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137-598: Ford police vehicles are sold to, and are popular among, law enforcement in the United States , Canada , and Mexico , though they have also seen limited success outside North America. The Ford Police Interceptor and Ford Police Responder are intended to compete with the Chevrolet 9C1 and the Dodge Charger Pursuit and Durango Pursuit . As of 2024, the only Ford Police Interceptor in production

274-415: A 3.8 OHV V6 3.8 L (232 cu in) engine rated at 145 bhp (108 kW) in 1994 and 1995, or 150 bhp (110 kW) (1996–1998), and was mated to a standard 5-speed manual transmission or optional 4-speed automatic . Though initially used in the 1994 and 1995 Mustang GTS, GT and Cobra, Ford retired the 302 cid pushrod small-block V8 after nearly 30 years of use, replacing it with

411-522: A Ford AOD/AOD-E or Ford 4R70W 4-speed automatic transmission. For almost the entirety of its first generation production run from 1992 to 1997, the CVPI closely resembled the civilian market Crown Victoria, including its 1995 facelift. In 1998, the CVPI received a second generation redesign alongside the civilian Crown Victoria. Though the second generation CVPI initially continued to closely resemble its civilian market version, significant model redesigns in

548-472: A citizen's arrest if they have probable cause to do so. Private police officers are generally required to be licensed the same as a regular police officer and have the same powers as a regular law enforcement officer (even if sometimes limited to the properties they are assigned to protect). A specific type of private police is company police , such as railroad police . In some cases, private police are sworn in as government employees to ensure compliance with

685-594: A new Mustang was in development. It was to be a variant of the Mazda MX-6 assembled at AutoAlliance International in Flat Rock, Michigan . Enthusiasts wrote to Ford objecting to the proposed change to a front-wheel drive, Japanese-designed Mustang without a V8 option. The result was the continuation of the existing Mustang while the Mazda MX-6 variant had a last-minute name change from Mustang to Probe and

822-613: A Cougar grille emblem) or Torino (an advertising campaign using the Torino name was actually prepared), while Henry Ford II wanted T-bird II. As the person responsible for Ford's research on potential names, Eggert added "Mustang" to the list to be tested by focus groups; "Mustang", by a wide margin, came out on top under the heading: "Suitability as Name for the Special Car". The name could not be used in Germany, however, because it

959-641: A Special Service trim designed for detective and administrative uses. The FPIS was available with newer Ford safety technology such as the Blind Spot Information System, rear view camera, reverse sensing system, and electronic stability control. In 2015, Ford considered ending production of the Taurus in the United States; however, the FPIS was a major reason for continuing production. In 2018, Ford announced that it would be ending production of

1096-600: A V8 engine. The success of the Mustang launch led to multiple competitors from other American manufacturers, including the Chevrolet Camaro and Pontiac Firebird (1967), AMC Javelin (1968), and Dodge Challenger (1970). It also competed with the Plymouth Barracuda , which was launched around the same time. The Mustang also had an effect on designs of coupes worldwide, leading to the marketing of

1233-476: A bigger engine bay. Body styles included a coupe (or notchback ), hatchback , and convertible which was added for the 1983 model year. Available trim levels included an unnamed base model (1979–1981), Ghia (1979–1981), Cobra (1979–1981, 1993), L (1982–1984), GL (1982–1983), GLX (1982–1983), GT (1982–1993), Turbo GT (1983–1984), LX (1984–1993), GT-350 20th anniversary edition (1984), SVO (1984–1986) and Cobra R (1993). Engines and drivetrains carried over from

1370-807: A combination of paid and unpaid, full and part-time law enforcement officers, including auxiliary officers who typically serve as part-time, unpaid volunteers. If present, independent city sheriff's offices usually follow the restrictive model shown above for sheriff's departments, with limited law enforcement authority including warrant service, jail bailiff, etc. Mutual assistance compacts may exist where neighboring law enforcement agencies will assist each other, however, in addition to state (commonwealth) law enforcement resources. Like most states, Virginia also has campus police officers. Under Virginia State Code 23.1-809 and 23.1-810, public and private colleges and universities can maintain their own armed police force and employ sworn campus police officers. These sworn officers have

