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125-695: Greenlanders possess Danish nationality . The Danish Realm , including Greenland, joined the European Communities , the predecessor to the European Union, in 1973. However, after gaining home rule in 1979, Greenland held a referendum in 1982 in which the majority voted not to leave the Communities. As a result, Greenland officially withdrew from the European Communities in 1985. Similarly, Greenland also withdrew from

250-581: A 2009 estimate, the Inuit population constituted approximately 85–90% of the total. There are 6,792 Danish residents in Greenland, accounting for 12% of the population. In recent years, the territory has seen notable immigration from Asia, particularly from the Philippines , Thailand , and China . Greenlandic , specifically West Greenlandic or Kalaallisut, is spoken by nearly 50,000 people and became

375-456: A combination of cultural, environmental, and socio-economic factors, including the impacts of isolation and limited access to mental health services. Alcoholism is another prominent issue in Greenland, with consumption rates peaking in the 1980s at twice the level in Denmark. Although alcohol consumption has slightly decreased by 2010, it remains a major social concern due to its high cost and

500-553: A country of which they are also citizens to give up their other (Danish) citizenship , although this cannot be enforced outside the jurisdiction of the country in question. For example Japan does not permit multiple citizenship , while Argentina has no restrictions . In 1992 Danish voters rejected the Maastricht Treaty . In 1993 Danish voters approved the four opt-outs as stipulated in the Edinburgh agreement including

625-580: A discrete field until 1919, when it was first offered as an undergraduate major by Aberystwyth University in the United Kingdom . The Second World War and its aftermath provoked greater interest and scholarship in international relations, particularly in North America and Western Europe , where it was shaped considerably by the geostrategic concerns of the Cold War . The collapse of

750-798: A distinct field of study began in Britain . IR emerged as a formal academic discipline in 1919 with the founding of the first IR professorship: the Woodrow Wilson Chair at Aberystwyth , University of Wales (now Aberystwyth University ), held by Alfred Eckhard Zimmern and endowed by David Davies . International politics courses were established at the University of Wisconsin in 1899 by Paul Samuel Reinsch and at Columbia University in 1910. By 1920, there were four universities that taught courses on international organization . Georgetown University 's Walsh School of Foreign Service

875-514: A fine also carries with it a time period for immigrants, where citizenship applications are rejected up to 4.5 years after the fine. Upon several offences, the period is extended by 3 years. In April 2021, the Mette Frederiksen Cabinet approved regulation which stops awarding citizenship to foreigners who had received a prison sentence in court which also encompassed suspended prison sentences. Previously, awarding citizenship

1000-670: A focus on the history of IR in the early modern , colonial , and Cold War periods. The first university entirely dedicated to the study of IR was the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies , which was founded in 1927 to form diplomats associated to the League of Nations . In 1922, Georgetown University graduated its first class of the Master of Science in Foreign Service (MSFS) degree, making it

1125-427: A given issue-area". Not all approaches to regime theory, however, are liberal or neoliberal; some realist scholars like Joseph Grieco have developed hybrid theories which take a realist based approach to this fundamentally liberal theory. (Realists do not say cooperation never happens, just that it is not the norm; it is a difference of degree). The constructivist framework rests on the fundamental assumption that

1250-526: A local Landsting the following year. On 23 February 1982, a slim majority (53%) of Greenlanders voted to withdraw from the EEC, a process finalized in 1985 with the Greenland Treaty . Greenland's Home Rule has increasingly embraced Greenlandic identity, with a focus on Kalaallit language and culture, while distancing itself from Danish influence and regional dialects. In 1979, the capital, Godthåb,

1375-591: A monarch or noble class. A state wherein the nation is sovereign would thence be termed a nation-state, as opposed to a monarchy or a religious state; the term republic increasingly became its synonym. An alternative model of the nation-state was developed in reaction to the French republican concept by the Germans and others, who instead of giving the citizenry sovereignty, kept the princes and nobility, but defined nation-statehood in ethnic-linguistic terms, establishing

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1500-415: A population of 9,204, centered around Sisimiut . Kommune Kujalleq follows with 6,145 residents, and Kommune Qeqertalik is the least populated municipality, with 6,058 inhabitants. In 2021, Greenland’s population was 56,421, with 18,800 residents living in the capital, Nuuk. Most Greenlanders inhabit the fjord-lined southwestern coast, which enjoys a comparatively mild climate for its high latitude. While

1625-623: A purely anarchical system. Rather, liberal theory assumes that states are institutionally constrained by the power of international organisations, and mutually dependent on one another through economic and diplomatic ties. Institutions such as the United Nations , the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and the International Court of Justice are taken to, over time, have developed power and influence to shape

1750-583: A school dedicated to teaching international affairs, was founded in Geneva , Switzerland. This was rapidly followed by establishment of IR at universities in the US. The creation of the posts of Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at LSE and at Oxford gave further impetus to the academic study of international relations. Furthermore, the International History department at LSE developed

1875-621: A single political body. Constructivism is also present in the analysis of international law , where norms of conduct such as the prohibition of chemical weapons , torture , and the protection of civilians in war , are socialised into international organisations, and stipulated into rules. Prominent constructivist IR scholars include Michael Barnett , Martha Finnemore , Ted Hopf , Peter Katzenstein , Kathryn Sikkink , and Alexander Wendt . Post-structuralism theories of international relations (also called critical theories due to being inherently critical of traditional IR frameworks) developed in

2000-488: A state, that the sovereign power(s) have absolute power over their territories, and that such a power is only limited by the sovereign's "own obligations towards other sovereigns and individuals". Such a foundation of sovereignty is indicated by a sovereign's obligation to other sovereigns, interdependence and dependence to take place. While throughout world history there have been instances of groups lacking or losing sovereignty, such as African nations prior to decolonization or

