67-583: The British Geotechnical Association is a learned 'Associated Society' of the Institution of Civil Engineers , based in London , England, and a registered UK charity (No. 284131). It provides a focal point for organisations and individuals interested in geotechnical engineering . Activities include annual lectures (notably the Rankine Lecture named after William Rankine , an early contributor to
134-523: A blue plaque marks the location. Publishing started in Fleet Street around 1500 when William Caxton 's apprentice, Wynkyn de Worde , set up a printing shop near Shoe Lane , while at around the same time Richard Pynson set up as publisher and printer next to St Dunstan's Church . More printers and publishers followed, mainly supplying the legal trade in the four Inns of Court around the area, but also publishing books and plays. In March 1702
201-520: A serial killer , the character appears in various English language works starting in the mid-19th century. Adaptations of the story include the 1936 George King film , the 1979 Stephen Sondheim musical , and the 2007 Tim Burton film based on the musical, all titled Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street . Fleet Street is mentioned in several of Charles Dickens 's works. The eponymous club in The Posthumous Papers of
268-577: A court order. The Old Bank of England , which from 1888 to 1975 was a trading house for the country's central bank, is now a Grade II listed pub. Since 1971, the southern side of the street has been part of the Fleet Street Conservation Area, which ensures buildings are regularly maintained and the character of the street is preserved. The area expanded to the north side in 1981. The area around Fleet Street contains numerous statues and memorials to prominent public figures. At
335-487: A few nationally important ones. By the 20th century, Fleet Street and the area surrounding it were dominated by the national press and related industries. The Daily Express relocated to No. 121–8 Fleet Street in 1931, into a building designed by Sir Owen Williams . It was the first curtain wall building in London. It has survived the departure of the newspaper in 1989 and was restored in 2001. The Daily Telegraph
402-488: A professional body, ICE aims to support and promote professional learning (both to students and existing practitioners), managing professional ethics and safeguarding the status of engineers, and representing the interests of the profession in dealings with government, etc. It sets standards for membership of the body; works with industry and academia to progress engineering standards and advises on education and training curricula. The late 18th century and early 19th century saw
469-520: A significant number of monuments and statues along its length, including the dragon at Temple Bar and memorials to a number of figures from the British press, such as Samuel Pepys and Lord Northcliffe . The street is mentioned in several works by Charles Dickens and is the home of the fictional murderer Sweeney Todd . Fleet Street is named after the River Fleet , which runs from Hampstead to
536-522: A woman who gave birth to 365 children simultaneously. The waxworks were a favourite haunt of William Hogarth , and survived into the 19th century. The Apollo Society, a music club, was established in 1733 at the Devil Tavern on Fleet Street by composer Maurice Greene . In 1763, supporters of John Wilkes , who had been arrested for libel against the Earl of Bute , burned a jackboot in the centre of
603-406: Is Wentworth Publishing , an independent publisher of newsletters and courses. The Associated Press has an office in Fleet Street as did The Jewish Chronicle until 2013 when it moved to Golders Green . The British Association of Journalists is based at No. 89 while Metro International are at No. 85. Though many prominent national newspapers have moved away from Fleet Street,
670-721: Is a bust of Lord Northcliffe , the newspaper proprietor, co-founder of the Daily Mail and the Daily Mirror . At No. 72 is a bust of the Irish journalist and MP TP O'Connor , constructed in 1934 by F. W. Doyle-Jones. On the southern side of the street nearby memorials and monuments include the Temple Bar Memorial where the Temple Bar (a gateway) used to stand until it was removed in 1878. The marker
737-774: Is a street in Central London , England. It runs west to east from Temple Bar at the boundary of the Cities of London and Westminster to Ludgate Circus at the site of the London Wall and the River Fleet from which the street was named. The street has been an important through route since Roman times . During the Middle Ages , businesses were established and senior clergy lived there; several churches remain from this time including Temple Church and St Bride's . The street became known for printing and publishing at