1507-569: A crime but short of probable cause to arrest. Merely lawfully detaining a person—in and of itself—does not deprive a person of their Fourth Amendment right against unlawful searches. Federal, state, and local laws, and individual law enforcement departmental policies govern when, where, how, and upon whom a law enforcement officer may perform a "pat down," "protective search," or "Terry frisk," based on several U.S. Supreme Court decisions (including Terry v. Ohio (1968), Michigan v. Long (1983), and Maryland v. Buie (1990)): In Terry v. Ohio ,

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1644-410: A high standard, saying it should be "a little jewel". Not only was it smaller than the original car, but it was also heavier, owing to the addition of equipment needed to meet new U.S. emission and safety regulations. Performance was reduced, and despite the car's new handling and engineering features the galloping mustang emblem "became a less muscular steed that seemed to be cantering ". Engines for

1781-669: A higher-output alternator, and a vinyl rear interior. The Ford F-150 Lightning Pro SSV was introduced for the 2023 model year, based on the Ford F-150 Lightning . It is currently the only electric vehicle in the Ford police vehicle lineup and is the first fully-electric vehicle to be certified for police use. It is largely similar to the standard F-150 Lightning, with some upgrades from the F-150 Police Responder, including front seatback steel intrusion plates,

1918-513: A higher-output alternator, upgraded brakes, underbody skid plates, and a vinyl rear interior. 2021 tests by the Michigan State Police and Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (who perform fleet vehicle performance testing to ensure police suitability before market release) found that the F-150 Police Responder was the "quickest" police vehicle available at the time, with 0–60 mph acceleration tests recorded at below 6 seconds and

2055-413: A historical separation of police models between small towns and larger cities. The distinction has also been defined between rural and urban policing models, which tended to function differently with separate hierarchical systems supporting each. Three styles of policing develop from a jurisdiction's socioeconomic characteristics, government organization, and choice of police administrators. According to

2192-489: A judicial bail determination or an arraignment . In 2010, the FBI estimated that law enforcement agencies made 13,120,947 arrests (excluding traffic violations). Of those persons arrested, 74.5% were male and 69.4 percent of all persons arrested were white, 28.0 percent were black, and the remaining 2.6 percent were of other races. A law enforcement officer may briefly detain a person upon reasonable suspicion of involvement in

2329-541: A modular dashboard for installing equipment, and a vinyl rear interior. It also features the F-150 Lightning's Pro Power Onboard electric generator feature, which Ford advertises as a mobile power source for crime scenes. The Ford Expedition SSV was introduced for the 2018 model year, based on the fourth generation Ford Expedition . Designed for heavy-duty and tactical applications, the Expedition SSV

2466-506: A new 3.8 L V6 for 1983. The 302 cu in (4.9 L) V8 was suspended after 1979 and replaced with a smaller, 4.2 L V8 which was dropped in favor of the high output 302 cu in (4.9 L) V8 for 1982. From 1979 to 1986, the Capri was domestically produced as a Mercury-badged version of the Mustang, using a few of its own styling cues. The third-generation Mustang had two different front-end styles. From 1979 to 1986,

2603-419: A new 302 cu in (4.9 L) V8 engine, designed with Federal emissions regulations in mind. The 1969 restyle "added more heft to the body as width and length again increased. Weight went up markedly too." Due to the larger body and revised front end styling, the 1969 models (but less so in 1970) had a notable aggressive stance. The 1969 models featured "quad headlamps" which disappeared to make way for

2740-445: A new dual exhaust. GT models included 32-valve 5.0 L engine (4,951cc or 302.13 cu. in) (also referred to as the " Coyote ") producing 412 hp and 390 ft-lbs of torque. Brembo brakes were optional along with 19-inch wheels and performance tires. For 2012, a new Mustang Boss 302 version was introduced. The engine had 444 hp (331 kW; 450 PS) and 380 lb⋅ft (520 N⋅m) of torque. A "Laguna Seca" edition

2877-587: A non-partisan police board to help govern the police force, a strict merit system for promotions within the department, and an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries to attract professionally qualified officers. Despite such reforms, police agencies were led by highly autocratic leaders, and there remained a lack of respect between police and the community. During the professionalism era of policing, law enforcement agencies concentrated on dealing with felonies and other serious crime, rather than focusing on crime prevention . Following urban unrest in

