint Botolph ; died c. 680 )
1360-597: The River Walbrook . The Bishop may have been granted the land and rights in order to promote growth in the under-developed part of the city east of the Walbrook . Outside the wall the Walbrook formed the boundary between the Soke of Bishopsgate to the east and the Soke of Cripplegate on the other side of the brook. Bishopsgate may have originally included the area that subsequently became known as Lime Street Ward . The Domesday Survey of 1086 did not cover London, but
1445-569: The Romanesque style by King William the Conqueror and his successors, was on its completion one of the longest churches in Europe . Winchester had previously been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from this time on, London was the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war. In the view of Frank Stenton : "It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing
1530-642: The Second Great Fire of London . Bomb damage revealed a section of wall at Noble Street, near the Museum of London . In 1957, a 64-metre section of the wall was uncovered during works on the London Wall road; the section was then destroyed to accommodate the road changes and to make way for a new car park. An 11-metre section has been preserved. In 1984, the Museum of London set up a Wall Walk from
1615-630: The St Botolph Club , a private club, a street in Boston's Back Bay neighborhood , and the President's House at Boston College . The University of Cambridge 's poetry journal in the 1950s was called St Botolph's Review . It was named for St Botolph's Church, Cambridge as one of its founders, Lucas Myers, lived at the rectory of St Botolph's Church in Cambridge . A second edition of
1700-715: The Wars of the Roses , the Yorkist-turned supporter of the House of Lancaster Bastard Fauconberg attacked London, trying to force his way across London Bridge and also attacking the eastern gates with a further five thousand men and artillery. Bishopsgate was set on fire and the attackers came close to capturing nearby Aldgate and with it the city. The attackers were repulsed from both gates with heavy losses, before being chased back to Bow Bridge and Blackwall . The Bishop's Gate
1785-675: The estuary of the River Alde in Suffolk; a church still remains on top of an isolated hill in the parish. At the time, the site was a tidal island all but surrounded by water, but Botolph attracted other monks and hermits and together they turned areas of marsh and scrub into productive grazing and farm land. The monks built several structures, and the monastery grew. Botolph also worked as an itinerant missionary in East Anglia, Kent and Sussex. The Life of St Ceolfrith , written around
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#17327824078141870-496: The Bishopsgate Ward of the City of London . The ward is traditionally divided into Bishopsgate Within , inside the line of the former wall, and Bishopsgate Without beyond it. Bishopsgate Without is described as part of London's East End . The ancient boundaries of the City wards were reviewed in 1994 and 2013, so that the wards no longer correspond very closely to their historic extents. Bishopsgate Without gained
1955-672: The Bishopsgate road and Gracechurch Street. At this time Bishopsgate Without lost a small block of buildings east Blomfield Street to the Broad Street ward. There were no changes to Bishopsgate's ward boundaries in the 2013 boundary changes. The revised ward borders the London Borough of Hackney to the north, it neighbours The Portsoken and the borough of Tower Hamlets in the east. The other neighbours are Aldgate (southeast), Coleman Street (west), Cornhill (south-west), Broad Street and Lime Street (south). Bishopsgate
2040-918: The Flower Pot, the Green Dragon, the Magpie and Punchbowl, the White Hart and the Wrestlers. The Black Bull was a venue for the Queen's Men theatrical troupe in the 16th century. The English politician Anthony Bacon moved nearby with his mother in May 1594 and she complained about the plays and interludes at the Bull which might "corrupt his servants". An inn called the Catherine Wheel (demolished 1911)
2125-762: The North Sea, Budolfi Church ( Sankt Budolfi kirke ) in Aalborg , Denmark, originally a smallish building, grew to be the major church of the town by the late Middle Ages and is now the cathedral church of the diocese of Aalborg. Botolph is remembered in the names of the market town of Boston, Lincolnshire in the United Kingdom and Boston , Massachusetts, in the United States. Boston was originally Botolphston (from "Botolph's stone" or "Botolph's town"). In Boston, Massachusetts, Botolph gives his name to
2210-764: The Romano-British retreated back to London after their bloody defeat at the Battle of Crecganford ( Crayford , Kent) at the hands of Hengist and Horsa , leaders of the Saxon invaders, in 457. This suggests that London's walls retained some military value, although the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was written many centuries after the Battle of Crayford took place, if it took place at all. From c. 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed in
