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72-919: The district is washed by the Laptev Sea in the north. The main river in the district is the Lena , with its tributaries Eyekit , Molodo and Syungyude . Other rivers include the Olenyok , with the Khorbusuonka and the Kyuyutingde , as well as the Omoloy and the Khara-Ulakh . There are many lakes in the Lena River delta. The Lena Delta Wildlife Reserve is located in the district. Average January temperature varies from −32 °C (−26 °F) on

144-441: A municipal division , the district is incorporated as Bulunsky Municipal District . The Settlement of Tiksi is incorporated into an urban settlement, and the eight rural okrugs are incorporated into six rural settlements within the municipal district. The urban-type settlement of Tiksi serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district. *Administrative centers are shown in bold The economy of

216-528: A written language in the 1930s. Many nomadic Evens were forced to settle down, join the kolkhozes , and engage in cattle - breeding and agriculture . The economy of the Evens people, both historically and now, is largely based around reindeer herding and migration, as well as hunting. The Evens kept smaller herds of reindeer than other indigenous groups in eastern Siberia, such as the Chukchi, Koryak, and

288-659: A 135 cm freshwater layer over the entire sea; it is the second largest in the world after the Kara Sea . The salinity values vary in winter from 20 to 25‰ (parts per thousand) in the south-east to 34‰ in the northern parts of the sea; it decreases in summer to 5–10‰ and 30–32‰ respectively. Most of the river runoff (about 70% or 515 km /year) is contributed by the Lena River. Other major contributions are from Khatanga (more than 100 km ), Olenyok (35 km ), Yana (greater than 30 km ) and Anabar (20 km ), with other rivers contributing about 20 km . Owing to

360-412: A large scale by means of forced laborers in a penal colony. From the 1930s onwards Nordvik became an important source of salt supply for the northern fisheries. Although the original prospects for oil at Nordvik did not materialize, experience was gained in the exploration for hydrocarbons within the continuous permafrost zones. This experience proved invaluable in the later exploration and exploitation of

432-615: A severe climate with temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) over more than nine months per year, low water salinity , scarcity of flora, fauna and human population, and low depths (mostly less than 50 meters). It is frozen most of the time, though generally clear in August and September. The sea shores were inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous tribes of Yukaghirs and then Evens and Evenks , which were engaged in fishing, hunting and reindeer husbandry . They were then settled by Yakuts and later by Russians. Russian explorations of

504-538: A type of earth and log dugout. Sheds were erected near the dwellings in order to house stocks of frozen fish and meat. Their economy was supplemented by winter hunts to obtain wild game. Hunters sometimes rode reindeer, and sometimes moved along on wooden skis. During the Soviet reign the government collectivized reindeer herding, which drastically changed the lives of the Evens and other indigenous groups in Siberia. With

576-716: Is also diverse, with small mountains near the sea in places. The main gulfs of the Laptev Sea coast are the Khatanga Gulf , the Olenyok Gulf , the Buor-Khaya Gulf and the Yana Bay . There are several dozens of islands with the total area of 3,784 km (1,461 sq mi), mostly in the western part of the sea and in the river deltas. Storms and currents due to the ice thawing significantly erode

648-477: Is fed by the warm Atlantic waters. It takes them 2.5–3 years to reach the Laptev Sea from their formation near Spitsbergen . The deeper layer is colder at about −0.8 °С. In summer, the surface layer in the ice-free zones warms up by the sun up to 8–10 °С in the bays and 2–3 °С in the open sea, and remains close to 0 °С under ice. The water salinity is significantly affected by the thawing of ice and river runoff. The latter amounts to about 730 km and would form

720-525: Is named after the wife of Pronchishchev. During the 1739–1742 Great Northern Expedition , Russian Arctic explorer and Vice Admiral Dmitry Laptev described the sea coastline from the mouth of the Lena River, along the Buor-Khaya and Yana gulfs, to the strait that bears his name, Dmitry Laptev Strait . As part of the same expedition, Dmitry's cousin Khariton Laptev 's led a party that surveyed

