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66-653: Gazaria (also Cassaria , Cacsarea , and Gasaria ) was the name given to the colonial possessions of the Republic of Genoa in Crimea and around the Black Sea coasts in the territories of the modern regions of Russia , Ukraine and Romania , from the mid-13th century to the late 15th century. The Genoese rule was represented by a consul , and the capital of the Gazaria was the city of Kaffa (present-day Feodosia) in

132-510: A carved wooden icon of the "Virgin Mary" from the church of St. Sava Monastery in Bucharest. The ceiling is composed of three parts separated by double arches. The entrance is on the south side through a door marked by an icon and heraldic symbols: a bull's head and two lions. Also on the south side is the coat of arms of Moldova, carved in a stone medallion. During communist rule, the church, as

198-586: A document signed by Stephen II of Moldavia mentions Galați. In 1484, Chilia was conquered by Ottomans . Galați township remained Moldova's only port, not only for domestic trade but also for trade with Turkey and Poland. In 1590, the Galați Jewish cemetery was opened. The Ukrainian folk hero, Ivan Stepanovich Mazeppa was a Hetman who died on 1709 in Varniţa , Bessarabia , and was buried in Galați. Hetman Mazeppa

264-507: A more structured way. Legislative power was attributed to the " Officium Gazarie" , made up of eight magistrates who remained in office for six months and appointed their successors. Executive power was entrusted to the Consul of Caffa, serving for one year, assisted by a scribe or chancellor, both appointed by the Genoese government. The elected council of 24 members, also serving for one year,

330-686: A part of his exile, as a commemorative plaque still reminds. Raykovich died in Galați in 1874 and was buried in the courtyard of the Bulgarian Church, where his tombstone still stands. The cornerstone of the Greek Church was laid on 6 August 1866. The church was dedicated to the "Transfiguration" on 17 September 1872 by the Bishop Melchizedek and the Archimandrite Eughenie Xiropotamo. In

396-930: A political and social significance for centuries. The participation of the Genoese Fleet in the Crusades (particularly the conquests of Antioch and Acre ) enriched it enormously. During the First Crusade , the Genoese Republic obtained Acre (one third of the port's incomes) and Gibelet (present-day Byblos , Lebanon ), which become a familiar possession of the Embriaco family, who styled themselves as Lords of Gibelet (1100 – late 13th century). Other small colonies were formed in Tartous ( Syria ), Tripoli (Libya), and Beirut (Lebanon). However,

462-420: A room to hide assets. There are two ramparts and a door to a balcony. The second floor is fitted with windows and battlements. Another of the church's defences is a reinforced bridge consisting of two parts, one above the nave and one above the altar. The bridge has 28 battlements. The church survived the turbulent periods of Galați's history and was rebuilt and restored in 1829 and again in 1859. From 1953 to 1957,

528-460: A sacred place, was improperly appropriated. Built in 1817, this church has four buttresses, three towers and a dome supported by crossed arches. Although its murals are not maintained, it contains valuable icons. There is only one remaining synagogue in Galați (near the Museum of History on Domnească street). The temple was built in 1896 on the site of a synagogue dating from 1806. This church

594-783: A seat of the Danube European Commission . In 1869, the Mihai Eminescu municipal park opened and by 1870, factories were opening. By, 1908 they numbered 41. On 13 September 1872, the King Charles I railway station and northern city rail tunnel opened. The River station opened shortly after on 24 September 1880. In 1889, the V. A. Urechia library opened. After the union of the Romanian principalities in 1859, with Alexandru Ioan Cuza as leader , development in Galați increased. Zeletin wrote, Between 1900 and

660-621: A visit to Galați, in April 1879. It has served as the seat of the Court of Appeals; the Mihail Kogalniceanu High School and, after the earthquake of November 9, 1940, the city hall. The Robescu House was built about 1896. The architect was Ion Mincu . A Romanian tourist website describes the building: :"Robescu House has an elevated basement, two levels with two turret-balcony on the first floor and another balcony at

726-520: Is a prominent architectural monument in the Galați old town. It was built between 1911 and 1913. Now, it is the University of Galați headquarters. Meaning "Capitoline Wolf", this statue was erected in 1995 and reflects Roman influence in Galați. This building was erected in 1904 and 1905 and opened on 27 April 1906. Like Robescu House, it was designed by Ion Mincu. Frederick Storck contributed white marble sculptures of "industry" and "agriculture" at

