Osman Mahamuud ( Somali : Cismaan Maxamuud , Arabic : عثمان محمود ), also known as Uthman III ibn Mahmud , was a Somali king. He led the Majeerteen Sultanate during the 19th century.
58-604: Puntland Highway Authority (PHA) is a government body, established by law no. 18, in the year 2000, in charge of road transportation and infrastructure and responsible for maintaining and developing the road network throughout in the autonomous Puntland state, situated in northeastern Somalia . It is thus of utmost necessity for Puntland Highway Authority to adhere to standard engineering procedures and principles. The community leaders inspired Puntland Highway Authority in Puntland in 1996. It had been operating two years before forming
116-1255: A Post-Primary Education Division (PPED) and a Basic Education Directorate (BED), among other boards. The educational system of Puntland comprises two years of Early Childhood Development (ECD), eight years of primary education (four years of lower primary and four years of upper primary) and four years of secondary education . Tertiary education comprises an average of four years, with the region currently counting seven major universities: Puntland State University in Garowe , Puntland State University in Galkayo , Bosaso College in Bosaso , East Somalia University in Qardho , Mogadishu University (Puntland branch) in Bosaso, Maakhir University in Badhan , Sanaag , and Nugaal University in Las Anod . East Africa University also has six branches in Puntland, with campuses in Bosaso, Erigavo , Galdogob , Galkayo, Garowe and Qardho. Thus, it
174-457: A constitution agreed upon in a referendum in which Puntland participates". The Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) was founded in the mid-18th century. It rose to prominence the following century, under the reign of the resourceful Boqor (King) Osman Mahamuud . Centred in Aluula , it controlled much of northern and central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Boqor Osman was one of
232-408: A launching ceremony of a tender process for the Bosaso airport's renovations was held at the facility. The renovations will include the extension of the airport's gravel runway from 1,800 m to 2,650 m. The runway's width will also be widened from 30 m to 45 m, and feature 7.5 m gravel shoulders on both sides. According to Puntland Deputy Minister of Civil Aviation Abdiqani Gelle,
290-412: A new anti-terrorism law to more efficiently handle terror suspects and their accomplices; a special court is also expected to be established within the region's existing criminal courts system to facilitate the task. Fiscally, a transparent, budget -based public finance system was established, which has reportedly helped increase public confidence in government. In addition, a new regional constitution
348-559: A project that is now complete and referred to as Bender Qassim International Airport . In April 2007, Muse held meetings with Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi , the crown prince and deputy ruler of Ras al-Khaimah in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where the two leaders signed an agreement on a deal for setting up of a dedicated livestock quarantine facility to facilitate the import of livestock from Somalia to
406-412: A renovation project was launched, with KMC contracted to upgrade the harbor. The initiative's first phase saw the clean-up of unwanted materials from the dockyard and was completed within the month. The second phase involves the reconstruction of the port's adjoining seabed, with the objective of accommodating larger ships. In 2012, a team of engineers was also enlisted by the Puntland authorities to assess
464-445: A single electoral vote. Abdihakim Abdullahi Haji Omar was concurrently elected Puntland's vice president. On 8 January 2019 the former Federal Minister for Planning and International Cooperation, Said Abdullahi Deni, was declared the new president. The election was closely contested, going to a third round of voting. Deni defeated former intelligence officer, Asad Osman Diyano. Deni got 35 votes, to Diayno's 31 votes. Deni addressed
522-597: A source of water rather than surface water . There are four main seasons around which pastoral and agricultural life revolve, and these are dictated by shifts in the wind patterns. Puntland's seasons are: Following the outbreak of the civil war in Somalia, numerous problems arose with regard to access to education in rural areas and along gender lines, quality of educational provisions, responsiveness of school curricula, educational standards and controls, management and planning capacity, and financing. To address these concerns,
580-407: Is a 2-4-4-4 system. Puntland's Ministry of Education also recognizes non-formal education (NFE) and technical/vocational education and training (TVET) as integral parts of the region's educational system. From 2005/2006 to 2006/2007, there was a significant increase in the number of schools in Puntland, up 137 institutions from just one year prior. During the same period, the number of classes in
638-610: Is a locally recruited, professional maritime security force. It is primarily aimed at preventing, detecting and eradicating piracy , illegal fishing , and other illicit activity off of the coast of Somalia, and at generally safeguarding the nation's marine resources. In addition, the Force provides civic support, including repairing wells, rehabilitating hospitals and clinics, and refurbishing roads, airports and other infrastructure. It also offers skills training programs to local communities. Osman Mahamuud The Majeerteen Sultanate
