Galkayo ( Somali : Gaalkacyo , Arabic : جالكعيو , Italian : Gallacaio also known as Rocca Littorio ) is the third-largest city in Somalia which serves as the capital of the north-central Mudug region.
78-638: Geographically, Galkayo is divided into four main quarters: Garsoor, Horumar, Israac, and Wadajir. Puntland fully controls Galkayo, hormar, and israac (The neutral areas are sited by the Old Galkayo market. Galkayo serves as the capital of the Galkayo District . The city has grown considerably in recent times and serves as a commercial hub. At its founding, the city was primarily inhabited by pastoralists, who sporadically fought in clan groups over resources like water and grazing land. In particular,
156-631: A Federal Member State . Puntland is located in the northeastern part of Somalia and its state capital is the city of Garoowe in the Nugal region. The region had a population of 4,334,633 in 2016. Puntland is bordered by Somaliland to its west, the Gulf of Aden in the north, the Guardafui Channel in the northeast, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, the central Galmudug region in
234-682: A protectorate , thereby passing the city into nominal Italian control. Under Italian rule, the city's communities were split along the "Tomaselli Line" to prevent further conflict between the Darod and the Hawiye. After World War II, Italian Somaliland became the Trust Territory of Somalia under the guidance of the United Nations . At this time, the city saw significant unity among rival groups due to growing Somali nationalism, spurred by
312-587: A Galkayo branch, one of its seven campuses in Puntland. Additionally, the public Galkayo Vocational Training Centre and the privately owned Mudug Vocational Training Center provide technical training. Galkayo is home to Awale Stadium , a sporting facility that is named in memory of Mohammed Awale Liban , a Somali nationalist who designed the flag of Somalia in 1954. The stadium hosts many local football clubs, including FC YAMAYS, RPS FC, Dowladda Hoose FC, Comced FC, Homboboro FC, Telecom FC and Galcom FC. In addition,
390-1255: A Post-Primary Education Division (PPED) and a Basic Education Directorate (BED), among other boards. The educational system of Puntland comprises two years of Early Childhood Development (ECD), eight years of primary education (four years of lower primary and four years of upper primary) and four years of secondary education . Tertiary education comprises an average of four years, with the region currently counting seven major universities: Puntland State University in Garowe , Puntland State University in Galkayo , Bosaso College in Bosaso , East Somalia University in Qardho , Mogadishu University (Puntland branch) in Bosaso, Maakhir University in Badhan , Sanaag , and Nugaal University in Las Anod . East Africa University also has six branches in Puntland, with campuses in Bosaso, Erigavo , Galdogob , Galkayo, Garowe and Qardho. Thus, it
468-668: A key difference was that Puntland was formed as a descendant-based entity unlike in Somaliland. The state was established as a "homeland" for the Harti community of Northern Somalia, whereby the Majeerten were deemed as the "chief architects" of the entity. Since its establishment in 1998, Puntland has also been in territorial disputes with Somaliland over the Sool , Sanaag and Ayn regions. The legal structure of Puntland consists of
546-408: A launching ceremony of a tender process for the Bosaso airport's renovations was held at the facility. The renovations will include the extension of the airport's gravel runway from 1,800 m to 2,650 m. The runway's width will also be widened from 30 m to 45 m, and feature 7.5 m gravel shoulders on both sides. According to Puntland Deputy Minister of Civil Aviation Abdiqani Gelle,
624-421: A member of a Darod subclan, backed the Darod people in their struggle over the city. On 12 November 1989, a group of Hawiye officers mutinied against Barre's regime for this clan favoritism. This mutiny was put down a day later by a militia led by Maslah Mohammed Barre , Siad Barre's son. Hawiye villages around Galkayo were punished in response to the mutiny by Barre's militia, furthering the divide between them and
702-412: A new anti-terrorism law to more efficiently handle terror suspects and their accomplices; a special court is also expected to be established within the region's existing criminal courts system to facilitate the task. Fiscally, a transparent, budget -based public finance system was established, which has reportedly helped increase public confidence in government. In addition, a new regional constitution
780-564: A police crackdown and comprehensive administrative reform in 2010 and 2011. The Puntland and Galmudug administrations subsequently signed an accord in Garowe in February 2011, officially agreeing to cooperate on security, economic and social matters so as to strengthen inter-regional relations. A lively trading city, Galkayo is a center for local business. Hotels, guest houses, restaurants, supermarkets and newly erected office blocks earmarked for