2295-605: The Scandinavians would establish Danelaw . In the same year, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that London was "refounded" by Alfred. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls. This was part Alfred's policy of building an in-depth defence of the Kingdom of Wessex against the Vikings as well as creating an offensive strategy against
2380-508: The Thames. They did this in stages between 1284 and 1320, extending the walled area as far as the River Fleet so that it enclosed their precinct. The westward extension is likely to have improved the defensibility of Ludgate. In the medieval period the developed area of the city was largely confined to the City Wall, but there was extramural development, especially in the large western ward of Farringdon Without . The wall provided security but
2465-472: The Tower of London to the museum, using 23 tiled panels. A number of these have been destroyed in subsequent years. At Noble Street, the panels were replaced by etched glass panels. These were intended as a prototype for new panels along the entire walk, but no further replacements have been made. One of the largest and most readily accessed fragments of the wall stands just outside Tower Hill tube station , with
2550-573: The Vikings who controlled Mercia . The burh of Southwark was also created on the south bank of the River Thames during this time. The city walls of London were repaired as the city slowly grew until about 950 when urban activity increased dramatically. A large Viking army that attacked the London burgh was defeated in 994. By the 11th century, London was beyond all comparison the largest town in England. Old St Paul's Cathedral , rebuilt in
2635-602: The ancient boundaries of the ward. The 1994 changes saw Bishopsgate Without (and with it the City of London) gain a large area from the Shoreditch area of the London Borough of Hackney , The changes made in 2003 and 2013 shifted land between wards of the city. The effect of this was to transfer nearly all of Bishopsgate Within (except for a small area surrounding the Leathersellers ' livery hall) to other wards. The ward previously extended much further south, along
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2720-569: The area. The initial opening of the station saw 3,000 residents of Bishopsgate Without evicted and their homes demolished. Around 7,000 people in neighbouring Shoreditch also lost their homes to the railway tracks feeding into the station. Notable buildings include: Bishopsgate Within was originally divided into many parishes, each with its own parish church: St Andrew Undershaft , St Ethelburga Bishopsgate , St Martin Outwich , St Mary Axe and St Helen's Bishopsgate , now all amalgamated under
2805-523: The city's hundreds of years of history, the first British-Bangladeshi ever to hold the office, and the youngest ever elected to the Court of Alderman. The street called Bishopsgate (formerly Bishopsgate Street), which takes its name from the Gate, is the main thoroughfare of the Ward. It is a stretch of the originally Roman Ermine Street (now the A10 ) between Gracechurch Street and Norton Folgate , taking
2890-491: The city's jurisdiction was marked by "city bars", toll gates which were situated just beyond the old walled area; Holborn Bar , Temple Bar , West Smithfield Bar , and Whitechapel Bar. These were the important entrances to the city and their control was vital in maintaining the city's special privileges over certain trades. During the Great Fire of London in September 1666, almost all of the medieval City of London inside
2975-408: The city, and the location of the limited number of gates and the route of the roads through them shaped development within the walls, and in a much more fundamental way, beyond them. With a few exceptions, the parts of the modern road network heading into the former walled area are the same as those which passed through the former medieval gates. Part of the route originally taken by the northern wall
3060-463: The city. The end of Roman rule in Britain , around 410, led to the wall falling into disrepair. It was restored in the late Anglo-Saxon period, a process generally thought to have begun under Alfred the Great after 886. Repairs and enhancements continued throughout the medieval period. The wall largely defined the boundaries of the City of London until the later Middle Ages , when population rises and
3145-406: The country" In the 1600s, Bishopsgate Without , together with neighbouring Bethnal Green and Spitalfields was home to many Huguenot refugees, many of them weavers. In the late 1600s wealthy residents began to migrate to the newly developed areas of West End of London and the character of the area began to change, partly due to the more prosperous parts of the community leaving, and partly to
3230-498: The dead within the city, so cemeteries were established outside the city gates. There were large burial grounds outside Bishopsgate, on both side of Ermine Street . The wards of London appear to have taken shape in the 11th century, before the Norman Conquest. Their administrative, judicial and military purpose made them equivalent to hundreds in the countryside. The primary purpose of wards like Bishopsgate, which included
