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69-590: The Eastern Turkic Khaganate ( Chinese : 東突厥 ; pinyin : Dōng Tūjué or Dōng Tújué ) was a Turkic khaganate formed as a result of the internecine wars in the beginning of the 7th century (AD 581–603) after the First Turkic Khaganate (founded in the 6th century in the Mongolian Plateau by the Ashina clan ) had splintered into two polities – one in the east and the other in

138-787: A Sogdian diplomat, convinced Istämi (also known as Silziboulos in Greek writings ) of the Göktürks to send an embassy directly to the Byzantine Empire's capital Constantinople, which arrived in 568 and offered silk as a gift to emperor Justin II and where they discussed an alliance. In 569 an embassy led by Zemarchus occurred which was well received and likely solidified their alliance for war. Another set of embassies occurred in 575–576 led by Valentine which were received with hostility by Turxanthos due to alleged treachery. They required

207-647: A "Son of Heaven" and accept a Turkic title and banner. Shibi's younger brother Chuluo (619–20) ruled for only 18 months. The next brother, Illig Qaghan (620–30), was the last independent ruler. He led yearly raids against the new Tang dynasty (618–907). In 626 he reached the gates of Chang'an. Emperor Taizong of Tang , who had just overthrown his father, chose to pay an enormous ransom. Taizong waited and enlarged his cavalry. In 627-29 unusual cold led to mass livestock deaths and famine. Instead of lowering taxes, Illig raised them. The Xueyantuo , Uyghurs, Bayegu and some of Illig's people rebelled and in 629 were joined by

276-860: A buffer state between China and the Xueyantuo. In 642 the Xueyantuo drove them south of the river. (See Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks#Aftermath in Mongolia .) Zhenzhu's son Duomi Khan (645–46) planned to attack China. Taizong allied with the Uyghurs and broke up the Xueyantuo clan. The Ashina Chebi Khan (646–50) tried to revive the Khaganate but was captured by the Chinese and Uyghurs. Two more attempts by Ashina Nishufu (679–80) and Ashina Funian (680–681) failed. Turkic power

345-509: A certain extent in South Korea , remain virtually identical to traditional characters, with variations between the two forms largely stylistic. There has historically been a debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters . Because the simplifications are fairly systematic, it is possible to convert computer-encoded characters between the two sets, with the main issue being ambiguities in simplified representations resulting from

414-506: A fruit) 'just fully ripe'; (of a human being) 'in the prime of life, young, and vigorous'". The Chinese Book of Zhou (7th century) presents an etymology of the name Turk as derived from 'helmet', explaining that this name comes from the shape of a mountain where they worked in the Altai Mountains . Hungarian scholar András Róna-Tas (1991) pointed to a Khotanese-Saka word, tturakä 'lid', semantically stretchable to 'helmet', as

483-579: A large Persian force. Tung Yabghu's murder in 630 forced the Göktürks to evacuate Transcaucasia. The Western Turkic Khaganate was modernized through an administrative reform of the Ashina clan (reigned 634–639) and came to be known as the Onoq . The name refers to the "ten arrows" that were granted by the khagan to ten leaders ( shads ) of its two constituent tribal confederations, the Duolu (five churs ) and Nushibi (five irkins ), whose lands were divided by

552-547: A possible source for this folk etymology, yet Golden thinks this connection requires more data. In 439 a man surnamed Ashina led 500 families west from Gansu to Gaochang near Turfan. In about 460 the Rouran moved them east to the Altai , which was an important source of metalwork for Siberia and Mongolia. David Christian says that the first dated mention of 'Turk' appears in Chinese annals in 542 when they made annual raids across

621-504: A warning ahead, allowing the emperor and empress time to flee to the commandery seat at present-day Daixian in Shanxi . This was besieged by the Turkic army on September 11, 615, but Sui reinforcements and a false report from Princess Yicheng to her husband about a northern attack on the khaganate caused him to lift the siege before its completion. In 626, Illig Qaghan took advantage of

690-869: Is 産 (also the accepted form in Japan and Korea), while in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan the accepted form is 產 (also the accepted form in Vietnamese chữ Nôm ). The PRC tends to print material intended for people in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese in traditional characters. For example, versions of the People's Daily are printed in traditional characters, and both People's Daily and Xinhua have traditional character versions of their website available, using Big5 encoding. Mainland companies selling products in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan use traditional characters in order to communicate with consumers;