2125-555: A subdiscipline of political science, the focus of IR studies lies on political, diplomatic and security connections among states, as well as the study of modern political world history. In many academic institutions, studies of IR are thus situated in the department of politics/social sciences. This is for example the case in Scandinavia, where international relations are often simply referred to as international politics (IP). In institutions where international relations refers to

2250-582: A successful, though small, music culture. Notable Greenlandic bands and artists include Sumé , Chilly Friday , Nanook , Siissisoq , Nuuk Posse , and Rasmus Lyberth , who competed in the Danish national final for the 1979 Eurovision Song Contest , singing in Greenlandic. Singer-songwriter Simon Lynge is the first Greenlandic artist to release an album across the United Kingdom and perform at

2375-461: A weekly publication named after the nearby Sermitsiaq mountain , is released every Friday, with its online edition updated multiple times daily. Initially distributed only in Nuuk, it expanded nationwide in the 1980s. Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten (AG) is a bi-weekly newspaper, published in Greenlandic as Atuagagdliutit and in Danish as Grønlandsposten, with all articles appearing in both languages. It

2500-409: Is dependency theory and the core–periphery model , which argue that developed countries, in their pursuit of power, appropriate developing states through international banking, security and trade agreements and unions on a formal level, and do so through the interaction of political and financial advisors, missionaries, relief aid workers, and MNCs on the informal level, in order to integrate them into

2625-537: Is a prominent solidarist, while Hedley Bull and Robert H. Jackson are perhaps the best known pluralists. Some English school theoreticians have used historical cases in order to show the influence that normative frameworks have on the evolution of the international political order at various critical junctures. International relations are often viewed in terms of levels of analysis . The systemic level concepts are those broad concepts that define and shape an international milieu, characterized by anarchy . Focusing on

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2750-842: Is a unique fusion of traditional Inuit (Kalaallit, Tunumiit, and Inughuit) traditions and Scandinavian influences, reflecting the island's history and geography. Inuit culture, particularly that of the Kalaallit, has a rich artistic heritage dating back thousands of years. One notable art form is the creation of tupilak, or "spirit objects," which are intricately carved figures often imbued with symbolic or spiritual significance. Originally, tupilaks were used in shamanic rituals, but today, they are primarily made as art pieces. Traditional art-making practices, including carving, thrive in regions like Ammassalik , where local artists often work with materials like wood, stone, and bone. Sperm whale ivory remain especially valued mediums for carving. Greenland has

2875-466: Is an academic discipline. In a broader sense, the study of IR, in addition to multilateral relations, concerns all activities among states—such as war , diplomacy , trade , and foreign policy —as well as relations with and among other international actors, such as intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), international legal bodies , and multinational corporations (MNCs). International relations

3000-420: Is considerably different from the type of rights envisioned under natural law , Francisco de Vitoria , Hugo Grotius , and John Locke offered the first accounts of universal entitlement to certain rights on the basis of common humanity. In the 20th century, in addition to contemporary theories of liberal internationalism , Marxism has been a foundation of international relations. International relations as

3125-404: Is dealt with in more detail below. IR theory, however, has a long tradition of drawing on the work of other social sciences . The use of capitalizations of the "I" and "R" in international relations aims to distinguish the academic discipline of international relations from the phenomena of international relations. Many cite Sun Tzu 's The Art of War (6th century BC), Thucydides ' History of

3250-427: Is driven by limited educational opportunities within Greenland, prompting citizens to seek better job prospects, improved healthcare, and relief from the harsh Arctic climate. Many young people move to Denmark for education and career advancement, contributing significantly to this population decrease. A 2015 comprehensive genetic study of Greenlanders revealed that modern-day Inuit in Greenland are direct descendants of

3375-593: Is generally classified as a major multidiscipline of political science , along with comparative politics , political methodology , political theory , and public administration . It often draws heavily from other fields, including anthropology , economics , geography , history , law , philosophy , and sociology . There are several schools of thought within IR, of which the most prominent are realism , liberalism , and constructivism . While international politics has been analyzed since antiquity , it did not become

3500-453: Is generally on proselytizing to fellow Christians rather than engaging in widespread efforts to convert non-believers. These movements aim to reinvigorate faith among Greenland's Christian communities. Greenland faces significant social challenges, including high suicide rates , which have led to the country being reported as having the highest suicide rate in the world according to a 2010 census. These mental health issues are often linked to

3625-657: Is governed by the Constitutional Act and the Consolidated Act of Danish Nationality. Danish nationality can be acquired in one of the following ways: In December 2018, the law on Danish citizenship was changed so that a handshake was mandatory during the ceremony. The regulation was made in an attempt to target members of the Islamist group Hizb ut-Tahrir from receiving Danish citizenship, since many of them refuse to shake hands with individuals of

3750-480: Is home to a golf course. In 2002, Nuuk hosted the Arctic Winter Games in conjunction with Iqaluit , Nunavut . The national dish of Greenland is suaasat , a traditional soup prepared with seal meat . The Greenlandic diet heavily relies on meat from marine mammals, game, birds, and fish, as the glacial landscape limits agricultural options. Most ingredients are sourced from the ocean, and seasoning

3875-430: Is only a subjective judgment, divorced from the facts as they are and informed by prejudice and wishful thinking. Major theorists include E. H. Carr , Robert Gilpin , Charles P. Kindleberger , Stephen D. Krasner , Hans Morgenthau , Kenneth Waltz , Robert Jervis , Stephen Walt , and John Mearsheimer . In contrast to realism, the liberal framework emphasises that states, although they are sovereign, do not exist in