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3014-411: A re-designed 2005 model year Mustang at the 2004 North American International Auto Show , codenamed "S197", that was based on the new D2C platform . Developed under the direction of chief engineer Hau Thai-Tang, a veteran engineer for Ford's IndyCar program under Mario Andretti, and exterior styling designer Sid Ramnarace , the fifth-generation Mustang's styling echoes the fastback Mustang models of

3151-623: A six-speed manual transmission. The GT and V6 models revised styling incorporated the grille and air intakes from the 2010–2012 GT500s. The decklid received a black cosmetic panel on all trim levels. The GT's 5.0 liter V8 gained eight horsepower from 412 hp (307 kW; 418 PS) to 420 hp (313 kW; 426 PS). The sixth generation Mustang was unveiled on December 5, 2013, in Dearborn, Michigan ; New York, New York ; Los Angeles, California ; Barcelona, Spain ; Shanghai, China ; and Sydney, Australia . The internal project code name

3288-442: A state line, he violates the federal law of interstate flight and is subject to federal jurisdiction, at which time federal law enforcement agencies may become involved. Most states operate statewide law enforcement agencies that provide law enforcement duties, including investigations and state patrols. They may be called state police or highway patrol ( state troopers ), but there is no gendarmerie , and are normally part of

3425-464: A study in a book by James Q. Wilson ( Varieties of Police Behavior , 1968, 1978, Harvard University Press), there were three distinct types of policing developed in his study of eight communities. Each style emphasized different police functions and was linked to specific characteristics of the community the department served. Wilson's study applies to police behavior for the entire department over time. At any given time, police officers may be acting in

3562-413: A top speed of approximately 150 mph. The Ford F-150 SSV was introduced for the 2018 model year, based on the thirteenth generation Ford F-Series. It is the utility towing-focused equivalent to the F-150 Police Responder, and is available in standard, XL CrewCab, and FX4 off-road packages. It features either a 5-liter V8, twin-turbo 3.5-liter V6, or 3.5-liter hybrid engine, a 10-speed automatic transmission,

3699-722: A variety of performance packages were introduced that included the Mach 1 , the Boss 302 , and Boss 429 . The two Boss models were to homologate the engines for racing. The 1969 Mustang was the last year for the GT option (although it did return on the third-generation Mustang for the 1982 model year). A fourth model available only as a hardtop, the Grandé, saw success starting in 1969 with its soft ride, "luxurious" trim, 55 pounds (25 kg) of extra sound deadening, and simulated wood trim. Developed under

3836-430: A watchman, service, or legalistic function by the nature of what they are doing at the time, their temperament, or their mood at the time. Individual officers may also be inclined to one style or another, regardless of the supervisor or citizen demands. Community policing is a shift in policing practices in the U.S. that moved away from standardization and towards a more preventive model where police actively partner with

3973-597: A wide area, and typically share geographical boundaries within one or more cities or counties. Metropolitan departments have usually been formed by a merger between local agencies, typically several local police departments and often the local sheriff's department or office, in efforts to provide greater efficiency by centralizing command and resources and to resolve jurisdictional problems, often in communities experiencing rapid population growth and urban sprawl , or in neighboring communities too small to afford individual police departments. Some county sheriff's departments, such as

4110-550: A wider grille and a return to standard headlamps in the 1970 models. This switch back to standard headlamps was an attempt to tame the aggressive styling of the 1969 model, which some felt was too extreme and hurt sales, but 1969 production exceeded the 1970 total. Starting in 1969, to aid sales and continue the winning formula of the Mustang, a variety of new performance and decorative options became available, including functional (and non-functional) air scoops, cable and pin hood tie-downs, and both wing and chin spoilers. Additionally,

4247-413: Is "nearly a foot longer than the standard model" and is available in standard and MAX configurations. It features a twin-turbo 3.5-liter V6, a 10-speed automatic transmission, a higher-output alternator, an electronic limited-slip rear differential, police transport rear bench seats, and a vinyl rear interior. The Ford Transit Prisoner Transport Vehicle (PTV) was introduced for the 2015 model year, based on

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4384-507: Is S550. Changes include a body widened by 1.5 inches and lowered 1.4 inches, a trapezoidal grille, and a 2.75-inch lower decklid, as well as new colors. The passenger volume is increased to 84.5 cubic feet, the wheelbase is still 8 ft. 11.1 in. (107.1 in.), and three engine options are available: a newly developed 2.3 L EcoBoost 310 hp four-cylinder introduced to reach high tariff global markets like China, 3.7 L 300 hp V6, or 5.0 L Coyote 435 hp V8, with either

