101-767: The Brockton Symphony Orchestra (BrSO) is a community orchestra based in Brockton, Massachusetts founded in 1948 as the Brockton Orchestral Society . Described by the Boston Globe as "one of the region's classical jewels", the orchestra performs five or six concerts each year, including its annual Holiday Pops Concert and Chamber Music Concert at local venues in Brockton including the West Middle School Auditorium and
202-467: A DMA from Boston University and has been a bassoonist with the orchestra since 1989; and concertmistress Kristina Nilsson, co-founder of Boston's Pro Arte Chamber Orchestra . Clarinetist and conductor Jonathan Cohler served as the orchestra's Musical Director from 1996 to 2006, and James Orent served as Music Director from 2007 until his death in 2021. He has since been succeeded by John Masko as of 2023 The Brockton Symphony Orchestra also hosts
303-541: A child, he filed a freedom suit , on the grounds that he could not be held as a slave in Great Britain . In the case of Knight v. Wedderburn (1778), Wedderburn said that Knight owed him "perpetual servitude". The Court of Session of Scotland ruled against him, saying that chattel slavery was not recognized under the law of Scotland , and slaves could seek court protection to leave a master or avoid being forcibly removed from Scotland to be returned to slavery in
404-596: A designated route running through a section of Brockton, i.e. Montello, Campello, Cary Hill, etc. There are also buses that have routes outside the city, i.e., Bridgewater Industrial Park, Ashmont Station ( MBTA subway end-of-line), Stoughton and a connecting bus stop in Montello to the Braintree Station ( MBTA subway end-of-line). The Middleborough/Lakeville Line of the MBTA's commuter rail system bisects
505-672: A hot-summer humid sub-tropical climate (abbreviated Cfa ), depending on the isotherm used. As of the census of 2020, there were 105,643 people, 31,440 households, and about 3.04 people living in each household, and about an average family size of 3.59. The population density was 4,486.3 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the city treating Hispanics as if a separate race was 27.8% White , 33.8% African American , 0.2% Native American , 2.1% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 6.9% other race; 17.1% Mixed race or Multiracial, and 12.1% Hispanic or Latino of any race. The African-American population in Brockton has grown significantly since
606-487: A number of challenges, including poverty, crime, and regional and local racial segregation. Despite these challenges, the city has made progress in recent years, particularly in the development of its downtown area, by highlighting its diversity and rich history, and working toward a more welcoming atmosphere for businesses and residents. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has
707-684: A professional baseball team of the Frontier League , begin play in 2024, also using Campanelli Stadium. On the national level, Brockton is a part of Massachusetts's 8th congressional district , and has been represented since January 2013 by Stephen Lynch . On the state level, Brockton is represented in three districts in the Massachusetts House of Representatives : the Ninth Plymouth, Tenth Plymouth (which includes West Bridgewater and Precinct 1 of East Bridgewater), and
808-536: A total area of 21.6 square miles (56 km ), of which 21.5 square miles (56 km ) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km ) (0.56%) is water. Brockton is the 162nd largest city by land area in the Commonwealth, and the twelfth largest of the twenty-seven towns in Plymouth County. Brockton is bordered by Stoughton to the northwest, Avon to the north, Holbrook to the northeast, Abington to
909-605: A writ of habeas corpus . As a result, Lord Mansfield , Chief Justice of the Court of the King's Bench , had to judge whether Somersett's abduction was lawful or not under English Common Law . No legislation had ever been passed to establish slavery in England. The case received national attention, and five advocates supported the action on behalf of Somersett. In his judgement of 22 June 1772, Mansfield declared: The state of slavery
1010-473: Is $ 55,140. Males have an average income of $ 41,093 versus $ 35,145 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,163. The poverty rate in Brockton is 15.61% of the population. Notably by race, 23.55% of Hispanics were in poverty, while the Black population of Brockton had about 18.61% of its population living in poverty. Data is from the 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. Brockton
1111-757: Is a city in Plymouth County, Massachusetts , United States; the population was 105,643 at the 2020 United States census. Along with Plymouth , it is one of the two county seats of Plymouth County . It is the sixth-largest city in Massachusetts and is sometimes referred to as the "City of Champions", due to the success of native boxers Rocky Marciano and Marvin Hagler , as well as its successful Brockton High School sports programs. Two villages within it are Montello and Campello , both of which have MBTA Commuter Rail Stations and post offices. Campello
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#17327932373681212-481: Is allowed or approved by the law of England; and therefore the black must be discharged. Although the exact legal implications of the judgement are unclear when analysed by lawyers, the judgement was generally taken at the time to have determined that slavery did not exist under English common law and was thus prohibited in England. The decision did not apply to the British overseas territories; by then, for example,