759-591: Is a retronym applied to non-simplified character sets in the wake of widespread use of simplified characters. Traditional characters are commonly used in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and Macau , as well as in most overseas Chinese communities outside of Southeast Asia. As for non-Chinese languages written using Chinese characters, Japanese kanji include many simplified characters known as shinjitai standardized after World War II, sometimes distinct from their simplified Chinese counterparts . Korean hanja , still used to

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828-493: The Chinese Commercial News , World News , and United Daily News all use traditional characters, as do some Hong Kong–based magazines such as Yazhou Zhoukan . The Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified characters. DVDs are usually subtitled using traditional characters, influenced by media from Taiwan as well as by the two countries sharing the same DVD region , 3. With most having immigrated to

897-610: The Standard Form of National Characters . These forms were predominant in written Chinese until the middle of the 20th century, when various countries that use Chinese characters began standardizing simplified sets of characters, often with characters that existed before as well-known variants of the predominant forms. Simplified characters as codified by the People's Republic of China are predominantly used in mainland China , Malaysia, and Singapore. "Traditional" as such

966-709: The Kensiu language . First Turkic Khaganate Although the Göktürks spoke a Siberian Turkic language directly antecedent to the Orkhon Turkic of the Second Turkic Khaganate , the First Khaganate's early official texts and coins were written in Sogdian . It was the first Turkic state to use the name Türk politically. The Old Turkic script was invented at the first half of

1035-640: The Shanghainese -language character U+20C8E 𠲎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-20C8E —a composition of 伐 with the ⼝   'MOUTH' radical—used instead of the Standard Chinese 嗎 ; 吗 . Typefaces often use the initialism TC to signify the use of traditional Chinese characters, as well as SC for simplified Chinese characters . In addition, the Noto, Italy family of typefaces, for example, also provides separate fonts for

1104-713: The Tang campaigns against Karasahr in 644 and the Tang campaign against Kucha in 648, leading to the 657 conquest of the Western Turks by the Tang general Su Dingfang . Emperor Taizong of Tang was proclaimed Khagan of the Göktürks in 658. The Tang retained a member of the Ashina clan as a puppet khagan of the Türks. In 639, Ashina Jiesheshuai attempted to kill Emperor Taizong of Tang but failed, causing him to relocate

1173-555: The Xuanwu Gate Incident and drove on to Chang'an. On September 23, 626, Illig Qaghan and his iron cavalry reached the bank of the Wei River north of Bian Bridge (in present-day Xianyang , Shaanxi ). On September 25, 626, Tang Taizong allied with Iligh Khan and met with the khan on the border bridge, Tang Taizong accused Iligh Khan of crossing the border, the khan saw that Taizong was imposing, mistakenly thought that

1242-731: The Yellow River when it froze over. In 545 the future Bumin Qaghan was negotiating directly with the Western Wei (535–57) without regard to his Rouran overlords. Later the Turks were sent east to suppress a rebellion by the Kao-ch'e, but the Turks absorbed them into their own army. Bumin demanded a royal bride from the Rouran and was denounced as a 'blacksmith slave'. Bumin took a bride from

1311-600: The first emperor of the Tang dynasty, the impossible task of protecting the Sui dynasty's northern border. In 617, when tens of thousands of Turks reached Taiyuan , they found the gates open and the city suspiciously quiet. Fearing an ambush, the Turk's retreated. Li Yuan's deception had been successful and he quickly pressed his advantage offering the Turks "prisoners of war, women, jade and silks " in return for their friendship. The Turks declined, demanding instead that Li Yuan become

1380-701: The Chui River. The division fostered the growth of separatist tendencies. Soon, chieftain Kubrat of the Dulo clan , whose relation ship with the Duolu is possible but not proven, seceded from the Khaganate. The Tang dynasty campaigned against the khaganate and its vassals, the oasis states of the Tarim Basin. The Tang campaign against Karakhoja in 640 led to the retreat of the Western Turks, who were defeated during