4521-545: Is a series of American automobiles manufactured by Ford . In continuous production since 1964, the Mustang is currently the longest-produced Ford car nameplate. Currently in its seventh generation , it is the fifth-best selling Ford car nameplate. The namesake of the " pony car " automobile segment, the Mustang was developed as a highly styled line of sporty coupes and convertibles derived from existing model lines, initially distinguished by "long hood, short deck" proportions. Originally predicted to sell 100,000 vehicles yearly,

4658-462: Is cited from The American System of Criminal Justice , by George F. Cole and Christopher E. Smith, 2004, 10th edition, Wadsworth/Thomson Learning: Given the broad mandates of police work and the limited resources they have, police administrators must develop policies to prioritize and focus their activities. Some of the more controversial policies restrict, or even forbid, high-speed vehicular pursuits. Researchers Falcone, Wells, & Weisheit describe

4795-400: Is given to each of the United States' 50 federated states . The Constitution gives the federal government the power to deal with foreign affairs and interstate affairs (affairs between the states). For police, this means that if a non-federal crime is committed in a U.S. state and the fugitive does not flee the state, the federal government has no jurisdiction. However, once the fugitive crosses

4932-792: Is the Ford Police Interceptor Utility , a variant of the Ford Explorer . The Ford Police Responder line consists of variants of the Ford F-150 , Ford Expedition , and Ford Transit . Sedans have not been part of the Ford police vehicle lineup since 2020, but historically included the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor , Ford Police Interceptor Sedan , and Ford Fusion Hybrid . Police variants of Ford's electric vehicles have reportedly been considered, including variants of

5069-554: Is to provide contract based security services to private entities, and may be considered private police. For example, in Washington, D.C., special police officers from the Metro Special Police Department have full law enforcement authority and contract their services to private organizations. Private police officers are different from security guards, who generally do not have arrest powers beyond

5206-479: Is typically done through an interstate compact approved by Congress, but some departments have consolidated without Congressional approval. Town police departments are usually consolidated without Congressional approval. This is done through state and local laws, usually by certifying officers in both states. Railroad police departments are granted this privilege without interstate compacts thanks to various federal and state laws. Officers are typically bound to

5343-645: The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF), the United States Marshals Service , and the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP). The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is another branch with numerous federal law enforcement agencies reporting to it. The United States Border Patrol (USBP), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), United States Secret Service (USSS), United States Coast Guard (USCG), and

5480-610: The Chevrolet Monza , Pontiac Sunbird , Oldsmobile Starfire and Buick Skyhawk . First-year sales were 385,993 cars, compared with the original Mustang's twelve-month sales record of 418,812. Ultimately, the Mustang II was an early example of downsizing that would take place among Detroit's Big Three during the " malaise era ". Iacocca wanted the new car, which returned the Mustang to its 1965 model year predecessor in size, shape, and overall styling, to be finished to

5617-481: The Department of Justice 's Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) revealed that this constitutes: At the federal level, there exists both federal law enforcement agencies , which possess full federal authority as given to them under United States Code (U.S.C.), and federal law enforcement agencies, who are authorized to enforce various laws at the federal level. Both police and law enforcement agencies operate at

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5754-408: The Department of Revenue has its own investigative branch. Also known as parishes and boroughs , county law enforcement is provided by sheriffs' departments or offices , constables and county police . County police tend to exist only in metropolitan counties and have countywide jurisdiction. For places that have both county police and county sheriff , responsibilities are given to each:

5891-525: The Ford Mustang , became available shortly after as an upgrade. Ford also offered an EcoBoost version, the SHO 's 3.5-liter V6, which produces 365 hp (272 kW; 370 PS). All versions came with all-wheel drive, though front-wheel drive was available for the naturally-aspirated 3.5-liter version. In 2014, Ford began offering the 4-cylinder engine from its civilian counterpart in the FPIS as part of

6028-534: The Ford Mustang Mach-E and Ford F-150 Lightning . Ford vehicles have been popular with police since the company's infancy, and Ford often sold directly to police departments; however, these did not use the "Police Interceptor" name. In 1951, Ford named the optional flathead V-8 for the 1949 Ford the "Interceptor"; this engine was available in the model's Police Package. The practice of naming Ford's Police Package motors "Interceptor" continued through