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#1732790548861804-734: Is now Aldwych and the Strand . Many prelates lived around the street during the Middle Ages, including the Bishops of Salisbury and St Davids and the Abbots of Faversham , Tewkesbury , Winchcombe and Cirencester . Tanning of animal hides became established on Fleet Street owing to the nearby river, though this increased pollution leading to a ban on dumping rubbish by the mid-14th century. Many taverns and brothels were established along Fleet Street and have been documented as early as
871-753: Is now also published by ICE Publishing. ICE Science currently consists of five journals: Nanomaterials and Energy , Emerging Materials Research , Bioinspired, Biomimetic and Nanobiomaterials , Green Materials and Surface Innovations . Nineteen individual parts now make up the Proceedings, as follows: ICE members, except for students, also receive the New Civil Engineer magazine (published weekly from 1995 to 2017 by Emap , now published monthly by Metropolis International ). The ICE also administers 15 Specialist Knowledge Societies created at different times to support special interest groups within
938-610: Is part of the A4 , a major road running west through London, although it once ran along the entire street and eastwards past St Paul's Churchyard towards Cannon Street . The nearest London Underground stations are Temple , Chancery Lane , and Blackfriars tube/mainline station and the City Thameslink railway station . London Bus routes 4, 11, 15, 23, 26, 76 and 172 run along the full length of Fleet Street, while route 341 runs between Temple Bar and Fetter Lane. Fleet Street
1005-603: Is the oldest continuous banking establishment in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1580 and has been based at No.1 Fleet Street, adjacent to Temple Bar, since 1673. The law firm Freshfields moved to No. 65 Fleet Street in 1990. In the High Middle Ages senior clergymen had their London palaces in the street. Place-names surviving with this connection are Peterborough Court and Salisbury Court after their respective Bishops' houses here; apart from
1072-562: The Chartered Environmentalist (CEnv) professional qualification. The Institution of Civil Engineers also publishes technical studies covering research and best practice in civil engineering. Under its commercial arm, Thomas Telford Ltd, it delivers training, recruitment, publishing and contract services, such as the NEC Engineering and Construction Contract . All the profits of Thomas Telford Ltd go back to
1139-572: The River Thames at the western edge of the City of London . It is one of the oldest roads outside the original city and was established by the Middle Ages . In the 13th century, it was known as Fleet Bridge Street, and in the early 14th century it became known as Fleet Street. The street runs east from Temple Bar , the boundary between the Cities of London and Westminster , as a continuation of
1206-742: The 12th century supplements these as the local parish (as opposed to guild church) and is the London home for the Romanian Orthodox church. To the south lies an area of legal buildings known as the Temple , formerly the property of the Knights Templar , which at its core includes two of the four Inns of Court : the Inner Temple and the Middle Temple . There are many lawyers' offices (especially barristers ' chambers) in
1273-438: The 14th century. Records show that Geoffrey Chaucer was fined two shillings for attacking a friar in Fleet Street, though modern historians believe this is apocryphal. An important landmark in Fleet Street during the late Middle Ages was a conduit that was the main water supply for the area. When Anne Boleyn was crowned queen following her marriage to Henry VIII in 1533, the conduit flowed wine instead of water. By
1340-504: The 16th century, Fleet Street, along with much of the City, was chronically overcrowded, and a royal proclamation in 1580 banned any further building on the street. This had little effect, and construction continued, particularly timber. Prince Henry's Room over the Inner Temple gate dates from 1610 and is named after Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales , eldest son of James I , who did not survive to succeed his father. The eastern part of
1407-519: The 21st century and are grade II listed: Ye Olde Cock Tavern at No. 22, The Tipperary at No. 66, the Old Bell at No. 95, the Punch Tavern at No. 98 and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese at No. 145. The El Vino wine bar moved to No. 47 in 1923, quickly becoming popular with lawyers and journalists. Women were not allowed in the bar until 1982, and then only because of
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#17327905488611474-616: The Dundee-based Sunday Post , left in 2016, as the paper closed its London offices. Despite the domination of the print industry, other businesses were also established on Fleet Street. The Automobile Association was established at No. 18 Fleet Street in 1905. Since the post-Wapping migration, Fleet Street is now more associated with the investment banking, legal and accountancy professions. For example, The Inns of Court and barristers' chambers are down alleys and around courtyards off Fleet Street itself and many of