Greenlanders - Misplaced Pages Continue

4000-760: Is released every Tuesday and Thursday. The Inuit of Greenland have a rich tradition of arts and crafts, including the carving of tupilaks , small sculptures representing avenging spirits or mythical beings. The term "tupilak," from Greenlandic, translates to the soul or spirit of a deceased person. These carvings, often no more than 20 centimetres (8 in) tall, are traditionally made from walrus ivory and feature grotesque or imaginative designs. Once linked to shamanic practices, tupilaks are now primarily sought after as collectible items. Modern Greenlandic artisans continue to work with native materials such as musk ox wool, seal fur, soapstone, reindeer antlers, and gemstones. Danish nationality law Danish nationality law

4125-551: Is the oldest continuously operating school for international affairs in the United States, founded in 1919. In 1927, the London School of Economics ' department of international relations was founded at the behest of Nobel Peace Prize winner Philip Noel-Baker : this was the first institute to offer a wide range of degrees in the field. That same year, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies ,

4250-433: Is typically limited to salt and pepper. Greenlandic coffee is a notable dessert beverage, distinct for being "flaming" as it is set alight before serving. Made with coffee , whiskey , Kahlúa , Grand Marnier , and topped with whipped cream , it is stronger than the more widely known Irish coffee . Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa (KNR) is Greenland's public broadcasting company and an associate member of both Eurovision and

4375-524: Is what states make of it". By this he means that the anarchic structure that realists claim governs state interaction is in fact a phenomenon that is socially constructed and reproduced by states. Constructivism is part of critical theory, and as such seeks to criticise the assumptions underlying traditional IR theory. Constructivist theory would for example claim that the state leaders of the United States and Soviet Union were socialised into different roles and norms, which can provide theoretical insights to how

4500-475: The Danish Health Minister , Magnus Heunicke , confirmed that an official investigation would take place to uncover the decisions and actions that led to the forced procedures. Additionally, it was found that after Greenland gained control of its healthcare system in 1991, Greenlandic doctors continued the practice on some Inuit women, despite the legal and ethical concerns. Greenlandic culture

4625-506: The Edinburgh Agreement , in which EU citizenship does not replace national citizenship and each member state is free to determine its nationals according to its own nationality law. The Amsterdam Treaty extends this to all EU member states, which renders the Danish opt-out de facto meaningless. Visa requirements for Danish citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of

4750-783: The European Economic Community in 1985 following its resignation from the European Communities. Although Greenland is no longer part of the European Union , it maintains a special relationship with the EU through its status as an Overseas Country and Territory . As Danish citizens, Greenlanders have the same rights to freedom of movement within the EU, allowing them to live and work freely in EU member states. The American presence in Greenland introduced Sears catalogs , enabling Greenlanders and Danes to purchase modern appliances and other goods by mail. From 1948 to 1950,

4875-490: The Glastonbury Festival . The drum, or qilaat, is the traditional Greenlandic instrument, crafted from driftwood or walrus ribs and covered with polar bear or walrus stomach or bladder. Unlike typical drumming, the drum is played from underneath the frame with a stick. Traditional drum dances involved simple melodies and served dual purposes: dispelling fear during long, dark winters and resolving disputes. In

5000-627: The Greenland Commission assessed the island's conditions, focusing on its isolation, unequal laws, and economic stagnation. This evaluation led to the abolition of the Royal Greenland Trading Department 's monopolies. In 1953, Greenland's status shifted from a colony to an autonomous province within the Danish Realm. Greenland also gained its own Danish county and, despite its small population,

5125-558: The Herrnhuter Brüdergemeinde , with secular songs. Whalers from Scandinavia, Germany, and Scotland introduced instruments like the fiddle and accordion, as well as dances such as the polka, or kalattuut, which is now performed with intricate steps. Sports play a significant role in Greenlandic culture, with the population maintaining an active lifestyle. Popular sports include association football , track and field , handball , and skiing . Handball, often regarded as

Greenlanders - Misplaced Pages Continue

5250-978: The Kingdom of Denmark . In May 2018, Danish citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 185 countries and territories, ranking the Danish passport 5th in the world according to the Henley visa restrictions index . The Danish nationality is ranked fourth in The Quality of Nationality Index (QNI). This index differs from the Henley Passport Index , which focuses on external factors including travel freedom. The QNI considers, besides travel freedom, internal factors such as peace & stability, economic strength, and human development as well. International relations International relations ( IR , and also referred to as international studies , international politics , or international affairs )

5375-505: The Nordvision network. Employing nearly 100 people, KNR is among the largest organizations in the territory. Nuuk also has its own radio and television station, including Nanoq Media , a local television channel established on August 1, 2002. Nanoq Media is the largest local station in Greenland, reaching over 4,000 households, approximately 75% of all households in Nuuk. Greenland has two nationally distributed newspapers. Sermitsiaq ,

5500-688: The Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity , reflect a growing consensus that environmental degradation requires coordinated international responses , shaping diplomatic priorities and global governance frameworks. Within the study of international relations, there exists multiple theories seeking to explain how states and other actors operate within the international system. These can generally be divided into three main strands: realism, liberalism, and constructivism. The realist framework of international relations rests on

5625-496: The Pituffik Space Base , continues to be a contentious issue, with some politicians advocating for a renegotiation of the 1951 US–Denmark treaty. The 1999–2003 Commission on Self-Governance even proposed that Greenland should seek to have the base removed from U.S. control and placed under international management, possibly through the United Nations . Greenland has an estimated population of 55,840. As of 2012,