858-412: A renovation project was launched, with KMC contracted to upgrade the harbor. The initiative's first phase saw the clean-up of unwanted materials from the dockyard and was completed within the month. The second phase involves the reconstruction of the port's adjoining seabed, with the objective of accommodating larger ships. In 2012, a team of engineers was also enlisted by the Puntland authorities to assess
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#1732780953533936-470: A road in Puntland caused a skirmish which left 20 dead, 120 injured, and 90,000 displaced. Another conflict arose in October 2016 over construction rights in a disputed area of the city, which saw a ceasefire agreement meant to allow free transport of goods and people between the two administrations and establish a joint police force to protect the entire city. Galkayo is situated in north-central Somalia, in
1014-451: A robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front. The Majeerteen Sultanate was nearly destroyed in the mid-1800s by a power struggle between Boqor Osman and his ambitious cousin, Yusuf Ali Kenadid . After almost five years of battle, the young upstart was finally forced into exile in Yemen . A decade later, in
1092-445: A single electoral vote. Abdihakim Abdullahi Haji Omar was concurrently elected Puntland's vice president. On 8 January 2019 the former Federal Minister for Planning and International Cooperation, Said Abdullahi Deni, was declared the new president. The election was closely contested, going to a third round of voting. Deni defeated former intelligence officer, Asad Osman Diyano. Deni got 35 votes, to Diayno's 31 votes. Deni addressed
1170-597: A source of water rather than surface water . There are four main seasons around which pastoral and agricultural life revolve, and these are dictated by shifts in the wind patterns. Puntland's seasons are: Following the outbreak of the civil war in Somalia, numerous problems arose with regard to access to education in rural areas and along gender lines, quality of educational provisions, responsiveness of school curricula, educational standards and controls, management and planning capacity, and financing. To address these concerns,
1248-666: A team of botanists led by Dr. Mats Thulin of Uppsala University in Sweden visited the Cal Madow range on behalf of the Flora Somaliland Project based in Uppsala . The study they conducted under the guidance of Somali Prof. Ahmed Warfa (Department of Botany and Range, Somali National University) constituted the most extensive botanical survey ever done in the area, with about eight new species of plant discovered in
1326-620: Is a mountain range in Somaliland . It stretches across an area between the east of Sanaag to the Bari regions of Somaliland . Its peak sits at almost 2,500 m (8,200 ft) in Shimbiris , northwest of Erigavo . Cal Madow was a tourist destination in the late 1980s. The local population of the Sanaag region is primarily responsible for preserving the habitat, which continues to face
1404-407: Is a 2-4-4-4 system. Puntland's Ministry of Education also recognizes non-formal education (NFE) and technical/vocational education and training (TVET) as integral parts of the region's educational system. From 2005/2006 to 2006/2007, there was a significant increase in the number of schools in Puntland, up 137 institutions from just one year prior. During the same period, the number of classes in
1482-732: Is a locally recruited, professional maritime security force. It is primarily aimed at preventing, detecting and eradicating piracy , illegal fishing , and other illicit activity off of the coast of Somalia, and at generally safeguarding the nation's marine resources. In addition, the Force provides civic support, including repairing wells, rehabilitating hospitals and clinics, and refurbishing roads, airports and other infrastructure. It also offers skills training programs to local communities. Cal Madow Cal Madow (also Calmadow , Al Madow, Al Medu, or Al Mado; Somali : Buuraha Calmadow ; Arabic : عَلَمْدُو , romanized : ʿAlamdū )
1560-544: Is bordered by Somaliland to its west, the Gulf of Aden in the north, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and Ethiopia in the southwest. Puntland occupies a total land area of 212,510 km (82,050 sq mi) or roughly one-third of Somalia's geographical area. Mountains include Golis Mountains , Galgala , and Al Madow . The region is semi-arid , with a warm climate and average daily temperatures ranging from 27 °C (80.6 °F) to 37 °C (98.6 °F). These climatic conditions favor pastoralism as
1638-573: Is considered the most progressive, and is attempting to close the gender gap so that more females will be able to attend school. Other regions are following Puntland's lead in that regard. Within the Puntland government, the Ministry of Education is responsible for developing and managing the region's educational needs. It is headed by the Minister Mohamud Bile Dubbe, under whom a Vice Minister and Director General help oversee
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#17327809535331716-580: Is derived from the Land of Punt mentioned in ancient Egyptian sources, although the exact location of the fabled territory is still a mystery. Many studies suggest that the Land of Punt was located in present-day Somalia, whereas others propose that it was situated elsewhere. On 31 March 2024, following changes to the Constitution of Somalia , the government of Puntland stated that it no longer recognises