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792-567: Is derived from the Cuman word galat . This word is ultimately borrowed from the Persian word کلات kalat , "fortress". Other etymologies have been suggested, such as the Serbian galac . However, the galat root appears in nearby toponyms, some of which show clearly a Cuman origin, for example Gălățui Lake , which has the typical Cuman - ui suffix for "water". Another toponym in

858-511: Is evidence of continuous inhabitation of Galați since the 600s. A treasure hoard consisting of 12 silver coins issued between 613 and 685 was found in a Byzantine tomb near the Church of the Virgin. Western and Byzantine coins from the time of Emperor Michael IV (1034–1041) were also found. At one time , the city became part of the Republic of Genoa Territories and was called "Caladda". In 1445,

924-539: Is part of the strategic Focșani Gate . The city was also part of the important defensive Focșani–Nămoloasa–Galați line built in the 19th century. In 2005, Galați ranked in the top two cities in Romania for green space per capita. Urban planning and maintenance activities are governed by the "Public Administration Public Domain Galați" (SPADP) Ecosal Prest, SC RER Ecological Service SRL, SC Citadine 98 SA. From 1959 to 1962, archeological excavations were carried out at

990-574: Is the capital city of Galați County in the historical region of Western Moldavia , in eastern Romania . Galați is a port town on the Danube River . and the sixth largest of all cities on the Danube river . According to the 2021 census it is the 8th most populous city in Romania. Galați is an economic centre based around the port of Galați , the naval shipyard , and the largest steel factory in Romania, Galați steel works . The name Galați

1056-463: The Făurei – Galați railway capacity was increased, and, in 1982, it was electrified. On September 11, 1989, a Bulgarian ship collided with a cruise ship near Galați. 151 passengers and crew died (all but sixteen). In 2004, Romania's first information technology park opened in Galați. On 14 July 2005, Galați was affected by widespread flooding. The Siret river reached record levels and across Romania,

1122-695: The Köppen climate classification , Galați falls within either a hot-summer humid continental climate ( Dfa ) if the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm is used or a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) if the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm is used. Galați experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are very warm with temperatures sometimes exceeding 35 °C (95 °F) while winters are cold and dry with temperatures at night sometimes dropping below −10 °C (14 °F). Average monthly precipitation ranges from about 28 to 68.6 mm (1.1 to 2.7 in) in June. Galați

1188-553: The Siret River (west) and the Prut River (east), near Lake Brates. It is 80 kilometers (50 mi) from the Black Sea . The nearest town is Brăila , 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) to the south. Galați is built on three geological terraces. One lies beneath "Valley City", with elevations between 5 and 7 metres (16 and 23 ft). The other two, which make a fan shape, have elevations of 20–25 meters (66–82 ft) (the site of

1254-528: The " Liber Gazarie" , now kept in the State Archives of Genoa. The collection was subsequently updated in 1441 with the name" Statuta Gazarie". In 1347, the Golden Horde, this time led by Jani Beg , again besieged Caffa . An anonymous chronicle tells that the besiegers would launch the corpses of the dead defenders inside the city walls with catapults. These defenders had died of a disease that

1320-659: The 13th century with the occupation of Corsica (annexed in 1284 and kept until the 18th century) and northern Sardinia . Genoa remained dominant in the Tyrrhenian Sea after the decisive naval victory against Pisa in the Battle of Meloria (1284). Genoa had also started to form colonies of Ligurians in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea in second half of the 13th century. The Genoese presence

1386-575: The Abkhazian coast, such as Savastopoli ( Sukhumi ), or on the Ukrainian coast, such as Salmastro or Moncastro ( Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi ), Ginestra (now part of Odesa ). During the greatest period of expansion, between the 13th and 15th century , the Republic of Genoa had many colonies and commercial/military ports in the region where is now present-day Romania . The largest Genoese colonies in

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1452-632: The Crimean peninsula. The name Gazaria derives from Khazaria , though the Khazars had ceased to rule over the area well before the Genoese arrived. The political premise of the establishment of the Gazaria colonies had been the Treaty of Nymphaeum of 1261, with which the Emperor of Nicaea granted the Genoese the exclusive right to trade in the "Mare Maius" ( Black Sea ). Consequently, in 1266, Caffa

1518-559: The Danube, the flow is 210 cubic meters per second (7,400 cu ft/s). After the Prut River joins the Danube, the flow becomes 86 cubic meters per second (3,000 cu ft/s). The Danube river flows have significant seasonal variation. The maximum flows occur in May; 18,000–19,000 m /s or 640,000–670,000 cu ft/s. The minimum flows occur during the summer; 2,000–2,450 m /s or 71,000–87,000 cu ft/s. Under

