Misplaced Pages

#906093

55-886: Duan Kan was a member of the Duan -Xianbei tribe in Liaoxi as the son of Duan Lan . After the fall of the Duan duchy in 338, Duan Lan fled but later found himself serving under the Later Zhao dynasty , who stationed him at his tribe's old capital in Lingzhi (令支, in present-day Qian'an, Hebei ). After Duan Lan died, Duan Kan inherited his position. As the Later Zhao collapsed under the weight of civil war in 350, Duan Kan led his followers south and occupied Chenliu Commandery (陳留郡; around present-day Kaifeng , Henan ). He refused to acknowledge

110-631: A jiedushi , a military regional commander. In 742, Youzhou was renamed Fanyang Commandery (范阳郡). In 759, during the An–Shi Rebellion , Shi Siming declared himself emperor of the Great Yan dynasty and made Fanyang, Yanjing (燕京) or “the Yan Capital.” After the rebellion was suppressed, the seat of government became Youzhou Lulong Dudufu (幽州卢龙都督府). Under the Liao dynasty (907–1125), the city

165-811: A Di , defeated the Former Yan and briefly unified northern China. But after losing the Battle of Feishui in 383, the Former Qin's control crumbled as the Later Yan , Northern Wei and other kingdoms broke away. In 385, the Northern Yan, under Murong Chui and seized Ji from the Former Qin. At around 398, the Former Yan governor of Ji, Gao Hu, surrendered to the Northern Wei , led by the Tuoba clan of

220-749: A Wuhuan family in Yuyang Commandery known as the Kunuguan (庫辱官). When a famine broke out in Yuyang, the Kunuguan sent him to Liaoxi Commandery to scour for food, but he instead took the opportunity to escape. He gathered a group of exiles and established a base in Lingzhi (令支, in present-day Qian'an , Hebei ), a city that had been abandoned during the Han dynasty . They adopted the Han Chinese family name of "Duan" (段) as their tribe's name. Rilujuan

275-536: A "Hill of Ji" northwest of the city, which would correspond to the large mound at the White Cloud Abbey , outside Xibianmen about 4 km north of Guang'anmen. South and west of Guang'anmen, archaeologists have unearthed remnants of concentrated human habitation dating back to at least the 400s   BC. In 1956, during the construction of the Yongding River viaduct, 151 ancient wells dating to

330-488: A long siege. He also granted amnesty to any Qi city that surrendered. Among those who surrendered was Qi's Inspector of Xu province, Wang Teng (王騰). After several months of siege, Duan Kan sent his subordinate Duan Yun (段薀) to request for aid from Jin. Jin sent the general, Xun Xian to help him, but fearful of the Yan army's strength, he stopped his advance once he reached Langya Commandery . Murong Ke remained patient throughout

385-509: A marriage alliance with Duan Wuwuchen, offering him a fiefdom as the "Duke of Liaoxi" in return for his tribe's military service. Wang Jun's barbarian auxiliaries were a deciding factor in the civil wars, with the Duan playing a role in his victory against the Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying in 304. The Duan continued to support Wang Jun in his war against the Xiongnu state of Han-Zhao , battling

440-498: A member of the imperial family, Murong Gou (慕容鉤) and defected to Qi. In 355, Duan Kan sent a letter to the Yan ruler, Murong Jun , denouncing his decision to declare himself emperor. The letter was also written in a manner of writing between cousins, as Jun's mother was from the Duan tribe. Insulted, Jun sent his brother, Murong Ke and general, Yang Wu to attack Qi. As Murong Ke's soldiers approached, Duan Kan's brother, Duan Pi (段羆) proposed that he be sent with elite soldiers to hold

495-470: A province to a commandery and renamed Zhuojun back to Youzhou, which was one of over 300 Tang Prefectures. With the creation of a separate prefecture called Jizhou (蓟州) in present-day Tianjin in 730, the name Ji was transplanted from Beijing to Tianjin, where a Ji County (蓟县) still exists today. In Beijing, the city of Ji gradually became known as Youzhou. The seat of the government of Youzhou remained in place but took on slightly different names. In 616,

