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108-507: The library provides research and reference services, as well as Internet computers and wireless Internet access, meeting and study rooms, copy machines and printers, and faxing. In the fall of 2021, the Central Library added Tech Central: Innovation and Maker Lab. Tech Central stations include equipment for video editing, media conversion, laser engraver, sublimation printer, audio and video recording, and more. Another library service

216-691: A "socio-cultural learning theory" that emphasized the impact of social and cultural experiences on individual thinking and the development of mental processes. Vygotsky's theory emerged in the 1930s and is still discussed today as a means of improving and reforming educational practices. In Vygotsky's theories of learning, he also postulated the theory of the zone of proximal development. This theory ties in with children building off prior knowledge and gaining new knowledge related to skills they already have. This theory further describes how new knowledge or skills are taken in if they are not fully learned but are starting to emerge. A teacher or older friend lends support to

324-532: A 2020 study in the Journal of Political Economy by Clemson University economist Jorge Luis García, Nobel laureate James J. Heckman and University of Southern California economists Duncan Ermini Leaf and María José Prados, every dollar spent on a high-quality early-childhood programs led to a return of $ 7.3 over the long-term. The Perry Preschool Project, which was conducted in the 1960s in Ypsilanti, Michigan ,

432-593: A Milwaukee study reported a 25-point gain. In addition, students who had been enrolled in the Abecedarian Project , an often-cited ECE study, scored significantly higher on reading and math tests by age fifteen than comparable students who had not participated in early childhood programs. In addition, 36% of students in the Abecedarian Preschool Study treatment group would later enroll in four-year colleges compared to 14% of those in

540-564: A UNESCO World Heritage Site. He designed a structure to preserve the remains of two ancient temples and an artesian well, dating to 300 B.C.-300 A.D. The building, built of the local stone, blends into reddish mountains around it. In 2015, Chipperfield won a competition to redesign the modern and contemporary art wing of the Metropolitan Museum in New York City. He also began his first ground-up building in New York City,

648-473: A blender and consume it as a protein-rich shake." Rowan Moore , The Guardian 's architecture critic, described his work as "serious, solid, not flamboyant or radical, but comfortable with the history and culture of its setting". He observed that "Chipperfield stresses less glamorous questions, such as, "how is a building going to look five or ten years later?" and "deals in dignity, in gravitas, in memory and in art." He quotes Chipperfield on his work on

756-540: A child learning a skill, be it building a block castle, tying a shoe, or writing one's name. As the child becomes more capable of the steps of the activity, the adult or older child withdraws supports gradually, until the child is competent completing the process on his/her own. This is done within that activity's zone—the distance between where the child is, and where he potentially will be. In each zone of proximal development, they build on skills and grow by learning more skills in their proximal development range. They build on

864-403: A city we have a responsibility in a way to join in and to understand why buildings are as they are in that city. I find it very weak for an architect to disregard the history and culture of a city and say 'I have an international style.' There's absolutely no justification for that. It's the equivalent of having no variation in a cuisine, you may as well just place all the different types of food in

972-588: A genius." In a 2014 interview with Andy Butler in Designboom , Chipperfield declared: "The one thing you can't do in architecture, at least in my opinion, is to limit your way of thinking to a style, or a material, you have to be responsive to the circumstances of a project." He declared that "architecture could not be globalized" because it varied depending upon the culture of a city. "However contemporary we feel that we are, we still want to find different characteristics in different places. When we are building in

1080-420: A great educational tool for young children when used to support the design and construction of their projects. McCarrick and Xiaoming found that computer play is consistent with this theory. However, Plowman and Stephen found that the effectiveness of computers is limited in the preschool environment; their results indicate that computers are only effective when directed by the teacher. This suggests, according to

1188-552: A memorabilia room with a rich local history Features teen loft The Des Moines Public Library began as the Des Moines Library Association in 1866 in the basement of a Methodist church. Early on, the library was supported by contributions and public charity. It started with nearly 2,300 books and a few periodicals. In 1882, it was decided to turn the library over to the city to become a free public library. The city purchased property at 100 Locust Street for

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1296-799: A new headquarters for the America's Cup in Valencia, Spain (2005–2006), and an enormous judicial complex in Barcelona , Spain, which consolidated the offices previously contained in seventeen different buildings into nine new immense concrete blocks. He also constructed his first project in the United States, an extension of the Museum of ethnology and natural history in Anchorage , Alaska (2003–2009). Until 2011, most of his major projects were on

1404-399: A new headquarters for the America's Cup on the coast in Valencia, Spain. It was completed in just eleven months. The distinctive features of the 10,000 square metre building are three horizontal levels which overhang the terrace below by as much as fifteen metres, providing shade and an unobstructed view of the sea. The predominant colour inside and out is white, with panels of white metal on