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#1732772001180696-723: Is bordered by Somaliland to its west, the Gulf of Aden in the north, the Guardafui Channel in the northeast, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, the central Galmudug region in the south, and Ethiopia in the southwest. There are several major geographical apexes in Puntland, including the Cape Guardafui , which forms the tip of the Horn of Africa, Ras Hafun the easternmost place on the entire African continent, and
754-544: Is bordered by Somaliland to its west, the Gulf of Aden in the north, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and Ethiopia in the southwest. Puntland occupies a total land area of 212,510 km (82,050 sq mi) or roughly one-third of Somalia's geographical area. Mountains include Golis Mountains , Galgala , and Al Madow . The region is semi-arid , with a warm climate and average daily temperatures ranging from 27 °C (80.6 °F) to 37 °C (98.6 °F). These climatic conditions favor pastoralism as
812-573: Is considered the most progressive, and is attempting to close the gender gap so that more females will be able to attend school. Other regions are following Puntland's lead in that regard. Within the Puntland government, the Ministry of Education is responsible for developing and managing the region's educational needs. It is headed by the Minister Mohamud Bile Dubbe, under whom a Vice Minister and Director General help oversee
870-481: Is estimated at 20 inhabitants per square kilometre (52/sq mi). As with the rest of Somalia, Islam is the main religion of the Puntland region. Municipal bus services operate in Bosaso , Garowe , Las Anod , Galkayo and Qardho . Shuttle services between the region's major towns and adjacent hamlets are also available via different types of vehicles, such as 4 wheel drives and light goods vehicles (LGV). As of May 2015, over 70,000 vehicles are registered with
928-533: Is primarily inhabited by people from the Somali ethnic group, with the Darod especially well-represented. There are also a number of Mehri residents. Currently, 31% of the region's residents live in the fast-growing towns of Bosaso , Gardo , Las Anod , Buuhoodle , Badhan , Galdogob , Garowe and Galkayo . Approximately 70% of the population is also below the age of 30. The population density in Puntland
986-666: The Puntland Dervish Force (PDF), its official paramilitary division. It operates its own police force, which includes a Special Protection Unit. The Puntland Intelligence Agency (PIA) is the intelligence bureau of Puntland's military. It was established in 2001 as the Puntland Intelligence Service during the rule of President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed , with help from the United States. The Puntland Maritime Police Force (PMPF)
1044-516: The Puntland State of Somalia ( Somali : Dowlad Goboleedka Puntland ee Soomaaliya , Arabic : ولاية أرض البنط الصومالية ), is an autonomous territory formed in 1998 that became a Federal Member State . Puntland is located in the northeastern part of Somalia and its state capital is the city of Garoowe in the Nugal region. The region had a population of 4,334,633 in 2016. Puntland
1102-491: The Sultanate of Hobyo in 1878. In late 1889, Boqor Osman entered into a treaty with Italy , making his realm an Italian protectorate . His rival Sultan Kenadid had signed a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the year before. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Boqor Osman looking to use Italy's support in his ongoing power struggle with Kenadid over
1160-590: The British agreed to pay the King annual subsidies to protect shipwrecked British crews and guard wrecks against plunder. The agreement, however, remained unratified, as the British feared that doing so would "give other powers a precedent for making agreements with the Somalis, who seemed ready to enter into relations with all comers." In the late 19th century, all extant Somali monarchs entered into treaties with one of
1218-676: The COVID-19 crisis, the Government of Puntland launched the Learning Passport, a digital remote learning platform where children can access educational content both online and offline from their homes. The Learning Passport is a ground-breaking partnership between UNICEF, Microsoft and the University of Cambridge. As of 2016, the population of Puntland is estimated at 4,334,633 residents, 39% of whom are nomads . The region
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#17327720011801276-580: The Majeerteen Sultanate. Boqor Osman and Sultan Kenadid also hoped to exploit the conflicting interests among the European imperial powers that were then looking to control the Somali peninsula, so as to avoid direct occupation of their territories by force. With the gradual extension into northern Somalia of European colonial rule, all three sultanates were annexed to Italian Somaliland in
1334-406: The Majeerteen Sultanate. In signing the agreements, the rulers also hoped to exploit the rival objectives of the European imperial powers so as to more effectively assure the continued independence of their territories. The terms of each treaty specified that Italy was to steer clear of any interference in the sultanates' respective administrations. In return for Italian arms and an annual subsidy,