550-655: A robust defense, it appears that they did not, or were unable to, make any real effort to expand. They were also surrounded by their more powerful neighbours, Eastern Jin and Former Yan . In 351, Duan Kan became a vassal to Jin, who appointed him the General Who Guards the North and demoted his title to Duke of Qi. Still, he remained largely independent as Jin had no direct control over his territory. Conflict between Duan Qi and Former Yan first began in 354, when Yan's Inspector of Qing province, Zhu Tu (朱禿) assassinated

605-645: The Book of Rites , King Wu of Zhou was so eager to establish his legitimacy after his battle victory over the Shang that before dismounting from his chariot, he named the descendants of the Yellow Emperor to the State of Ji. The 11th year of the reign of King Wu of Zhou approximates to 1145   BC. The Beijing Municipal Government designates 1045   BC as the first year of the city's history. At some time in

SECTION 10

#1732776751907

660-536: The Five Punishments while Duan Kan was pardoned and appointed the General of Obedient Submission. Around 3,000 Xianbei , Jie and other tribal households from Duan Kan's former territory were moved to the Yan capital at Ji . Despite his initial leniency, for unknown reasons, Murong Jun had Duan Kan killed, first poisoning his eyes, and buried alive 3,000 of his followers in 357. This article related to

715-626: The Grand Canal to Zhuojun, to carry men and materiale for his campaigns against Goguryeo . Outside of Ji, the Linshuo Palace was built in 609 to accommodate the emperor during his trips and to and from Korea. The brutal reign of Emperor Yang brought rebellions against the Sui dynasty. One of these, led by Dou Jiande rose from Zhuojun and besieged Ji in 620 but was defeated by Luo Yi , a Sui general who joined Li Yuan 's insurrection against

770-676: The Han dynasty , Zang Tu was appointed the Prince of Yan , and governed the Principality of Yan from Ji. When the Han court began to purge former supporters of Xiang Yu, Zang Tu became fearful and rebelled. Liu Bang as the Emperor Gaozu personally led a campaign against Zang Tu in Ji. Zang Tu was defeated and killed in 206   BC. Emperor Gaozu appointed his childhood friend Lu Wan as

825-543: The Jie warlord, Shi Le with much success. Wuwuchen died in around 310, succeeded by his son, Duan Jilujuan . In 313, after some negotiations, Jilujuan agreed with Shi Le to break off relations with Wang Jun and withdraw from the conflict. Wang Jun was defeated by Shi Le in 314, but soon after, Jilujuan's brother, Duan Pidi , led a branch of the Duan loyal to Jin and seized control of Wang Jun's old capital in Jicheng . The Duan

880-489: The Kingdom of Wei controlled ten of the Han dynasty's prefectures including Youzhou and its capital Ji. The Wei Kingdom reorganized and decentralized the governance of commanderies under Youzhou. Guangyang Commandery became the State of Yan (燕国), which had four counties: Ji County, Changping, Jundu and Guangyang County, and was governed from the city of Ji. Fanyang Commandery was governed from Zhuo County. Yuyang Commandery

935-637: The Liao River . After Mopei died in 325, his brother and successor, Duan Ya was quickly overthrown by his cousin, Duan Liao after he attempted to move the capital. Throughout his reign, Duan Liao fought with the rival Murong -Xianbei tribe in Liaodong, but suffered repeated losses. In 338, the Murong, who by now had established the Former Yan , allied with the Later Zhao to destroy the Duan. Duan Liao

990-663: The Wang Mang interregnum , Guangyang Principality became the Guangyou Principality. During the Eastern Han dynasty , Youzhou was as one of 12 prefectures and contained a dozen subordinate commanderies, including the Guangyang Commandery. In AD   24, Liu Xiu moved Youzhou's prefectural seat from Ji County (in modern-day Tianjin) to the city of Ji. In AD   96, the city of Ji served as