1512-426: A prevalent public policy issue, as funding for preschool and pre-K is debated by municipal, state, and federal lawmakers . Governing entities are also debating the central focus of early childhood education with debate on developmental appropriate play versus strong academic preparation curriculum in reading, writing, and math. The global priority placed on early childhood education is underscored with targets of

1620-470: A rich or fraught history." Chipperfield described the style of his recent The Bryant residential tower in New York City (2013–2018) as "classical elegance in terms of its symmetries and simple grids and order." Describing the Bryant Park, Tim McKeough of The New York Times wrote "In contrast with other big-name architects who wow with audacious forms and breathtaking structural feats, Mr. Chipperfield

1728-448: A study by UNESCO shows, 4 per cent of children are physically abused each year and 10 per cent are neglected or psychologically abused. In both developed and developing countries , children of the poor and the disadvantaged remain the least served, despite that the added value of early childhood care and education services are higher for them than for their more affluent counterparts, even when such services are of modest quality. While

1836-406: A variety of informational, educational and fun programs for patrons of all ages. Programs for children and teens include storytimes, crafts, games, and book discussions. To support families and promote early childhood education , the library shares Simple Steps to Success activities and resources. Simple Steps to Success is an early literacy initiative that supports educators and families throughout

1944-758: Is a British architect. He established David Chipperfield Architects in 1985, which grew into a global architectural practice with offices in London, Berlin, Milan, and Shanghai. In 2023, he won the Pritzker Architecture Prize , considered to be the most prestigious award in architecture. His major works include the River and Rowing Museum in Henley-on-Thames , Oxfordshire (1989–1998); the Museum of Modern Literature in Marbach , Germany;

2052-637: Is also a professional designation earned through a post-secondary education program. For example, in Ontario , Canada, the designations ECE (Early Childhood Educator) and RECE (Registered Early Childhood Educator) may only be used by registered members of the College of Early Childhood Educators, which is made up of accredited child care professionals who are held accountable to the College's standards of practice. Research shows that early-childhood education has substantial positive short- and long-term effects on

2160-423: Is an exterior of glass panels with cooper mesh sandwiched between them; the mesh blocks eighty per cent of the sunlight, while allowing library patrons to gaze out at the park around the library. Chipperfield told Christopher Hall of The New York Times : "The architecture is neutral and amorphous; almost no architecture at all, and the copper mesh is an attempt to veil the building as much as possible while allowing

2268-497: Is best-known for buildings with a pared-down aesthetic purity." He noted that Chipperfield's signature on the building was the facade, composed of precast terrazzo panels with a mosaic of marble and sandstone chips, polished to a matte finish, to give the building a distinctive reflective colour. Chipperfield has taught architecture in Europe and the United States, and has lectured extensively, including as Professor of Architecture at

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2376-696: Is clad with self-compacting pigmented concrete made on-site, the first of its kind in the United Kingdom. The architects selected the material to emphasise the gallery's sculptural appearance. Rowan Moore of The Guardian , in a 2011 review of Chipperfield's body of work, criticised the Hepworth Gallery's design, which he felt resembled "a bunker". The City of Justice is a group of nine buildings with 241,500 metres of space, which consolidate courtrooms and offices which previously were scattered among seventeen different buildings. The courtrooms are on

2484-423: Is commonly classified as one. Social constructivists believe that an individual's cognitive system is a resditional learning time. Vygotsky advocated that teachers facilitate rather than direct student learning. Teachers should provide a learning environment where students can explore and develop their learning without direct instruction. His approach calls for teachers to incorporate students' needs and interests. It

2592-399: Is contributing into child rights through their preschool curriculum. Curricula in early childhood care and education (ECCE) is the driving force behind any ECCE programme. It is 'an integral part of the engine that, together with the energy and motivation of staff, provides the momentum that makes programmes live'. It follows therefore that the quality of a programme is greatly influenced by

2700-537: Is currently a trustee of the Sir John Soane's Museum in London. The practice's projects have received more than 100 architecture and design awards, including the 2007 RIBA Stirling Prize (for the Museum of Modern Literature, Marbach ), the 2011 European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture ( Mies van der Rohe Award ), and the 2011 Deutscher Architekturpreis. Chipperfield has been recognised for his work with honours and awards including membership of

2808-430: Is devoted to the works of painter J. M. W. Turner , his contemporaries, and those he influenced. It is close to the historic boarding house where the artist often stayed. The museum is composed of six identical glass galleries, referred to as "Cristalins", which are interconnected. The sunlight from the south is softened by a system of shutters over the ceiling, and the buildings are raised on pylons to avoid flooding from

2916-506: Is equally important. Piaget's concept of reflective abstraction was particularly influential in mathematical education. Through reflective abstraction, children construct more advanced cognitive structures out of the simpler ones they already possess. This allows children to develop mathematical constructs that cannot be learned through equilibration – making sense of experiences through assimilation and accommodation – alone. According to Piagetian theory, language and symbolic representation