1584-671: The Genoese colonies in Crimea coincided with the Ottoman expansion in the late 15th century. Aside from the Crimean cities, Genoa also lost its lands in the Taman Peninsula , which had belonged to the noble Ghisolfi family. Other losses included the commercial bases of Licostomo in Moldavia and Moncastro near Odesa. The fall of the eastern colonies caused a deep economical crisis which eventually turned into an unstoppable decline for

1650-985: The Muslim Sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao at the Philippines . The last Genoese colonies disappeared in the 18th century: Tabarka was occupied by the Ottoman Empire (1742), and Corsica was annexed by France after the Treaty of Versailles in 1768. The Republic itself ended in 1797, when it was conquered by the French First Republic under Napoleon and replaced with the Ligurian Republic . Gala%C8%9Bi Galați ( UK : / ɡ æ ˈ l æ t s / gal- ATS , US : / ɡ ɑː ˈ l ɑː t s ( i )/ gah- LAHTS( -ee) , Romanian: [ɡaˈlatsʲ] ; also known by other alternative names )

1716-613: The Muslim reconquest in the following century removed Genoese presence from the Holy Land . Genoa also established colonies on the Spanish Mediterranean coast from Valencia to Gibraltar , but these were also short-lived. These colonies consisted usually of a city quarter (or even a single square) with wooden single- or double-floor houses with workshops in the lower floor. Direct territorial expansion of Genoa began in

1782-582: The Republic ceded the sovereignty over Gazaria to the Bank of Saint George , believing that it was the only entity capable of organizing resistance against the Turks. However, these domains were conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1474. Aside from Crimea, Genoa possessed several castles on the western coast of Black Sea such as the castle of Maurocastro ( Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky ) in the estuary of Dniester ,

1848-812: The Republic of Genoa as a major European power. It thus moved its interests in the western Mediterranean, establishing flourishing communities in Cadiz and Lisbon . Genoa, in particular, became an efficient banking base of Habsburg Spain ; supplying loans and organizing slave trade as holders of an Asiento . Genoese traders were active in Old Panama one of the main ports on the Pacific, at least until 1671. The Spanish governor of Panama Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera even recruited Peruvians, Panamanians, and Genoese in Panama to found Zamboanga City after its conquest from

1914-682: The Roman castellum in Barbosi. The site lies north of the Danube, near the mouth of the Siret. A comparison can be made to the fortress at Dinogetia . The archeologists found clear stratigraphy in the excavation. They located the Tirighina Dacian fortress, reinforced by an earthen bank. Finds included Dacian pottery from an import business. Also found was a silver coin dating the Dacian fortress to

1980-623: The School of the Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel is founded. Two years later, in 1834, Austrian ships were having scheduled arrivals and in 1837, Galați was declared a free port (this was revoked in 1882). In 1850, James Buchanan , the U.S. president, sent a vice-consul to Galați and the U.S. opened a consulate in 1858. Galați was also a trading port for German lands. When the Crimean War (1854–1856) finished, Galați became

2046-658: The Venetians from the straits leading to the Black Sea. The main Genoese commercial bases were Chios and Mytilene in the Aegean Sea , and Caffa , the major trading center between Mongol-ruled Eastern Europe and Central Asia and Western Europe. Other colonies included Cembalo (modern Balaklava ), Soldaio ( Sudak ), Vosporo ( Kerch ), while other were located on the Azov Sea , including Tana ( Azov ), Matrega ( Taman ), Mapa ( Anapa ), Bata ( Novorossijsk ) and others, on

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2112-578: The army of the Central Powers . Galați was bombed by retreating Russian troops in January 1918. In 1919, a high school for Jewish students opened. A first air race between Galați and Bucharest was held in 1926 following the end of the construction of the Galați Airport . The 1930 Romanian census recorded 100,000 residents in Galați. After Bucharest , Chișinău , Iași and Cernăuți , Galați

2178-422: The beginning of World War I , Galați continued its trade in grain and timber with sixteen consulates. Galați was part of Covurlui County . In 1907, social unrest among the peasant classes precipitated intervention by the Romanian army. In 1911, a statue of the poet Mihai Eminescu was erected. Galați remained under Romanian control during World War I . Romanian soldiers fought alongside those of Russia against