1449-838: The Eastern Khaganate in the Mongolian Plateau. In the early period the Central Plain regimes were weak and paid tribute to the Turks at times. The Tang dynasty eventually overthrew the Eastern Turks in 630. The ethnonym Türk (pl. Türküt , > Middle Chinese as 突厥: early * dwət-kuɑt > late * tɦut-kyat > Mandarin Tūjué or Tújué ) is ultimately derived from the Old-Turkic migration-term 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰 Türük / Törük , which means 'created, born', from

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1518-742: The Eastern Turks, as well as peoples politically associated with Eastern Turks such as: the "Wooden-Horse Tujue" (including the Tuvans , whom Book of Sui and History of the Northern Dynasties listed as a Tiele tribe), the Tujue Sijie 突厥思結 (a tribe who were also members of the Tiele and later Toquz Oghuz ), as well as the Shatuo Tujue 沙陀突厥 and Khazars (突厥曷薩 Tūjué Hésà or Tújué Hésà; 突厥可薩部 Tūjué Kěsà bù or Tújué Kěsà bù), as well as

1587-640: The Göktürks into Europe. In 576 the Göktürks crossed the Kerch Strait into the Crimea . Five years later they laid siege to Chersonesus ; their cavalry kept roaming the steppes of Crimea until 590. As for the southern borders, they were drawn south of the Amu Darya , bringing the Ashina into conflict with their former allies, the Sasanian Empire. In 589, the Sasanian Empire attacked and defeated

1656-707: The Hephthalites, who were allies of the Rouran. This war tightened the Ashina clan's grip on the Silk Road . The alliance with China was further reinforced in 568 through the marriage of the Turkic princess Ashina , daughter of Muqan Qaghan, with Emperor Wu of the Xianbei -led Chinese Northern Zhou dynasty . The appearance of the Pannonian Avars in the West has been interpreted as a nomadic faction fleeing

1725-603: The Huihe (Uyghur). On March 27, 630, a Tang army under the command of Li Jing defeated the Eastern Turkic Khaganate under the command of Illig Qaghan at the Battle of Yinshan (陰山之戰 / 阴山之战 ). Illig Qaghan fled to Ishbara Shad, but on May 2, 630 Zhang Baoxiang 's army advanced to Ishbara Shad's headquarters. Illig Qaghan was taken prisoner and sent to Chang'an. The Eastern Turkic Khaganate collapsed and

1794-693: The Khitans and Taizong. Six Tang armies attacked in a 1200 kilometre front and Illig was captured (630). See Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks . After the fall of the Khaganate Zhenzhu Khan (629–45) of the Xueyantuo ruled much of the north. Taizong made the Ashina live inside the Ordos Loop . In 639, after an Ashina assassination attempt , Taizong made them live between the Yellow River and Gobi under Qilibi Khan (639–43) as

1863-597: The Old Turkic word root *türi- / töri- 'tribal root, (mythic) ancestry; take shape, to be born, be created, arise, spring up' and derived with the Old Turkic suffix 𐰰 ( -ik ), perhaps from Proto-Turkic *türi-k 'lineage, ancestry', (compare also the Proto-Turkic word root *töre- to be born, originate'). or 'strong', or originally a noun and meant "'the culminating point of maturity' (of a fruit, human being, etc.), but more often used as an [adjective] meaning (of

1932-477: The Ordos country. As the Sui dynasty ' s power waned, some individuals agreed to become vassals of Shibi Qaghan (609–19) and adopted Turkic-style titles, as well as the Khaganate's wolf's-head banners. In 615, the Sui lured his Sogdian advisor into a trap and killed him. He stopped paying tribute and briefly besieged Emperor Yang of Sui in Shanxi . In 615 Emperor Yang assigned Li Yuan, who would later become

2001-555: The People's Republic of China, traditional Chinese characters are standardised according to the Table of Comparison between Standard, Traditional and Variant Chinese Characters . Dictionaries published in mainland China generally show both simplified and their traditional counterparts. There are differences between the accepted traditional forms in mainland China and elsewhere, for example the accepted traditional form of 产 in mainland China

2070-587: The Shatuo's and Khazars' predecessors, the Western Turks 西突厥 Xī Tūjué or Xī Tújué , who were not named as Türük , but On-Ok "Ten Arrows, Ten Tribes" in the Orkhon inscriptions. Only later would Islamic chroniclers use Turks to denote Inner Asian nomadic peoples, and then modern historians would use Turks to refer to all peoples speaking Turkic languages , differentiated from non-Turkic speakers. The west