1541-667: The Institution to further its stated aim of putting civil engineers at the heart of society. The publishing division has existed since 1836 and is today called ICE Publishing . ICE Publishing produces roughly 30 books a year, including the ICE Manuals series, and 30 civil engineering journals, including the ICE Proceedings in nineteen parts, Géotechnique , and the Magazine of Concrete Research . The ICE Science series
1608-576: The Kendal Coffee House in Fleet Street . The institution made little headway until a key step was taken – the appointment of Thomas Telford as the first President of the body. Greatly respected within the profession and blessed with numerous contacts across the industry and in government circles, he was instrumental in drumming up membership and getting a Royal Charter for ICE in 1828. This official recognition helped establish ICE as
1675-587: The Knights Templars' establishment the Whitefriars monastery is recalled by Whitefriars Street and the remains of its undercroft have been preserved in a public display area. A Carmelite church was established on Fleet Street in 1253, but it was destroyed during the Reformation in 1545. Today three churches serve the spiritual needs of the three 'communities' associated with the area of
1742-597: The Pickwick Club , more commonly known as The Pickwick Papers , is set in the street, as is Tellson's Bank in A Tale of Two Cities . The poet John Davidson wrote two works in the late 19th century titled the Fleet Street Eclogues . Arthur Ransome has a chapter in his Bohemia in London (1907) about earlier inhabitants of the street: Ben Jonson, the lexicographer Doctor Samuel Johnson, Coleridge , Hazlitt and Lamb; and about Temple Bar and
1809-514: The President in 2023. In January 1969 the Council of the Institution set up a working party to consider the role of women in engineering. Among its conclusions were that 'while women have certainly established their competence throughout the professional engineering field, there is clearly a built-in or unconscious prejudice against them'. The WISE Campaign (Women into Science and Engineering)
1876-468: The Strand from Trafalgar Square . It crosses Chancery Lane and Fetter Lane to reach Ludgate Circus by the London Wall . The road ahead is Ludgate Hill . The street numbering runs consecutively from west to east south-side and then east to west north-side. It links the Roman and medieval boundaries of the City after the latter was extended. The section of Fleet Street between Temple Bar and Fetter Lane
1943-661: The United Kingdom. Membership grades include: ICE is a licensed body of the Engineering Council and can award the Chartered Engineer (CEng), Incorporated Engineer (IEng) and Engineering Technician (EngTech) professional qualifications. Members who are Chartered Engineers can use the protected title Chartered Civil Engineer. ICE is also licensed by the Society for the Environment to award
2010-522: The United Kingdom. Based in London, ICE has over 92,000 members, of whom three-quarters are located in the UK, while the rest are located in more than 150 other countries. The ICE aims to support the civil engineering profession by offering professional qualification, promoting education, maintaining professional ethics, and liaising with industry, academia and government. Under its commercial arm, it delivers training, recruitment, publishing and contract services. As
2077-489: The art of navigation by artificial power, for the purposes of commerce; and in the construction and adaptation of machinery, and in the drainage of cities and towns. After Telford's death in 1834, the organisation moved into premises in Great George Street in the heart of Westminster in 1839, and began to publish learned papers on engineering topics. Its members, notably William Cubitt , were also prominent in
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2144-491: The civil engineering industry, some of which are British sections of international and/or European bodies. The societies provide continuing professional development and assist in the transfer of knowledge concerning specialist areas of engineering. The Specialist Knowledge Societies are: The institution is governed by the ICE Trustee Board, comprising the President, three Vice Presidents, four members elected from
2211-463: The early 18th century, a notorious upper-class gang known as the Mohocks operated on the street causing regular violence and vandalism. Mrs Salmon's Waxworks was established at Prince Henry's Room in 1711. It had a display of macabre and black-humoured exhibits, including the execution of Charles I ; a Roman lady, Hermonie, whose father survived a sentence of starvation by sucking her breast; and