5750-585: The Roman Catholic minority is pastorally served by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Copenhagen , which oversees Catholic activities across the Danish Realm, including Greenland. While Catholics form a small portion of the population, their presence is supported through limited church infrastructure and pastoral care. Christian missionaries are still active in Greenland, though they predominantly belong to charismatic movements . Their focus

5875-668: The Royal Mission College in Copenhagen, Norwegian and Danish Lutherans , as well as German Moravian missionaries , undertook expeditions to locate the long-lost Norse settlements. However, they found no surviving Norse inhabitants and instead focused their efforts on converting the Inuit population to Christianity. Significant figures in Greenland's Christianization included Hans Egede , his son Poul Egede , and German missionary Matthias Stach . Hans Egede established

6000-563: The Thule culture pioneers who settled in the region during the 13th century. The study also showed approximately 25% European admixture, stemming from colonizers who arrived in the 16th century. Contrary to earlier theories, no genetic evidence of Viking settlers has been identified among Greenland's population. Greenland's population is primarily composed of Greenlandic Inuit , including individuals of mixed heritage, as well as Danish Greenlanders and other Europeans and North Americans . As of

6125-572: The University of Greenland in Nuuk provides local academic opportunities, while vocational training institutions are also available. Students who wish to study in Denmark have equal admission rights and access to scholarships, provided they meet residency requirements. Since 1994, reforms in bilingual education have generated positive results, ensuring students gain proficiency in both Greenlandic and Danish and promoting equal access to education across linguistic groups. The traditional religion of

6250-421: The non-Western world . Half of all new Danish citizenships in 2012 were given to people from Iraq , Afghanistan , Turkey , Somalia and Iran . Immigrants who have committed crimes may be denied Danish citizenship. For instance, immigrants who have received a prison sentence of one year or more, or at least three months for crimes against a person cannot receive citizenship. Convictions which have resulted in

6375-409: The "critical" component of theory was derived significantly from their attempt to overcome the limits of positivism. Modern-day proponents such as Andrew Linklater , Robert W. Cox , and Ken Booth focus on the need for human emancipation from the nation-state. Hence, it is "critical" of mainstream IR theories that tend to be both positivist and state-centric. Further linked in with Marxist theories

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6500-417: The 1980s from postmodernist studies in political science . Post-structuralism explores the deconstruction of concepts traditionally not problematic in IR (such as "power" and "agency") and examines how the construction of these concepts shapes international relations. The examination of "narratives" plays an important part in poststructuralist analysis; for example, feminist poststructuralist work has examined

6625-443: The 1990s opened up a space for gendering International Relations. Because feminist IR is linked broadly to the critical project in IR, by and large most feminist scholarship have sought to problematize the politics of knowledge construction within the discipline—often by adopting methodologies of deconstructivism associated with postmodernism/poststructuralism. However, the growing influence of feminist and women-centric approaches within

6750-625: The Church of Denmark, which follows Lutheran teachings. Although there are no official census records on religious affiliation in Greenland, the Bishop of Greenland , Sofie Petersen , estimates that approximately 85% of the population are members of the Church of Denmark. As part of the Danish Realm, the Church of Denmark holds the status of the established church under the Danish Constitution , which extends to Greenland. In Greenland,

6875-505: The EU through its OCT-status . Since Greenlanders hold Danish citizenship they enjoy the same rights as other Danish citizens regarding freedom of movement in the EU. This allows Greenlanders to move and reside freely within the EU. The Faroe Islands have never been part of the EU or its predecessors, and EU treaties do not apply to the islands. Consequently, Danish citizens residing in the Faroe Islands are not EU citizens within

7000-818: The East Greenlandic dialect in particular. Education in Greenland closely follows the Danish system and is free and compulsory for children aged 7 to 16. The primary language of instruction is Greenlandic, with Danish introduced as a second language in primary school. The education system aims to foster cultural and linguistic unity through a bilingual model, integrating Greenlandic and Danish-speaking students. The public school system, managed by municipalities , encompasses approximately 100 schools. It focuses on teaching Greenlandic from kindergarten through high school, while also providing vocational and technical education during secondary school. For higher education,

7125-465: The Folketing meant that despite 70.3% of its population opposing entry into the European Economic Community , it was included along with Denmark in 1973. Concerns about the customs union enabling foreign competition and overfishing of Greenlandic waters were soon validated, leading to a strong push for greater autonomy. The Folketing approved devolution in 1978, and home rule was established under

7250-498: The Peloponnesian War (5th century BC), Chanakya 's Arthashastra (4th century BC), as the inspiration for realist theory, with Hobbes ' Leviathan and Machiavelli 's The Prince providing further elaboration. Similarly, liberalism draws upon the work of Kant and Rousseau , with the work of the former often being cited as the first elaboration of democratic peace theory . Though contemporary human rights

7375-448: The Peloponnesian War , written by Thucydides , is considered a foundational text of the realist school of political philosophy. There is debate over whether Thucydides himself was a realist; Richard Ned Lebow has argued that seeing Thucydides as a realist is a misinterpretation of a more complex political message within his work. Amongst others, philosophers like Machiavelli , Hobbes , and Rousseau are considered to have contributed to

7500-484: The Soviet Union and subsequent rise of globalization in the late 20th century have presaged new theories and evaluations of the rapidly changing international system . Depending on the academic institution, international relations or international affairs is either a subdiscipline of political science or a broader multidisciplinary field encompassing global politics , law, economics or world history. As

7625-455: The ability of states to control and limit war in their international relations. Early adherents include Woodrow Wilson and Norman Angell , who argued that states mutually gained from cooperation and that war was so destructive as to be essentially futile. Liberalism was not recognized as a coherent theory as such until it was collectively and derisively termed idealism by E. H. Carr . A new version of "idealism" that focused on human rights as