1313-571: Is home to the Brockton Symphony Orchestra , a community orchestra founded in 1948. The orchestra performs five or six concerts per season at local venues such as Brockton's West Middle School Auditorium and the Oliver Ames Auditorium in the neighboring town of Easton . The orchestra comprises 65 musicians from the greater Brockton area and its musical director since 2007 is James Orent, a guest conductor of
1414-622: Is legal. As the Empire of Japan annexed Asian countries, from the late 19th century onwards, archaic institutions including slavery were abolished in those countries. During the 20th century, the League of Nations founded a number of commissions, Temporary Slavery Commission (1924–1926), Committee of Experts on Slavery (1932) and the Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery (1934–1939), which conducted international investigations of
1515-416: Is of such a nature that it is incapable of being introduced on any reasons, moral or political, but only by positive law, which preserves its force long after the reasons, occasions, and time itself from whence it was created, is erased from memory. It is so odious, that nothing can be suffered to support it, but positive law. Whatever inconveniences, therefore, may follow from a decision, I cannot say this case
1616-430: Is the site of Massasoit Community College and offers Adult Studies/LEAD classes in Brockton. Fisher College also has a campus in Brockton. The Brockton VA Hospital offers classes and apprenticeships to medical students from Fisher College , Harvard University , Boston University , Northeastern University , University of Massachusetts Boston , and Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences . Additionally,
1717-536: Is the smallest neighborhood, but also the most populous. Brockton hosts a baseball team, the Brockton Rox . It is the second-windiest city in the United States, with an average wind speed of 14.3 mph (23.0 km/h). In 1649, Ousamequin ( Massasoit ) sold the surrounding Wampanoag land—then known as Saughtucket—to Myles Standish as an addition to Duxbury . Brockton was part of this area, which
1818-744: The Book of Negroes , to establish which slaves were free after the war. In 1783, an anti-slavery movement began among the British public to end slavery throughout the British Empire. After the formation of the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1787, William Wilberforce led the cause of abolition through the parliamentary campaign. Thomas Clarkson became the group's most prominent researcher, gathering vast amounts of data on
1919-683: The Act Against Slavery of 1793 was passed by the Assembly under the auspices of John Graves Simcoe . It was the first legislation against slavery in the British Empire . Under its provisions no new slaves could be imported, slaves already in the province would remain enslaved until death, and children born to female slaves would be slaves but must be freed at the age of 25. The last slaves in Canada gained their freedom when slavery
2020-581: The American Revolution , there were few significant initiatives in the American colonies that led to the abolitionist movement. Some Quakers were active. Benjamin Kent was the lawyer who took on most of the cases of slaves suing their masters for personal illegal enslavement. He was the first lawyer to successfully establish a slave's freedom. In addition, Brigadier General Samuel Birch created
2121-825: The Boston Symphony Orchestra and Boston Pops . The city supports three buildings within the Brockton Public Library system. The main library is a Carnegie building. Based at Campanelli Stadium , the Brockton Rox play in the Futures Collegiate Baseball League (FCBL). From 2003 through 2011, the team was a member of the independent professional Can-Am League , then in 2012 joined the amateur FCBL. Collegiate players on FCBL teams, who are looking for more experience and scouting exposure, are offered non-paid playing opportunities. The New England Knockouts ,
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#17327932373682222-615: The English Civil Wars of the mid-seventeenth century, sectarian radicals challenged slavery and other threats to personal freedom. Their ideas influenced many antislavery thinkers in the eighteenth century. In addition to English colonists importing slaves to the North American colonies, by the 18th century, traders began to import slaves from Africa, India and East Asia (where they were trading) to London and Edinburgh to work as personal servants. Men who migrated to
2323-522: The Louisiana Territory to the United States. The French governments initially refused to recognize Haïti. It forced the nation to pay a substantial amount of reparations (which it could ill afford) for losses during the revolution and did not recognize its government until 1825. France was a signatory to the first multilateral treaty for the suppression of the slave trade, the Treaty for
2424-513: The Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences . Brockton has a community health center that serves individuals with low income and poor access to health care at Brockton Neighborhood Health Center. The city of Brockton is protected around the clock by 174 paid, professional firefighters of the city of Brockton Fire Department. The Brockton Fire Department currently operates out of six fire stations, located throughout
2525-650: The Oliver Ames High School . In the 1970s, the orchestra also produced original operas and ballets. Contemporary works which have been commissioned and premiered by the orchestra include Gardner Read 's Vernal Equinox (1955), Beth Denisch 's Golden Fanfare (1998), and Thomas Oboe Lee 's Sounds of The Islands (2005). The organization consists of the Chairperson of the Executive Board is Susan Caplan, conductor Emilian Badea, who holds