792-654: The Evenks by their origins and culture , having migrated with them from central China over 10,000 years ago. Officially, they have been considered to be of Orthodox faith since the 19th century, though the Evens have retained some pre- Christian practices, such as shamanism . Traditional Even life is centered upon nomadic pastoralism of domesticated reindeer, supplemented with hunting, fishing and animal-trapping. Outside of Russia, there are 104 Evens in Ukraine, 19 of whom spoke Even. (Ukr. Cen. 2001) The Evens people are part of

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864-650: The Lena River , although they are a nomadic people. According to the 2002 census , there were 19,071 Evens in Russia. According to the 2010 census, there were 22,383 Evens in Russia. They speak their own language called Even , one of the Tungusic languages ; it is heavily influenced by their lifestyle and reindeer herding . It is also closely related to the language of their neighbors, the Evenks. The Evens are close to

936-799: The New Siberian Islands . Its northern boundary passes from the Arctic Cape to a point with co-ordinates of 79°N and 139°E , and ends at the Anisiy Cape. The Kara Sea lies to the west, the East Siberian Sea to the east. The sea is named after the Russian explorers Dmitry Laptev and Khariton Laptev ; formerly, it had been known under various names, the last being Nordenskiöld Sea (Russian: мо́ре Норденшёльда ), after explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld . The sea has

1008-722: The moss genera Detrichum , Dicranum , Pogonatum , Sanionia , Bryum , Orthothecium and Tortura , as well as the lichen genera Cetraria , Thamnolia , Cornicularia , Lecidea , Ochrolechia and Parmelia . Permanent mammal species include ringed seal ( Phoca hispida ), bearded seal ( Erignathus barbatus ), harp seal ( Pagophilus groenlandicus ), walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus ), collared lemming ( Dicrostonyx torquatus ), Arctic fox ( Alopex lagopus ), reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus ) wolf ( Canis lupus ), ermine ( Mustela erminea ), Arctic hare ( Lepus timidus ) and polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ), whereas beluga whales ( Delphinapterus leucas ) visit

1080-400: The 1770s, Lyakhov described several other islands, including Kotelny, which he named so after a large kettle (Russian: котёл – kotel) left there by previous visitors. He also established first permanent settlements on those islands. In 1735, Russian explorer of Siberia Vasili Pronchishchev sailed from Yakutsk down the Lena River on his sloop Yakutsk . He explored the eastern coast of

1152-575: The 1900s. Because the Evens did not raise reindeer specifically for their skins and meat, they relied mostly on hunting small game such as reindeer they had not domesticated and other animals in the Tundra. Hunting animals for their fur, squirrel in particular, became a large source of income after the indigenous groups of Siberia came into contact with the Russians. The fur trade was extremely lucrative, and as such reindeer herding became less important to

1224-463: The 2nd century and later, between 9th and 15th centuries, by much more numerous Yakuts . All those tribes moved north from the Baikal Lake area avoiding confrontations with Mongols. Whereas they all practiced shamanism , they spoke different languages. Russians started exploring the Laptev Sea coast and the nearby islands some time in the 17th century, going through the rivers emptying into

1296-630: The Arctic Ocean. A small part of the cyclone leaks through the Sannikov Strait to the East Siberian Sea. The cyclone has a speed of 2 cm/s which decreases toward the center. The center of the cyclone drifts with time that slightly alters the flow character. The tides are mostly semi-diurnal (rise twice a day), with the average amplitude of 0.5 meters (1 ft 8 in). In the Khatanga Gulf it may reach 2 m because of

1368-643: The Arctic. It is based on four Arctic stations at one of the world's northernmost settlements , namely Eureka and Alert in Canada (in particular, Alert is the northernmost permanently inhabited place on Earth, only 817 km (508 mi) from the North Pole ), Tiksi in Russia, and Utqiagvik in Alaska. The water pollution is relatively low and mostly originates from the numerous plants and mines standing on

1440-460: The Chukchi and the Koryak lived in a type of larger circular tent called a chorama-diu. These tents were usually made out of reindeer hides, although the Evens that lived by the sea used fish skins in addition to the hides. Since the Evens were and still are largely a nomadic people, everyone in the group shared with one another, and people were forbidden from hoarding meat from hunts, even if they were