2278-474: The end of the 19th century, ICE had introduced examinations for professional engineering qualifications to help ensure and maintain high standards among its members – a role it continues today. The ICE's Great George Street headquarters, designed by James Miller , was built by John Mowlem & Co and completed in 1911. The institution is a membership organisation comprising 95,460 members worldwide (as of 31 December 2022); around three-quarters are located in
2345-422: The fellowship. The Institution makes various awards to recognise the work of its members. In addition to awards for technical papers, reports and competition entries it awards medals for different achievements. The ICE has student chapters in several countries including Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Malta, Pakistan, Poland, Sudan, Trinidad, and United Arab Emirates. Fleet Street Fleet Street
2412-616: The first issue of London's first daily newspaper, the Daily Courant , was published in Fleet Street. It was followed by the Morning Chronicle . The publisher John Murray was founded at No. 32 Fleet Street in 1762 and remained there until 1812, when it moved to Albemarle Street. The popularity of newspapers was restricted due to various taxes during the early 19th century, particularly paper duty. Peele's Coffee-House at No. 177–178 Fleet Street became popular and
2479-650: The founding of many learned societies and professional bodies (for example, the Royal Society and the Law Society ). Groups calling themselves civil engineers had been meeting for some years from the late 18th century, notably the Society of Civil Engineers formed in 1771 by John Smeaton (renamed the Smeatonian Society after his death). At that time, formal engineering in Britain was limited to
2546-569: The journal Geotechnique . It became a registered charity in 1981, and became the BGA in June 2000. This article about an organisation in the United Kingdom is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Institution of Civil Engineers The Institution of Civil Engineers ( ICE ) is an independent professional association for civil engineers and a charitable body in
2613-471: The membership, three ICE Council members, and one nominated member. The President is the public face of the institution and day-to-day management is the responsibility of the Director General. The ICE President is elected annually and the holder for 2024–2025 is Jim Hall . Each year a number of young engineers have been chosen as President's apprentices. The scheme was started in 2005 during
2680-643: The military engineers of the Corps of Royal Engineers , and in the spirit of self-help prevalent at the time and to provide a focus for the fledgling 'civilian engineers', the Institution of Civil Engineers was founded as the world's first professional engineering body. The initiative to found the Institution was taken in 1818 by eight young engineers, Henry Robinson Palmer (23), William Maudslay (23), Thomas Maudslay (26), James Jones (28), Charles Collinge (26), John Lethbridge, James Ashwell (19) and Joshua Field (32), who held an inaugural meeting on 2 January 1818, at
2747-480: The name is still synonymous with the printing and publishing industry. In the adjacent St. Brides Lane is the St Bride Library , holding a specialist collection relating to the type and print industry and providing courses in printing technology and methods. On the wall of Magpie Alley, off Bouverie Street , is a mural depicting the history of newspapers in the area. The last two journalists to work for
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2814-437: The north-eastern corner is a bust of Edgar Wallace , and a full-length representation of Mary, Queen of Scots in a first-floor niche at No. 143–144 commissioned by John Tollemache Sinclair . Above the entrance to the old school-house of St Dunstan's is a statue of Queen Elizabeth I provided for the then new Ludgate in 1586 by William Kerwin; it was moved to here following the gate's demolition in 1776. Adjacent to this
2881-430: The old newspaper offices have become the London headquarters for various companies. One example is Goldman Sachs , whose offices are in the old Daily Telegraph and Liverpool Echo buildings of Peterborough Court and Mersey House. C. Hoare & Co , England's oldest privately owned bank, has been operating in Fleet Street since 1672. Child & Co. , now a wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Bank of Scotland , claims it
2948-497: The organisation of the Great Exhibition of 1851 . For 29 years ICE provided the forum for engineers practising in all the disciplines recognised today. Mechanical engineer and tool-maker Henry Maudslay was an early member and Joseph Whitworth presented one of the earliest papers – it was not until 1847 that the Institution of Mechanical Engineers was established (with George Stephenson as its first President). By
3015-433: The post (he was vice-president from 1850). The first woman member of ICE was Dorothy Donaldson Buchanan in 1927. The first female Fellows elected were Molly Fergusson (1957), Marie Lindley (1972), Helen Stone (1991) and Joanna Kennedy (1992). The three female Presidents (to date) are Jean Venables , who became the 144th holder of the office in 2008, Rachel Skinner , who became President in 2020, and Anusha Shah,
