In Semitic linguistics , an emphatic consonant is an obstruent consonant which originally contrasted, and often still contrasts, with an analogous voiced or voiceless obstruent by means of a secondary articulation . In specific Semitic languages, the members of the emphatic series may be realized as uvularized , pharyngealized , velarized or ejective , or by plain voicing contrast; for instance, in Arabic , emphasis involves retraction of the dorsum (or root) of the tongue, which has variously been described as velarization or pharyngealization depending on where the locus of the retraction is assumed to be. The term is also used, to a lesser extent, to describe cognate series in other Afro-Asiatic languages , where they are typically realized as ejective, implosive or pharyngealized consonants.
30-556: The Grand Socco ( Moroccan Arabic : سوق برا ), officially the Place du 9 Avril 1947 , is a historic quasi-circular roundabout square separating the old medina from newer developments in downtown Tangier , Morocco . The term socco is a Spanish corruption of the Arabic souk or souq. The Grand Socco is surrounded by a mosque, a few shops, several banks, half a dozen modest restaurants with covered outdoor seating areas, several cafés,
60-464: A common source. Five such "emphatic" phonemes are reconstructed for Proto-Semitic : An extra emphatic labial *ṗ occurs in some Semitic languages, but it is unclear whether it was a phoneme in Proto-Semitic. General Modern Israeli Hebrew and Maltese are notable exceptions among Semitic languages to the presence of emphatic consonants. In both languages, they have been lost under
90-476: A different consonant, being most commonly transcribed as q (rather than ḳ ) accordingly. Within Arabic, the emphatic consonants vary in phonetic realization from dialect to dialect, but are typically realized as pharyngealized consonants. In Ethiopian Semitic and Modern South Arabian languages , they are realized as ejective consonants. While these sounds do not necessarily share any particular phonetic properties in common, most historically derive from
120-568: A distinction between /a/ and /i/ and allow /a/ to appear at the beginning of a word, e.g. /aqsˤarˤ/ "shorter" (standard /qsˤərˤ/ ), /atˤlaʕ/ "go up!" (standard /tˤlaʕ/ or /tˤləʕ/ ), /asˤħaːb/ "friends" (standard /sˤħab/ ). Long /aː/ , /iː/ and /uː/ are maintained as semi-long vowels, which are substituted for both short and long vowels in most borrowings from Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Long /aː/, /iː/ and /uː/ also have many more allophones than in most other dialects; in particular, /aː/, /iː/, /uː/ appear as [ɑ], [e], [o] in
150-458: A dozen benches for people to sit and relax. The square underwent further development in 2005. This Morocco -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Moroccan Arabic language Moroccan Arabic ( Arabic : العربية المغربية الدارجة , romanized : al-ʻArabiyyah al-Maghribiyyah ad-Dārija lit. ' Moroccan vernacular Arabic ' ), also known as Darija ( الدارجة or الداريجة ),
180-516: A full vowel. For example, /bidˤ-at/ [bedɑt͡s] "eggs" ( /i/ and /a/ both affected), /tˤʃaʃ-at/ [tʃɑʃæt͡s] "sparks" (rightmost /a/ not affected), /dˤrˤʒ-at/ [drˤʒæt͡s] "stairs" ( /a/ usually not affected), /dˤrb-at-u/ [drˤbat͡su] "she hit him" (with [a] variable but tending to be in between [ɑ] and [æ] ; no effect on /u/ ), /tˤalib/ [tɑlib] "student" ( /a/ affected but not /i/ ). Contrast, for example, Egyptian Arabic, where emphasis tends to spread forward and backward to both ends of
210-407: A phoneme /ə/ (however, some speakers maintain a difference between /a/ and /ə/ when adjacent to pharyngeal /ʕ/ and /ħ/ ). This phoneme ( /ə/ ) was then deleted entirely in most positions; for the most part, it is maintained only in the position /...CəC#/ or /...CəCC#/ (where C represents any consonant and # indicates a word boundary), i.e. when appearing as the last vowel of a word. When /ə/
240-468: A sonorance hierarchy. Similarly, and unlike most other Arabic dialects, doubled consonants are never simplified to a single consonant, even when at the end of a word or preceding another consonant. Some dialects are more conservative in their treatment of short vowels. For example, some dialects allow /u/ in more positions. Dialects of the Sahara, and eastern dialects near the border of Algeria, preserve
270-788: A substantial Berber stratum that increases from the east to the west of the Maghreb, making Moroccan Arabic dialects the ones most influenced by Berber. More recently, the influx of Andalusi people and Spanish-speaking– Moriscos (between the 15th and the 17th centuries) influenced urban dialects with Spanish substrate (and loanwords). The vocabulary of Moroccan Arabic is mostly Semitic and derived from Classical Arabic . It also contains some Berber , French and Spanish loanwords. There are noticeable lexical differences between Moroccan Arabic and most other Arabic languages. Some words are essentially unique to Moroccan Arabic: daba "now". Many others, however, are characteristic of Maghrebi Arabic as