1392-646: The Puntland Ministry of Works and Transport. Puntland is traversed by a 750 km (470 mi) north–south highway. It connects major cities in the northern part of Somalia, such as Garowe, Bosaso and Galkayo, with towns in the south. In 2012, the Puntland Highway Authority completed rehabilitation work on the central artery linking Garowe with Galkayo. The transportation body also started an upgrade and repair project in June 2012 on
1450-736: The Puntland government is in the process of developing an educational policy to guide the region's scholastic process as it embarks on the path of reconstruction and economic development. The latter includes a gender sensitive national education policy compliant with world standards, such as those outlined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Examples of this and other educational measures at work are
1508-486: The Puntland government passed a new regional draft constitution, representing a significant step toward the eventual introduction of a multi-party political system to the region for the first time. On 15 April 2012, the Puntland government opened a four-day constitutional convention officially inaugurating the new Constitution of Puntland . Overseen by the Puntland Electoral Commission (PEC),
1566-965: The Puntland government plans to carry out similar upgrades at the Garowe International Airport in Garowe, the Abdullahi Yusuf International Airport in Galkayo, and the Qardho Airport in Qardho. The Puntland Security Force (PSF) is the armed force of the autonomous Puntland region. Commanders and senior officials of the military are appointed by a qualified panel approved by the Council of Ministers. The Puntland security apparatus also has an independent military judiciary. The PSF includes
1624-577: The Regional Autonomy of Puntland in 1998. In 2012, the Puntland Highway Authority completed rehabilitation work on the central artery linking Puntland's administrative capital Garowe with Galkayo , another major city in the region. The transportation body also began an upgrade and repair project in June 2012 on the large thoroughfare between the commercial hub of Bosaso and Garowe. Additionally, renovations were initiated in October 2012 on
1682-576: The Transitional Puntland Electoral Commission (TPEC). According to Farole, the general public will be eligible for membership in the organization once it is selected as an official political party. Five other political associations were established the following month, including the Development and Justice Party Horcad launched by an entrepreneur and businessman Omar Ismail Waberi along other politicians,
1740-447: The UAE. In October 2008, Muse also signed a Dh 170 million agreement with Dubai 's Lootah Group to support the construction of an airport, seaport and free zone in the coastal city of Bosaso. Muse indicated that "I believe that when we finish all these projects our people will benefit by getting good health services, education and overall prosperity." In January 2009, Abdirahman Farole
1798-637: The Union of the People of the Regions or UPR (Ururka Gobolada Umadaha Bahoobey or UGUB), Midnimo, Talowadaag (Consensus-building), and GAHAYR or Golaha Aqoonta iyo Horumarinta ee Asaaska Yoolka Runta (Council of Education and Development towards Founding the True Goal). On 8 January 2014, former Prime Minister of Somalia Abdiweli Mohamed Ali was elected as the 5th President of Puntland overcoming Dr. Farole by
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1856-600: The beginning of the Karkaar mountain range. It also has the northernmost major city in Somalia, Bosaso , located at a line of latitude higher than 11° north . The name "Puntland" is derived from the Land of Punt mentioned in ancient Egyptian sources, although the exact location of the fabled territory is still a mystery. Many studies suggest that the Land of Punt was located in present-day Somalia, whereas others propose that it
1914-403: The central artery linking Bosaso with Qardho . The PHA also plans to construct new roads connecting littoral towns in the region to the main highway, including Bargaal , Eyl , Hafun and Jariban . In October 2014, the Puntland Highway Authority began construction on a new highway connecting the presidential palace in Garowe with various other parts of the administrative capital. Financing for
1972-574: The colonial powers, Britain or Italy, except for Dhulbahante & Darawiish sultan Diiriye Guure . In late 1889, Boqor Osman entered into a treaty with the Italians , making his realm an Italian protectorate . His rival Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid had signed a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the year before. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Boqor Osman looking to use Italy's support in his ongoing power struggle with Kenadid over
2030-725: The constitution represented the final step in the extant regional democratization process and was scheduled to be followed by the formation of political parties. On 12 September 2012, the Puntland Electoral Commission announced that the registration process for political parties in Puntland was now open. This came after the passing of the Political Association Law, the Referendum Act, the District Elections Law and