2626-740: The United Provinces of the River Plate in 1813, Colombia and Venezuela in 1821, but without abolishing slavery completely. While Chile abolished slavery in 1823, Argentina did so with the signing of the Argentine Constitution of 1853 . Peru abolished slavery in 1854. Colombia abolished slavery in 1851. Slavery was abolished in Uruguay during the Guerra Grande , by both the government of Fructuoso Rivera and
2727-573: The United States , Pennsylvania and Vermont were the first states to abolish slavery, Vermont in 1777 and Pennsylvania in 1780 (Vermont did not join the Union until 1791). By 1804, the rest of the northern states had abolished slavery but it remained legal in southern states. By 1808, the United States outlawed the importation of slaves but did not ban slavery —except as a punishment— until 1865. In Eastern Europe, groups organized to abolish
2828-453: The abolitionist movement , is the movement to end slavery and liberate enslaved individuals around the world. The first country to fully outlaw slavery was France in 1315, but it was later used in its colonies . Under the actions of Toyotomi Hideyoshi , chattel slavery has been abolished across Japan since 1590, though other forms of forced labour were used during World War II . The first and only country to self-liberate from slavery
2929-608: The government in exile of Manuel Oribe . Throughout the growth of slavery in the American South, Nova Scotia became a destination for black refugees leaving Southern Colonies and United States. While many blacks who arrived in Nova Scotia during the American Revolution were free, others were not. Black slaves also arrived in Nova Scotia as the property of White American Loyalists. In 1772, prior to
3030-650: The overseas colonies . Some cases of African slaves freed by setting foot on French soil were recorded such as the example of a Norman slave merchant who tried to sell slaves in Bordeaux in 1571. He was arrested and his slaves were freed according to a declaration of the Parlement of Guyenne which stated that slavery was intolerable in France, although it is a misconception that there were 'no slaves in France'; thousands of African slaves were present in France during
3131-779: The 18th century. Born into slavery in Saint Domingue , Thomas-Alexandre Dumas became free when his father brought him to France in 1776. As in other New World colonies, the French relied on the Atlantic slave trade for labour for their sugar cane plantations in their Caribbean colonies; the French West Indies . In addition, French colonists in Louisiane in North America held slaves, particularly in
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3232-583: The American Revolution, Britain determined that slavery could not exist in the British Isles followed by the Knight v. Wedderburn decision in Scotland in 1778. This decision, in turn, influenced the colony of Nova Scotia. In 1788, abolitionist James Drummond MacGregor from Pictou published the first anti-slavery literature in Canada and began purchasing slaves' freedom and chastising his colleagues in
3333-536: The American colonies had established slavery by positive laws. Somersett's case became a significant part of the common law of slavery in the English-speaking world and it helped launch the movement to abolish slavery. After reading about Somersett's Case, Joseph Knight , an enslaved African who had been purchased by his master John Wedderburn in Jamaica and brought to Scotland, left him. Married and with
3434-541: The British movement to abolish slavery. Though anti-slavery sentiments were widespread by the late 18th century, many colonies and emerging nations continued to use slave labour : Dutch , French , British , Spanish , and Portuguese territories in the West Indies, South America, and the Southern United States. After the American Revolution established the United States, many Loyalists who fled
3535-701: The Catholic faith, implying that Africans were human beings endowed with a soul, a fact French law did not admit until then. It resulted in a far higher percentage of Black people being free in 1830 (13.2% in Louisiana compared to 0.8% in Mississippi ). They were on average exceptionally literate, with a significant number of them owning businesses, properties, and even slaves. Other free people of colour, such as Julien Raimond , spoke out against slavery. The Code Noir also forbade interracial marriages, but it
3636-752: The Destruction of the Indies , contributed to Spanish passage of colonial legislation known as the New Laws of 1542 , which abolished native slavery for the first time in European colonial history. It ultimately led to the Valladolid debate , the first European debate about the rights of colonized people. During the early 19th century, slavery expanded rapidly in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States, while at
3737-842: The Eleventh Plymouth (which includes most of Easton). The city is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the Second Plymouth and Bristol district, which includes Halifax, Hanover, Hanson, Whitman and portions of East Bridgewater and Easton Brockton has a city government led by a mayor and city council . The city elects a mayor for two-year terms. Previous mayors include Winthrop H. Farwell Jr., John T. Yunits Jr., David Crosby, Carl Pitaro, Richard L. Wainwright, John E. Sullivan, Alvin Jack Sims, Joseph H. Downey and Paul Studenski. James Harrington