3024-710: Is important to do this because students' levels of interest and abilities will vary and there needs to be differentiation. However, teachers can enhance understandings and learning for students. Vygotsky states that by sharing meanings that are relevant to the children's environment, adults promote cognitive development as well. Their teachings can influence thought processes and perspectives of students when they are in new and similar environments. Since Vygotsky promotes more facilitation in children's learning, he suggests that knowledgeable people (and adults in particular), can also enhance knowledges through cooperative meaning-making with students in their learning, this can be done through

3132-421: Is no subject to be considered taboo, starting with the most basic knowledge of the world that they live in, and ending with deeper areas, such as morality, religion and science. Visual stimulus and response time as early as 3 months can be an indicator of verbal and performance IQ at age 4 years. When parents value ECE and its importance their children generally have a higher rate of attendance. This allows children

3240-482: Is part of broad educational concerns. Due to difficulties and sensitivities around the issue of measuring and monitoring child protection violations and gaps in defining, collecting and analysing appropriate indicators, data coverage in this area is scant. However, proxy indicators can be used to assess the situation. For example, ratification of relevant international conventions indicates countries' commitment to child protection . By April 2014, 194 countries had ratified

3348-447: Is preceded by the development of corresponding mental representations. Research shows that the level of reflective abstraction achieved by young children was found to limit the degree to which they could represent physical quantities with written numerals. Piaget held that children can invent their own procedures for the four arithmetical operations, without being taught any conventional rules. Piaget's theory implies that computers can be

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3456-420: Is sometimes seen as a reaction against the more flamboyant projects of Frank Gehry , Zaha Hadid or Santiago Calatrava . In 2005, he told Christopher Hall of The New York Times , "I'm very interested in doing buildings that people are fond of, but with each project I also try to push the boundaries, to make something familiar but different. I'm not so interested in convincing the architectural community that I'm

3564-636: Is the Community Fridge available at the South Side Library and the Franklin Avenue Library to provide free access to food for community members. The Des Moines Public Library offers books, audio books, e-books, CDs, magazines, newspapers, information databases, and DVDs. Each location features adult, teen and children's fiction and non-fiction collections. The collection expanded to include the "Library of Things" in

3672-529: Is the oldest social experiment in the field of early childhood education and has heavily influenced policy in the United States and across the globe. The experiment enrolled 128 three- and four-year-old African-American children with cognitive disadvantage from low-income families, who were then randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. The intervention for children in the treatment group included active learning preschool sessions on weekdays for 2.5 hours per day. The intervention also included weekly visits by

3780-523: The Architectural Association (AA) in London, receiving his diploma in architecture in 1977. He worked in the offices of several notable architects, including Douglas Stephen, Norman Foster and Richard Rogers , before founding his firm, David Chipperfield Architects, in 1985. As a young architect Chipperfield championed the historically attuned, place-specific work of continental architects such as Moneo , Snozzi and Siza through

3888-595: The CRC3 ; and 179 had ratified the 1999 International Labour Organization 's Convention (No. 182) concerning the elimination of the worst forms of child labour. However, many of these ratifications are yet to be given full effect through actual implementation of concrete measures. Globally, 150 million children aged 5–14 are estimated to be engaged in child labour. In conflict-affected poor countries, children are twice as likely to die before their fifth birthday compared to those in other poor countries. In industrialized countries,

3996-881: The Royal Academy of Arts , the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany , a knighthood for services to architecture, and the Praemium Imperiale from the Japan Art Association in 2013. In 1999, Chipperfield was awarded the Tessenow Gold Medal , what was followed by a comprehensive exhibition of his work together with the work of the Tessenow Stipendiat and Spanish architect Andrés Jaque , held in

4104-951: The State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart from 1995 to 2001. In addition, Chipperfield held the Mies van der Rohe Chair at the Escola Técnica in Barcelona, Spain, and the Norman R. Foster Professorship of Architectural Design at the Yale School of Architecture . He is a visiting professor at the University of the Arts London (formerly London Institute). He has been on the Board of Trustees of The Architecture Foundation and

4212-509: The 1950s, the library developed a music department that featured a large collection of circulating vinyl records, a listening room with piano and record player, and a series of free concerts of recorded music presented weekly in the library's auditorium. Beginning in the 1960s, the library began consolidating several of the small branches into larger regional branches. This began with the West Side Branch opening in 1965 (later renamed

4320-424: The 1970s and '80s. Although Piaget himself was primarily interested in a descriptive psychology of cognitive development , he also laid the groundwork for a constructivist theory of learning. Piaget believed that learning comes from within: children construct their own knowledge of the world through experience and subsequent reflection. He said that "if logic itself is created rather than being inborn, it follows that