1794-412: Is divided into four main districts called Garsoor, Horumar, Israac, and Wadajir respectively. The Puntland Administration fully controls Garsoor, Israac, and Horumar (The neutral areas are sited by the Old Galkayo market and the loose boundary. Although relatively stable compared to southern Somalia, sporadic targeted assassination attempts by Al-Shabaab militants against Puntland public officials led to
1872-481: Is estimated at 20 inhabitants per square kilometre (52/sq mi). As with the rest of Somalia, Islam is the main religion of the Puntland region. Municipal bus services operate in Bosaso , Garowe , Las Anod , Galkayo and Qardho . Shuttle services between the region's major towns and adjacent hamlets are also available via different types of vehicles, such as 4 wheel drives and light goods vehicles (LGV). As of May 2015, over 70,000 vehicles are registered with
1950-822: Is not recognized by any international entity. In September 2013, the Somali federal government signed an official cooperation agreement with its Chinese counterpart in Mogadishu as part of a five-year national recovery plan. The pact will see the Chinese authorities reconstruct several major infrastructural landmarks in the Somali capital and elsewhere, as well as the road linking Galkayo with Burao . Various media organizations are based in Galkayo. These include Radio Daljir, Radio Galmudug and Radio Codka-Mudug. Radio Gaalkacyo , formerly known as Radio Free Somalia, also broadcasts from
2028-533: Is primarily inhabited by people from the Somali ethnic group, with the Darod especially well-represented. There are also a number of Mehri residents. Currently, 31% of the region's residents live in the fast-growing towns of Bosaso , Gardo , Las Anod , Buuhoodle , Badhan , Galdogob , Garowe and Galkayo . Approximately 70% of the population is also below the age of 30. The population density in Puntland
2106-456: Is thus much richer than that of the Sahel region in general. Of the 156 plant families observed in Somalia, about 21% are restricted to the northern part of the country, while 11% are found in the south. Somalilland houses a greater number of endemic plant species, many of which grow in the northern and eastern regions, notably in Cal Madow. Most of these species are herbs not found anywhere else in
2184-661: The Darod , dominant in the north of the city, and the Hawiye , dominant in the south of the city, fought over the city due to their long-standing rivalry. Galkayo was formally established in the late 19th century by Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid of the Hobyo Sultanate . Kenadid, as part of an ongoing power struggle with his rivals in the Majeerteen Sultanate , signed a treaty with the Kingdom of Italy to become
2262-1048: The Majerteen , followed by the Leelkase , Arab Salah and Surre clans. The neighborhood of Wadajir in the southern area of the city, is mainly inhabited by the Sa'ad sub-division of the Habar Gidir . Galkayo has a number of academic institutions. According to the Puntland Ministry of Education, there are 40 primary schools in the Galkayo District . Among these are the Axmed Guray school in Israac, named after Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey); Al-Qudus in Horumar; and Barkhadle in Garsoor, built in honour of
2340-666: The Puntland Dervish Force (PDF), its official paramilitary division. It operates its own police force, which includes a Special Protection Unit. The Puntland Intelligence Agency (PIA) is the intelligence bureau of Puntland's military. It was established in 2001 as the Puntland Intelligence Service during the rule of President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed , with help from the United States. The Puntland Maritime Police Force (PMPF)
2418-692: The 13th century scholar and saint Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn (Aw Barkhadle). Puntland secondary schools in the area include Haji Ali Bihi, Cumar Samatar Secondary School (CSSS), Yasin Nor Hassan and Galkayo High. In addition, several new schools were opened in 2012. Institutions of higher learning with a presence in the city include the Puntland State University , Puntland University of Science and Technology, Galkayo University , and Mudug University. East Africa University (EAU) also has
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2496-559: The 1870s, Kenadid returned from the Arabian Peninsula with a band of Hadhrami musketeers and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to overpower the local clans and establish the Sultanate of Hobyo in 1878. In late 1889, Boqor Osman entered into a treaty with Italy , making his realm an Italian protectorate . His rival Sultan Kenadid had signed a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate
2574-676: The COVID-19 crisis, the Government of Puntland launched the Learning Passport, a digital remote learning platform where children can access educational content both online and offline from their homes. The Learning Passport is a ground-breaking partnership between UNICEF, Microsoft and the University of Cambridge. As of 2016, the population of Puntland is estimated at 4,334,633 residents, 39% of whom are nomads . The region