3838-567: The English renamed Bridgewater . On June 15, 1821, a portion of the then Bridgewater Township was established as North Bridgewater. Brockton is named after Isaac Brock . He was the British commanding general at Queenston Heights —the first major battle of the War of 1812 —where invading American troops retreated in defeat. Because Brock was a loyalist , naming the town after him was a subject of contention among its colonial residents. Ultimately, it
3939-658: The French abolished slavery in most of French West Africa . The French also attempted to abolish Tuareg slavery following the Kaocen Revolt . In the region of the Sahel, slavery has long persisted. Passed on 10 May 2001, the Taubira law officially acknowledges slavery and the Atlantic slave trade as a crime against humanity . 10 May was chosen as the day dedicated to recognition of the crime of slavery. James Oglethorpe
4040-630: The French in the decisive Battle of Vertières finally led to independence and the creation of present Haiti in 1804. The convention, the first elected Assembly of the First Republic (1792–1804), on 4 February 1794, under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre , abolished slavery in law in France and its colonies. Abbé Grégoire and the Society of the Friends of the Blacks were part of
4141-451: The House of Lords. Biographer William Hague considers the unfinished abolition of the slave trade to be Pitt's greatest failure. The Slave Trade Act was passed by the British Parliament on 25 March 1807, making the slave trade illegal throughout the British Empire. Britain used its influence to coerce other countries to agree to treaties to end their slave trade and allow the Royal Navy to seize their slave ships . Britain enforced
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4242-401: The Laws (1748) and Denis Diderot in the Encyclopédie . In 1788, Jacques Pierre Brissot founded the Society of the Friends of the Blacks ( Société des Amis des Noirs ) to work for the abolition of slavery. After the Revolution, on 4 April 1792, France granted free people of colour full citizenship. The slave revolt, in the largest Caribbean French colony of Saint-Domingue in 1791,
4343-440: The North American colonies often took their East Indian slaves or servants with them, as East Indians have been documented in colonial records. Some of the first freedom suits , court cases in the British Isles to challenge the legality of slavery, took place in Scotland in 1755 and 1769. The cases were Montgomery v. Sheddan (1755) and Spens v. Dalrymple (1769). Each of the slaves had been baptized in Scotland and challenged
4444-403: The Northern United States immigrated to the British province of Quebec, bringing an English majority population as well as many slaves, leading the province to ban the institution in 1793 (see Slavery in Canada ). In the U.S., Northern states, beginning with Pennsylvania in 1780, passed legislation during the next two decades abolishing slavery, sometimes by gradual emancipation . Vermont, which
4545-427: The Plouffe Academy), Brockton High School and four alternative schools (Huntington, Edison, Champion and B.B. Russell). Brockton High School's athletics teams are called the Boxers (after the city's undefeated heavyweight boxing champion, Rocky Marciano ). In February of 2024, Brockton High School entered the national spotlight following four district committee members requesting National Guard assistance via letter to
4646-432: The Presbyterian church who owned slaves. In 1790 John Burbidge freed his slaves. Led by Richard John Uniacke , in 1787, 1789 and again on 11 January 1808, the Nova Scotian legislature refused to legalize slavery. Two chief justices, Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange (1790–1796) and Sampson Salter Blowers (1797–1832) were instrumental in freeing slaves from their owners in Nova Scotia. They were held in high regard in
4747-407: The Rights of Man that slavery was abolished. During the French Revolutionary Wars , French slave-owners joined the counter-revolution en masse and, through the Whitehall Accord , they threatened to move the French Caribbean colonies under British control, as Great Britain still allowed slavery. Fearing secession from these islands, successfully lobbied by planters and concerned about revenues from
4848-513: The South around New Orleans , where they established sugarcane plantations. Louis XIV 's Code Noir regulated the slave trade and institution in the colonies. It gave unparalleled rights to slaves. It included the right to marry, gather publicly or take Sundays off. Although the Code Noir authorized and codified cruel corporal punishment against slaves under certain conditions, it forbade slave owners to torture them or to separate families. It also demanded enslaved Africans receive instruction in
4949-492: The Suppression of the African Slave Trade (1841), but the king, Louis Philippe I , declined to ratify it. On 27 April 1848, under the Second Republic (1848–1852), the decree-law written by Victor Schœlcher abolished slavery in the remaining colonies. The state bought the slaves from the colons (white colonists; Békés in Creole ), and then freed them. At about the same time, France started colonizing Africa and gained possession of much of West Africa by 1900. In 1905,
5050-484: The United States outlawed the international slave trade in 1807, after which Britain led efforts to block slave ships . Britain abolished slavery throughout its empire by the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (with the notable exception of India ), the French colonies re-abolished it in 1848 and the U.S. abolished slavery in 1865 with the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . The last known form of enforced servitude of adults ( villeinage ) had disappeared in England by