3082-532: The pre-eminent organisation for engineers of all disciplines. Early definitions of a Civil Engineer can be found in the discussions held on 2 January 1818 and in the application for Royal Chartership. In 1818 Palmer said that: An Engineer is a mediator between the Philosopher and the working Mechanic; and like an interpreter between two foreigners must understand the language of both. The Philosopher searches into Nature and discovers her laws, and promulgates
3149-517: The presidency of Gordon Masterton, who also initiated a President's blog, now the ICE Infrastructure blog. Each incoming President sets out the main theme of his or her year of office in a Presidential Address. Many of the profession's greatest engineers have served as President of the ICE including: One of Britain's greatest engineers, Isambard Kingdom Brunel died before he could take up
3216-416: The presses at Wapping using modern computer-operated technology, rendering the power of the old unions obsolete. The resulting Wapping dispute featured violent protests at Fleet Street and Wapping that lasted over a year, but ultimately other publishers followed suit and moved out of Fleet Street towards Canary Wharf or Southwark . Reuters was the last major news outlet to leave Fleet Street, in 2005. In
3283-480: The principles and adapts them to our circumstances. The working Mechanic, governed by the superintendence of the Engineer, brings his ideas into reality. Hence the absolute necessity of possessing both practical and theoretical knowledge. When the time came to apply for a Charter it was clearly necessary to define the profession ... the council applied to Thomas Tredgold to propose some suitable description. The result
3350-452: The profession of a civil engineer; being the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man, as the means of production and of traffic in states, both for external and internal trade, as applied in the construction of roads, bridges, aqueducts, canals, river navigation, and docks, for internal intercourse and exchange; and in the construction of ports, harbours, moles, breakwaters, and light-houses, and in
3417-549: The same year, The Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph announced they were returning to the centre of London from Canary Wharf to new premises in Victoria in 2006. Some publishers have remained on Fleet Street. The London office of D.C. Thomson & Co. , creator of The Beano , is at No. 185. The Secretariat of the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association is at No. 17, as
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#17327905488613484-520: The start of the 16th century and by the 20th century, most British national newspapers operated here. Much of the industry moved out in the 1980s after News International set up cheaper manufacturing premises in Wapping , but some former newspaper buildings are listed and have been preserved. The term Fleet Street remains a metonym for the British national press, and pubs on the street once frequented by journalists remain popular. Fleet Street has
3551-546: The street in protest against Bute. It led to violent demonstrations and rioting in 1769 and 1794. Tanning and other industries declined sharply after the River Fleet was routed underground in 1766. The street was widened during the late-19th century, when Temple Bar was demolished and Ludgate Circus was constructed. The headquarters of the Anti-Corn Law League were based at No. 67 Fleet Street, and
3618-467: The street was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666, despite attempts to use the River Fleet to preserve it. Fire damage reached to about Fetter Lane , and the special tribunal of the 'Fire Courts' was held at Clifford's Inn , an inn of Chancery at the edge of the extent of the fire, to arbitrate on claimants' rights. Properties were rebuilt in the same style as before the fire. During
3685-465: The street. Temple Church was built by the Knights Templar in 1162 and serves the legal profession. St Bride's Church was established as early as the 6th century and was later designed by Sir Christopher Wren in a style that complemented St Mary Le Bow further east in the City. It remains the London church most associated with the print industry. St Dunstan-in-the-West also dates from
3752-611: The then International Society of Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering (ISSMFE). In October 1948, the ICE's council decided to form a British national society of the ISSMFE. It was established as an unincorporated association, the British Geotechnical Society, in early 1949, and held its first formal meeting, chaired by W.K. Wallace , in October 1949. During 1949 ICE also took on responsibility for publishing