2139-419: The Sui capital, around 600, demanding Emperor Yangdi end his interference in the civil war . In retaliation, Sui diplomacy successfully incited a revolt of Tardu's Tiele vassals, which led to the end of Tardu's reign in 603. Among the dissident tribes were the Uyghurs and Xueyantuo . The civil war left the empire divided into eastern and western parts. The eastern part, still ruled from Otukan, remained in

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2208-438: The Turks were "slaves" need not be taken literally, but probably represented a form of vassalage, or even unequal alliance. A disappointed Bumin allied with the Western Wei against the Rouran, their common enemy, by marrying Princess Changle . In 552, Bumin defeated Anagui and his forces north of Huaihuang (modern Zhangjiakou , Hebei ). Having excelled both in battle and diplomacy, Bumin declared himself Illig Khagan of

2277-592: The Türks. Much of Bactria (including Balkh ) remained a dependency of the Ashina until the end of the century. The Göktürks played a major role with the Byzantine Empire's relationship with the Persian Sasanian Empire . The first contact is believed to be 563 and relates to the incident in 558 where the slaves of the Turks (the Pannonian Avars ) ran away during their war with the Hephthalites . The second contact occurred when Maniah,

2346-609: The Türks. These khagans were not well respected among their peers and a new group of leaders known as the Turgesh were established by 699. In 657, the Tang emperor could impose indirect rule along the Silk Road as far as modern-day Iran . He installed two khagans to rule the ten arrows (tribes) of Göktürks. Five arrows of Tulu (咄陆) were ruled by khagans bearing the title of Xingxiwang (興昔亡可汗) while five arrows of Nushipi (弩失畢可汗) were ruled by Jiwangjue (繼往絕可汗). Five Tulu corresponded to

2415-532: The United States during the second half of the 19th century, Chinese Americans have long used traditional characters. When not providing both, US public notices and signs in Chinese are generally written in traditional characters, more often than in simplified characters. In the past, traditional Chinese was most often encoded on computers using the Big5 standard, which favored traditional characters. However,

2484-695: The Western Wei, defeated the Rouran ruler in Jehol and took the royal title of Khagan (552). Strictly speaking, the politonym Kök Tür(ü)k "Blue ~ Heavenly Turks", found on the Orkhon inscriptions, only denotes the Eastern Turks, as Old Turkic kök means "heaven, blue" and signifies the cardinal direction east . The Uyghurs , another people contemporary to Eastern Turks' Latter Göktürk successors , were also Turkic speakers yet used Türük to denote Latter Göktürks, not themselves. Chinese chroniclers used 突厥 Tūjué or Tújué to denote First Turkic Khaganate ,

2553-449: The animals. According to the New Book of Tang , in 628, Taizong mentioned that "There has been a frost in midsummer. The sun had risen from same place for five days. The moon had had the same light level for three days. The field was filled with red atmosphere (dust storm)." Illig Qaghan was brought down by a revolt of his Tiele vassal tribes (626–630), allied with Emperor Taizong of Tang. This tribal alliance figures in Chinese records as

2622-404: The area east of Lake Balkash while five arrows of Nushipi corresponded to the land east of the Aral Sea. Göktürks now carried Chinese titles and fought by their side in their wars. The era spanning from 657 to 699 in the steppes was characterized by numerous rulers – weak, divided, and engaged in constant petty wars under the Anxi Protectorate until the rise of Turgesh. The Second Turkic Khaganate

2691-408: The border to be prepared as compensation for the Tang dynasty, which Emperor Taizong did not accept, believing that this was too little. All in all, 67 incursions into China proper were recorded. Before mid-October 627, heavy snows on the Mongolian-Manchurian grassland covered the ground to a depth of several feet, preventing the nomads' livestock from grazing and causing a massive die-off among

2760-410: The current goals of the Byzantine Empire (who correspondingly lacked trust in the Turks as partners). When the fourth ruler of the khaganate, Taspar Qaghan , died in 581, the realm split in two over the succession. He had willed the title of khagan to Muqan's son Apa Qaghan , but the high council appointed Ishbara Qaghan instead. Factions formed around both leaders. Before long, four rivals claimed