4428-658: The 9H Gallery situated in the front room of his London office. He first established his reputation designing store interiors in London, Paris, Tokyo and New York. Among Chipperfield's early projects in England was a shop for Issey Miyake on London's Sloane Street. His shops in Japan led to commissions to design for a private museum in Chiba prefecture (1987), design for a store for the automotive company Toyota in Kyoto (1989), and

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4536-522: The Bryant, a thirty-three storey hotel and condominium project next to Bryant Park in Manhattan. In 2017, he and his associates were engaged in a multitude of major projects around the world; including new flagship stores for Bally and Valentino, the reconstruction of the U.S. Embassy in London ; One Pancras Square, an office and commercial complex behind King's Cross Station in London, a project for

4644-649: The Convention on the Rights of the Child states that "States Parties recognized the right of the child to education, and with a view to achieving this right progression and on the basis of equal opportunity, they shall, in particular: The first World Conference on Early Childhood Care and Education took place in Moscow from 27 to 29 September 2010, jointly organized by UNESCO and the city of Moscow. The overarching goals of

4752-788: The Des Moines Public Library, Iowa (2002–2006); the Neues Museum , Berlin (1997–2009); The Hepworth Wakefield gallery in Wakefield , West Yorkshire (2003–2011), the Saint Louis Art Museum , Missouri (2005–2013); and the Museo Jumex in Mexico City (2009–2013). Chipperfield was born in London in 1953, and graduated in 1976 from Kingston School of Art in London. He studied architecture at

4860-523: The Des Moines community and promote the library's resources. With help from donors, foundations and corporations, the Foundation helps support the Des Moines Public Library. Early childhood education Early childhood education ( ECE ), also known as nursery education , is a branch of education theory that relates to the teaching of children (formally and informally) from birth up to

4968-619: The Franklin Avenue branch). The new East Side Library opened in 1970, and the South Side Library was built in 1977. This was followed by the North Side Library in 1983 and the Forest Avenue Library in 1992. These regional branches helped increase the services available to patrons while remaining neighborhood-based at heart. In April 2006, a new Central Library opened at 1000 Grand Avenue. The new building

5076-661: The Hellerau Festspielhaus. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 2004 for services to architecture, and was made Honorary Member of the Florence Accademia delle arti del Disegno in 2003. In 2009, he was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany , the highest tribute the Federal Republic of Germany can pay to individuals for services to

5184-552: The Museum almost entirely to exhibit space. The galleries on the upper levels receive natural light from the skylights on the roof facing toward the west. The building is supported on fourteen columns, and is built of concrete covered with plaques of travertine limestone from Xalapa , in the state of Veracruz . The floor-to-ceiling windows on the lower floors have frames of stainless steel. Chipperfield's buildings cannot be described as following one particular style, although his work

5292-479: The Neues Museum, a project that lasted twelve years. "How you do things is profoundly important. The quality of the Neues Museum construction is extraordinary even by German standards, and people can smell the quality. The concept would not have been so convincing without it." He also noted that Chipperfield "is much sought after for projects that help define cities' modern view of themselves, often in relation to

5400-562: The Perry program on the children and siblings of the original participants. A study concludes, "The children of treated participants have fewer school suspensions, higher levels of education and employment, and lower levels of participation in crime, compared with the children of untreated participants. Impacts are especially pronounced for the children of male participants. These treatment effects are associated with improved childhood home environments." The study also documents beneficial impacts on

5508-950: The Shanghai Expo tower in China, the new Nobel Center headquarters for the Nobel Prize in Stockholm, a headquarters store for the online firm SSENSE in Montreal , the extension building for Kunsthaus Zurich , the Haus der Kunst cultural center in Munich , the completion of the headquarters of Amorepacific in Seoul, Korea, and the Inagara Reien Project, a temple complex in Japan. Work for Chipperfield's first project in

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5616-558: The Southern Hemisphere is scheduled for 2025, partnering with Molonglo Group to design and build Canberra 's Dairy Road development. The River and Rowing Museum in Henley-on-Thames is devoted particularly to the sports of rowing; the town is home to the Annual Royal Regatta Olympic boating events in 1908 and 1948. The building is a blend of modernist and traditional forms and materials. It

5724-693: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4 . As of 2023 , however, "only around 4 in 10 children aged 3 and 4 attend early childhood education" around the world. Furthermore, levels of participation vary widely by region with, "around 2 in 3 children in Latin American and the Caribbean attending ECE compared to just under half of children in South Asia and only 1 in 4 in sub-Saharan Africa". ECE

5832-619: The age of eight. Traditionally, this is up to the equivalent of third grade . ECE is described as an important period in child development . ECE emerged as a field of study during the Enlightenment , particularly in European countries with high literacy rates . It continued to grow through the nineteenth century as universal primary education became a norm in the Western world. In recent years, early childhood education has become