3315-482: The densification of the area and rapid urbanisation of the neighbouring rural areas. In time, the East and West Ends of London became more strikingly different in character, writing of the period around 1800, Rev. Richardson commented: The inhabitants of the extreme east of London knew nothing of the western localities and vice-versa. There was little communication or sympathy between the two ends of London. …and thus
3400-469: The development of towns around the city blurred the perimeter. From the 18th century onward, the expansion of the City of London saw large parts of the wall demolished, including its city gates, to improve traffic flow. Since the Second World War , conservation efforts have helped to preserve surviving sections of the city wall as scheduled monuments . The long presence of the walls has had
3485-474: The dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital." The size and importance of London led to the redevelopment of the city's defences. During the early medieval period – following the Norman Conquest of England – the walls underwent substantial work that included crenellations , additional gates and further towers and bastions. Aside from the seven City Wall gates and
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3570-466: The east and west of the modern site of London Bridge, with a piece of wooden bridge found at the end of Fish Street Hill. The constructions advancing around 115 feet (35 m) into the River Thames took place between the late 1st and mid-3rd centuries, highlighting that between these periods no wall stood against the river. After Londinium was raided on several occasions by Saxon pirates in
3655-430: The eastern part of the Roman riverside wall that was built or rebuilt in the late 4th century. The riverside wall may have limited access to the Thames, both commercial and otherwise, so it may have reflected a diminished level of activity within the city. It is not clear how long the riverside wall survived, but there are references to a part of it near the dock of Queenhithe , in two charters of 889 and 898. There
3740-522: The first home of the Bethlem Royal Hospital (also known as Bedlam) . This psychiatric hospital lay immediately north of St Botolph's church. Around 1597, the merchant Sir Paul Pindar , purchased several existing properties, and built himself a new home on the site (incorporating part of one or more of the old properties). The house had a fairly narrow frontage but extended a long way back. Bishopsgate Street had recently been paved, making
3825-408: The former medieval gates. It has origins as an initial mound wall and ditch from c. AD 100 and a fort, now called Cripplegate fort after the city gate ( Cripplegate ) that was subsequently built on its northern wall later on, in 120–150 The fort was later incorporated into a city-wide defence in the late 2nd or early 3rd century AD, though the reason for such a large and expensive fortification
3910-473: The four bars, there are the 13 water-gates on the Thames where goods were unloaded from ships. These include Billingsgate and Bridge Gate. Additionally there were pedestrian-only gates such as the Tower Hill Postern at Tower Hill . A further medieval defensive feature was the restoration of the defensive ditch immediately adjacent to the outside of the wall. The street name Houndsditch recalls
3995-501: The gate, Ermine Street (known at this point as Bishopsgate) was in place long before the wall and the gate. The gate is traditionally held to be named after Earconwald , a 7th-century Bishop of London (Bishop of the East Saxons ). One of the ward's ancient churches, St Ethelburga-the-Virgin within Bishopsgate , is dedicated to Eorconwald's sister, St Ethelburga of Barking , the first Abbess of Barking Abbey . In 1471, during
4080-427: The gates on London Bridge ). Some wards – Aldersgate , Bishopsgate and Cripplegate – cover an area that was both within and outside the wall; although not split into separate wards, often the part (or " division ") within the Wall is denoted (on maps, in documents, etc.) as being "within" and the part outside the Wall as being "without". Archaically infra (within) and extra (without) were also used and
4165-465: The householders of Westminster were as distinct from householders of Bishopsgate Without , Shoreditch and all those localities which stretch towards the Essex side of the city, as they are from the inhabitants of Holland or Belgium. Bishopsgate Without was a very densely populated neighbourhood, prior to the opening (1874) and later expansion (1891) of Liverpool Street station , which now dominates
4250-508: The instructions of Cnut . The saint's relics were later transferred again, along with those of his brother Adulph, to Thorney Abbey , although his head was transferred to Ely Abbey and various body parts to other houses, including Westminster Abbey . Many English churches are dedicated to Botolph. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Saints , 64 ancient English churches were dedicated to him, but later research has suggested
4335-530: The invasion of northern Britain by Picts who overran Hadrian's Wall in the 180s. This may be linked to the political crisis that emerged in the late 2nd century when the governor of Britain Clodius Albinus was consolidating his power after claiming the right of succession as Roman emperor . After a struggle with his rival Septimius Severus , Albinus was defeated in 197 at the Battle of Lugdunum (near Lyon , France). The economic stimulus provided by