2088-545: The early 20th century. Following the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991, a home-grown constitutional conference was held in Garoowe in 1998 over a period of three months. Attended by the area's political elite, traditional elders ( Issims ), members of the business community, intellectuals and other civil society representatives, the autonomous Puntland State of Somalia was established to deliver services to
2146-547: The executive (the President and his nominated Council of Ministries) branches of government. Though relatively peaceful, the region briefly experienced political unrest in 2001 when then President of Puntland, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, one of the founding fathers of the Puntland State and its first president, wanted his term extended. Ahmed and Jama Ali Jama fought for control of the region, with Ahmed emerging victorious
2204-553: The following year. Ahmed served his second term as president until October 2004, when he was elected President of Somalia . He was succeeded in office by Mohamed Hashi , who served until January 2005 when he lost a re-election bid in parliament to General Mohamud Muse Hersi "Adde". Puntland uses a parliamentary system in which the president and the vice president are elected by the unicameral Parliament of Puntland . In March 2005, President Muse began an ambitious plan to build an airport in Puntland's commercial capital of Bosaso,
2262-452: The government's enactment of legislation aimed at securing the educational interests of girls, promoting the growth of an Early Childhood Development (ECD) program designed to reach parents and care-givers in their homes as well as in the ECD centers for 0- to 5-year-old children, and introducing incentive packages to encourage teachers to work in remote rural areas. Puntland's education system
2320-461: The inauguration of the state constitution. They will also be challengers in the next elections, scheduled for January 2014. On 14 November 2012, President Farole announced the launching of his new political party, Horseed . The association counts over 200 members and represents the incumbent Puntland government, including Vice President Abdisamad Ali Shire and the state Ministers. It is the first prospective party to register for an application with
2378-473: The large thoroughfare between the regional capital and Bosaso. Additionally, renovations began in October 2012 on the freeway linking Bosaso with Qardho. Plans are also in the works to construct new roads connecting littoral towns in the region to the main highway. Bosaso has a major seaport , which was constructed during the mid-1980s for annual livestock shipments to the Middle East . In January 2012,
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2436-646: The lawmakers after being declared the winner. He said he would continue the policies of his predecessor, Abdiweli Gaas. In April 2024, Puntland announced it would operate as an independent state amid a dispute over Somali constitutional changes. As stipulated in Article 3 of the Transitional Constitution of the Puntland Regional Government of 2001, Puntland consists of the following claimed regions: In January 2009,
2494-541: The mid-1800s by a power struggle between Boqor Osman and his ambitious cousin, Yusuf Ali Kenadid . After almost five years of battle, the young upstart was finally forced into exile in Yemen . A decade later, in the 1870s, Kenadid returned from the Arabian Peninsula with a band of Hadhrami musketeers and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to overpower the local clans and establish
2552-602: The most effective use of land in most parts of the region. Grazing lands include the Hawd region in the high plateau to the west of the Mudug and Sool regions, into the lush green land of Sanaag and into Ethiopia and the low Nugaal valley. Mild temperatures, by contrast, are experienced only along the high mountain ranges of Bari . Rainfall is sparse and variable, with no single area receiving more than 400 mm (15.7 in) of rain annually. Nomads primarily rely on wells as
2610-671: The most significant new reforms enacted by the incumbent Puntland administration is the launching in May 2009 of the Puntland Agency For Social Welfare (PASWE), the first organization of its kind in Somali history. The agency provides medical, educational and counselling support to vulnerable groups and individuals such as orphans, the disabled and the blind. PASWE is overseen by a Board of Directors, which consists of religious scholars ( ulema ), business people, intellectuals and traditional elders. On 15 June 2009,
2668-922: The ongoing renovations taking place at the Las Khorey port. According to the Minister of Ports, Said Mohamed Rage , the Puntland government intends to launch more such development projects in Las Khorey. Local airlines offer flights to various domestic and international locations, such as Djibouti , Addis Ababa , Dubai and Jeddah ; they also provide flights for the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages. The most prominent airlines in Puntland are Jubba Airways , Osob Air and Daallo Airlines , which operate from Bender Qassim International Airport in Bosaso and Abdullahi Yusuf International Airport (formerly Galkayo Airport) in Galkayo, among other places. In late September 2013,