1045-581: The "Middle Capital" and (4) Xiadu (下都) or the "Lower Capital", a larger settlement south of Linyi, in modern-day Yi County, Hebei Province, that was built in the 300s   BC. By the time, the State of Qin invaded Yan in 226   BC, the capital of Yan was back in Ji. The city of Ji is believed to be located in the southwestern part of present-day urban Beijing, just south of Guang'anmen in Xicheng and Fengtai Districts . Historical accounts mention

1100-485: The Prince of Yan and his family ruled Ji for three generations. In 117   BC, Emperor Wu of Han appointed his son Liu Dan as the Prince of Yan. Liu Dan held the title for 38 years. In 106   BC, Emperor Wu of Han organized the Western Han dynasty into 13 province-sized prefectures, each administered by a cishi (刺史) or inspector. The city of Ji was the prefectural seat for Youzhou, which governed roughly

1155-578: The Prince of Yan. In 195   BC, he became distrustful of Lu Wan and invaded Ji. Lu Wan fled to the Xiongnu in the steppes. To tighten control of the region, the Emperor Gaozu sent his son Liu Jian to Ji as the Prince of Yan. After Liu Jian died in 181   BC, Gaozu's widow, the Empress Lü Zhi controlled the Han court, and made her nephew Lü Tong as the Prince of Yan. When Empress Lü Zhi's regency ended in 179   BC, Liu Ze became

SECTION 20

#1732776751907

1210-615: The Principality of Yan was converted to Guangyang Commandery . In 73   BC, Liu Jian's son, Liu Jian was appointed the Prince of Guangyang and the Guangyang Commandery became the Guangyang Principality. Liu Jian's tomb is now Dabaotai Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum in Fengtai District of Beijing. His grandson Liu Jia was ousted from the principality after Wang Mang 's seized the Han throne. During

1265-451: The Qin capital at Xianyang in 207   BC. Xiang Yu then divided the country into Eighteen Principalities , appointing Zang Tu as the lord of Ji and Han Guang as the lord of nearby Liaodong. Han Guang refused to cede Ji to Zang Tu, who seized the city and killed Han Guang. Zang Tu then sided with Liu Bang , the lord of Sichuan, in the war against Xiang Yu . After Liu Bang prevailed and founded

1320-532: The Spring and Autumn, Warring States and Han dynasty were discovered. In 1957, a rammed earth platform was found south of Guang'anmen along with tiles used for palace construction. Since then more wells and tiles have been discovered, and the wells are most densely concentrated in south of Xuanwumen and Hepingmen. Archaeologists have yet to discover remnants of city walls from the Zhou dynasty that have been found at

1375-453: The Sui. Li Yuan founded the Tang dynasty . During the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE) and Later Jin (936–947 CE), Fanyang was an important military garrison and a commercial hub. To the north of the city lay the military region of Yingzhou (营州) with Daizhou (代州) to the west. The Tang dynasty reduced the size of a prefecture, as a unit of administration administrative division, from

1430-715: The Warring States, including the southern wall of the Yan, which separated the Beijing Plain from the Central Plain, and built a national roadway network. Ji served as the junction for the roads connecting the Central Plain with Mongolia and Manchuria. The First Emperor visited Ji in 215   BC and, to protect the frontier from the Xiongnu , had the Qin Great Wall built north of Ji and fortified Juyong Pass . The Qin conscripted men from throughout

1485-644: The Xianbei, who established the first of the Northern dynasties . Ji became the prefecture capital of Youzhou. This designation continued through the remainder of the Northern dynasties, Eastern Wei , Northern Qi and Northern Zhou . During the Sui dynasty , Youzhou became Zhuojun or Zhuo Commandery and Ji remained the capital of the commandery. Emperor Yang of Sui mobilized more than million men and women to build