300-494: A whole including both innovations and unusual retentions of Classical vocabulary that disappeared elsewhere, such as hbeṭ' "go down" from Classical habaṭ . Others are shared with Algerian Arabic such as hḍeṛ "talk", from Classical hadhar "babble", and temma "there", from Classical thamma . There are a number of Moroccan Arabic dictionaries in existence: Some loans might have come through Andalusi Arabic brought by Moriscos when they were expelled from Spain following
330-583: A word, even through several syllables. Emphasis is audible mostly through its effects on neighboring vowels or syllabic consonants, and through the differing pronunciation of /t/ [t͡s] and /tˤ/ [t] . Actual pharyngealization of "emphatic" consonants is weak and may be absent entirely. In contrast with some dialects, vowels adjacent to emphatic consonants are pure; there is no diphthong-like transition between emphatic consonants and adjacent front vowels. Phonetic notes: Through most of its history, Moroccan vernacular Arabic has usually not been written. Due to
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#1732765199680360-499: Is no universally standard written system for Darija. There is also a loosely standardized Latin system used for writing Moroccan Arabic in electronic media, such as texting and chat, often based on sound-letter correspondences from French, English or Spanish ('sh' or 'ch' for English 'sh', 'u' or 'ou' for English 'oo', etc.) and using numbers to represent sounds not found in French or English (2-3-7-9 used for ق-ح-ع-ء, respectively.). In
390-404: Is not deleted, it is pronounced as a very short vowel, tending towards [ɑ] in the vicinity of emphatic consonants , [a] in the vicinity of pharyngeal /ʕ/ and /ħ/ (for speakers who have merged /a/ and /ə/ in this environment), and [ə] elsewhere. Original short /u/ usually merges with /ə/ except in the vicinity of a labial or velar consonant. In positions where /ə/ was deleted, /u/
420-639: Is the dialectal , vernacular form or forms of Arabic spoken in Morocco. It is part of the Maghrebi Arabic dialect continuum and as such is mutually intelligible to some extent with Algerian Arabic and to a lesser extent with Tunisian Arabic . It is spoken by 90.9% of the population of Morocco. While Modern Standard Arabic is used to varying degrees in formal situations such as religious sermons, books, newspapers, government communications, news broadcasts and political talk shows, Moroccan Arabic
450-668: Is the predominant spoken language of the country and has a strong presence in Moroccan television entertainment, cinema and commercial advertising. Moroccan Arabic has many regional dialects and accents as well, with its mainstream dialect being the one used in Casablanca , Rabat , Tangier , Marrakesh and Fez , and therefore it dominates the media and eclipses most of the other regional accents. SIL International classifies Moroccan Arabic, Hassaniya Arabic and Judeo-Moroccan Arabic as different varieties of Arabic. Moroccan Arabic
480-429: Is writing: ka-ye-kteb She is/it is writing: ka-te-kteb We are writing: ka-n-ketb-u You (plural) are writing: ka-t-ketb-u They are writing: ka-y-ketb-u The stem kteb turns into ketb before a vowel suffix because of the process of inversion described above. Between the prefix ka-n-, ka-t-, ka-y- and the stem kteb , an e appears but not between the prefix and the transformed stem ketb because of
510-635: The Christian Reconquest or, alternatively, they date from the time of the Spanish protectorate in Morocco . Note: All sentences are written according to the transcription used in Richard Harrell, A Short Reference Grammar of Moroccan Arabic (Examples with their pronunciation) .: (Transliterated) (Transliterated) (Transliterated) The regular Moroccan Arabic verb conjugates with a series of prefixes and suffixes. The stem of
540-819: The diglossic nature of the Arabic language , most literate Muslims in Morocco would write in Standard Arabic, even if they spoke Darija as a first language. However, since Standard Arabic was typically taught in Islamic religious contexts, Moroccan Jews usually would not learn Standard Arabic and would write instead in Darija, or more specifically a variety known as Judeo-Moroccan Arabic , using Hebrew script. A risala on Semitic languages written in Maghrebi Judeo-Arabic by Judah ibn Quraish to
570-567: The Cinema Rif, an Amendis office and a pharmacy. On one side is the arch entrance to Mendoubia Gardens and another arch leads to the Rue de la Kasbah, also known as Rue d'Italie. In the mid-1950s many large trees were cut down in the round central outdoor market. Currently, the Grand Socco has a large marble fountain in the center, surrounded by tall palm trees and small flower gardens with