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7750-631: The agreement when Greenland exited the EEC, it was considered a "special case," retaining access to the European market through Denmark, which remains a member. Greenland is also involved in several regional organizations with Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Indigenous Inuit populations from Canada and Russia. It was a founding member of the Arctic Council in 1996, an environmental group. The presence of U.S. military bases, particularly

7875-420: The basis of the legitimacy of international law was advanced by Hans Köchler . Major theorists include Montesquieu , Immanuel Kant , Michael W. Doyle , Francis Fukuyama , and Helen Milner . Liberal institutionalism (some times referred to as neoliberalism) shows how cooperation can be achieved in international relations even if neorealist assumptions apply (states are the key actors in world politics,

8000-515: The bill also allows former Danish nationals who lost their citizenship as a result of accepting another to reobtain Danish citizenship. This provision expired in 2020. A separate provision, lasting until 2017, allows current applicants for Danish citizenship who have been approved under the condition they renounce their prior citizenship to retain their prior nationality as they become Danish citizens. The law came into force on 1 September 2015. Anyone with Danish (or other) citizenship may be required by

8125-494: The broader multidisciplinary field of global politics, law, economics and history, the subject may be studied across multiple departments, or be situated in its own department, as is the case at for example the London School of Economics. An undergraduate degree in multidisciplinary international relations may lead to a more specialised master's degree of either international politics, economics, or international law . In

8250-431: The capitalist system, strategically appropriating undervalued natural resources and labor hours and fostering economic and political dependence. Feminist IR considers the ways that international politics affects and is affected by both men and women and also at how the core concepts that are employed within the discipline of IR (e.g. war, security, etc.) are themselves gendered. Feminist IR has not only concerned itself with

8375-583: The collapse of cod fisheries and mines in the late 1980s and early 1990s, leaving Greenland reliant on Danish aid and shrimp exports. State-owned enterprises remain central to the economy. Subsidized companies like Air Greenland and the Arctic Umiaq ferry are essential for connecting remote communities. The primary airport is still the former U.S. air base at Kangerlussuaq , as Nuuk's airport cannot accommodate international flights due to cost and noise limitations. Greenland’s limited representation in

8500-672: The conflict between the nations was conducted during the Cold War. E.g., prominent US policy makers frequently spoke of the USSR as an 'evil empire', and thus socialised the US population and state apparatus into an anti-communist sentiment, which defined the norms conducted in US foreign policy. Other constructivist analyses include the discourses on European integration; senior policy-making circles were socialised into ideas of Europe as an historical and cultural community, and therefore sought to construct institutions to integrate European nations into

8625-584: The conflicts between states in the early European state-system; the causes of the First and Second World Wars , as well as the behavior of the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War . In settings such as these the realist framework carries great interpretative insights in explaining how the military and economic power struggles of states lead to larger armed conflicts. History of

8750-507: The connections existing between sovereign nation-states . This makes the establishment of the modern state system the natural starting point of international relations history. The establishment of modern sovereign states as fundamental political units traces back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 in Europe . During the preceding Middle Ages , European organization of political authority

8875-427: The consolidation of newly independent nation-states within the non-West , such as Brazil and India. In recent decades, IR has increasingly addressed environmental concerns such as climate change , deforestation , and biodiversity loss , recognizing their implications for global security and diplomacy. Once peripheral, these issues have gained prominence due to their global impact . Multilateral agreements, like

9000-683: The creation of foreign policy. The liberal framework is associated with analysis of the globalised world as it emerged in the aftermath of World War II . Increased political cooperation through organisations such as the UN , as well as economic cooperation through institutions such as the WTO, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund , was thought to have made the realist analysis of power and conflict inadequate in explaining

9125-497: The discipline is inherently masculine in nature. For example, in her article "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals" Signs (1988), Carol Cohn claimed that a highly masculinized culture within the defense establishment contributed to the divorcing of war from human emotion. Feminist IR emerged largely from the late 1980s onward. The end of the Cold War and the re-evaluation of traditional IR theory during

9250-416: The economic and material aspects. It makes the assumption that the economy trumps other concerns, making economic class the fundamental level of analysis. Marxists view the international system as an integrated capitalist system in pursuit of capital accumulation . Thus, colonialism brought in sources for raw materials and captive markets for exports, while decolonialization brought new opportunities in

9375-524: The embassy of any other EU country present in that country. Danish citizens can live and work in any country within the EU as a result of the right of free movement and residence granted in Article 21 of the EU Treaty . Greenland joined the European Economic Community along with Denmark proper in 1973 but left in 1985. Although Greenland is not part of the European Union, but remains associated with

9500-672: The evolving roles of Greenlandic and Danish in Greenland’s future. While Greenlandic holds official status and is widely spoken, Danish remains critical for administration and business. English, increasingly important in Greenland, is now taught starting from the first year of school. West Greenland has historically been the most populous region of the island and the center of its de facto official language, Greenlandic. However, linguistic diversity persists in other regions. Approximately 3,000 people speak East Greenlandic , referred to as Tunumiisut, and nearly 1,000 residents around Qaanaaq in

9625-545: The first graduate-only school of international affairs in the United States. In 1965, Glendon College and the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs were the first institutions in Canada to offer an undergraduate and a graduate program in international studies and affairs, respectively. The lines between IR and other political science subfields is sometimes blurred, in particular when it comes to