5940-655: The aids epidemic. UNICEF reports that "13.3 million children (0–17 years) worldwide have lost one or both parents to AIDS. Nearly 12 million of these children live in sub-Saharan Africa." Government policies such as the Free Basic Education Policy have worked to provide education for orphan children in this area, but the quality and inclusiveness of this policy has brought criticism. David Chipperfield Sir David Alan Chipperfield , CH , CBE , RA , RDI , RIBA , HRSA , (born 18 December 1953)

6048-512: The ceilings, floors of white resin, and exterior trim of white-painted stainless steel. Exterior accents are provided by planks of wood. In 1997, Chipperfield, along with Julian Harrap, won a competition for the reconstruction of the Neues Museum in Berlin, which had been severely damaged during World War II. His commission was to recreate the original volume of the museum, both by restoring original spaces and adding new spaces which would respect

6156-441: The children who attend such education, and that the costs are dwarfed by societal gains of the education programs. The Developmental Interaction Approach is based on the theories of Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson , John Dewey , and Lucy Sprague Mitchell. The approach focuses on learning through discovery. Jean Jacques Rousseau recommended that teachers should exploit individual children's interests to make sure each child obtains

6264-541: The classic building; its ground level is the same as that of the main floor of the Gilbert Building. The walls are dark concrete were poured and polished in place, and the roof of concrete caissons is designed to modify the light entering the galleries. To give the facade a distinctive look which also blended with the Gilbert building, Chipperfield speckled the dark grey polished concrete walls with fragments of

6372-508: The combinations of grasping and transforming experience." The experimental learning theory is distinctive in that children are seen and taught as individuals. As a child explores and observes, teachers ask the child probing questions. The child can then adapt prior knowledge to learning new information. Kolb breaks down this learning cycle into four stages: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. Children observe new situations, think about

6480-440: The community. Adult programming includes book discussions, author visits, lectures, job assistance workshops, and other special events. The library organizes several annual events, including the summer reading program and Authors Visiting in Des Moines (AViD) Author Series. Authors Visiting in Des Moines (AViD) began in 2001 to give the community the chance to listen, learn and laugh as world-famous authors share their stories. With

6588-1006: The conference are to: Under Goal 4 of the Sustainable Development Goals , which the UN General Assembly unanimously approved in 2015, countries committed to "ensure inclusive and equitable quality education' including early childhood." Two targets related to goal 4 are "by 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education." The 'Framework for Action' adopted by UNESCO member states later in 2015 outlines how to translate this last target into practice, and encourages states to provide "at least one year of free and compulsory pre-primary education of good quality." The Sustainable Development Goals, however, are not binding international law. It has been argued that "International law provides no effective protection of

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6696-412: The constructivist theory, that the role of preschool teachers is critical in successfully adopting computers as they existed in 2003. David Kolb 's experiential learning theory, which was influenced by John Dewey, Kurt Lewin and Jean Piaget, argues that children need to experience things to learn: "The process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience. Knowledge results from

6804-426: The continent of Europe, but in 2011 he opened two notable museum projects in Britain, the Turner Contemporary (2006–11) in Margate , and The Hepworth Wakefield in Wakefield. In 2013, he opened the Jumex Museum in Mexico City, and the extension of the Saint Louis Art Museum in the United States. His most remote project was the Museum of Naga, on a site in the desert 170 kilometers northeast of Khartoum in Sudan,

6912-698: The control group. In 2017, researchers reported that children who participate in ECE graduate high school at significantly greater rates than those who do not. Additionally, those who participate in ECE require special education and must repeat a grade at significantly lower rates than their peers who did not receive ECE. The NIH asserts that ECE leads to higher test scores for students from preschool through age 21, improved grades in math and reading, and stronger odds that students will keep going to school and attend college. Nathaniel Hendren and Ben Sprung-Keyser, two Harvard economists, found high Marginal Values of Public Funds (MVPFs) for investments in programs supporting

7020-442: The early childhood years for orphans is a worldwide concern. Orphans are at higher risk of "missing out on schooling, living in households with less food security, and suffering from anxiety and depression." Education during these years has the potential to improve a child's "food and nutrition, health care, social welfare, and protection." This crisis is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa which has been heavily impacted by

7128-420: The fall of 2022. "Library of Things" allows adults with library cards to check out items such as board games, kitchen equipment, home tools, and lawn games for free. The library also has Special Collections at the Central Library; an Iowa Collection that includes books and other items concerning the history and culture of Iowa; the Foundation Center; and The Shoah Visual History Collection. The library presents

7236-1022: The first task of education is to form reasoning." Within Piaget's framework, teachers should guide children in acquiring their own knowledge rather than simply transferring knowledge. According to Piaget's theory, when young children encounter new information, they attempt to accommodate and assimilate it into their existing understanding of the world. Accommodation involves adapting mental schemas and representations to make them consistent with reality. Assimilation involves fitting new information into their pre-existing schemas. Through these two processes, young children learn by equilibrating their mental representations with reality. They also learn from mistakes. A Piagetian approach emphasizes experiential education; in school, experiences become more hands-on and concrete as students explore through trial and error. Thus, crucial components of early childhood education include exploration, manipulating objects, and experiencing new environments. Subsequent reflection on these experiences