2652-725: The Darod, and leading to a subsequent mutiny in Mogadishu on 5 December 1989. During the Somali Civil War , the Hawiye rebel organization United Somali Congress attacked Darod elements in Galkayo, starting a major clan war surrounding the city and Mudug region as a whole. The fighting clans drew administrative borders through the city, splitting it between the Darod-controlled Puntland and the Hawiye-controlled Galmudug, strengthening
2730-578: The Puntland Ministry of Works and Transport. Puntland is traversed by a 750 km (470 mi) north–south highway. It connects major cities in the northern part of Somalia, such as Garowe, Bosaso and Galkayo, with towns in the south. In 2012, the Puntland Highway Authority completed rehabilitation work on the central artery linking Garowe with Galkayo. The transportation body also started an upgrade and repair project in June 2012 on
2808-736: The Puntland government is in the process of developing an educational policy to guide the region's scholastic process as it embarks on the path of reconstruction and economic development. The latter includes a gender sensitive national education policy compliant with world standards, such as those outlined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Examples of this and other educational measures at work are
2886-486: The Puntland government passed a new regional draft constitution, representing a significant step toward the eventual introduction of a multi-party political system to the region for the first time. On 15 April 2012, the Puntland government opened a four-day constitutional convention officially inaugurating the new Constitution of Puntland . Overseen by the Puntland Electoral Commission (PEC),
2964-857: The Puntland government plans to carry out similar upgrades at the Garowe International Airport in Garowe, the Abdullahi Yusuf International Airport in Galkayo, and the Qardho Airport in Qardho. The Puntland Security Force (PSF) is the armed force of the autonomous Puntland region. Commanders and senior officials of the military are appointed by a qualified panel approved by the Council of Ministers. The Puntland security apparatus also has an independent military judiciary. The PSF includes
3042-576: The Transitional Puntland Electoral Commission (TPEC). According to Farole, the general public will be eligible for membership in the organization once it is selected as an official political party. Five other political associations were established the following month, including the Development and Justice Party Horcad launched by an entrepreneur and businessman Omar Ismail Waberi along other politicians,
3120-637: The Union of the People of the Regions or UPR (Ururka Gobolada Umadaha Bahoobey or UGUB), Midnimo, Talowadaag (Consensus-building), and GAHAYR or Golaha Aqoonta iyo Horumarinta ee Asaaska Yoolka Runta (Council of Education and Development towards Founding the True Goal). On 8 January 2014, former Prime Minister of Somalia Abdiweli Mohamed Ali was elected as the 5th President of Puntland overcoming Dr. Farole by
3198-431: The authority of the Somali federal government and would no longer participate in Somali federal institutions. Furthermore, it was stated that Puntland would "operate as a state that's independent from Somalia until there is a federal government with a constitution agreed upon in a referendum in which Puntland participates". The Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) was founded in the mid-18th century. It rose to prominence
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3276-679: The autonomous Puntland State of Somalia was established to deliver services to the population, offer security, facilitate trade, and interact with domestic and international partners. Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed served as the fledgling state's founding president. As stipulated in Article 1 of the Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic , Puntland is a part of the Federal State of Somalia. As such,
3354-640: The best-known sceneries in Cal Madow. Despite the current changes in land use, Cal Madow has internationally valuable unexploited mineral deposits and unique natural habitats. It is considered a key area for oil exploration, and has a petroleum system identical to, and formerly contiguous with, those within the Republic of Yemen . Florally, Cal Madow has approximately 1,000 plant species, 200 of which are only found on this mountain range. The flora of Somalila, much of which constitutes unique genetic resources , contains more than 3000 species of vascular plants , and
3432-579: The city also has another stadium Abdullahi Issa stadium in the South, named after Abdullahi Issa , the Prime Minister of Italian Somalia during the trusteeship period, serving from February 29, 1956, to July 1, 1960. Various courts built specifically for basketball and volleyball also exist in the city. Air transportation in Galacyo is served by the Abdullahi Yusuf Airport , operated by Puntland and Oshaco International Airport operated by Galmudug . Unlike Abdullahi Yusuf Airport , Oshaco International Airport does not have IATA and ICAO airport codes as it