9750-647: The first fully-fledged international system. Analyses of the foreign policies of sovereign city states have been done in ancient times, as in Thycydides ' analysis of the causes of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta , as well as by Niccolò Machiavelli in The Prince , published in 1532, where he analyzed the foreign policy of the renaissance city state of Florence . The contemporary field of international relations, however, analyzes

9875-466: The first international relations graduate program in the United States. This was soon followed by the establishment of the Committee on International Relations (CIR) at the University of Chicago , where the first research graduate degree was conferred in 1928. The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy , a collaboration between Tufts University and Harvard University , opened its doors in 1933 as

10000-504: The first permanent Danish-Norwegian mission on Kangeq Island in 1721, where efforts to translate religious texts began. The New Testament was translated into Greenlandic in parts over many years, but the full Bible was not translated until 1900. A modern translation of the Bible, reflecting contemporary Greenlandic orthography, was completed in 2000. The predominant religion in Greenland is Protestant Christianity , primarily represented by

10125-520: The foreign policies of individual states. Furthermore, the existence of the globalised world economy makes continuous military power struggle irrational, as states are dependent on participation in the global trade system to ensure their own survival. As such, the liberal framework stresses cooperation between states as a fundamental part of the international system. States are not seen as unitary actors, but pluralistic arenas where interest groups, non-governmental organisations, and economic actors also shape

10250-469: The form of dependence. A prominent derivative of Marxian thought is critical international relations theory which is the application of " critical theory " to international relations. Early critical theorists were associated with the Frankfurt School , which followed Marx's concern with the conditions that allow for social change and the establishment of rational institutions. Their emphasis on

10375-551: The fundamental assumption that the international state system is an anarchy , with no overarching power restricting the behaviour of sovereign states. As a consequence, states are engaged in a continuous power struggle, where they seek to augment their own military capabilities, economic power, and diplomacy relative to other states; this in order to ensure the protection of their political system, citizens, and vital interests. The realist framework further assumes that states act as unitary, rational actors, where central decision makers in

10500-523: The history of Denmark and Greenland. As part of a population control policy, roughly half of all fertile Greenlandic Inuit women and girls were fitted with IUDs, including children as young as 12. These procedures were often carried out without consent or knowledge from the girls' parents, and in some cases, girls were taken directly from school to have the devices inserted. This practice was even extended to Inuit girls sent to boarding schools in Denmark. This issue came to realization decades later, and in 2022,

10625-530: The inaugural issue of World Politics , Frederick S. Dunn wrote that IR was about "relations that take place across national boundaries" and "between autonomous political groups in a world system". Dunn wrote that unique elements characterized IR and separated it from other subfields: international politics is concerned with the special kind of power relationships that exist in a community lacking an overriding authority; international economics deals with trade relations across national boundaries that are complicated by

10750-415: The influence of King Olaf Tryggvason . Leif returned to Greenland with missionaries who quickly established a Christian presence, including sixteen parishes, monasteries, and a bishopric at Garðar . The rediscovery of Greenland's Norse settlements and the spread of Protestant Reformation ideas were key motivations behind Denmark's recolonization of Greenland in the 18th century. Under the direction of

10875-851: The international policy communities (for example at the World Bank and the United Nations) is more reflective of the liberal feminist emphasis on equality of opportunity for women. Prominent scholars include Carol Cohn , Cynthia Enloe , Sara Ruddick , and J. Ann Tickner . International society theory, also called the English school, focuses on the shared norms and values of states and how they regulate international relations. Examples of such norms include diplomacy, order, and international law . Theorists have focused particularly on humanitarian intervention, and are subdivided between solidarists, who tend to advocate it more, and pluralists, who place greater value in order and sovereignty. Nicholas Wheeler

11000-492: The international system could remain stable in the absence of a hegemon, thus rebutting hegemonic stability theory. Regime theory is derived from the liberal tradition that argues that international institutions or regimes affect the behaviour of states (or other international actors). It assumes that cooperation is possible in the anarchic system of states, indeed, regimes are by definition, instances of international cooperation. While realism predicts that conflict should be

11125-425: The international system is anarchic, and states pursue their self interest). Liberal institutionalists highlight the role of international institutions and regimes in facilitating cooperation between states. Prominent neoliberal institutionalists are John Ikenberry , Robert Keohane , and Joseph Nye . Robert Keohane's 1984 book After Hegemony used insights from the new institutional economics to argue that

11250-545: The international system is built on social constructs; such as ideas , norms , and identities . Various political actors, such as state leaders , policy makers , and the leaders of international organisations, are socialised into different roles and systems of norms, which define how the international system operates. The constructivist scholar Alexander Wendt , in a 1992 article in International Organization , noted in response to realism that "anarchy

11375-429: The latter case, individuals would take turns drumming and singing to ridicule each other, with the audience’s laughter determining the winner. Shamans also used the drum in rituals to conjure spirits. However, after missionaries arrived in the 18th century, drum dances were banned as pagan practices. They were replaced by polyphonic choral singing, known for its distinctive sound, blending German hymns, influenced by

11500-657: The majority of the population resides in colder coastal areas north of 64°N, the warmer regions, such as the vegetated surroundings of Narsarsuaq, remain sparsely populated. The majority of Greenland's population identifies as Lutheran . Historically, the Moravian Brothers , a congregation with ties to Christiansfeld in South Jutland and partially of German origin, played a significant religious role. Despite their name, they were not ethnically Moravian ( Czech ). Regarding demographics, an estimated 89.7% of

11625-450: The meaning of the treaties. However, they can choose between a non-EU Danish-Faroese passport (which is green and modelled on pre-EU Danish passport) or a regular Danish EU passport. Some EU member states may treat Danish citizens residing in the Faroe Islands the same as other Danish citizens and thus as EU citizens. Concerning citizenship of the European Union as established in the Maastricht Treaty , Denmark proper obtained an opt-out in