5151-409: The West Indies, and influenced by the slaveholder family of his wife , Napoleon Bonaparte decided to re-establish slavery after becoming First Consul . He promulgated the law of 20 May 1802 and sent military governors and troops to the colonies to impose it. On 10 May 1802, Colonel Delgrès launched a rebellion in Guadeloupe against Napoleon's representative, General Richepanse . The rebellion
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#17327932373685252-411: The abolition of the trade because the act made trading slaves within British territories illegal. However, the act repealed the Amelioration Act 1798 which attempted to improve conditions for slaves. The end of the slave trade did not end slavery as a whole. Slavery was still a common practice. In the 1820s, the abolitionist movement revived to campaign against the institution of slavery itself. In 1823
5353-409: The abolitionist movement, which had laid important groundwork in building anti-slavery sentiment in the metropole . The first article of the law stated that "Slavery was abolished" in the French colonies, while the second article stated that "slave-owners would be indemnified" with financial compensation for the value of their slaves. The French constitution passed in 1795 included in the declaration of
5454-509: The acting Mayor. On July 15, 2019 Rodrigues was unanimously elected by the 11-person City Council to become the Mayor of Brockton. Rodrigues became the first person of color to become Mayor of Brockton after serving six years on the Brockton city council. In 2009, community activist Jass Stewart was elected to councilor-at-large becoming the first African American to serve in Brockton's city council. The city council consists of four Councilors-at-Large and seven ward Councilors, one for every ward in
5555-448: The annual Vasconcellos Youth Competition, offering $ 1500 in prizes every year to instrumentalists under the age of 18. Winners are invited to play a concerto with the Brockton Symphony Orchestra. Past Winners include Miki Nagahara, Winston Huang, Jaclyn Freshman, Kristhyan Benitez, and Meihui An. The following is the list of instrumentalists as of the Brockton Symphony Orchestra 2023-2024 season. Brockton, Massachusetts Brockton
5656-411: The beginning of the 17th century. In 1569 a court considered the case of Cartwright, who had bought a slave from Russia. The court ruled English law could not recognize slavery, as it was never established officially. This ruling was overshadowed by later developments; It was upheld in 1700 by the Lord Chief Justice John Holt when he ruled that a slave became free as soon as he arrived in England. During
5757-403: The beginning of the early 2000s. Brockton has one of the largest population of Cape Verdean ancestry in the United States, with about 9% of its population. Brockton also has a significant Angolan American community. Statistically, Brockton is the most populous and most densely populated community in Plymouth County. It is the sixth largest community in the commonwealth. However, it is only
5858-402: The city also has a campus for the National College of Technical Instruction. Porter and Chester Institute also has a campus in Brockton. Brockton is also home to the Brockton Hospital School of Nursing as well as the Monna Bari Medical School. Massachusetts Route 24 , a six-lane divided motorway, passes through the west side of the city, with exits at Route 27 to the north and Route 123 to
5959-420: The city is patrolled by the Fourth (Middleborough) Barracks of Troop D of the Massachusetts State Police . Brockton also has several citizen anti-crime groups, including the Guardian Angels and Operation Archangel. Brockton was named one of the 100 Best Communities for Young People in the United States in 2005, 2008, 2010, and 2011 by the America's Promise Alliance . Abolitionism Abolitionism , or
6060-433: The city running north-south, with stops in the Montello and Campello neighborhoods, as well as in the city center , providing service to points south and South Station in Boston north of the city. Brockton has three hospitals: Signature Healthcare Brockton Hospital on the east side, Good Samaritan Medical Center —a Steward Family Hospital (formerly Caritas Good Samaritan, and before that Cardinal Cushing) Hospital to
6161-481: The city, and maintains a fire apparatus fleet of five engines, three ladders, one squad, one tactical rescue unit and several other special, support, and reserve units. The fire department does not provide EMS services ; ambulance coverage is currently contracted to Brewster Ambulance Service. In 1905, local newspapers recounted many heroic acts by Brockton firefighters during the Grover Shoe Factory disaster . On March 10, 1941, thirteen Brockton firefighters died when
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#17327932373686262-432: The city. As of January 2020, the mayor of Brockton is Robert F. Sullivan. Brockton operates its own school system for the city's approximately 17,000 students. There is an early education school (Barrett Russell), ten elementary schools (Angelo, Arnone, Baker, Brookfield, Downey, George, Gilmore, Hancock, John F. Kennedy and Raymond), the Davis K–8 school, six middle/junior high schools (North, East, West, South, Ashfield and
6363-405: The colonies. But at the same time, legally mandated, hereditary slavery of Scots persons in Scotland had existed from 1606 and continued until 1799, when colliers and salters were emancipated by an act of the Parliament of Great Britain ( 39 Geo. 3 . c. 56). Skilled workers, they were restricted to a place and could be sold with the works. A prior law enacted in 1775 ( 15 Geo. 3 . c. 28)