3510-427: The city. Galkayo consists of the following neighborhoods: Israac, Horumar, Garsoor and Wadajir. Puntland Puntland ( Somali : Puntland , Arabic : أرض البنط , Italian : Terra di Punt or Paese di Punt ), officially the Puntland State of Somalia ( Somali : Dowlad Goboleedka Puntland ee Soomaaliya , Arabic : ولاية أرض البنط الصومالية ), is an autonomous territory formed in 1998 that became
3588-424: The constitution represented the final step in the extant regional democratization process and was scheduled to be followed by the formation of political parties. On 12 September 2012, the Puntland Electoral Commission announced that the registration process for political parties in Puntland was now open. This came after the passing of the Political Association Law, the Referendum Act, the District Elections Law and
3666-409: The country most proximate to Galkayo are Hobyo (217 km), Garowe (219 km) and Qardho (358 km). Shimbiris , the highest peak in Somalia, is located some 432 km to the north in the Cal Madow mountain range. Galkayo has a hot arid climate ( Köppen BWh ). Galkayo is situated in the north-central part of Somalia, and is one of the most developed towns in the region. The city
3744-448: The distribution of juniperus ( dayib ), one of the species locals use for timber. For timber production, the buxus ( dhoqos ), buxus and celtis ( boodaar ) poles are cut from living trees in the evergreen forest . The discovery of the locust bean ( Ceratonia oreothauma ), lavenders and many other plant species has emphasized the many links the Cal Madow highlands have with the Mediterranean region . The Lamadaya waterfalls has one of
3822-411: The divide between them. As the fighting of the Somali Civil War became more violent, the United Nations intervened with United Nations Operation in Somalia II , and negotiated peace within the Mudug region and the withdrawal of militant fighters from Galkayo. Conflicts between Puntland and Galmudug authorities continued to erupt over the status of Galkayo. In November 2015, anger over the construction of
3900-452: The following century, under the reign of the resourceful Boqor (King) Osman Mahamuud . Centred in Aluula , it controlled much of northern and central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Boqor Osman was one of the prominent Darood clan chiefs who ruled the ancient towns of Alula , Bargaal , Bosaso and Hafun and subsequently emerged as a powerful traditional elder who fully controlled areas under his rule. The polity maintained
3978-408: The forests offer unique opportunities for education and research. The agricultural benefit of clearing the forests, on the other hand, are negligible. The development of a wildlife reserve in these areas is under way and implemented by ECOTERRA Intl. together with the Calmadow Trust. International support should encourage the development of a study center, which would increase awareness of the value of
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#17327809535334056-438: The government and NGOs line the streets, juxtaposed by the tall minarets of masjids . The city also offers numerous social services such as hospitals, petrol stops and police stations, with the former Somali Army barracks kept in good condition and renovated. Moreover, Galkayo is a hub of calligraphic art, serving as a training ground of sorts for local visual artists . Elaborate murals and phrases in Arabic and English adorn
4134-403: The government's enactment of legislation aimed at securing the educational interests of girls, promoting the growth of an Early Childhood Development (ECD) program designed to reach parents and care-givers in their homes as well as in the ECD centers for 0- to 5-year-old children, and introducing incentive packages to encourage teachers to work in remote rural areas. Puntland's education system
4212-477: The gradual extension into northern Somalia of European colonial rule, all three sultanates were annexed to Italian Somaliland in the early 20th century. Following the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991, a home-grown constitutional conference was held in Garoowe in 1998 over a period of three months. Attended by the area's political elite, traditional elders ( Issims ), members of the business community, intellectuals and other civil society representatives,
4290-399: The growing influence of the Somali Youth League , a Somali nationalist political party. Following the independence of Somalia in 1960, Galkayo was made the center of Galkayo District and the capital of Mudug region. The city fell back into conflict during the rule of Siad Barre , who actively took advantage of class differences within the city to exercise his power. In particular, Barre,
4368-406: The heart of the Mudug region. Nearby settlements include to the east Godad (7.1 nm), to the northeast Bali busle (16.2 nm), to the north Halobooqad (4.4 nm), to the northwest Beyra (12.8 nm), to the west Xera Jaale-bayra (23.8 nm), to the southwest Saaxo (30 nm), to the south Laascadale (10.2 nm), and to the southeast Arfuda (13.0 nm). The largest cities in