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#17327824078144420-504: The journal was published in 2006. "St Botolph's College" has been used as a hypothetical college in Cambridge University communications and Tripos examinations. The parish of Buttsbury in Essex was initially called Botolfvespirie , meaning Botolph's Pear Tree. It is sometimes surmised that the name refers to a tree under which St Botolph preached. There is a St Botolph's Brook on the boundary between Colchester and
4505-500: The last of these. St Helen's is a historic medieval church and former monastic establishment with many ancient funerary monuments and a stained glass window commemorating William Shakespeare , a local parishioner in the early to mid-1590s. The area was well located for Shakespeare, being close to the theatres in Shoreditch where he worked; The Theatre and the Curtain Theatre . Notable buildings include: The 1994 (city), 2003 and 2013 (ward) boundary revisions made fundamental changes to
4590-405: The late 3rd century, construction of an additional riverside wall, built in phases, began in 280 and was repaired c. 390. The existence of this riverside section was long doubted due to a lack of evidence, but excavations at the Tower of London in 1977 showed that the section of the inner curtain wall between the Lanthorne and Wakefield Towers, to the south of the White Tower , was originally
4675-503: The marshy conditions at the open space of Moorfields , just north of the wall. As London continued to grow throughout the medieval period, urban development grew beyond the city walls. This expansion led to the suffix words "Without" and "Within" which denote whether an area of the City – and usually applied to the wards – fell outside or within the London Wall, though only Farringdon and (formerly) Bridge were split into separate wards this way (Bridge Without falling beyond
4760-433: The most ancient surviving wall paintings in Britain, including the earliest known depiction of St. George in England. In Botolph's role as a patron saint of travellers, four City of London churches were dedicated to him, all of which were close to gates in the City walls: St Botolph Billingsgate , which was destroyed in the Great Fire and never rebuilt; St Botolph's, Aldersgate , St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate , where
4845-399: The name Bishopsgate only within the historical area of the ward. Although it takes its name from the gate, the road pre-dates the building of the London Wall which was built in the late second or early third centuries. Ermine Street (sometimes called the Old North Road) connected London to Cambridge , Lincoln , York and other towns and cities. In the Roman period it was illegal to bury
4930-455: The poet John Keats was baptised , and St Botolph's Aldgate . It is believed that these dedications were made because the churches provided places for incoming travellers to give thanks for their safe arrival and for outgoing travellers to pray for a safe journey. An alternative possibility is that the churches were dedicated to the saint because his relics came through the four gates when Edgar moved them from Iken to Westminster Abbey. Beyond
5015-454: The regiment, mutinied against parliament - partly due to their radical Leveller sympathies. A surrender was eventually negotiated, but Robert Lockyer a parishioner of Bishopsgate Without as well as a soldier in the regiment, was executed as a ringleader. The Communist Manifesto was first printed, anonymously and in German, by the Workers Educational Association at 46 Liverpool Street in Bishopsgate Without in 1848. On 24 April 1993, it
5100-441: The same area slightly to the west of the abandoned Roman city, in the vicinity of the Strand . In 886 the King of Wessex , Alfred the Great , formally agreed to the terms of the Danish warlord , Guthrum , concerning the area of political and geographical control that had been acquired by the incursion of the Vikings. Within the eastern and northern part of England, with its boundary roughly stretching from London to Chester ,
5185-451: The second historic gate, Aldgate – Gate 2. These would have led onto the Roman road network toward Essex and East Anglia via Stratford and Colchester . In present times the roads Leadenhall Street and Fenchurch Street lead into Aldgate High Street, where the gate's foundations are buried roughly where the Jewry Street intersects. Following the wall north, it runs between what is now The Aldgate School and Aldgate Square. From Aldgate,
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#17327824078145270-517: The site convenient for Pindar's business activities in East Anglia . The house had views over the open space in nearby Moorfields and Finsbury Fields , west of the Walbrook. The house was soon prestigious enough to be used as a base by several foreigh ambassadors, including the Venetian ambassador Pietro Contarini in 1617–18. The district was then on the edge of London, something Contarini had mixed feelings about, describing Bishopsgate Without as "…an airy and fashionable area…a little too much in