1540-590: The authority of Shi Min , who had forcibly took control of the emperor and the Zhao capital, Ye . Instead, from Chenliu, he invaded and took over Qing province (modern central and eastern Shandong ), where he declared himself the King of Qi at his new capital, Guanggu (廣固, in modern Qingzhou , Shandong). Throughout its short existence, the Duan Qi state was deeply entrenched. While Shandong's natural terrain offered them

1595-580: The borders of China. They ruled over their dukedom of Liaoxi and later established the Duan Qi state, although neither were considered part of the Sixteen Kingdoms. The tribe was conquered by the Murong -led Former Yan in 338, but remained politically influential as maternal relatives of the Murong. The founder of the Duan tribe was Rilujuan (or Jiulujuan), a Xianbei who was sold as a slave to

1650-658: The city of Ji was successively controlled by the Di -led Former Qin , the Jie -led Later Zhao , the Xianbei -led Former Yan and Later Yan . In 319 AD, Shi Le , the founder of the Later Zhao Kingdom, captured Ji from Duan Pidi , a Xianbei chieftain nominally loyal to the Jin dynasty. In 349, Ran Min , an ethnic Han general seized control of this kingdom, which he renamed Ran Wei in 350. But before he could capture Ji,

1705-652: The city was taken by the Murong Xianbei, led by Prince Murong Jun who swept down from Manchuria . Murong Jun then defeated Ran Min and extinguished the Ran Wei. In 352, he declared himself emperor and made the city, the capital of the Former Yan Kingdom. Five years later, the Former Yan's capital was moved further south to Ye in southern Hebei. In 369–70, the Former Qin , led by Fu Jian ,

Duan Kan - Misplaced Pages Continue

1760-571: The collapse of the Later Zhao, Duan Lan's son, Duan Kan , founded the short-lived Duan Qi state in Shandong in 350, while Duan Qin declared himself the Emperor of Zhao in 352. However, both were eventually captured and executed by the Former Yan. Shimunek classifies Duan as a "Serbi" (i.e., para-Mongolic ) language. Shimunek's "Serbi" linguistic branch also includes Taghbach , Tuyuhun , and Khitan . Jicheng (Beijing) Ji or Jicheng

1815-501: The country to be garrisoned at the forts north of Ji. In 209   BC, a group of conscripts who were delayed in their march to the north by flooding in central China and faced penalty by death, rose in rebellion under the leadership of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang . The rebellion spread to Ji, where Han Guang revived the Yan Kingdom. Han Guang sent his subordinate Zang Tu to help rebel leader Xiang Yu , who succeeded in capturing

1870-464: The entrance to the city while they fought. Duan Kan was forced to personally fight his way back into the city and barely did so alone as his soldiers were wiped out. Morale within Guanggu plummeted and its people were no longer willing to fight. On 22 December 356, Duan Kan finally surrendered to Yan, bounding himself and arresting Zhu Tu for Yan to punish for killing Murong Gou. Zhu Tu was subjected to

1925-539: The government was called Youzhou Zongguanfu (幽州总管府); in 622, Youzhou Dazongguanfu (幽州大总管府); in 624, Youzhou Dadudufu (幽州大都督府) and in 626, Youzhou Dudufu (幽州都督府). In 645, Tang Emperor Taizong launched another war against Goguryeo using Ji as the base of forward operating base. He built the Fayuan Temple in the western suburbs to commemorate the war dead. From 710, the head of the government in Youzhou became

1980-566: The history of China is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Duan tribe The Duan ( Chinese : 段 ; pinyin : Duàn ) was a tribe of Xianbei ethnicity during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China . They were a powerful tribe in the Liaoxi region and played a key role during the fall of the Western Jin dynasty . Unlike the Xianbei tribes of the steppe, the Duan were unique in that they were established within

2035-481: The late Western Zhou dynasty or the early Eastern Zhou dynasty , the neighboring State of Yan conquered Ji and made the city its capital. The Yan state eventually became one of the seven powers of the Warring States period (476–221   BC). The rulers of the Yan built several capitals and moved their seat of power in response to threats from the nomadic tribes from the north and neighboring kingdoms from