3819-570: The theory of soil mechanics, and the Géotechnique Lecture ), monthly meetings, an annual conference, and a magazine: Ground Engineering . The BGA is the UK member of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE) and the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM). Before 1948, the ICE had a committee on soil mechanics and foundations and a British national committee of
3886-487: The various taverns, including Ben Jonson , John Milton , Izaak Walton , John Dryden , Edmund Burke , Oliver Goldsmith and Charles Lamb . The lexicographer Samuel Johnson lived at Gough Square off Fleet Street between 1748 and 1759; the building has survived into the 21st century. The cartographer John Senex owned a map store, The Sign of the Globe, on Fleet Street between 1725 and his death in 1736. Wynkyn de Worde
3953-676: The vicinity. The gatehouse to Middle Temple Lane was built by Sir Christopher Wren in 1684. To the west, at the junction with Strand are the Royal Courts of Justice whilst at the eastern end of the street the Old Bailey is near Ludgate Circus. As a principal route leading to and from the City, Fleet Street was especially noted for its taverns and coffeehouses. Many notable persons of literary and political fame such as Samuel Johnson frequented these, and journalists would regularly meet in pubs to collect stories. Some have survived to
4020-454: Was based at No. 135–142 . These premises are both Grade II-listed . In the 1930s, No. 67 housed 25 separate publications; by this time the majority of British households bought a daily paper produced from Fleet Street. In 1986 News International owner Rupert Murdoch caused controversy when he moved publication of The Times and The Sun away from Fleet Street to new premises in Wapping , East London . Murdoch believed it
4087-571: Was buried in St. Bride's Church in 1535, as was poet Richard Lovelace in 1657, while Samuel Pepys was baptised there in 1633. The Royal Society was based in Crane Court from 1710 to 1782, when it moved to Somerset House on the Strand. The barber Sweeney Todd is traditionally said to have lived and worked during the 18th century in Fleet Street, where he would murder customers and serve their remains as pie fillings. An urban myth example of
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#17327905488614154-558: Was designed by Sir Horace Jones in 1880. It has a statue of a dragon at the top (sometimes called "the Griffin"), and a statue of Queen Victoria in a niche in the side. In the Inner Temple Gardens is a memorial to Charles Lamb . In Salisbury Square there is an obelisk commemorating Robert Waithman , mayor of London between 1823 and 1833, and a blue plaque commemorating the birthplace of diarist and naval secretary Samuel Pepys . Several writers and politicians are associated with Fleet Street, either as residents or regulars to
4221-408: Was established as a thoroughfare in Roman London and there is evidence that a route led west from Ludgate by 200 AD. Local excavations revealed remains of a Roman amphitheatre near Ludgate on what was Fleet Prison , but other accounts suggest the area was too marshy for regular inhabitation by the Romans. The Saxons did not occupy the Roman city but established Lundenwic further west around what
4288-438: Was impossible to produce a newspaper profitably on Fleet Street and the power of the print unions, the National Graphical Association (NGA) and the Society of Graphical and Allied Trades (SOGAT), was too strong (an opinion endorsed by the Prime Minister , Margaret Thatcher ). All Fleet Street print staff were sacked and new staff from the Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Plumbing Union were brought in to operate
4355-430: Was launched in 1984; by 1992 3% of the total ICE membership of 79,000 was female, and only 0.8% of chartered civil engineers were women. By 2016 women comprised nearly 12% of total membership, almost 7% of chartered civil engineers and just over 2% of Fellows. In June 2015 a Presidential Commission on diversity was announced. By the start of 2023 women made up 16% of overall membership, with female fellows comprising 6% of
4422-419: Was the main committee room for the Society for Repealing the Paper Duty, starting in 1858. The society was successful and the duty was abolished in 1861. Along with the repeal of the newspaper tax in 1855, this led to a dramatic expansion of newspaper production in Fleet Street. The "penny press" (newspapers costing one penny ) became popular during the 1880s and the initial number of titles had consolidated into
4489-440: Was the now well-known definition of Civil Engineering as "the art of directing the great sources of power in Nature for the use and convenience of man," and this was embodied in the Charter. The objects of such institution, as recited in the charter, and reported in The Times , were The general advancement of mechanical science, and more particularly for promoting the acquisition of that species of knowledge which constitutes
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