1512-597: The Eastern Siberians that migrated out of central China around 10,000 years ago. They are located in extreme northeast Siberia, and they are somewhat isolated from the rest of the indigenous groups in Siberia, with the closest groups being the Yakuts and the Evenks who are over 1,000 kilometers away. Before the beginning of the Soviet reign the Evens were referred to as the Lamut by other groups, originally coined by

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1584-610: The Evens people. In the 17th century, the people today known as the Eveni were divided into three main tribes: the Okhotsk reindeer Tungus (Lamut), the Tiugesir, Memel' and Buiaksir clans as well as a sedentary group of Arman' speakers. Today, they are all known as Eveni. The traditional lodgings of the Evens were conical tents which were covered with animal skins. In the southern coastal areas, fish skins were used. Settled Evens used

1656-627: The Evens. However, there are some key differences in language that made the two separate. In the Even language the last vowel and consonant of each word is dropped, while in the Evenk language the last vowel and consonant are spoken. The Even language has a multitude of words relating to their nomadic lifestyle and reindeer herding, and a good portion of words in the Even language have to do with actions relating to these things. For example, "oralchid'ak", "nulgän", "nulgänmäj", and "nulgädäj", are their words for

1728-518: The Icy Sea (Russian: Ледовитое мо́ре ) in the 19th century. It acquired the name Nordenskjold Sea (Russian: мо́ре Норденшельда ) in 1893. On 27 June 1935, the sea finally received its current name after the cousins Dmitry Laptev and Khariton Laptev who first mapped its shores in 1735–1740. Both flora and fauna are scarce owing to the harsh climate. Vegetation of the sea is mostly represented by diatoms , with more than 100 species. In comparison,

1800-403: The Laptev Sea ) More than half of the sea (53%) rests on a continental shelf with the average depths below 50 meters (160 ft), and the areas south from 76°N are shallower than 25 m. In the northern part, the sea bottom sharply drops to the ocean floor with the depth of the order of 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) (22% of the sea area). There it is covered with silt , which is mixed with ice in

1872-402: The Laptev Sea and discovered Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island . However, they were killed on the way back from their expedition by mutineering team members. In 1770, the merchant Ivan Lyakhov revisited the islands and then asked the government for permission to commercially develop their ivory resources. Catherine II granted permission and named the islands after Lyakhov. While exploring the area in

1944-922: The Laptev Sea with the major port in Tiksi . During Soviet times , the Laptev Sea coastal areas experienced a limited boom owing to the first icebreaker convoys plying the Northern Sea Route and the creation of the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route . The route was difficult even for icebreakers – so Lenin (pictured) and her convoy of five ships were trapped in ice in the Laptev Sea around September 1937. They spent an enforced winter there and were rescued by another icebreaker Krasin in August 1938. The major transported goods were timber, fur and construction materials. Tiksi had an active airport, and Nordvik harbor further west

2016-496: The Lena River with an area of 14,300 km . In 1986, New Siberian Islands were included into the reserve. The reserve hosts numerous plants (402 species), fishes (32 species), birds (109 species) and mammals (33 species). The coast of the sea is shared by the Sakha Republic ( Anabarsky , Bulunsky District and Ust-Yansky districts) on the east and Krasnoyarsk Krai ( Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District ) of Russia on

2088-585: The Lena delta, and stopped to winter at the mouth of the Olenyok River . Unfortunately many members of his crew fell ill and died, mainly from scurvy . Despite these difficulties, in 1736, he reached the eastern shore of the Taymyr Peninsula and went north surveying its coastline. Pronchishchev and his wife succumbed to scurvy and died on the way back. Maria Pronchishcheva Bay in the Laptev Sea

2160-437: The Lena, Yana and Anabar rivers. Their waste is contaminated with phenols (0.002–0.007 mg/L), copper (0.001–0.012 mg/L) and zinc (0.01–0.03 mg/L) and is continuously washed down the rivers into the sea. Another regular polluter is the coastal Urban-type settlement of Tiksi. Occasional petrol spills occurred due to navigation and petrol mining. Another major contaminant is associated with floating and sunken wood in

2232-658: The New Siberian Islands. The later scientific studies demonstrated that the ivory accumulated over a period of some 200,000 years. The name of the Laptev Sea changed several times. It was apparently known as the Tartar Sea (Russian: Татарское мо́ре ) in the 16th century, the Lena Sea (Russian: Ленское мо́ре ) in the 17th century, the Siberian Sea (Russian: Сибирское мо́ре ) in the 18th century and