7344-418: The first wave of results from the Perry Preschool Project were published, there has been widespread consensus that the quality of early childhood education programs correlate with gains in low-income children's IQs and test scores, decreased grade retention, and lower special education rates. Several studies have reported that children enrolled in ECE increase their IQ scores by 4–11 points by age five, while

7452-404: The galleries on the ground floor receive natural light through the roof. The Des Moines Public Library in Des Moines, Iowa , United States, covers an area of 110,000 square feet, and cost 32.3 million dollars to construct. The two-storey building has no front or back; instead it fans out into three wings. A glass tunnel allows passers-by to stroll through the library. Its most distinct feature

7560-430: The ground floor, with offices above. Four of the buildings are connected together by a four-storey hallway. In addition to the judicial buildings, the complex, on the outskirts of Barcelona, includes a commercial centre and retail stores, and a block of low income residential housing. The facades of the buildings are all the same, made of concrete poured in place and lightly tinted in different shades. Chipperfield wrote that

7668-443: The headquarters of the Matsumoto Company in Okayama (1990). His firm opened an office in Tokyo in 1989. His first commission to design an actual building was for a house for the fashion photographer Nick Knight in London in 1990. His first completed projects in London were the gallery of botany and the entrance hall for the Natural History Museum (1993), and restaurant Wagamama , both in London. His first major project in Britain

7776-828: The health and early education of children, particularly those that reach children from low-income families. The average MVPF for these types of initiatives is over 5, while the MVPFs for programs for adults generally range from 0.5 to 2. Beyond benefitting societal good, ECE also significantly impacts the socioeconomic outcomes of individuals. For example, by age 26, students who had been enrolled in Chicago Child-Parent Centers were less likely to be arrested, abuse drugs, and receive food stamps; they were more likely to have high school diplomas, health insurance and full-time employment. Studies also show that ECE heightens social engagement, bolsters lifelong health, reduces

7884-441: The historic structure of the building. Reinforced concrete was used for new galleries and the new central staircase, while recycled bricks were used in other spaces, particularly in the north wing and the south dome. In addition, some of the scars of the war on the building's walls were preserved, as an essential part of its history. As Chipperfield explained, the architects used these materials so that "The new would reflect that which

7992-518: The idea of children learning through play. Specifically, he said, "play is the highest expression of human development in childhood, for it alone is the free expression of what is in the child's soul." Froebel believed that teachers should act as a facilitators and supporters for the students's play, rather than an authoritative, disciplinary figure. He created educational open-ended toys that he called "gifts" and "occupations" that were designed to encourage self expression and initiation. Maria Montessori

8100-604: The impact that early childhood education had on students' performance in grade school. Looking specifically at students who attended the Madrasa Early Childhood schools (virtually all of whom came from economically disadvantaged backgrounds), the study found that they had consistently ranked in the top 20% in grade 1 classes. The study also concluded that any formal early childhood education contributed to higher levels of cognitive development in language, mathematics, and non-verbal reasoning skills. Especially since

8208-401: The incidence of teen pregnancy, supports mental health, decreases the risk of heart disease, and lengthens lifespans. The World Bank 's 2019 World Development Report on The Changing Nature of Work identifies early childhood development programs as one of the most effective ways governments can equip children with the skills they will need to succeed in future labor markets. According to

8316-431: The information most essential to his personal and individual development. The five developmental domains of childhood development include: To meet those developmental domains, a child has a set of needs that must be met for learning. Maslow's hierarchy of needs showcases the different levels of needs that must be met the chart to the right showcases these needs. Friedrich Froebel was a German Educator that believed in

8424-668: The main library in 1898 for $ 35,000. The library opened in October 1903, and the Main Library branch remained at 100 Locust Street for more than 100 years. In 1938, the library became the birthplace of the Library Bill of Rights under director Forrest Spaulding . The bill is still in use today by the American Library Association to ensure diversity of viewpoints in all library materials. Through

8532-540: The male siblings of the original participants. The Perry Preschool Project advocates for public spending on early childhood programs as an economic investment in a society's future, rather than in the interest of social justice. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (1976), and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) have all addressed childhood education. Article 28 of

8640-644: The minimum core of the right to education. They further called on all states to adopt a detailed plan of action for the progressive implementation of further years of pre-primary education, within a reasonable number of years to be fixed in the plan. According to UNESCO, a preschool curriculum is one that delivers educational content through daily activities and furthers a child's physical, cognitive, and social development. Generally, preschool curricula are only recognized by governments if they are based on academic research and reviewed by peers. Preschool for Child Rights have pioneered into preschool curricular areas and