5355-462: The surrounding landscape, revealed numerous parts of the London Wall. At 00:15 on 28 August 1940, during the pre-wave of bombing before the Blitz, buildings and parts of the wall were destroyed between Fore Street and St. Alphage's churchyard gardens around Cripplegate . This revealed parts of the wall unseen for over 300 years as the rubble of buildings destroyed around it were removed. On 29 December 1940, heavy bombing led to conditions known as
5440-410: The terms "intramural" and "extramural" are also used to describe being within or outside the walled part of the city. The suffix is applied to some churches and parishes near the city gateways, such as St Audoen within Newgate and St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate . Edward I gave the Dominican Friars (or Black Friars) permission to demolish and re-route the section of City wall between Ludgate and
5525-585: The time of Bede by an unknown author, mentions an abbot named Botolph in East Anglia , "a man of remarkable life and learning, full of the grace of the Holy Spirit ". Ceolfrith visited him about the year 670. Botolph is supposed to have been originally buried at his foundation of Icanho, but in 970 Edgar I of England gave permission for the remains of Botolph to be transferred to Burgh , near Woodbridge , to prevent them from being destroyed by invading Danes. They remained for some fifty years before being transferred to their own tomb at Bury St Edmunds Abbey on
5610-511: The true number may have been as high as 71, with a high concentration of dedications in East Anglia. St Botolph's Church in Boston, Lincolnshire , known locally as "The Stump", is one of the most famous. Boston, or 'Botolph's town' also gave Boston , Massachusetts its name. St Botolph's Priory in Colchester , Essex , the first Augustinian monastery in England, was built on an earlier Anglo-Saxon church dedicated to Botolph. St Botolph's Church in Hardham , West Sussex , houses some of
5695-419: The wall and Septimius's subsequent campaigns in Scotland improved Londinium's financial prosperity in the early 3rd century. The wall's gateways coincided with their alignment to the British network of Roman roads . The original gates, clockwise from Ludgate in the west to Aldgate in the east, were: Ludgate , Newgate , Cripplegate , Bishopsgate and Aldgate . Aldersgate , between Newgate and Cripplegate,
5780-513: The wall partially obstructing the flow of the Walbrook . Moorgate remained ill-connected with no direct approach road from the south until 1846, some time after the wall had been demolished. London Wall, the modern road following this section of the wall, now crosses this gate's foundations. Leading north from here are routes into Finsbury. Route to the London Charterhouse , Clerkenwell and Islington . With direct access to more local routes. High Holborn and Oxford Street , with access via
5865-471: The wall then ran North-West toward Gate 3, Bishopsgate. The road through this would have led onto the Roman road network toward leading to Lincoln and York . The current road, the A10 going north, now goes over the foundations of this gate. From Bishopsgate going along the northern section of wall leads to Gate 4; Moorgate. Until 1415 this was a small postern leading into the marshy Moorfields area of Finsbury . The wet conditions were probably caused by
5950-455: The wall was destroyed, but the wall and gates survived. The seven gates to the City of London, with many repairs and rebuilding over the years, stood until they were all demolished between 1760 and 1767. Work to demolish the walls continued into the 19th century; however, large sections of the wall were incorporated into other structures. The Blitz during the Second World War, through the sheer scale of bombing and destruction of buildings and
6035-406: The ward, it has a resident population of only 222 ( 2011 ). The ward is divided into two parts by the line of the former London Wall and gate which lay just north of Wormwood and Camomile Streets. Bishopsgate Without corresponds to the parish of St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate . The church is located immediately north of the site of the original Gate on the west side of the road. The church
6120-697: The western boundary. Blomfield Street was built on part of the historic course of the former River Walbrook , known at this point as Deepditch . Beyond Deepditch was the Moorfields (in Coleman Street Ward ). The Blomfield Street section of the river was the focal point of the Walbrook Skulls ; the result of the deposit of large quantities of decapitated Roman-era human skulls into the water. These are still often uncovered during building work. Bishopsgate Without was, from 1247 to 1633,
6205-429: Was 8 to 10 ft (2.5 to 3 m) wide and up to 20 ft (6 m) high. The ditch or fossa in front of the outer wall was 6 ft 7 in (2 m) deep and up to 16 ft (5 m) wide. There were at least 22 towers spaced about 210 ft (64 m) apart on the eastern section of the wall. Excavation work has traced a significant development of 980 feet (300 m) of timber-framed waterfronts to