6165-587: The Ford Police Interceptor Sedan and Ford Police Interceptor Utility , respectively. The Ford Police Interceptor Sedan (FPIS) was introduced as the sedan of the Ford Police Interceptor range for the 2013 model year, based on the sixth generation Ford Taurus . The FPIS's standard engine was a naturally-aspirated 3.5-liter V6 engine, shared with the regular Taurus. A 3.7-liter aluminum -block V6 engine, shared with

6302-566: The James Bond movie Goldfinger was released September 17, 1964, at its London premiere, where Bond girl Tilly Masterson was in a spirited chase with James driving an Aston Martin DB5 in the Swiss Alps. A Tropical Turquoise (paint code O) coupe was again used in the next film Thunderball at its Tokyo premiere 9 December 1965 with Bond girl Fiona Volpe as she drives James to meet

6439-1006: The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department , are contracted to provide full police services to local cities within their counties. Likewise, in Florida, the Duval County Road Patrol and the Jacksonville Police Department consolidated in 1968 to form the "Office of the Sheriff – Jacksonville Police," commonly known as the Jacksonville Sheriff's Office , policing all of Duval County. The Puerto Rico Police Bureau (PRPB) traces back to 1837, when Spanish governor Francisco Javier de Moreda y Prieto created La Guardia Civil de Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico Civil Guard) to protect

6576-654: The Peelian principles . The first organized, publicly funded professional full-time police services were established in Boston in 1838, New York in 1844, and Philadelphia in 1854. Slave patrols in the south were abolished upon the abolition of slavery in the 1860s. The legal tactics of the slave patrols are reflected in the vigilante tactics of the Ku Klux Klan . In the late 19th and early 20th century, there were few specialized units in police departments. In 1905,

6713-488: The Pennsylvania State Police became the first state police agency established in the United States, as recommended by President Theodore Roosevelt's Anthracite Strike Commission and Governor Samuel Pennypacker . The advent of the police car, two-way radio , and telephone in the early 20th century transformed policing into a reactive strategy that focused on responding to calls for service . In

6850-506: The Toyota Celica and Ford Capri in the United States (the latter, by Lincoln-Mercury). The Mercury Cougar was launched in 1967 as a unique-bodied higher-trim alternative to the Mustang; during the 1970s, it included more features and was marketed as a personal luxury car . From 1965 until 2004, the Mustang shared chassis commonality with other Ford model lines, staying rear-wheel-drive throughout its production. From 1965 to 1973,

6987-785: The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) are some of the agencies that report to the DHS. The United States Coast Guard in particular is also a military branch of the United States Armed Forces and is assigned to the United States Department of Defense in the event of war. At a crime or disaster scene affecting large numbers of people, multiple jurisdictions, or broad geographic areas, many police agencies may be involved by mutual aid agreements. For example,

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7124-598: The Tremec TR-3650 five-speeds. For 2007, Ford's SVT launched the Shelby GT500 , a successor to the 2003/2004 Mustang SVT Cobra . The supercharged and intercooled Ford Modular 5,408 cc (5.4 L; 330.0 cu in) DOHC 4 valves per cylinder V8 engine with an iron block and aluminum heads was rated at 500 hp (507 PS; 373 kW) at 6,000 rpm and 480 lb⋅ft (651 N⋅m) of torque at 4,500 rpm. The 2010 model year Mustang

7261-699: The United States Federal Protective Service responded to the Hurricane Katrina natural disaster. The command in such situations remains a complex and flexible issue. In accordance with the federal structure of the United States government , the national (federal) government is not authorized to execute general police powers by the Constitution of the United States . The power to have a police force

7398-542: The "Mustang II", was introduced on September 21, 1973, two months before the first 1973 oil crisis , and its reduced size allowed it to compete against successful imported sports coupes such as the Japanese Datsun 240Z , Toyota Celica and the European Ford Capri (then Ford-built in Germany and Britain, sold in U.S. by Mercury as a captive import car). The Mustang II also later competed against

7535-694: The 1920s, led by Berkeley, California police chief August Vollmer , police began to professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training. With this transformation, police command and control became more centralized. Orlando Winfield Wilson , a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas , and later in the Chicago Police Department . Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotating officers from community to community to reduce their vulnerability to corruption, establishing