2090-777: The line along the Yellow River while Duan Kan defend Guanggu. However, Duan Kan rejected this strategy and eventually executed his brother out of anger for continuining to insist upon it. In early 356, Murong Ke's army crossed the Yellow River. Duan Kan led 30,000 troops out of Guanggu to face in battle but was defeated in battle. His brother, Duan Qin (段欽) was captured while his officials, Yuan Fan (袁范), Pilu Yu (辟閭蔚) and others were killed. Many of Duan Kan's soldiers surrendered as he retreated back to his capital, prompting Murong Ke to lay siege. While Duan Kan held on to Guanggu, Murong Ke built forts and cultivated land to prepare for

2145-791: The other four capitals. In 1974, excavations around the White Cloud Abbey uncovered remnants of city walls but three tombs from the Eastern Han dynasty found underneath the walls indicate the walls post-date the tombs. The fact that the other four capitals were buried beneath farmland and the Guang'anmen area is a densely populated section of urban Beijing accounts for the greater difficulty of searching for Ji's ruins. In 2008, city authorities in Beijing announced that archaeological efforts would accompany urban renewal constructions projects in southern Beijing to search for more artifacts of Ji in

2200-429: The plains around Ji. Ji was demoted to a county seat in the Western Jin dynasty (晋), which made neighboring Zhuo County , in present-day Hebei Province , the prefectural capital of Youzhou. In the early 4th century, the Western Jin dynasty was overthrown by steppe peoples who had settled in northern China and established in a series of mostly short-lived kingdoms . During the so-called Sixteen Kingdoms period,

2255-496: The pre-imperial era. Qin general Wang Jian conquered Ji in 226   BC and the First Emperor completed his unification of China in 221   BC. The country was organized into 48 commanderies . Ji was the capital of the Guangyang Commandery . To prevent the Warring States from regaining their power, the First Emperor ordered the walls of the old capitals be destroyed and Ji's walls were torn down in 215   BC but later rebuilt. The Qin removed defensive barriers dividing

Duan Kan - Misplaced Pages Continue

2310-409: The same territory as the State of Yan during the Warring States period . Youzhou was composed of the Shanggu, Zhuo, Guangyang, Bohai, Yuyang, Right Beiping, Liaoxi, Liaodong, Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies. After Emperor Wu died, Liu Dan conspired with the Empress Gaichang and Sang Hongyang to subvert the throne. When the plot was foiled, Liu Dan was forced to commit suicide in 80   BC and

2365-416: The seat of both the Guangyang Commandery and Youzhou. Near the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, the commander of Fanyang was Liu Yan , better known as the governor of Yizhou Province a few years later. After Liu Yan's reposting, Liu Yu became the commander of Yizhou. His subordinate, Gongsun Zan , eventually attacked Youzhou and killed Liu Yu, becoming the commander of Fanyang. During the Three Kingdoms ,

2420-444: The siege and refused to make any rash attacks on the city. His soldiers were willingly supplied with food by the people of Shandong. In contrast, the inhabitants of Guanggu were starving as they were cut off from their food supply, leading to widespread cannibalism . Desperately, Duan Kan mustered his remaining troops and once again led them out to give battle, but was defeated within the Yan encirclement. Ke also sent his troops to guard

2475-470: The south. Ji was referred to historians as Shangdu (上都) or the "Upper Capital." Other Yan capitals include: (1) the Liulihe Site in southern Fangshan District of Beijing , which served as the Yan capital prior to Yan's conquest of Ji, (2) Linyi (临易) in present-day Rongcheng and Xiong Counties of Hebei Province to which the seat of Yan moved in 690s   BC, (3) the ancient city of Doudian in Liangxiang of Fangshan District, known as Zhongdu (中都), or