2829-493: The inverse is equally true as well. In digital media, many cultural phenomena imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan into mainland China, such as music videos, karaoke videos, subtitled movies, and subtitled dramas, use traditional Chinese characters. In Hong Kong and Macau , traditional characters were retained during the colonial period, while the mainland adopted simplified characters. Simplified characters are contemporaneously used to accommodate immigrants and tourists, often from

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2898-725: The mainland. The increasing use of simplified characters has led to concern among residents regarding protecting what they see as their local heritage. Taiwan has never adopted simplified characters. The use of simplified characters in government documents and educational settings is discouraged by the government of Taiwan. Nevertheless, with sufficient context simplified characters are likely to be successfully read by those used to traditional characters, especially given some previous exposure. Many simplified characters were previously variants that had long been in some use, with systematic stroke simplifications used in folk handwriting since antiquity. Traditional characters were recognized as

2967-682: The majority of Chinese text in mainland China are simplified characters , there is no legislation prohibiting the use of traditional Chinese characters, and often traditional Chinese characters remain in use for stylistic and commercial purposes, such as in shopfront displays and advertising. Traditional Chinese characters remain ubiquitous on buildings that predate the promulgation of the current simplification scheme, such as former government buildings, religious buildings, educational institutions, and historical monuments. Traditional Chinese characters continue to be used for ceremonial, cultural, scholarly/academic research, and artistic/decorative purposes. In

3036-444: The members of the Byzantine delegation at the funeral of Istämi to lacerate their faces to humiliate them. The subsequent hostility shown by the new ruler Tardu would be matched in Byzantine writings. With the insults reflecting a breakdown of the alliance, the likely cause is that the anger was due to the Turks not having their expectations met from their agreements and realising they were being used when they no longer aligned with

3105-916: The merging of previously distinct character forms. Many Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between these character sets. Traditional characters are known by different names throughout the Chinese-speaking world. The government of Taiwan officially refers to traditional Chinese characters as 正體字 ; 正体字 ; zhèngtǐzì ; 'orthodox characters'. This term is also used outside Taiwan to distinguish standard characters, including both simplified, and traditional, from other variants and idiomatic characters . Users of traditional characters elsewhere, as well as those using simplified characters, call traditional characters 繁體字 ; 繁体字 ; fántǐzì ; 'complex characters', 老字 ; lǎozì ; 'old characters', or 全體字 ; 全体字 ; quántǐzì ; 'full characters' to distinguish them from simplified characters. Some argue that since traditional characters are often

3174-415: The new khanate at Otukan , but died only months later. His son, Muqan Qaghan , defeated the Hephthalite Empire . Bumin's brother Istämi (d. 576) bore the title " Yabgu of the West". This western branch of the Ashina clan was de facto independent while the eastern khagan was formally recognized as the senior. In 557, Istämi forged an alliance with the Sassanid Empire of Iran to defeat and destroy

3243-556: The official script in Singapore until 1969, when the government officially adopted Simplified characters. Traditional characters still are widely used in contexts such as in baby and corporation names, advertisements, decorations, official documents and in newspapers. The Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative in Southeast Asia regarding simplification. Although major public universities teach in simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications such as

3312-462: The orbit of the Sui and retained the name Göktürk. The Shibi Khan (609–619) and Illig Qaghan (620–630) attacked the Central Plain at its weakest moment during the transition between the Sui and Tang . Shibi Khan's surprise attack against Yanmen Commandery during an imperial tour of the northern frontier almost captured Emperor Yang , but his ethnic Han wife Princess Yicheng—who had been well treated by Empress Xiao during an earlier visit—sent

3381-700: The original standard forms, they should not be called 'complex'. Conversely, there is a common objection to the description of traditional characters as 'standard', due to them not being used by a large population of Chinese speakers. Additionally, as the process of Chinese character creation often made many characters more elaborate over time, there is sometimes a hesitation to characterize them as 'traditional'. Some people refer to traditional characters as 'proper characters' ( 正字 ; zhèngzì or 正寫 ; zhèngxiě ) and to simplified characters as 簡筆字 ; 简笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'simplified-stroke characters' or 減筆字 ; 减笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'reduced-stroke characters', as