11750-400: The national sport, saw the men's national team rank among the top 20 globally in 2001. Greenland's natural environment offers ideal conditions for activities like skiing , fishing , snowboarding , ice climbing , and rock climbing . However, hiking and mountain climbing are more commonly enjoyed by the general population. While Greenland's landscape is not well-suited for golf , Nuuk

11875-439: The negative effects it has on communities. The high prices of alcohol in Greenland make it an expensive habit, and the associated social problems, including addiction, domestic violence, and health issues, have a considerable impact on society. HIV/AIDS prevalence was once high in Greenland, peaking in the 1990s, but it has since decreased significantly due to effective public health initiatives and treatments. As of recent years,

12000-503: The nomadic Inuit was shamanistic , centered around appeasing a vengeful and fingerless sea goddess known as Sedna, who was believed to control the success of seal and whale hunts . The first Norse settlers in Greenland worshipped the Norse pantheon , but a major shift occurred when Leif Erikson , the son of Erik the Red , converted to Christianity during a visit to Norway in 999 under

12125-442: The norm in international relations, regime theorists say that there is cooperation despite anarchy. Often they cite cooperation in trade, human rights and collective security among other issues. These instances of cooperation are regimes. The most commonly cited definition of regimes comes from Stephen Krasner , who defines regimes as "principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actor expectations converge in

12250-408: The north speak Inuktun . Notably, Inuktun shares closer similarities with the Inuit languages of Canada than with other Greenlandic dialects. These regional varieties of Greenlandic are largely unintelligible to each other, with some linguists even classifying Tunumiisut as a separate language. A UNESCO report has labeled these other varieties as endangered, prompting efforts to preserve and protect

12375-466: The occupation of Iraq during the Iraq War , there is still a need for sovereignty in terms of assessing international relations. The concept of power in international relations can be described as the degree of resources, capabilities, and influence in international affairs. It is often divided up into the concepts of hard power and soft power , hard power relating primarily to coercive power, such as

12500-648: The opposite sex. The Folketing decides who is naturalised and passes a law naming those people. The general guidelines as agreed between the political parties are: Applicants may be exempted from some, or all of these requirements by the Folketing Naturalization Committee. Decisions on exemptions are considered political questions. According to Statistics Denmark , 3,267 foreigners living in Denmark replaced their foreign citizenship with Danish citizenship in 2012. A total of 71.4% of all those who were naturalized in 2012 were from

12625-473: The opt-out for citizenship of the European Union. Danish citizens residing in Denmark proper are also citizens of the European Union under European Union law and thus enjoy rights of free movement and have the right to vote in elections for the European Parliament . When in a non-EU country where there is no Danish embassy, Danish citizens have the right to get consular protection from

12750-411: The population is of Greenlandic multiethnic European-Inuit heritage, 7.8% is Danish , 1.1% other Nordic , and 1.4% from other backgrounds. The multiethnic European-Inuit population includes those with Danish, Norwegian , Faroese , Icelandic , Dutch ( whaler ), German , and American ancestry. Greenland's population has been rapidly declining since 2019, primarily due to emigration . This trend

12875-404: The prevalence rate has dropped to around c. 0.13%, which is lower than in many other countries . Unemployment in Greenland remains higher than in Denmark, with rates around 6.8% in 2017, compared to Denmark’s 5.6%. The practice of forced sterilization and the widespread use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) on Greenlandic Inuit women and girls during the 1960s and 1970s is a dark chapter in

13000-409: The rarely if ever fulfilled ideal that all people speaking one language should belong to one state only. The same claim to sovereignty was made for both forms of nation-state. In Europe today, few states conform to either definition of nation-state: many continue to have royal sovereigns, and hardly any are ethnically homogeneous. The particular European system supposing the sovereign equality of states

13125-477: The real-world problems that international relations studies is supposed to contribute to solving. Constructivist theory (see above) is the most prominent strand of post-structuralism. Other prominent post-structuralist theories are Marxism, dependency theory, feminism, and the theories of the English school. See also Critical international relations theory . Marxist theories of IR reject the realist/liberal view of state conflict or cooperation; instead focusing on

13250-473: The realist philosophy. However, while their work may support realist doctrine, it is not likely that they would have classified themselves as realists in this sense. Political realism believes that politics, like society, is governed by objective laws with roots in human nature . To improve society, it is first necessary to understand the laws by which society lives. The operation of these laws being impervious to our preferences, persons will challenge them only at

13375-407: The relations of these different types of states is disputed. "Levels of analysis" is a way of looking at the international system, which includes the individual level, the domestic state as a unit, the international level of transnational and intergovernmental affairs, and the global level. What is explicitly recognized as international relations theory was not developed until after World War I , and

13500-403: The relationship between the institutionalization of IR as an academic discipline and the demands of national governments. Robert Vitalis  [ ar ] 's book White World Order, Black Power Politics details the historical imbrication of IR in the projects of colonial administration and imperialism, while other scholars have traced the emergence of international relations in relation to

13625-443: The risk of failure. Realism, believing as it does in the objectivity of the laws of politics, must also believe in the possibility of developing a rational theory that reflects, however imperfectly and one-sidedly, these objective laws. It believes also, then, in the possibility of distinguishing in politics between truth and opinion—between what is true objectively and rationally, supported by evidence and illuminated by reason, and what

13750-419: The role that "women" play in global society and how they are constructed in war as "innocent" and "civilians". Rosenberg's article "Why is there no International Historical Sociology" was a key text in the evolution of this strand of international relations theory. Post-structuralism has garnered both significant praise and criticism, with its critics arguing that post-structuralist research often fails to address