600-592: The Jews of Fes dates back to the ninth-century. Al-Kafif az-Zarhuni's epic 14th century zajal Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni , about Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman al-Marini's campaign on Hafsid Ifriqiya , is considered the first literary work in Darija. Most books and magazines are in Modern Standard Arabic ; Qur'an books are written and read in Classical Arabic , and there
630-491: The conjugated verb may change a bit, depending on the conjugation: The stem of the Moroccan Arabic verb for "to write" is kteb . The past tense of kteb (write) is as follows: I wrote: kteb-t You wrote: kteb-ti (some regions tend to differentiate between masculine and feminine, the masculine form is kteb-t , the feminine kteb-ti ) He/it wrote: kteb (can also be an order to write; kteb er-rissala: Write
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#1732765199680660-486: The extent to which emphatic consonants affect nearby vowels) occurs much less than in Egyptian Arabic . Emphasis spreads fairly rigorously towards the beginning of a word and into prefixes, but much less so towards the end of a word. Emphasis spreads consistently from a consonant to a directly following vowel, and less strongly when separated by an intervening consonant, but generally does not spread rightwards past
690-492: The last few years, there have been some publications in Moroccan Darija, such as Hicham Nostik 's Notes of a Moroccan Infidel , as well as basic science books by Moroccan physics professor Farouk El Merrakchi . Newspapers in Moroccan Arabic also exist, such as Souq Al Akhbar, Al Usbuu Ad-Daahik, the regional newspaper Al Amal (formerly published by Latifa Akherbach ), and Khbar Bladna (news of our country), which
720-412: The letter) She/it wrote: ketb-et We wrote: kteb-na You (plural) wrote: kteb-tu / kteb-tiu They wrote: ketb-u The stem kteb turns into ketb before a vowel suffix because of the process of inversion described above. The present tense of kteb is as follows: I am writing: ka-ne-kteb You are (masculine) writing: ka-te-kteb You are (feminine) writing: ka-t-ketb-i He's/it
750-574: The migration of Arab nomadic tribes to Morocco in the 11th century, particularly the Banu Hilal , which the Hilalian dialects are named after. The Hilalian dialects spoken in Morocco belong to the Maqil subgroup, a family that includes three main dialectal areas: One of the most notable features of Moroccan Arabic is the collapse of short vowels. Initially, short /a/ and /i/ were merged into
780-482: The same restriction that produces inversion. Emphatic consonants In Semitic studies , emphatic consonants are commonly transcribed using the convention of placing a dot under the closest plain consonant in the Latin alphabet . However, exceptions exist: original emphatic k developed into / q / in most Semitic languages; strictly speaking, it has thus ceased to be an emphatic version of k and has become
810-402: The vicinity of emphatic consonants and [ q ] , [ χ ] , [ ʁ ] , [ r ] , but [æ], [i], [u] elsewhere. (Most other Arabic dialects only have a similar variation for the phoneme /aː/ .) In some dialects, such as that of Marrakech , front-rounded and other allophones also exist. Allophones in vowels usually do not exist in loanwords . Emphatic spreading (i.e.
840-412: Was also deleted, and is maintained only as labialization of the adjacent labial or velar consonant; where /ə/ is maintained, /u/ surfaces as [ʊ] . This deletion of short vowels can result in long strings of consonants (a feature shared with Amazigh and certainly derived from it). These clusters are never simplified; instead, consonants occurring between other consonants tend to syllabify, according to
870-675: Was formed of several dialects of Arabic belonging to two genetically different groups: pre-Hilalian and Hilalian dialects. Pre-Hilalian dialects are a result of early Arabization phases of the Maghreb , from the 7th to the 12th centuries, concerning the main urban settlements, the harbors, the religious centres ( zaouias ) as well as the main trade routes. The dialects are generally classified in three types: (old) urban, "village" and "mountain" sedentary and Jewish dialects. In Morocco, several pre-Hilalian dialects are spoken: Hilalian dialects ( Bedouin dialects ) were introduced following
900-629: Was published by Tangier-based American painter Elena Prentice between 2002 and 2006. The latter also published books written in Moroccan Arabic, mostly novels and stories, written by authors such as Kenza El Ghali and Youssef Amine Alami . Moroccan Arabic is characterized by a strong Berber , as well as Latin ( African Romance ), substratum . Following the Arab conquest , Berber languages remained widely spoken. During their Arabisation , some Berber tribes became bilingual for generations before abandoning their language for Arabic; however, they kept
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