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2304-545: The Northern extremity of Kotelni Island ( 76°10′N 138°50′E  /  76.167°N 138.833°E  / 76.167; 138.833  ( Northern extremity of Kotelni Island ) ). On the East From the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island – through Kotelni Island to Cape Madvejyi. Then through Malyi Island [ Little Lyakhovsky Island ], to Cape Vaguin on Great Liakhov Island . Thence to Cape Sviatoy Nos on

2376-663: The Ust-Yansky District. The meteorological station of Tiksi has been renovated in 2006 (for example, it has internet connection and security cameras with a wireless interface) and has become part of the Atmospheric Observatory program of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration agency. The program aims at long-term, systematic and thorough measurements of clouds, radiation, aerosols, surface energy fluxes and chemistry in

2448-517: The West The eastern limit of Kara Sea Komsomolets Island from Cape Molotov to South Eastern Cape; thence to Cape Vorochilov, Oktiabrskaya Revolutziya Island to Cape Anuchin. Then to Cape Unslicht on Bolshevik Island . Bolshevik Island to Cape Yevgenov . Thence to Cape Pronchisthehev on the main land (see Russian chart No. 1484 of the year 1935). On the North A line joining Cape Molotov to

2520-549: The Yakut people, a nearby Siberian indigenous group. The word Lamu refers to the Okhotsk Sea in the languages spoken in eastern Siberia, thus it is reasonable to assume that this is where the name Lamut originates. The name Even came from the Evens people themselves. The Evens had yet to distinguish themselves as a separate group from the Evenk even up until the 1800s. As such, Evenk culture and language heavily influenced that of

2592-596: The Yakut; these other groups used reindeer as food sources and trade goods, while the Evens mainly used them as a mode of transportation. Reindeer herding in this area is believed to have begun around the start of the Common Era by the ancestors of the Evens. Around this time, the ancient Tungus people had come into contact with the Mongols and Turks who introduced them to horses and horse breeding culture. The Tungus experimented with riding horses, but this failed because of

2664-462: The alluvial deposits of modern rivers. The climate of the Laptev Sea is Arctic continental and, owing to the remoteness from both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, is one of the most severe among the Arctic seas. Polar night and midnight sun last about three months per year on the south and five months on the north. Air temperatures stay below 0 °С 11 months a year on the north and nine months on

2736-580: The area started in the 17th century. They came from the south via several large rivers which empty into the sea, such as the prominent Lena River , the Khatanga , the Anabar , the Olenyok , the Omoloy and the Yana . The sea contains several dozen islands, many of which contain well-preserved mammoth remains. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Laptev Sea as follows: On

2808-728: The coast of the Taimyr Peninsula starting from the mouth of the Khatanga River. Detailed mapping of the coast of the Laptev Sea and New Siberian Islands was performed by Pyotr Anjou , who in 1821–1823 traveled some 14,000 km (8,700 mi) over the region on sledges and small boats, searching for the Sannikov Land and demonstrating that large-scale coastal observations can be performed without ships. Anzhu Islands (the northern part of New Siberian Islands) were named after him. In 1875, Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld

2880-430: The coast to −40 °C (−40 °F) in the interior and average July temperature varies from +4 °C (39 °F) in the north to +14 °C (57 °F) in the south. Average precipitation ranges from 150 to 200 millimeters (5.9 to 7.9 in) in the north and from 250 to 300 millimeters (9.8 to 11.8 in) in the south. The district was established on December 10, 1930. Initially, its administrative center

2952-516: The concept of a nomadic lifestyle and moving from one place to another. All of these words come from the word "nulgä", which can be a measure of distance - in this case the distance one can travel in a single night - or it can also describe a group of reindeer herders. There are fourteen words in the Even language that describe very similar actions and people relating to herding and grazing, including daytime grazing and herdsmen, as well as reindeer drivers; reindeer are economically and culturally crucial to