6290-404: Was a constraint to accessibility and growth. The extent of the city's jurisdiction has changed little from 1000 to the modern day; but the extramural parts were long home to only a few people. A notable late change to the boundary appears to be that Stow's Survey of London suggests that the part of Moorfields next to the wall was still, in 1603, outside the city's jurisdiction. The boundary of
6375-532: Was added around 350. Moorgate , initially just a postern i.e. a secondary gate, was built later still, in the medieval period. The length and size of the wall made it one of the biggest construction projects in Roman Britain. It had gateways, towers and defensive ditches, and was built from Kentish ragstone , which was brought by barge from quarries near Maidstone . It was 2 miles (3.2 km) long, enclosing an area of about 330 acres (130 ha). It
6460-423: Was an English abbot and saint . He is regarded as the patron saint of boundaries, and by extension, of trade and travel, as well as various aspects of farming . His feast day is celebrated either on 17 June (England) or 25 June (Scotland). Little is known about the life of Botolph, other than doubtful details in an account written four hundred years after his death by the 11th-century monk Folcard . Botolph
6545-573: Was born sometime in the early 7th century to noble Saxon parents who were Christians. He and his brother Adulph were educated by Saint Fursey at Cnobheresburg monastery. They were then sent to study on the Continent, where they became Benedictines . Adulph remained abroad, where he is said to have become a Bishop. Botolph, returning to England, found favour with a certain "King of the southern Angles", whose sisters he had known in Germany, and
6630-408: Was by him permitted to choose a tract of desolate land upon which to build a monastery. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records for the year 654: "The Middle Angles , under earldorman Peada , received the true faith. King Anna was killed and Botolph began to build the church at Ikanho". Botolph founded the monastery of Icanho. Icanho, which means 'ox hill', has been identified as Iken , located by
6715-503: Was demolished to expand the fortification of the Tower. This followed on with a junction at the Tower of London's moat to the Tower Hill Postern , Gate 1, a medieval fortified entrance. The foundation to this entrance can still be seen today within the Tower Hill pedestrian subway. Other large sections of the wall can also be seen further ahead within the Tower Hill gardens. The wall from Tower Hill then runs east of Walbrook toward
6800-494: Was narrower, and ran behind the line of the City Wall for its entire length, from Wormwood Street to Wood Street. The western section is now St Alphage Garden. The eastern section of the wall starts in what is now the Tower of London . Within the grounds of the Tower remains of the eastern most wall can still be seen along with a line in the paths heading North within the Tower grounds to outline where it used to run before most of it
6885-476: Was one of four in medieval London dedicated to Saint Botolph or Botwulf , a 7th-century East Anglian saint; three of these were outside city gates, with a fourth near London Bridge and the riverside wharves. The locations result from Botolph being regarded as the patron saint of boundaries, and by extension of trade and travel. The eastern boundary of Bishopsgate Without is formed by Middlesex Street (better known as Petticoat Lane) , with Blomfield Street on
6970-498: Was rebuilt by the Hansa merchants in 1471 in exchange for steelyard privileges. Its final form was erected in 1735 by the City authorities, but demolished in 1760. This gate often displayed the heads of criminals on spikes. London Wall (which is no longer extant in this sector) divided the ward and road into an intramural portion called Bishopsgate Within and an extramural portion called Bishopsgate Without. The site of this former gate
7055-617: Was rebuilt, functioning not just as a church but also as home to the St Ethelburga's Centre for Reconciliation and Peace charity. Listed clockwise from the West London Wall The London Wall is a defensive wall first built by the Romans around the strategically important port town of Londinium in c. AD 200, as well as the name of a modern street in the City of London , England. Roman London was, from around 120–150, protected by
7140-663: Was the London Tavern (1768–1876). Also demolished (but then re-erected in Chelsea in 1910) was the old Crosby Hall , at one time the residence of Richard III and Thomas More . In 1649, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms , Colonel Whalley's Regiment , a parliamentary unit, was stationed in Bishopsgate Ward, helping to protect London from Royalists. The Bishopsgate mutiny occurred when soldiers of
7225-587: Was the site of an IRA truck bombing which killed journalist Ed Henty, injured over 40 people and caused £1 billion worth of damage, including the destruction of St Ethelburga's church and damage to the NatWest Tower and Liverpool Street station . Police had received a coded warning, but were still evacuating the area at the time of the explosion. The area had already suffered damage from the Baltic Exchange bombing one year before. St Ethelburga's
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