6464-441: The colony. By the end of the War of 1812 and the arrival of the Black Refugees, there were few slaves left in Nova Scotia. The Slave Trade Act outlawed the slave trade in the British Empire in 1807 and the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 outlawed slavery altogether. With slaves escaping to New York and New England, legislation for gradual emancipation was passed in Upper Canada (1793) and Lower Canada (1803). In Upper Canada,
6565-434: The enslavement of the Roma in Wallachia and Moldavia between 1843 and 1855, and to emancipate the serfs in Russia in 1861 . The United States would pass the 13th Amendment in December 1865 after having just fought a bloody Civil War , ending slavery "except as a punishment for crime". In 1888, Brazil became the last country in the Americas to outlaw slavery , except for the United States where slavery as punishment
6666-437: The first Anti-Slavery Society was wound up. In 1839, the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society was formed by Joseph Sturge , which attempted to outlaw slavery worldwide and also to pressure the government to help enforce the suppression of the slave trade by declaring slave traders to be pirates. The world's oldest international human rights organization, it continues today as Anti-Slavery International . Thomas Clarkson
6767-416: The first Anti-Slavery Society, the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions , was founded. Many of its members had previously campaigned against the slave trade. On 28 August 1833, the Slavery Abolition Act was passed. It purchased the slaves from their masters and paved the way for the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire by 1838, after which
6868-549: The first emancipation proclamation of the modern world (Decree of 16 Pluviôse An II). The Convention sent them to safeguard the allegiance of the population to revolutionary France. The proclamation resulted in crucial military strategy as it gradually brought most of the black troops into the French fold and kept the colony under the French flag for most of the conflict. The connection with France lasted until blacks and free people of colour formed L'armée indigène in 1802 to resist Napoleon 's Expédition de Saint-Domingue . Victory over
6969-430: The former site of the Saint Colman's school, one Christian school (South Shore Christian and the Brockton Christian School closed in 2010), and Cardinal Spellman High School , a Catholic high school named for Francis Cardinal Spellman , Brockton area native and former Archbishop of New York. Students may also choose to attend tuition-free Southeastern Regional Vocational Technical High School (in South Easton). Brockton
7070-563: The institution of slavery and created international treaties, such as the 1926 Slavery Convention , to eradicate the institution worldwide. After centuries of struggle, slavery was eventually declared illegal at the global level in 1948 under the United Nations ' Universal Declaration of Human Rights . By this time, the Arab world was the only region in the world where chattel slavery was still legal. Slavery in Saudi Arabia , slavery in Yemen and slavery in Dubai were abolished in 1962–1963, with slavery in Oman following in 1970. Mauritania
7171-568: The king, her son Chlothar III , was only five years old. At some unknown date during her rule, she abolished the trade of slaves, although not slavery. Moreover, her (and contemporaneous Saint Eligius ') favorite charity was to buy and free slaves, especially children. Slavery started to dwindle and would be superseded by serfdom . In 1315, Louis X , king of France, published a decree proclaiming that "France signifies freedom" and that any slave setting foot on French soil should be freed. This prompted subsequent governments to circumscribe slavery in
7272-548: The legality of slavery. They set the precedent of legal procedure in British courts that would later lead to successful outcomes for the plaintiffs. In these cases, deaths of the plaintiff and defendant, respectively, brought an end before court decisions. African slaves were not bought or sold in London but were brought by masters from other areas. Together with people from other nations, especially non-Christian, Africans were considered foreigners, not able to be English subjects. At
7373-541: The natives. Las Casas for 20 years worked to get African slaves imported to replace natives; African slavery was everywhere and no one talked of ridding the New World of it, though France had abolished slavery in France itself and there was talk in other countries about doing the same. However, Las Casas had a late change of heart, and became an advocate for the Africans in the colonies. His book, A Short Account of
7474-595: The northeast, Whitman and East Bridgewater to the southeast, West Bridgewater to the south, and Easton to the west. Brockton is approximately 25 miles south of Boston , and 30 miles northeast of Providence, Rhode Island . Brockton is mostly an urban setting, lying along the Salisbury Plain River , which once powered the many shoe factories of the city. To the northeast lies the Beaver Brook Conservation Land, attached to
7575-702: The northwest, and the Brockton Veterans Administration Hospital to the southwest. The VA Hospital is the sponsoring institution for the Harvard South Shore Psychiatry program. It serves as a teaching facility for students of various medical specialties from Boston University , physician assistant students from Northeastern University , nursing students from the University of Massachusetts Boston and physician assistant and pharmacy students from