13875-535: The sole official language of Greenland in 2009. The majority of the population speaks both Danish and West Greenlandic Kalaallisut, the most popular being the Eskaleut language , with both languages having been used in public affairs since the introduction of home rule in 1979. Despite Greenlandic's official status, Danish remains widely used in administration, education, skilled trades, and other professions. The orthography of Greenlandic, initially established in 1851,

14000-420: The state apparatus ultimately stand for most of the state's foreign policy decisions. International organizations are in consequence merely seen as tools for individual states used to further their own interests, and are thought to have little power in shaping states' foreign policies on their own. The realist framework is traditionally associated with the analysis of power-politics, and has been used to analyze

14125-513: The study of conflict , institutions , political economy and political behavior . The division between comparative politics and international relations is artificial, as processes within nations shape international processes, and international processes shape processes within states. Some scholars have called for an integration of the fields. Comparative politics does not have similar " isms " as international relations scholarship. Critical scholarship in international relations has explored

14250-530: The systemic level of international relations is often, but not always, the preferred method for neo-realists and other structuralist IR analysts. Preceding the concepts of interdependence and dependence, international relations relies on the idea of sovereignty. Described in Jean Bodin 's Six Books of the Commonwealth in 1576, the three pivotal points derived from the book describe sovereignty as being

14375-422: The territory's sovereign borders. These principles underpin the modern international legal and political order. The period between roughly 1500 to 1789 saw the rise of independent sovereign states , multilateralism , and the institutionalization of diplomacy and the military. The French Revolution contributed the idea that it was the citizenry of a state, defined as the nation, that were sovereign, rather than

14500-495: The total life expectancy was 71.25 years, with males having a life expectancy of 68.6 years and females with 74.04 years. Kommuneqarfik Sermersooq is Greenland's most populous municipality , with 24,382 residents. It includes Nuuk , the capital and largest city of the territory. Avannaata Kommunia is the second most populous municipality, with 10,846 residents, primarily in Ilulissat , its largest city. Qeqqata Kommunia has

14625-486: The traditional focus of IR on states, wars, diplomacy and security, but feminist IR scholars have also emphasized the importance of looking at how gender shapes the current global political economy. In this sense, there is no clear cut division between feminists working in IR and those working in the area of International Political Economy (IPE). From its inception, feminist IR has also theorized extensively about men and, in particular, masculinities. Many IR feminists argue that

14750-461: The uncontrolled actions of sovereign states; and international law is law that is based on voluntary acceptance by independent nations. The terms "International studies" and " global studies " have been used by some to refer to a broader multidisciplinary IR field. Studies of international relations started thousands of years ago; Barry Buzan and Richard Little considered the interaction of ancient Sumerian city-states, starting in 3,500 BC , as

14875-493: The workings of the international system. The intellectual basis of liberal theory is often cited as Immanuel Kant 's essay Perpetual Peace from 1795. In it, he postulates that states, over time, through increased political and economic cooperation, will come to resemble an international federation—a world government ; which will be characterised by continual peace and cooperation. In modern times, liberal international relations theory arose after World War I in response to

15000-549: Was revised in 1973. Greenland has a literacy rate of 100%. Approximately 12% of Greenland’s population speaks Danish as a first or sole language, primarily comprising Danish immigrants. For many, Danish remains the dominant language, particularly in Nuuk and other larger towns. Historically, Danish served as a second language for most multiethnic Inuit ancestors, although Greenlandic was more dominant in smaller settlements. In larger towns, especially Nuuk, Danish speakers have held significant social influence. Debate continues over

15125-584: Was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order. Contrary to popular belief, Westphalia still embodied layered systems of sovereignty, especially within the Holy Roman Empire . More than the Peace of Westphalia, the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 is thought to reflect an emerging norm that sovereigns had no internal equals within a defined territory and no external superiors as the ultimate authority within

15250-599: Was exported to the Americas, Africa, and Asia via colonialism and the "standards of civilization". The contemporary international system was finally established through decolonization during the Cold War . However, this is somewhat over-simplified. While the nation-state system is considered "modern", many states have not incorporated the system and are termed "pre-modern". A handful of states have moved beyond insistence on full sovereignty, and can be considered "post-modern". The ability of contemporary IR discourse to explain

15375-742: Was granted representation in the Danish Folketing (parliament). Denmark implemented reforms to urbanize Greenlanders, aiming to reduce dependence on declining seal populations and to provide labor for expanding cod fisheries. These reforms also sought to improve healthcare, education, and transportation. However, they introduced challenges such as modern unemployment and poorly planned housing projects, notably Blok P . These European-style apartments proved impractical, with Inuit struggling to navigate narrow doors in winter clothing, and fire escapes often blocked by fishing equipment. Television broadcasts began in 1982, but economic hardships worsened after

15500-460: Was possible for foreigners with a prison sentence of less than a year. In October 2011, the newly elected centre-left coalition government indicated its intention to permit dual citizenship . On 18 December 2014, Parliament passed a bill to allow Danish citizens to become foreign nationals without losing their Danish citizenship, and to allow foreign nationals to acquire Danish citizenship without renouncing their prior citizenship. A provision in

15625-554: Was renamed Nuuk. A local flag was introduced in 1985, and the Danish-owned KGH was replaced by the locally managed Kalaallit Niuerfiat , now known as KNI A/S, in 1986. Following a successful referendum on self-government in 2008 , Greenland's parliament gained expanded powers, and in 2009, Danish was removed as an official language. Greenland's international relations are mostly managed by its home rule government, though some matters remain under Danish oversight. As part of

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