8748-807: The nation. Chipperfield was knighted in the 2010 New Year Honours for services to architecture in the UK and Germany. He was awarded the Wolf Prize in Arts in 2010, the Royal Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2011, and was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 2021 New Year Honours for service to architecture. Form Matters, an exhibition looking back over Chipperfield's career,

8856-532: The neighbouring sea. The fritted façades are designed to resist the dampness, corrosion and winds coming from the sea. The Colección Jumex in Mexico City displays one of the largest private collections of contemporary art in Mexico, neighbouring a theatre and another museum in a modern neighbourhood of the city. Zoning restrictions limited the space available, so Chipperfield put the museum administration, shop, and library in existing adjoining buildings, and devoted

8964-556: The observed long-term impacts of the program. The intervention's many benefits also include improvements in late-midlife health for both male and female participants. Perry promoted educational attainment through two avenues: total years of education attained and rates of progression to a given level of education. Treated females received less special education, progressed more quickly through grades, earned higher GPAs, and attained higher levels of education than their control group counterparts. Research also demonstrates spillover effects of

9072-451: The opportunity to build and nurture trusting relationships with educators and social relationships with peers. By providing education in a child's most formative years, ECE also has the capacity to pre-emptively begin closing the educational achievement gap between low and high-income students before formal schooling begins. Children of low socioeconomic status (SES) often begin school already behind their higher SES peers; on average, by

9180-540: The outside in." The Museum of Modern Literature is located in the town of Marbach , Germany, the birthplace of the poet Schiller . It benefits from a panoramic view of the Neckar River . It is located next to the beaux-arts building of the national Schiller Museum, built in 1903, and a more modern building of the German Literary Archives, from the 1970s. Visitors enter through a pavilion on

9288-591: The parents' or child's "irregular situation with respect to stay." Less explicitly, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities requires that "States Parties shall ensure an inclusive education system at all levels." In 2022, Human Rights Watch adopted a policy calling on states to make at least one year of free and compulsory, inclusive, quality pre-primary education available and accessible for all children. In doing so they advocated making one year of pre-primary education to be included as part of

9396-491: The problem is more intractable in developing countries, the developed world still does not equitably provide quality early childhood care and education services for all its children. In many European countries , children, mostly from low-income and immigrant families, do not have access to good quality early childhood care and education. The effect of early childhood programs tends to decrease from proof of concept trials to larger-scale programs. A lack of education during

9504-587: The purpose of the building was to "break the image of justice as rigid and monolithic", but architectural critic Rowan Moore of The Guardian said it appeared "uncomfortably prison-like." The Saint Louis Art Museum project in Saint Louis, Missouri , United States (2005–2013) involved building a major new wing attached to a landmark of American architecture, the gallery built by beaux-arts architect Cass Gilbert in 1904. The new building by Chipperfield, with 9,000 square metres of space, harmonizes smoothly with

9612-400: The quality of its curriculum. In early childhood, these may be programs for children or parents, including health and nutrition interventions and prenatal programs, as well as center-based programs for children. Children's learning potential and outcomes are negatively affected by exposure to violence, abuse and child labour . Thus, protecting young children from violence and exploitation

9720-627: The reconstruction and restoration of the Neues Museum in Berlin, which had been largely destroyed during World War II. After 2000, he won commissions for several other major museum projects in Germany, designed several major museum projects in Germany, including the Museum of Modern Literature in Marbach (2002–2006), and the Galerie Am Kupfergraben 10 in Berlin (2003–2007). In the same period, he designed and built, at rapid speed,

9828-591: The right to pre-primary education." Just two global treaties explicitly reference education prior to primary school. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women requires states to ensure equality for girls "in pre-school." And in the Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families , states agree that access to "public pre-school educational institutions" shall not be denied due to

9936-601: The same kind of sandstone used in the Gilbert building. Edwin Heathcote of the Financial Times called it "a gem of clarity and deceptive simplicity...It is a building designed to glow, inside and out, one that is more about the intangibility of light than about mass reinforced by shadow." The Turner Contemporary gallery is located beside a beach in Margate , on the north coast of Kent in south-east England. It

10044-515: The situation, make meaning of the situation, then test that meaning in the world around them. In recent decades, studies have shown that early childhood education is critical in preparing children to enter and succeed in the (grade school) classroom, diminishing their risk of social-emotional mental health problems and increasing their self-sufficiency later in their lives. In other words, the child needs to be taught to rationalize everything and to be open to interpretations and critical thinking. There

10152-470: The skills by being guided by teachers and parents. They must build from where they are in their zone of proximal development. Vygotsky argued that since cognition occurs within a social context, our social experiences shape our ways of thinking about and interpreting the world. People such as parents, grandparents, and teachers play the roles of what Vygotsky described as knowledgeable and competent adults. Although Vygotsky predated social constructivists, he