7676-657: The principalities emancipated all of the 250,000 enslaved Roma people. Bartolomé de las Casas was a 16th-century Spanish Dominican priest, the first resident Bishop of Chiapas (Central America, today Mexico). As a settler in the New World he witnessed and opposed the poor treatment and virtual slavery of the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists, under the encomienda system. He advocated before King Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor on behalf of rights for
7777-639: The roof collapsed as they were fighting a fire at the Strand Theatre . That fire resulted in one of the worst firefighting tragedies in American history . The City of Brockton Police Department has roughly 181 sworn members and 31 non-sworn employees. The officers are assigned to the Patrol Division, and Operations Division which includes; Detectives, Narcotics, Gang Unit, Special Weapons And Tactics, K-9, Quality of Life, GREAT Program, Elderly Affairs, and Community Education Units. In addition,
7878-707: The same time the new republics of mainland Spanish America became committed to the gradual abolition of slavery. During the Spanish American wars for independence (1810–1826), slavery was abolished in most of Latin America, though it continued until 1873 in Puerto Rico , 1886 in Cuba, and 1888 in Brazil (where it was abolished by the Lei Áurea , the "Golden Law"). Chile declared freedom of wombs in 1811, followed by
7979-522: The south. The two routes pass through the center of the city, crossing at that point. Massachusetts Route 28 passes from north to south through the center of the city, The western end of Route 14 (at its intersection with Route 27) and the southern end of Route 37 (at its intersection with Route 28) both are in the city. Brockton has its own bus services, operated by the Brockton Area Transit Authority (BAT). Each bus has
8080-633: The southern end of the Ames Nowell State Park in Abington . There are several parks throughout the city, but the largest is D.W. Field Park , an Olmsted -inspired park which includes ponds, Waldo Lake and Brockton Reservoir in Avon, as well as a golf course. According to the Köppen climate classification , Brockton has either a hot-summer humid continental climate (abbreviated Dfa ), or
8181-580: The start of 1803. However, Denmark would not abolish slavery in the Danish West Indies until 1848. Haiti (then Saint-Domingue) formally declared independence from France in 1804 and became the first nation in the Western Hemisphere to permanently eliminate slavery in the modern era, following the 1804 Haitian revolution . The northern states in the U.S. all abolished slavery by 1804. The United Kingdom (then including Ireland) and
8282-474: The state’s Governor to deal with increasing levels of violence between students and security staffing shortages at the school, a request opposed by the Mayor of Brockton at the time. [1] Brockton was home to three parochial schools (Sacred Heart, Saint Casimir and Saint Edward) which merged in 2007 to form two schools. Trinity Lower Campus at the former Saint Edwards school site, and Trinity Upper Campus located on
8383-444: The time, England had no naturalization procedure. The African slaves' legal status was unclear until 1772 and Somersett's Case , when the fugitive slave James Somersett forced a decision by the courts. Somersett had escaped, and his master, Charles Steuart, had him captured and imprisoned on board a ship, intending to ship him to Jamaica to be resold into slavery. While in London, Somersett had been baptized ; three godparents issued
8484-481: The trade. One aspect of abolitionism during this period was the effective use of images such as the famous Josiah Wedgwood " Am I Not A Man and a Brother? " anti-slavery medallion of 1787. Clarkson described the medallion as "promoting the cause of justice, humanity and freedom". The 1792 Slave Trade Bill passed the House of Commons mangled and mutilated by the modifications and amendments of Pitt , it lay for years, in
8585-410: The twenty-seventh most densely populated community in the Commonwealth. As of 2010, there were 33,675 households, out of which 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.0% were married couples living together, 19.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who
8686-555: The union (see Missouri compromise ). In 1787, the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade was formed in London. Revolutionary France abolished slavery throughout its empire through the Law of 4 February 1794 , but Napoleon restored it in 1802 as part of a program to ensure sovereignty over its colonies. On March 16, 1792, Denmark became the first country to issue a decree to abolish their transatlantic slave trade from
8787-409: Was 65 years of age or older. In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.8% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males. As of 2018, the median income for a household in Brockton
8888-519: Was America's largest producer of shoes, and until the latter parts of the 20th century, Brockton had a large shoe and leather products industry. Since the company's 1898 founding, Brockton has been the headquarters city of office supplies retailer W.B. Mason , itself founded to provide those supplies to the city's shoe industry. The city's economy was once based on the shoe industry, but it has since diversified to include other industries such as healthcare, education, and manufacturing. Brockton has faced
8989-546: Was a former French colony, Haiti , as a result of the Revolution of 1791–1804 . The British abolitionist movement began in the late 18th century, and the 1772 Somersett case established that slavery did not exist in English law. In 1807, the slave trade was made illegal throughout the British Empire, though existing slaves in British colonies were not liberated until the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833 . In