2726-639: The population, offer security, facilitate trade, and interact with domestic and international partners. Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed served as the fledgling state's founding president. As stipulated in Article 1 of the Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic , Puntland is a part of the Federal State of Somalia. As such, the region seeks the unity of Somalis and adheres to a federal system of government. Unlike
2784-402: The previous government of Puntland created three regions, all carved out of the existing regions: Karkaar was carved out of Bari , Haylaan out of Sanaag , and Ayn out of Togdheer region. In the south, according to the federal government of Somalia and CIA , the southern part of Mudug is part of Galmudug Puntland is geographically situated in the northeastern portion of Somalia . It
2842-620: The project was provided by the Puntland government. According to the Head of the PHA Mohamud Abdinur Adan, the new thoroughfare aims to facilitate local transportation and movement. Puntland Minister of Public Works Mohamed Hersi also indicated that the Puntland authorities plan to build and repair other roads linking to the regional urban centers. Puntland Puntland ( Somali : Puntland , Arabic : أرض البنط , Italian : Terra di Punt or Paese di Punt ), officially
2900-413: The prominent Darood clan chiefs who ruled the ancient towns of Alula , Bargaal , Bosaso and Hafun and subsequently emerged as a powerful traditional elder who fully controlled areas under his rule. The polity maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front. The Majeerteen Sultanate was nearly destroyed in
2958-549: The region increased by 504, with 762 more teachers also offering their services. Total student enrollment increased by 27% over the previous year, with girls lagging only slightly behind boys in attendance in most regions. The highest class enrollment was observed in the northernmost Bari region , and the lowest was observed in the under-populated Ayn region. The distribution of classrooms was almost evenly split between urban and rural areas, with marginally more pupils attending and instructors teaching classes in urban areas. Following
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#17327720011803016-480: The republic of Somaliland to its west, Puntland is not trying to obtain international recognition as a separate nation. However, both regions have one thing in common: they base their support upon clan elders and their organizational structure along lines based on clan relationships and kinship . However, a key difference was that Puntland was formed as a descendant-based entity unlike in Somaliland. The state
3074-464: The short-lived quasi-state of Maakhir was officially incorporated into Puntland. Control of the western Sool , Sanaag and Ayn (SSC) provinces is disputed with Somaliland. On 8 April 2013, the Puntland government announced the creation of a new region named Gardafuul . Carved out of the Bari region, it consists of three districts and has its capital at Aluula . Prior to naming this new region,
3132-531: Was drafted and later passed on 15 June 2009, which is believed to represent a significant step toward the eventual introduction of a multi-party political system to the region for the first time; such a system already exists in the adjacent Somaliland region. More modest reforms were also put into motion in the social sector, particularly in the education and healthcare fields. The regional government has hired more healthcare workers and teachers, with major plans under way for school and hospital renovations. One of
3190-522: Was elected the new president of Puntland. Upon assuming office, the Farole administration implemented a number of reforms, particularly in the security and judicial sectors. To bolster the region's justice system, numerous new prosecutors, judges and other court personnel as well as additional prison guards were hired and trained. In July 2010, the Puntland Council of Ministers unanimously approved
3248-561: Was established as a "homeland" for the Harti community of Northern Somalia, whereby the Majeerten were deemed as the "chief architects" of the entity. Since its establishment in 1998, Puntland has also been in territorial disputes with Somaliland over the Sool , Sanaag and Ayn regions. The legal structure of Puntland consists of the judiciary, legislative ( House of Representatives ) and
3306-510: Was established by Somalis from the Majeerteen Darod clan. Osman Mahamuud was the son of Mahmud V ibn Yusuf, who had ruled the Sultanate from 1844 to 1860. Mahmud fils thereafter assumed the throne, governing under the regal title of Boqor (King). The Majeerteen Sultanate rose to prominence that century under Boqor Osman's guidance. Due to consistent ship crashes along the northeastern Cape Guardafui headland, Boqor Osman's kingdom entered into an informal agreement with Britain , wherein
3364-410: Was situated elsewhere. On 31 March 2024, following changes to the Constitution of Somalia , the government of Puntland stated that it no longer recognises the authority of the Somali federal government and would no longer participate in Somali federal institutions. Furthermore, it was stated that Puntland would "operate as a state that's independent from Somalia until there is a federal government with
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