3450-409: The reinforcements of the Tang Dynasty had arrived, plus two years ago, he had seen Li Shimin, who was still the crown prince at that time, in Binzhou (彬州), and was asked to duel. The khan was afraid and agreed to retreat in an alliance, which is called the Weishui Alliance (渭水之盟) or the Alliance of Bian Qiao (便橋會盟 / 便桥会盟). On the third day after the meeting, the khan sent 3,000 horses and 10,000 sheep to

3519-400: The remaining Rouran, who resisted until 555, pushed the Kitans east and controlled the Yenisei Kirghiz . He was followed by Taspar Qaghan (572–81). The Eastern Turks extracted a large amount of booty and tribute from the Western Wei (535–57) and Northern Zhou (557–581) dynasties, including 100,000 rolls of silk annually, which they tried to sell in Central Asia . In 581 the Sui dynasty

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3588-405: The sixth century. The Khaganate collapsed in 603, after a series of conflicts and civil wars which separated the polity into the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and Western Turkic Khaganate . The Tang China conquered the Eastern Turkic Khaganate in 630 and the Western Turkic Khaganate in 657 in a series of military campaigns. The Second Turkic Khaganate emerged in 682 and lasted until 744, when it

3657-470: The title. They were successfully played off against each other by the Sui and Tang dynasties. Istämi's son, Tardu the leader of the western Türks, made a bid for total independence. He now seized the title and led an army east to claim the seat of imperial power, Otukan. In order to buttress his position, Ishbara of the Eastern Khaganate, acknowledged the suzerainty of Emperor Yang of Sui in order to seek their protection. Tardu attacked Chang'an ,

3726-528: The traditional character set used in Taiwan ( TC ) and the set used in Hong Kong ( HK ). Most Chinese-language webpages now use Unicode for their text. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends the use of the language tag zh-Hant to specify webpage content written with traditional characters. In the Japanese writing system , kyujitai are traditional forms, which were simplified to create shinjitai for standardized Japanese use following World War II. Kyūjitai are mostly congruent with

3795-819: The traditional characters in Chinese, save for minor stylistic variation. Characters that are not included in the jōyō kanji list are generally recommended to be printed in their traditional forms, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there are kokuji , which are kanji wholly created in Japan, rather than originally being borrowed from China. In the Korean writing system , hanja —replaced almost entirely by hangul in South Korea and totally replaced in North Korea —are mostly identical with their traditional counterparts, save minor stylistic variations. As with Japanese, there are autochthonous hanja, known as gukja . Traditional Chinese characters are also used by non-Chinese ethnic groups. The Maniq people living in Thailand and Malaysia use Chinese characters to write

3864-412: The ubiquitous Unicode standard gives equal weight to simplified and traditional Chinese characters, and has become by far the most popular encoding for Chinese-language text. There are various input method editors (IMEs) available for the input of Chinese characters . Many characters, often dialectical variants, are encoded in Unicode but cannot be inputted using certain IMEs, with one example being

3933-453: The west . Finally, the Eastern Turkic Khaganate was defeated and absorbed by the Tang dynasty , and Xueyantuo occupied the territory of the former Turkic Khaganate. In 552–555 the Göktürks replaced the Rouran Khaganate as the dominant power on the Mongolian Plateau , forming the First Turkic Khaganate (552–630). They quickly spread west to the Caspian Sea. Between 581 and 603 the Western Turkic Khaganate in Central Asia separated from

4002-444: The westward expansion of the Göktürks, although the specifics are a matter of irreconcilable debate given the lack of clear sources and chronology. Rene Grousset links the Avars with the downfall of the Hephthalites rather than the Rouran, while Denis Sinor argues that Rouran-Avar identification is "repeated from article to article, from book to book with no shred of evidence to support it". Istämi's policy of western expansion brought

4071-418: The words for simplified and reduced are homophonous in Standard Chinese , both pronounced as jiǎn . The modern shapes of traditional Chinese characters first appeared with the emergence of the clerical script during the Han dynasty c.  200 BCE , with the sets of forms and norms more or less stable since the Southern and Northern dynasties period c.  the 5th century . Although