7672-435: The 1950s. The Ford LTD Crown Victoria , produced from 1979 to 1991, used the "P72" production code designation for fleet models. However, none used the name "Police Interceptor". The Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor (CVPI) was the first Ford vehicle to use the "Police Interceptor" name, and was introduced in 1992, based on the first generation Ford Crown Victoria . It featured a 4.6-liter Modular V8 engine and either

7809-447: The 1960s, police placed more emphasis on community relations, and enacted reforms such as increased diversity in hiring. The Kansas City Preventive Patrol study in the 1970s found the reactive approach to policing to be ineffective. The cost of policing rapidly expanded during the 1960s. In 1951, American cities spent $ 82 per person on policing. Adjusting for inflation, police spending increased over 300% by 2016, to $ 286 per person. In

7946-418: The 1965 Mustang became the most successful vehicle launch since the 1927 Model A . Introduced on April 17, 1964 (16 days after the Plymouth Barracuda ), over 400,000 units were sold in its first year; the one-millionth Mustang was sold within two years of its launch. In August 2018, Ford produced the 10-millionth Mustang; matching the first 1965 Mustang, the vehicle was a 2019 Wimbledon White convertible with

8083-650: The 1974 models included the venerable 2.3 L I4 from the Pinto and the 2.8 L Cologne V6 from the Mercury Capri. The 1975 model year reintroduced the 302 cu in (4.9 L) Windsor V8 that was only available with the C-4 automatic transmission, power brakes, and power steering. This continued through production's end in 1978. Other transmissions were the RAD four-speed with unique gearing for all three engines, and

8220-550: The 1990s, many law enforcement agencies began to adopt community policing strategies, and others adopted problem-oriented policing . In the 1990s, CompStat was developed by the New York Police Department as an information-based system for tracking and mapping crime patterns and trends, and holding police accountable for dealing with crime problems. CompStat, and other forms of information-led policing, have since been replicated in police departments across

8357-518: The 2020 model year, the second generation FPIU was introduced with a new rear wheel drive platform, based on the sixth-generation Ford Explorer . With the discontinuation of the FPIS in 2019, the FPIU is the only vehicle produced under the Ford Police Interceptor nameplate. Ford Police Responder is a nameplate applied to Ford police vehicles that can be used as patrol vehicles, but are not intended to be used in "frontline" situations that are more suited for

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8494-594: The 2021 model year, is used by several police forces in the United States and Canada and was offered to British police by Ford of Europe in 2021, but is not formally offered as a fleet vehicle. However, a Mustang Mach-E passed the 2021 fleet tests by the Michigan State Police, and 2024 fleet tests included a Mustang Mach-E alongside the Chevrolet Blazer EV PPV , suggesting Ford may be considering an official police variant to compete with

8631-524: The 3.8 L was increased to 193 bhp. In 2004, a 3.9 L variant of the Essex engine replaced the standard 3.8 L mid year with an increase of 3 ft⋅lb (4 N⋅m) of torque as well as NVH improvements. There were also three alternate models offered in this generation: the 2001 Bullitt , the 2003 and 2004 Mach 1 , as well as the 320 bhp (240 kW) 1999 and 2001, and 390 bhp (290 kW) 2003 and 2004 Cobra . This generation

8768-930: The Blazer EV. While all of the Big Three automakers have offered police vehicles and had market shares proportionate to their overall market share, since the late 1990s Ford has had a near-monopoly on such vehicles in the United States , following General Motors discontinuing the B platform in 1996 and Chrysler discontinuing the M body vehicles in 1989. While GM (through Chevrolet ) and Chrysler (through Dodge ) continued to offer police vehicles after ending production of their last non-truck body-on-frame vehicles, and continue to do so today (Dodge as part of Chrysler successor Stellantis ), many police forces continued to order from Ford due to their commitment to traditional body on frame construction and its ease of maintenance as opposed to vehicles with unibody construction. By

8905-570: The C-3 automatic behind the 2.3 L and 2.8 L. The "5.0 L" marketing designation was not applied until the 1978 King Cobra model. All 302 cu in (4.9 L)-equipped Mustang IIs, except the King Cobras, received updated versions of the classic Ford "V8" emblem on each front fender. The car was available in coupe and hatchback versions, including a "luxury" Ghia model designed by Ford's recently acquired Ghia of Italy. The coupe