2244-476: The castle of Ginestra near Odessa , the castle of Licostomo ( Kiliya ), the colony of Costanza ( Constanța ) and the colony of Caladda ( Galați ). [REDACTED] Media related to Genoese colonies in Crimea at Wikimedia Commons Genoese colonies During the Early Middle Ages , Genoa was a small, poor fishing village of 4,000 inhabitants. By slowly building its merchant fleet, it rose as

2310-665: The church taught at Galați's first school in 1765. They taught in Greek. (In 1803, teaching was conducted in Romanian under the orders of Constantin Moruz). During the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), and the Russo-Austrian-Turkish War (1787–1792), Mavromol church was damaged and teaching ceased until 1803. The church is constructed in the style of a basilica with apses beyond the main walls. The church has

2376-485: The church was used as a museum. It was restored in the period 1991–1994. There may be a tunnel from the church beneath the Danube. Construction of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church of Saint Pantaleon began in 1861 under the guidance of Bulgarian National Revival figure Archimandrite Maxim Raykovich (1801–1874) of Dryanovo . However, the lack of funds prolonged the construction works and the church

2442-522: The church. This includes cleaning of the 1957 paint work, paving around the cathedral and the construction of the St John Cassian centre, a building for cultural, pastoral and missionary work. At the church's centennial in 2006, the relics of St. Nectarios of Aegina were brought to Galați. This is the oldest building in Galați. It was consecrated as a place of worship in September 1647 during

2508-647: The course of the Jassy–Kishinev Offensive . Before World War II Galați hosted 22 synagogues and in 1926, it was the base for the Zionist Revisionist Organization of Romania. Although Galați's Jewish community suffered persecution by the pro-Nazi authorities during World War II, the community was not destroyed in the Holocaust. Since the 1940s the community has gradually diminished through emigration. After World War II, Galați

2574-410: The death toll reached 21. In 2010, broken flood barriers caused flooding of the Valley City area of Galați. Galați is located in southeastern Romania. Its coordinates are latitude 45 ° 27 'north and longitude 28 ° 02' east. Its area is 246.4 square kilometers (95.1 sq mi). Galați lies in the southern part of the Moldavian Plateau on the left (west) bank of the Danube river at the junction of

2640-425: The first European city infected, and later arrived in Messina and spread throughout Europe. Gazaria's tax revenues had been assigned to the " compera di Gazaria ", the association of state creditors that had advanced the expenses for the defence of the colony. In fact, the " compera " belonged to the Bank of Saint George , which therefore managed the taxation of Gazaria. After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453,

2706-404: The first century BCE. A burning layer suggested damage to the fortress by fire. Also found were coins dating from the rule of Augustus (63 BCE – 14 AD) through to Nero (37AD – 68AD). The Lambrinidi House is located near the university, at 51 Royal Street. It was built by Lambrinidi Epaminonda, a Greek mill owner. He owned a machine shop to repair ships. The Prince Charles stayed at the house on

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2772-501: The ground floor, to the street. The exterior decorations are made in Brancoveanu style, glossy ceramic plates. The glossy ceramic is used to decorate the floral upper register. Today it serves as the "Children's Palace". The Galați Palace of Navigation  [ ro ] was designed by Petre Antonescu . It dates to the late 19th century. It is the office of "Maritime Danube Ports Administration" and Navrom, which controls Romania's navigable waterways. The former "Palace of Justice"

2838-427: The holy apostles Peter, Andrew, Mark, Thomas, Bartholomew and Luke on the northern side and Paul Simon, John, James, Philip, on the southern side. This church is located together with the Cătușa cemetery in the southern part of Galați. Its general construction was completed but the interior layout is not. The basement of the cathedral is a very small space, which will serve as a mortuary chapel. The official opening of

2904-483: The interior was planned for 2012. Mavromol is a former monastery. Its name means "black rock" in Greek. It was built in 1669 and dedicated to the Assumption by George Ducas (died 1685) and his son. There was rebuilding between 1700 and 1703. During the revolution of 1821 the church was burned by the Turks. The current building dates from 1858 to 1861 and respects the original plan. Interior murals and other valuable elements were restored between 1973 and 1975. The monks of

2970-427: The island of Tabarka off the Tunisian coast, which was held by the Lomellini family from 1540 to 1742. Part of the latter's citizens later moved to Carloforte in Sardinia. In addition to its possessions in Crimea, the most important Genoese colonies in the Black Sea area were Taman , Copa , Bata , Maurolaca and Mapa , most of them would survive under Genoese rule until the late 15th century. The decline of