4140-451: Was Suyab in the Chu River valley, about 6 km south east of modern Tokmok . In 627 Tung Yabghu, assisted by the Khazars and Emperor Heraclius , launched a massive invasion of Transcaucasia which culminated in the taking of Derbent and Tbilisi (see the Third Perso-Turkic War for details). In April 630 Tung's deputy Böri Shad sent the Göktürk cavalry to invade Armenia , where his general Chorpan Tarkhan succeeded in routing

4209-408: Was assassinated. Tardush moved from the west and briefly reunified the Turkic empire (599–603). The Sui supported his rivals, he attacked the Sui dynasty, the Sui poisoned the wells and he was forced to retreat. From 603 the east and west were definitely split. The east went to Yami Qaghan (603-09) as a sort of Sui vassal. He admired Han culture and had the Han people build him a civilized house in

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4278-420: Was becoming the Western Khaganate. Apa and Tardush then drove Ishbara east. He submitted to the Sui and with Sui support drove Apa west into Tardush's territory. In 587 both Apa and Ishbara died. (See Gokturk civil war ) Ishbara was followed in the east by his brother Bagha Qaghan (587–88) who was followed by Ishbara's son Tulan Qaghan (588–99). In 587 Tulan stopped paying tribute to the Sui and two years later

4347-579: Was founded and began to reunify China proper . The Sui began pushing back, generally by supporting or bribing one faction against the other. Taspar died the same year the Sui dynasty was founded. The three claimants were the sons of the three previous rulers. Taspar chose Muqan's son Apa Qaghan , but the elders rejected this and chose Taspar's son Anlo (581). Anlo soon yielded to Issik's son Ishbara Qaghan (581–87). Anlo became insignificant and Apa and Ishbara fought it out. In 584 Ishbara attacked Apa and drove him west to Bumin's brother Tardush , who ruled what

4416-489: Was founded by Ilterish Qaghan after rebelling against the Tang in 681. The population of the First Turkic Khaganate displayed genetic heterogeneity. Türk remains analysed displayed on average c. 62% Ancient Northeast Asian , c. 27% Western Steppe Herders , and c. 11% BMAC -associated ancestry. A sample belonging to the Ashina tribe , the ruling clan of the Göktürks, was found to be nearly entirely derived from Ancient Northeast Asians (96-98%) and also displayed affinity for

4485-425: Was given to Bumin's younger brother Istämi (552–75) and his son Tardush (575–603). Ishtami expanded the empire to the Caspian and the Oxus river. The Gokturks gained the Tarim Basin and thus the Silk Road trade and the Sogdian merchants that managed it. Bumin died in the year of his rebellion (552) and was followed by three of his sons. Issik Qaghan (552–53) reigned briefly. Muqan Khagan (553–72) finished off

4554-407: Was incorporated into the Jimi system of Tang. Emperor Taizong said, "It's enough for me to compensate my dishonor at Wei River." The Western khagan Sheguy and Tong Yabghu Qaghan constructed an alliance with the Byzantine Empire against the Sasanian Empire and defeated the Sasanians in 628, successfully restoring the southern borders along the Tarim and Amu Darya rivers. Their capital

4623-602: Was overthrown by the Uyghur Khaganate . The origins of the Turkic Khanate trace back to 546, when Bumin Qaghan made a preemptive strike against the Uyghur and Tiele groups planning a revolt against their overlords, the Rouran Khanate . For this service he expected to be rewarded with a Rouran princess, thus marrying into the royal family. However, the Rouran khagan , Yujiulü Anagui , sent an emissary to Bumin to rebuke him, saying, "You are my blacksmith slave. How dare you utter these words?" As Anagui's "blacksmith slave" ( Chinese : 鍛 奴 ; pinyin : duànnú ) comment

4692-406: Was recorded in Chinese chronicles, some claim that the Göktürks were indeed blacksmith servants for the Rouran elite, and that "blacksmith slavery" may have indicated a form of vassalage within Rouran society. According to Denis Sinor , this reference indicates that the Türks specialized in metallurgy, although it is unclear if they were miners or, indeed, blacksmiths. Whatever the case, that

4761-409: Was restored by the Second Turkic Khaganate (682–744), followed by the Uyghur Khaganate (744–840). ( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis ) Traditional Chinese characters Traditional Chinese characters are a standard set of Chinese character forms used to write Chinese languages . In Taiwan , the set of traditional characters is regulated by the Ministry of Education and standardized in

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