4446-461: The inauguration of the state constitution. They will also be challengers in the next elections, scheduled for January 2014. On 14 November 2012, President Farole announced the launching of his new political party, Horseed . The association counts over 200 members and represents the incumbent Puntland government, including Vice President Abdisamad Ali Shire and the state Ministers. It is the first prospective party to register for an application with
4524-443: The judiciary, legislative ( House of Representatives ) and the executive (the President and his nominated Council of Ministries) branches of government. Though relatively peaceful, the region briefly experienced political unrest in 2001 when then President of Puntland, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, one of the founding fathers of the Puntland State and its first president, wanted his term extended. Ahmed and Jama Ali Jama fought for control of
4602-414: The large thoroughfare between the regional capital and Bosaso. Additionally, renovations began in October 2012 on the freeway linking Bosaso with Qardho. Plans are also in the works to construct new roads connecting littoral towns in the region to the main highway. Bosaso has a major seaport , which was constructed during the mid-1980s for annual livestock shipments to the Middle East . In January 2012,
4680-430: The lawmakers after being declared the winner. He said he would continue the policies of his predecessor, Abdiweli Gaas. In April 2024, Puntland announced it would operate as an independent state amid a dispute over Somali constitutional changes. As stipulated in Article 3 of the Transitional Constitution of the Puntland Regional Government of 2001, Puntland consists of the following claimed regions: In January 2009,
4758-501: The most effective use of land in most parts of the region. Grazing lands include the Hawd region in the high plateau to the west of the Mudug and Sool regions, into the lush green land of Sanaag and into Ethiopia and the low Nugaal valley. Mild temperatures, by contrast, are experienced only along the high mountain ranges of Bari . Rainfall is sparse and variable, with no single area receiving more than 400 mm (15.7 in) of rain annually. Nomads primarily rely on wells as
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#17327809535334836-532: The most significant new reforms enacted by the incumbent Puntland administration is the launching in May 2009 of the Puntland Agency For Social Welfare (PASWE), the first organization of its kind in Somali history. The agency provides medical, educational and counselling support to vulnerable groups and individuals such as orphans, the disabled and the blind. PASWE is overseen by a Board of Directors, which consists of religious scholars ( ulema ), business people, intellectuals and traditional elders. On 15 June 2009,
4914-699: The ongoing renovations taking place at the Las Khorey port. According to the Minister of Ports, Said Mohamed Rage , the Puntland government intends to launch more such development projects in Las Khorey. Local airlines offer flights to various domestic and international locations, such as Djibouti , Addis Ababa , Dubai and Jeddah ; they also provide flights for the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages. The most prominent airlines in Puntland are Jubba Airways , Osob Air and Daallo Airlines , which operate from Bender Qassim International Airport in Bosaso and Abdullahi Yusuf International Airport (formerly Galkayo Airport) in Galkayo, among other places. In late September 2013,
4992-402: The previous government of Puntland created three regions, all carved out of the existing regions: Karkaar was carved out of Bari , Haylaan out of Sanaag , and Ayn out of Togdheer region. In the south, according to the federal government of Somalia and CIA , the southern part of Mudug is part of Galmudug Puntland is geographically situated in the northeastern portion of Somalia . It
5070-420: The process. Furthermore, the area houses an important germplasm , which requires protection from overexploitation and destruction by humans. On the basis of the recent botanical survey in Cal Madow, the team recommended that the local forest should be conserved as a national monument , as it plays an important role in the mountain range's ecosystem and represents a valuable natural resource . In addition,
5148-549: The region increased by 504, with 762 more teachers also offering their services. Total student enrollment increased by 27% over the previous year, with girls lagging only slightly behind boys in attendance in most regions. The highest class enrollment was observed in the northernmost Bari region , and the lowest was observed in the under-populated Ayn region. The distribution of classrooms was almost evenly split between urban and rural areas, with marginally more pupils attending and instructors teaching classes in urban areas. Following