3036-414: The leading commercial carrier of the Western Mediterranean, starting to become independent from the Holy Roman Empire around the 11th century. A meeting of all the city's trade associations ( compagnie ) and the noble lords of the surrounding valleys and coasts eventually signaled the birth of Genoese government. The then-born city-state was known as Compagna Communis. The local organization maintained

3102-454: The nave is a marble plaque with the names of the founders and two marble plates with the names of the founders and major benefactors. The church is a cruciform tower with two bell towers on the west side. Papadopoulos of Adrianople was the artist. There are large icons representing the holy virgin Mary with child, the resurrection, St. Gerasimos, St. Sophia, St. Gregory and St. Basil the great. There are eight stained glass church windows containing

3168-424: The old town, now the city centre) and 40 meters (130 ft) (the site of the modern city) respectively. The Danube river is considered the "life-blood" of Galați. The Danube is the second longest river in Europe 2,850 km [ 1,770 mi ]), with an average flow of 6,199 cubic meters (218,900 cu ft) per second in the Galați section. After the Siret River, the largest tributary in Romania, joins

3234-544: The principality's only port. Due to unrest in this part of Europe, Galați port became a site for the construction of large warships. Abbot Boskov, a Romanian traveller, stated: In the Greek–Turkish war of 1821, Ottoman subjects were killed in Galați (and in other towns). This was the result of a series of rebellions by members of the port workers' association and city clerks. Despite the wars and unrest, Galați developed based on trade (especially grain exports). In 1805, France and England established vice-consulates. In 1832,

3300-406: The region in the neolithic period. For example, north west of the town of Galați, on the eastern shores of the Malina marshes, fragments of ceramic-type Stoicani Aldeni, stilex and tools made of bone have been found. A stone sceptre, from the late Bronze Age, belonging to the Coslogeni culture was found on the marshes' southern bank. Galați town itself developed from an ancient Dacian settlement of

3366-1197: The region is Galicia , with its town of Halych , locally associated with the jackdaw (Kawka, Halka). Before the Mongol invasion of Rus , Galați was known as Malyi Halych (Little Halych) as part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia . Other similar place names are Galich, Russia and Galatia in Turkey . Galați has several exonyms : Greek : Γαλάτσι , romanized :  Galátsi ; German : Galatz (also an archaic English term); Hungarian : Galac ; Polish : Gałacz ; Turkish : Kalas ; Bulgarian : Галац , romanized :  Galac ; Ukrainian : Галац , romanized :  Halac ; and Russian : Галац , romanized :  Galac . [REDACTED]   Moldavia 1408–1859 [REDACTED] United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 1859–1862 [REDACTED] Romanian United Principalities 1862–1866 [REDACTED] Romania 1866–1881 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Romania 1881–1947 [REDACTED]   Romanian People's Republic 1947–1965 [REDACTED]   Socialist Republic of Romania 1965–1989 [REDACTED]   Romania 1989–present Archeological evidence points to occupation of

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3432-412: The region were Calafat , Licostomo, Galați (Caladda), Constanța , Giurgiu (San Giorgio) and Vicina . These Genoese settlements served primarily to protect the maritime trade routes that made the Republic a power in this area. In 1155, Genoa was given a fondaco (store and market quarter) at Galata ( Pera ), facing Constantinople , by emperor Manuel Komnenos , although in the following century

3498-452: The reign of Vasile Lupu . The church was dedicated to the Vatopedi Monastery on Mount Athos . It was built from local materials including stone, forest wood, brick and lime, sand from the beaches of the Danube and so on. As well as its typical Romanian church architecture, the monastery has some specific elements of interest such as a bell tower with battlements for observation of the Danube valley and for defense. The tower has two levels and

3564-454: The relationship with the Byzantine Empire were often strained. In 1201 the city also obtained privileges and quarters from the Kingdom of Armenia . Pera fell to the Ottoman forces in 1453, when all of Constantinople was captured. Meanwhile, Chios remained a fief of the Giustiniani family until the Ottoman conquest in 1566. There were some 33,000 descendants of the Genoese colonists in Constantinople and Izmir in 1933. Genoa had also conquered

3630-400: The sixth and fifth centuries BCE where there was a ford across the Danube river. In 101 to 102 and 105 to 106, the Dacians fought wars against the Romans and the area became part of the Roman empire. A strong Roman fortress was built at Barboși to defend the ford across Danube. From the 300s a Daco-Roman settlement developed at a ford south of the site of the Church of the Virgin. There