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3024-542: The district is mostly based on reindeer husbandry and fishing. Tiksi is a sea port on the Northern Sea Route . As of the 2021 Census , the ethnic composition was as follows: Laptev Sea The Laptev Sea ( / ˈ l æ p t ɛ v , ˈ l ɑː p -/ ) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean . It is located between the northern coast of Siberia , the Taimyr Peninsula , Severnaya Zemlya and

3096-428: The economy of the Evens than it had been previously, however it is still the primary venture of the mainland Evens. While the Evens that lived further inland focused more on herding and the fur trade, the Evens that lived on Okhotsk Sea relied heavily on fishing in order to sustain themselves. The traditional clothing worn by the Evens people consists of a coat with an apron, as well as pants and boots; both genders wear

3168-407: The following annual estimates (in thousand tonnes) by species: sardine (1.2), Arctic cisco (2.0), Bering cisco (2.7), broad whitefish (2.6), Muksun (2.4) and others (3.6). Hunting sea mammals is only practiced by native people. In particular, walrus hunting is only allowed by scientific expeditions and local tribes for subsistence. Despite freezing, navigation is a major human activity on

3240-513: The funnel-like shape of the gulf. This tidal wave is then noticeable up to the unusually long distance of 500 km up to the Khatanga River – the tidal wave is damped at much shorter distance in other rivers of the Laptev Sea. The seasonal variations of the sea level are relatively small – the sea level rises up to 40 cm (16 in) in summer near the river deltas and lowers in winter. Wind-induced changes are observed all through

3312-405: The harsh climate of the Tundra. However, the saddles that they used for the horses also worked on reindeer, and a new method of transportation was born. While large scale reindeer breeding was commonplace in other parts of Siberia, it did not become a common practice where the Evens live in the north and east of Siberia until the 1600s-1700's, with the Evens not practicing it until the late 1800s into

3384-407: The ice melting season, about 90% of the annual runoff occurs between June and September with 35–40% in August alone, whereas January contributes only 5%. Sea currents form a cyclone consisting of the southward stream near Severnaya Zemlya which reaches the continental coast and flows along it from west to east. It is then amplified by the Lena River flow and diverts to the north and north-west toward

3456-640: The islands and sea shores. The latter include little auk ( Alle alle ), black-legged kittiwake ( Rissa tridactyla ), black guillemot ( Cepphus grylle ), ivory gull ( Pagophila eburnea ), uria , charadriiformes and glaucous gull ( Larus hyperboreus ). Among other bird species are skua , sterna , northern fulmar , ( Fulmarus glacialis ), ivory gull ( Pagophila eburnea ), glaucous gull ( Larus hyperboreus ), Ross's gull ( Rhodostethia rosea ), long-tailed duck ( Clangula hyemalis ), eider , loon and willow grouse ( Lagopus lagopus ). There are 39 fish species, mostly typical of braskish environment;

3528-540: The islands, so the Semenovsky and Vasilievsky islands (74°12"N, 133°E) which were discovered in 1815 have already disappeared. The most significant groups of islands are Severnaya Zemlya , Komsomolskaya Pravda , Vilkitsky and Faddey , and the largest individual islands are Bolshoy Begichev (1764 km ), Belkovsky (500 km ), Maly Taymyr (250 km ), Stolbovoy (170 km ), Starokadomsky (110 km ), and Peschanyy (17 km ). (see Islands of

3600-563: The main land. Using current geographic names and transcription this definition corresponds to the area shown in the map. The Lena River , with its large delta , is the biggest river flowing into the Laptev Sea, and is the second largest river in the Russian Arctic after Yenisei . Other important rivers include the Khatanga , the Anabar , the Olenyok or Olenek , the Omoloy and the Yana . The sea shores are winding and form gulfs and bays of various sizes. The coastal landscape

3672-520: The major ones are grayling and Coregonus (whitefishes), such as muksun ( Coregonus muksun ), broad whitefish ( Coregonus nasus ) and omul ( Coregonus autumnalis ). Also common are sardine , Arctic cisco , Bering cisco , polar smelt , saffron cod , polar cod , flounder and Arctic char and inconnu . In 1985, the Ust-Lena Nature Reserve was established in the delta (from Russian: устье – ust , meaning delta ) of