5226-408: The region seeks the unity of Somalis and adheres to a federal system of government. Unlike the republic of Somaliland to its west, Puntland is not trying to obtain international recognition as a separate nation. However, both regions have one thing in common: they base their support upon clan elders and their organizational structure along lines based on clan relationships and kinship . However,
5304-434: The region, with Ahmed emerging victorious the following year. Ahmed served his second term as president until October 2004, when he was elected President of Somalia . He was succeeded in office by Mohamed Hashi , who served until January 2005 when he lost a re-election bid in parliament to General Mohamud Muse Hersi "Adde". Puntland uses a parliamentary system in which the president and the vice president are elected by
5382-449: The risk of deforestation . The dense mountain forest sits at an altitude of between 700–800 m (2,300–2,600 ft) above sea level , and has a mean annual rainfall of 750–850 mm (30–33 in). In addition to rainfall, Cal Madow receives additional precipitation in the form of fog and winter rains, which sustain isolated forests of Juniperus procera , Buxus hildebrandtii , and others. Mist also appears to be important in
5460-413: The short-lived quasi-state of Maakhir was officially incorporated into Puntland. Control of the western Sool , Sanaag and Ayn (SSC) provinces is disputed with Somaliland. On 8 April 2013, the Puntland government announced the creation of a new region named Gardafuul . Carved out of the Bari region, it consists of three districts and has its capital at Aluula . Prior to naming this new region,
5538-432: The south, and Ethiopia in the southwest. There are several major geographical apexes in Puntland, including the Cape Guardafui , which forms the tip of the Horn of Africa, Ras Hafun the easternmost place on the entire African continent, and the beginning of the Karkaar mountain range. It also has the northernmost major city in Somalia, Bosaso , located at a line of latitude higher than 11° north . The name "Puntland"
5616-609: The two leaders signed an agreement on a deal for setting up of a dedicated livestock quarantine facility to facilitate the import of livestock from Somalia to the UAE. In October 2008, Muse also signed a Dh 170 million agreement with Dubai 's Lootah Group to support the construction of an airport, seaport and free zone in the coastal city of Bosaso. Muse indicated that "I believe that when we finish all these projects our people will benefit by getting good health services, education and overall prosperity." In January 2009, Abdirahman Farole
5694-559: The unicameral Parliament of Puntland . In March 2005, President Muse began an ambitious plan to build an airport in Puntland's commercial capital of Bosaso, a project that is now complete and referred to as Bender Qassim International Airport . In April 2007, Muse held meetings with Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi , the crown prince and deputy ruler of Ras al-Khaimah in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where
5772-548: The walls of the city's many office and shop buildings. In 2010, the Food and Agriculture Organization noted that population estimates for Galkayo ranged from 75,000 to 315,000, with a United Nations Development Programme estimate for 2005 being 105,000. The International Crisis Group gives a figure of 137,000 for 2015. The Puntland area of the city is composed predominately of the Omar Mahamud and Reer Mahamud sub-clans of
5850-443: The world. Cal Madow and adjacent areas also have richer fauna than many other parts of Horn of Africa , and harbor some of the rarest and most localized of Somali endemic animal species. Here, Warsangli linnet ( Carduelis johannis ), pigeons ( acanthus olivae ) and golden-winged grosbeaks can be observed, as can antelopes such as the beira ( dorcatragus megalotis ), and different subspecies of gazelles . In January 1995,
5928-603: The year before. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Boqor Osman looking to use Italy's support in his ongoing power struggle with Kenadid over the Majeerteen Sultanate. Boqor Osman and Sultan Kenadid also hoped to exploit the conflicting interests among the European imperial powers that were then looking to control the Somali peninsula, so as to avoid direct occupation of their territories by force. With
6006-531: Was drafted and later passed on 15 June 2009, which is believed to represent a significant step toward the eventual introduction of a multi-party political system to the region for the first time; such a system already exists in the adjacent Somaliland region. More modest reforms were also put into motion in the social sector, particularly in the education and healthcare fields. The regional government has hired more healthcare workers and teachers, with major plans under way for school and hospital renovations. One of
6084-522: Was elected the new president of Puntland. Upon assuming office, the Farole administration implemented a number of reforms, particularly in the security and judicial sectors. To bolster the region's justice system, numerous new prosecutors, judges and other court personnel as well as additional prison guards were hired and trained. In July 2010, the Puntland Council of Ministers unanimously approved
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