9042-605: The Carolinas to prevent slave rebellions and enslaved people from escaping. By 1785 the Charleston Guard and Watch had "a distinct chain of command , uniforms , sole responsibility for policing, salary, authorized use of force , and a focus on preventing 'crime' ." Modern policing began to emerge in the U.S. in the mid-nineteenth century, influenced by the British model of policing established in 1829 based on

9179-563: The Cobra package for 1980–81. 1982 marked the return of the Mustang GT (replacing the Cobra) which used a specially-modified high-output 302 cu in (4.9 L) engine. 1983 saw the return of the Mustang convertible after a nine-year absence. The front fascias of all Mustangs were restyled, featuring new grilles, sporting "blue oval" Ford emblems for the first time. 1984 introduced

9316-582: The EcoBoost engine from the SHO in 2014, producing 365 hp (272 kW; 370 PS). It comes with an all-wheel drive powertrain, larger brake rotors, advanced ABS and traction control systems, a more efficient cooling system, emergency equipment fitments, and other standard equipment. To free up interior space on the center console for equipment, the transmission is fitted with a column-mounted shifter. Other fleet-specific options are also included. In 2019, for

9453-687: The Ford Police Interceptor line has seen popular use in Europe and the Middle East . Other Ford vehicles have historically been popular in those regions as well. Law enforcement in the United States As of 2024 , more than 1,280,000 sworn law enforcement officers are serving in the United States. About 137,000 of those officers work for federal law enforcement agencies . Law enforcement operates primarily through governmental police agencies. There are 17,985 police agencies in

9590-413: The Ford Police Interceptor range, such as highway patrol . It is often used alongside their Special Service Vehicle ( SSV ) designation, used for support-oriented vehicles that are designed for specific applications (such as prisoner transport or off-roading ) or are not intended to take part in pursuits . The Ford Police Responder Hybrid Sedan (FPRHS) was introduced for the 2019 model year, based on

9727-649: The Getrag-Ford MT82 six-speed manual or the 6R80 six-speed automatic based on the ZF 6HP26 transmission , licensed for production by Ford. Electric power steering replaced the conventional hydraulic version. A new 3.72 L (227 cu in) aluminum block V6 engine weighed 40 lb (18 kg) less than the previous version. With 24 valves and twin independent variable cam timing (TiVCT) , it produced 305 hp (227 kW; 309 PS) and 280 lb⋅ft (380 N⋅m) of torque. The 3.7 L engine came with

9864-422: The Mustang II including the 2.3 L I4, 2.8 L V6, and 4.9 L V8 engines. A troublesome 2.3 L turbocharged I4 was available during initial production startup and then reappeared after undergoing improvements for the mid-year introduction of the 1983 turbo GT. The 2.8 L V6, in short supply, was replaced with a 3.3 L I6 engine during the 1979 model year. That engine was ultimately replaced with

10001-527: The Mustang was derived from the 1960 Ford Falcon compact. From 1974 until 1978, the Mustang (denoted Mustang II) was a longer-wheelbase version of the Ford Pinto . From 1979 until 2004, the Mustang shared its Fox platform chassis with 14 other Ford vehicles (becoming the final one to use the Fox architecture). Since 2005, Ford has produced two generations of the Mustang, each using a distinct platform unique to

10138-717: The Mustang was paired with a Mercury variant, called the Cougar , which used its own styling cues, such as a "prowling cat" logo and hidden quad headlamps. New safety regulations by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) for 1967 included an energy-absorbing steering column and wheel, 4-way emergency flashers, and a dual-circuit hydraulic braking system, and softer interior knobs. The 1968 models received revised side scoops, steering wheel, and gasoline caps. Side marker lights were also added that year, and cars built after January 1, 1968, included shoulder belts for both front seats on coupes. The 1968 models also introduced

10275-499: The Mustang's growth, he did oversee the 1967 redesign." From 1967 until 1973, the Mustang got bigger but not necessarily more powerful. The Mustang was facelifted , giving the Mustang a more massive look overall and allowing a big block engine to be offered for the first time. Front and rear end styling was more pronounced, and the "twin cove" instrument panel offered a thicker crash pad and larger gauges. Hardtop, fastback, and convertible body styles continued as before. Around this time,