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3744-606: The massive oil and gas fields of Western Siberia . The penal colony was closed and its traces erased in the mid-1940s right before Americans arrived in Nordvik as allies of the Soviet Union . In 2017, Rosneft found oil in the Laptev Sea at its Tsentralno-Olginskaya-1 well. In the Anabar District of Sakha, in the village of Mayat there is one of the northernmost diamond mines. There are also tin and gold mines in

3816-404: The north and October on the south, though it has progressively begun later because of human-driven climate change . In 2020 Siberia experienced record-breaking heat and formation did not begin until late October, marking the latest start ever recorded. The ice formation results in a large continuous sheet of ice, with the thickness up to 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) in the south-eastern part of

3888-411: The north-west and south-east and often revealing remains of the mammoths. The ice formation varies from year to year, with the sea either clear or completely covered with ice. The sea is characterized by the low water temperatures, which ranges from −1.8 °C (28.8 °F) in the north to −0.8 °C (30.6 °F) in the south-eastern parts. The medium water layer is warmer, up to 1.5 °С because it

3960-647: The number of green algae , blue-green algae and flagellate species is about 10 each. The phytoplankton is characteristic of brackish waters and has a total concentration of about 0.2 mg/L. There are about 30 species of zooplankton with the concentration reaching 0.467 mg/L. The coastal flora mainly consists of mosses and lichens and a few flowering plants including Arctic poppy ( Papaver radicatum ), Saxifraga , Draba and small populations of polar ( Salix polaris ) and creeping ( Salicaceae ) willows. Rare vascular plants include species of Cerastium and Saxifraga . Non-vascular plants include

4032-434: The region seasonally. The walrus of the Laptev Sea is sometimes distinguished as a separate subspecies Odobenus rosmarus laptevi , though this attribution is questioned. There are several dozens species of birds. Some belong to permanent (tundra) species, such as snow bunting ( Plectrophenax nivalis ), purple sandpiper ( Calidris maritima ), snowy owl ( Bubo scandiacus ) and brent goose and other make large colonies on

4104-404: The rise of Communism after 1917, the new government aimed to "civilize" the nomadic tribes of Siberia by constructing permanent housing, and by standardizing and collectivizing reindeer herding, their main occupation and lifestyle. The Soviet government seized and redistributed the reindeer of the Evens people and forced the Evens people to use specific migration routes and dates. The Soviets created

4176-479: The same type of clothing. Their clothing is usually made using reindeer hides and skins, as well as moose hair. Evens are known to be very enthusiastic about smoking, and as such, most Evens also wear a pouch on their coat to keep a pipe and tobacco in. The Evens' housing and clothes are unique from the indigenous groups around them, with the Evens wearing open coats and aprons, as well as living in somewhat small conical tents called churns, while indigenous groups such as

4248-611: The sea as well as near the coast. The coastal sheet ends at the water depth of 20–25 m which occurs at several hundred kilometers from the shore, thus this coastal ice covers some 30% of the sea area. Ice is drifting north to this coastal band, and several polynyas are formed by the warm south winds around there. They have various names, such as the Great Siberian Polynya , and can stretch over many hundreds kilometers. The ice sheet usually starts melting from late May to early June, creating fragmented ice agglomerates on

4320-677: The sea, due to decades of rafting activities. As a result, the phenol concentration in the Laptev Sea is the highest over the Arctic waters. Evens The Evens /əˈvɛn/ ( Even : эвэн; pl. эвэсэл, evesel in Even and эвены, eveny in Russian ; formerly called Lamuts ) are a people in Siberia and the Russian Far East . They live in regions of the Magadan Oblast and Kamchatka Krai and northern parts of Sakha east of

4392-403: The sea. Many early explorations were likely unreported, as indicated by graves found on some of the islands by their official discoverers. In 1629, Siberian Cossacks went through the Lena River and reached its delta. They left a note that the river flows into a sea. In 1633, another group reached the delta of Olenyok. By 1712, Yakov Permyakov and Merkury Vagin explored the eastern part of

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4464-669: The shallow areas. The Laptev Sea is bound to the south by the East Siberian Lowland , an alluvial plain mainly composed of sediments of marine origin dating back to the time when the whole area was occupied by the Verkhoyansk Sea , an ancient sea at the edge of the Siberian Craton in the Permian period. As centuries went by, gradually, most of the area limiting the sea to the south became filled with