9090-619: Was abolished in the entire British Empire by the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833. In his book The Struggle For Equality , historian James M. McPherson defines an abolitionist "as one who before the Civil War had agitated for the immediate, unconditional, and total abolition of slavery in the United States". He does not include antislavery activists such as Abraham Lincoln or the Republican Party, which called for
9191-402: Was also high, and people are less productive when not allowed to choose the type of work they prefer, are illiterate, and are forced to live and work in miserable and unhealthy conditions. The free labour markets and international free trade that Smith preferred would also result in different prices and allocations that Smith believed would be more efficient and productive for consumers. Prior to
9292-701: Was among the first to articulate the Enlightenment case against slavery, banning it in the Province of Georgia on humanitarian grounds, and arguing against it in Parliament. Soon after Oglethorpe's death in 1785, Sharp and More united with William Wilberforce and others in forming the Clapham Sect . The Somersett case in 1772, in which a fugitive slave was freed with the judgement that slavery did not exist under English common law , helped launch
9393-549: Was elected mayor in 2005 and began his term in January 2006. He was re-elected on November 6, 2007, for another two-year term. He had previously served 16 years as a City Councilor. In the fall of 2009, City Councilor Linda Balzotti defeated Harrington to become the city's first female mayor. Balzotti was defeated in 2013 by Bill Carpenter, who won the election by only 44 votes. After the unexpected death of Bill Carpenter on July 3, 2019, City Councillor President Moises Rodrigues become
9494-463: Was excluded from the thirteen colonies, existed as an independent state from 1777 to 1791. Vermont abolished adult slavery in 1777. In other states, such as Virginia, similar declarations of rights were interpreted by the courts as not applicable to Africans and African Americans. During the following decades, the abolitionist movement grew in northern states, and Congress heavily regulated the expansion of Slave or Free States in new territories admitted to
9595-675: Was given the name Brockton in 1874, and officially became a city on April 9, 1881. Brockton was a stop on the Underground Railroad , a network of secret routes and safe houses that helped enslaved people escape to freedom in the North and Canada. Famous abolitionist Frederick Douglass , spoke to a crowd at the Liberty Tree in Brockton during the pre-Civil War period. During the American Civil War , Brockton
9696-540: Was intended to end what the act referred to as "a state of slavery and bondage", but that was ineffective, necessitating the 1799 act. In the 1776 book The Wealth of Nations , Adam Smith argued for the abolition of slavery on economic grounds. Smith pointed out that slavery incurred security, housing, and food costs that the use of free labour would not, and opined that free workers would be more productive because they would have personal economic incentives to work harder. The death rate (and thus repurchase cost) of slaves
9797-510: Was often ignored in French colonial society and the mulattoes became an intermediate caste between whites and blacks, while in the British colonies mulattoes and blacks were considered equal and discriminated against equally. During the Age of Enlightenment , many philosophers wrote pamphlets against slavery and its moral and economical justifications, including Montesquieu in The Spirit of
9898-560: Was repressed, and slavery was re-established. The news of the Law of 4 February 1794 that abolished slavery in France and its colonies and the revolution led by Colonel Delgrès sparked another wave of rebellion in Saint-Domingue. From 1802 Napoleon sent more than 20,000 troops to the island, two-thirds died, mostly from yellow fever. Seeing the failure of the Saint-Domingue expedition , in 1803 Napoleon decided to sell
9999-555: Was the beginning of what became the Haitian Revolution led by formerly enslaved people like Georges Biassou , Toussaint L'Ouverture , and Jean-Jacques Dessalines . The rebellion swept through the north of the colony, and with it came freedom to thousands of enslaved blacks, but also violence and death. In 1793, French Civil Commissioners in St. Domingue and abolitionists, Léger-Félicité Sonthonax and Étienne Polverel , issued
10100-567: Was the key speaker at the World Anti-Slavery Convention it held in London in 1840. In the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia , the government held slavery of the Roma (often referred to as Gypsies) as legal at the beginning of the 19th century. The progressive pro-European and anti-Ottoman movement, which gradually gained power in the two principalities, also worked to abolish that slavery. Between 1843 and 1855,
10201-492: Was the last country to officially abolish slavery, with a presidential decree in 1981. Today, child and adult slavery and forced labour are illegal in almost all countries, as well as being against international law , but human trafficking for labour and for sexual bondage continues to affect tens of millions of adults and children. Balthild of Chelles , herself a former slave, queen consort of Neustria and Burgundy by marriage to Clovis II , became regent in 657 since
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