10260-411: The small sample size of the experiment, flaws in its randomization procedure, and sample attrition. There is some evidence on reduction of criminal convictions of male participants, especially for violent crime, and their earnings in middle adulthood. Research points to improvements in non-cognitive skills, executive functioning, childhood home environment, and parental attachment as potential sources of

10368-644: The support of the Des Moines Public Library Foundation and other local donors, including Humanities Iowa, AViD celebrates great reading and writing. Each year features best-selling fiction and nonfiction authors who write about a variety of issues and topics. Houses Special Collections; hosts Art Gallery; designed by noted architect David Chipperfield . Features an ocean themed children's area. Features large foreign language collection and accessibility to language learning software DMPL's first LEED registered building Features

10476-424: The teachers to the homes of the children for about 1.5 hours per visit to improve parent-child interactions at home. Initial evaluations of the Perry intervention showed that the preschool program failed to significantly boost an IQ measure. However, later evaluations that followed up the participants for more than fifty years have demonstrated the long-term economic benefits of the program, even after accounting for

10584-587: The time they are three, children with high SES have three times the number of words in their vocabularies as children with low SES. Participation in ECE, however, has been proven to increase high school graduation rates, improve performance on standardized tests, and reduce both grade repetition and the number of children placed in special education. A study was conducted by the Aga Khan Development Network 's Madrasa Early Childhood Programme on

10692-472: The top floor and descend to the reading rooms below. While the lighting on the interior is entirely artificial, to protect the manuscripts, each level has a terrace overlooking the countryside. The facades of concrete, glass and wood are designed to give the impression of both solidity and modernity. The building was awarded the Stirling Prize in 2007. Chipperfield won a 2005 competition to construct

10800-465: The years, the library became a cornerstone for the Des Moines community. In 1937, the Boys and Girls Department opened on the ground floor. During the 1930s, local artist Harry Donald Jones began painting a mural on the ground floor as a Works Progress Administration (WPA) project. The mural, called "The Social History of Des Moines," traced the growth of Des Moines from prehistoric times to present days. In

10908-403: The zone of proximal development by guiding children's learning or thinking skills . Vygotsky's approach encourages guided participation and student exploration with support. Teachers can help students achieve their cognitive development levels through consistent and regular interactions of collaborative knowledge-making learning processes. Jean Piaget's constructivist theory gained influence in

11016-446: Was an Italian physician that, based on her observations of young children in classrooms, developed a method of education that focused on independence. In Montessori education, a typical classroom is made up of students of different ages and curriculum is based on the students' developmental stage, which Montessori called the four planes of development. Montessori's Four Planes of Development: Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky proposed

11124-499: Was designed by London architect David Chipperfield to serve the library's growing collection and the technology needs of 21st century users. The previous Central Library (located at 100 Locust) is now the home of the World Food Prize . The Library Foundation of Des Moines was founded in 1998 to support the resources and services of the library through fundraising and advocacy. The Foundation supports programs that benefit

11232-480: Was handed over to the museum in December 2018. The gallery opened to the public in 2019. The Hepworth Wakefield is a gallery devoted to the work of the sculptor Barbara Hepworth . It is composed of ten trapezoidal blocks; its upper-level galleries are lit by natural light from large windows in the pitched roofs. Its windows have views of the river, historic waterfront and the city skyline. The building's façade

11340-428: Was inspired by the form of traditional boat sheds, as well as the traditional barns of Oxfordshire . The building occupies a space of 2,300 square metres and is lifted above the ground on concrete pillars to avoid flooding. The exterior and parts of the interior are covered in planks of non-treated oak, matching the local rural architecture. The roofs and sunscreens are of stainless steel. The entrance has glass walls, and

11448-602: Was lost, without imitating it." The building received the European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture in 2011. In 2007, Chipperfield began a new project with the museum, to construct a new gallery, the James Simon Gallery , inspired by the colonnade of the old museum. The new section will house more than ten thousand objects from the archeological collections, including the famed bust of Queen Nefertiti . Scheduled for completion in 2017, it

11556-655: Was mounted by London's Design Museum in 2009. His Tonale range of ceramics for Alessi received the Compasso d'Oro in 2011, and the Piana folding chair has recently been acquired for the permanent collection at MoMA . In 2012, Chipperfield became the first British architect to curate the Venice Biennale of Architecture . The biennale, entitled 'Common Ground', sought to foreground the collaborative and interconnected nature of architectural practice. Chipperfield

11664-823: Was the River and Rowing Museum in Henley-on-Thames (1989) (see below). He also began to build in Germany, designing an office building in Düsseldorf (1994–1997). Other projects in the 1990s included the Circus Restaurant in London (1997) and the Joseph Menswear Shop (1997). The latter shop featured a curtain of glass six meters high around the two lower floors, and an austere modernist interior with dark grey sandstone floors and white walls. In 1997, he began one of his most important projects,

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