4536-400: The south. The average temperature in January (coldest month) varies across the sea between −31 °C (−24 °F) and −34 °C (−29 °F) and the minimum is −50 °C (−58 °F). In July, the temperature rises to 0 °С (maximum 4 °С) in the north and to 5 °С (maximum 10 °С) in the south, however, it may reach 22–24 °С on the coast in August. The maximum of 32.7 °C (90.9 °F)

4608-574: The surface waters, which occurs only to the depth of 5–10 meters. The Laptev Sea is a major source of arctic sea ice . With an average outflow of 483,000 km per year over the period 1979–1995, it contributes more sea ice than the Barents Sea , Kara Sea , East Siberian Sea and Chukchi Sea combined. Over this period, the annual outflow fluctuated between 251,000 km in 1984–85 and 732,000 km in 1988–89. The sea exports substantial amounts of sea ice in all months but July, August and September. Usually, ice formation starts in September on

4680-596: The weak winds and shallow waters, the sea is relatively calm with the waves typically within 1 meter (3 ft 3 in). In July–August waves up to 4–5 m are observed near the sea center, and they may reach 6 meters (20 ft) in autumn. The coast of the Laptev Sea was inhabited for ages by the native peoples of northern Siberia such as Yukaghirs and Chuvans (sub-tribe of Yukaghirs). Those tribes were engaged in fishing, hunting and reindeer husbandry , as reindeer sleds were essential for transportation and hunting. They were joined and absorbed by Evens and Evenks around

4752-498: The west. The coastal settlements are few and small, with the typical population of a few hundred or less. The only exception is Tiksi (population 5,873), which is the administrative center of the Bulunsky District. Fishery and hunting have relatively small volume and are mostly concentrated in the river deltas. Data are available for the Khatanga Bay and deltas of the Lena and Yana rivers from 1981 to 1991 which translate into about 3,000 tonnes of fish annually. Extrapolated, they give

4824-426: The year, but are more frequent in autumn when the winds are strong and steady. In general, the sea level rises with northern and lowers with southern winds, but depending on the area, the maximum amplitude is observed for a specific wind direction (e.g. western and north-western in the south-eastern part of the sea). They average amplitudes are 1–2 m and may exceed 2.5 meters (8 ft 2 in) near Tiksi. Owing to

4896-400: Was "a growing town," though it was closed in the mid-1940s. After the break-up of the Soviet Union commercial navigation in the Siberian Arctic went into decline in the 1990s. More or less regular shipping is to be found only from Murmansk to Dudinka in the west and between Vladivostok and Pevek in the east. Ports between Dudinka and Pevek see next to no shipping at all. Logashkino

4968-409: Was abandoned in 1998 and is now a ghost town . In the 1930, deposits of coal, oil and salt were discovered around the Nordvik Bay . In order to explore them in the extreme Arctic conditions, a Gulag penal labor camp was established in Nordvik. Drilling revealed only small, shallow oil pockets in connection with salt structures with little commercial significance. However the salt was extracted on

5040-454: Was in the selo of Kyusyur . In 1957, the administrative center was moved to Tiksi. Within the framework of administrative divisions , Bulunsky District is one of the thirty-four in the republic. It is divided into one settlement (an administrative division with the administrative center in the urban-type settlement (inhabited locality) of Tiksi ) and eight rural okrugs ( naslegs ), all of which comprise nine rural localities . As

5112-403: Was recorded in Tiksi . Strong winds, blizzards and snow storms are common in winter. Snow falls even in summer and is alternating with fogs. The winds blow from south and south-west in winter with the average speed of 8 m/s which subsides toward the spring. In summer, they change direction to the northerly, and their speed is 3–4 m/s. Relatively weak winds result in low convection in

5184-699: Was the first to travel across the whole sea on a steamship Vega . In 1892–1894, and again in 1900–1902, Baron Eduard von Toll explored the Laptev Sea in the course of two separate expeditions. On the ship Zarya , Toll carried out geological and geographical surveys in the area on behalf of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences. In his last expedition Toll disappeared off the New Siberian Islands under mysterious circumstances. Toll noted sizable and economically significant accumulations of perfectly preserved fossil ivory in recent beaches, drainage areas, river terraces and river beds within

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