3696-613: The top of the main façade. Other features are two bronze flags and a large clock which plays the waltz, "Danube Waves" by Joseph Ivanovich (1845–1902). The cornerstone of the Galați Orthodox Cathedral  [ ro ] was placed on 27 April 1906 by the Crown Prince Ferdinand and Princess Marie . Also present was the Bishop of the Lower Danube, Pimen Georgescu  [ ro ] . Construction continued from 1906 to 1917. The architects were Petre Antonescu and Ștefan Burcuș  [ ro ] . The church has one dome and no side isles. From 1989, restoration work has been underway at

3762-410: Was Romania's fifth city. In 1938, the Ținutul Dunării de Jos (Lower Danube Land) was established. During World War II , Galați was bombed by the Soviet Air Forces and Luftwaffe . The railway station, inaugurated on 13 September 1872, was destroyed as were many other historic buildings and most of the old town. On 27 August 1944, Galați was captured by Soviet troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front in

3828-421: Was built in 1790. It is the site of the burial tomb of Smaranda Cuza, the mother of Alexandru Ioan Cuza. The original church was burned in the unrest of 1821 then renovated in 1851. Above the nave, a dome is supported by arches crossed in the traditional Moldovan style. There is a bell tower above the main dome, a smaller one above the altar and another above the porch added in 1901. Galați's Roman Catholic church

3894-447: Was built in 1844 and expanded in 1873. It contains objects of artistic as well as sacred value including a high altar made of marble; a painting of "St. John the Baptist preaching"; a "Most Holy Heart" statue of Jesus Christ; Pietà statues and a statue of Saint Francis of Assisi . The church was strengthened and renovated to its current state between 1985 and 1988. This park was designed in 1869 in honour of Mihai Eminescu , who visited

3960-438: Was buried in a brick tomb . In 1710, Tatars plundered Galați after the Battle of Stănilești . In 1775, Russia established a consulate in Galați. However, in 1789, during the Russo-Turkish war of 1787–92, Galați was burned by the armies of the Russian general Mikhail Kamensky . In 1812, following the annexation by Russia of half of the principality, including all of the sea shore and almost all of Danube, Galati ended up as

4026-408: Was granted to the Genoese, which became the capital of the dominions of Gazaria. In 1308, the Mongols of the Golden Horde , commanded by the khan Toqta , conquered Caffa after a lengthy siege. Five years later, the Genoese managed to regain their colony from Toqtai's successor, Öz Beg Khan . In 1313, having regained possession of the city, the Republic organized the administration of the colony in

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4092-399: Was made up of half nobles and half merchants or artisans. Of the latter, four could be local inhabitants who had obtained Genoese citizenship. Finally, the council elected a restricted council of six members external to the council of 24. The other cities of the colony had similar administrations, subordinate to that of Caffa. In 1341, the laws in force in the Genoese Gazaria were collected in

4158-401: Was not based on military occupation, but on economic "concessions" of Genoese and Ligurian families associated with the local traders and dominant classes. In the eastern Mediterranean, Genoa was greatly advanced by the Treaty of Nymphaeum (1261) with the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus , which, in exchange for the aid to the Byzantine reconquest of Constantinople, actually ousted

4224-410: Was only consecrated in 1887. The Bulgarian Church of Saint Pantaleon features a Neo-Byzantine design with Slavic influences. Along with the church, Raykovich also founded a Bulgarian school which occupied an adjacent house. The same house would become a hub for Bulgarian revolutionaries persecuted by the Ottoman authorities. In 1871–72, Bulgaria's national poet Hristo Botev lived in the house during

4290-410: Was rebuilt along communist lines. The town's population was about 80,000. In 1956, a proposal to join Brăila and Galați was made and the building of a speed tram pier was proposed with a Swiss company. The plans never materialized. In 1958, the Galați Airport was abolished. Construction of the Galați steel works began in 1960 and the plant opened in 1966. The population at this time was 151,000. In 1971,

4356-415: Was spreading from the East, the Black Death . The inhabitants of Caffa would throw the bodies into the sea as soon as they could, but the plague spread regardless. Once in Caffa, the plague was introduced into the vast commercial network of the Genoese, which extended throughout the Mediterranean. On board the commercial ships that departed from Caffa in the autumn of 1347, the plague reached Constantinople ,

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