2530-403: The then- Xuanwu District government erected a commemorative pillar in Binhe Park along the western 2nd Ring Road , just south of the Tianning Temple to mark the location of Jicheng and its importance to the history of Beijing. In 2009, the Beijing Administration for Cultural Heritage made the study and discovery of Ji during the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn, Warring States, Qin and Han eras

2585-409: The unification of China by the Qin dynasty in 221   BC. Thereafter, the city was a prefectural capital for Youzhou through the Han dynasty , Three Kingdoms , Western Jin dynasty , Sixteen Kingdoms , Northern Dynasties , and Sui dynasty . With the creation of a Jizhou ( 蓟州 ) during the Tang dynasty in what is now Tianjin Municipality , the city of Ji took on the name Youzhou. Youzhou

2640-440: Was an ancient city in northern China, which has become the longest continuously inhabited section of modern Beijing . Historical mention of Ji dates to the founding of the Zhou dynasty in about 1045   BC. Archaeological finds in southwestern Beijing where Ji was believed to be located date to the Spring and Autumn period (771–476   BC). The city of Ji served as the capital of the ancient states of Ji and Yan until

2695-512: Was defeated and surrendered to Former Yan, thus ending the Duan's independent state. While Duan Liao was killed for rebelling in 339, the Duan remained a prominent family within the Former Yan and their successors states of Later Yan , Western Yan and Southern Yan as maternal relatives due to a number of their women such as Duan Yuanfei and Duan Jifei marrying into the Murong family. Other Duan members fled to Later Zhao where they became generals, most notably Duan Lan and Duan Qin . During

2750-444: Was effectively split into two, but civil war only broke out following the death of Jilujuan in 318. That year, Jilujuan's cousin, Duan Mopei , seized power from his uncle, Duan Shefuchen , and fought with Pidi over full control of the tribe. In 321, Pidi was captured and later killed by Shi Le's state of Later Zhao , making Mopei the sole leader of the Duan. At this point, the Duan's state of Liaoxi stretched from Yuyang Commandery to

2805-432: Was governed from Yuyuang (in modern-day Huairou District of Beijing), Shanggu Commandery was governed from Juyong (in modern-day Yanqing County of Beijing). The Wei court instituted offices in Youzhou to manage relations with the Wuhuan and Xianbei . To help sustain the troops garrisoned in Youzhou, the governor in AD   250 built the Lilingyan , an irrigation system that greatly improved agricultural output in

SECTION 50

#1732776751907

2860-401: Was inhabited by the tribe of the Yellow Emperor in the Shang dynasty , and became one of the founding vassal states of the Zhou dynasty . According to Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian , King Wu of Zhou , in the 11th year of his reign, deposed King Zhou of Shang and conferred titles to nobles within his domain, including the rulers of the city states Ji and Yan . According to

2915-489: Was one of the Sixteen Prefectures ceded to the Khitans during the Five Dynasties . The city then became the southern capital of the Liao dynasty and then main capital of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) . In the 13th century, Kublai Khan built a new capital city for the Yuan dynasty adjacent to Ji to the north. The old city of Ji became a suburb to Dadu . In the Ming dynasty, the old and new cities were merged by Beijing's Ming-era city wall . The city-state of Ji

2970-438: Was renamed Nanjing (南京) and was the southern capital of Liao. It was also called Yanjing. In the following Jin dynasty (1115–1234), the city was called Zhongdu (中都), the central capital of the Jin. After the Mongols took the city, it was renamed Yanjing. After the Mongols razed it, a new city called Dadu was built adjacent to the former Jin capital which was the capital of the Yuan dynasty (1279–1368). In 2002,

3025-418: Was succeeded by his younger brother Qizhen , who was then succeeded by his son, Duan Wuwuchen . By the Western Jin dynasty , the tribe had grown to have 30,000 families and around 45,000 cavalry soldiers under their wing. During the War of the Eight Princes , the Jin Inspector of You province , Wang Jun sought to secure his position by allying with the surrounding Xianbei and Wuhuan people. He entered

#906093