10412-455: The T-top roof option, which included a leatherette storage bag that clipped to the top of the spare tire hump. The 1979 Mustang was based on the larger Fox platform (initially developed for the 1978 Ford Fairmont and Mercury Zephyr ). The larger body with an increased wheelbase yielded more interior space for four passengers, especially in the back seat, as well as a larger capacity trunk and

10549-637: The Taurus, on which the FPIS was based. In March 2019, both the Taurus and FPIS were discontinued. The FPIS was replaced by the Ford Police Interceptor Utility and the Ford Police Responder Hybrid Sedan. The Ford Police Interceptor Utility (FPIU) nameplate was introduced as the SUV of the Ford Police Interceptor range for the 2013 model year, based on the fifth generation Ford Explorer . The FPIU used

10686-456: The United States which include local police departments , county sheriff's offices , state troopers , and federal law enforcement agencies . The law enforcement purposes of these agencies are the investigation of suspected criminal activity, referral of the results of investigations to state or federal prosecutors , and the temporary detention of suspected criminals pending judicial action. Law enforcement agencies, are also commonly charged with

10823-410: The United States. Law enforcement officers are granted certain powers to enable them to carry out their duties. When there exists probable cause to believe that a person has committed a serious crime , a misdemeanor in their presence, or a select-few misdemeanors not in their presence, a law enforcement officer can handcuff and arrest a person, who will be held in a police station or jail pending

10960-436: The automaker, it was based on an updated version of the rear-wheel drive Fox platform called "Fox-4." The new styling by Patrick Schiavone incorporated several styling cues from earlier Mustangs. For the first time since its introduction 1964, a notchback coupe model was not available. The door windows on the coupe were once again frameless; however, the car had a fixed "B" pillar and rear windows. The base model came with

11097-414: The availability of an "MPG" model which had a different rear axle ratio for better fuel economy. 1976 added the "Stallion" trim package. The Mach 1 remained through the life cycle 1974–1978. Other changes in appearance and performance came with a "Cobra II" version in 1976–1978 and a "King Cobra" in 1978 of which around 4,972 were built. The 1977–1978 hatchback models in all trim levels were now available with

11234-553: The community it serves. Policing in what would become the United States of America arose from the law enforcement systems in European countries, particularly the ancient English common law system . This relied heavily on citizen volunteers, as well as watch groups, constables, sheriffs, and a conscription system known as posse comitatus similar to the militia system . An early night watch formed in Boston in 1631, and in 1634

11371-587: The components and setting up the production process was A$ 4,000,000. Sales did not meet expectations, due in part to a high selling price. In total, just 377 Mustangs were sold in Australia between 2001 and 2003. For promotional purposes, Ford Racing Australia also built a Mustang V10 convertible, which was powered by a Ford Modular 6.8 L V10 engine from the American F truck series but fitted with an Australian-made Sprintex supercharger. Ford introduced

11508-416: The county police are in charge of typical police duties such as patrol and investigations, whereas the sheriffs' department in this situation takes care of serving papers and providing security to the courts. County police tend to fall into three broad categories, full service, limited service, and restrictive service. Full service provides full police services to the entire county. Limited service provides to

11645-435: The courts, and may have jurisdiction to enforce laws in the entire county. They have more responsibilities such as transporting prisoners, running crime labs, and collecting taxes. In Texas, the sheriff's office is normally the agency responsible for handling mental health calls. If the situation is dangerous, a sheriff's deputy has the power to take a person to a hospital on a mental health commitment immediately. However, if

11782-486: The early 2000s, including the removal of chrome trim and the replacement of its civilian slatted grille in favor of a unique honeycomb grille, gave the CVPI an increasingly distinct appearance. To continue to provide a civilian appearance for unmarked police cars, the "Street Appearance Package" was introduced as an option, designed to closely resemble the civilian Crown Victoria. When the Ford Crown Victoria

11919-556: The first U.S. constable on record was Joshua Pratt, in the Plymouth Colony . Constables were tasked with surveying land, serving warrants, and enforcing punishments. A rattlewatch was formed in New Amsterdam , later to become New York City, in 1651. The New York rattlewatch "strolled the streets to discourage crime and search for lawbreakers" and also served as town criers. In 1658, they began drawing pay, making them

12056-600: The first municipally funded police organization. When the English captured New Amsterdam in 1664, they installed a constable whose duties included keeping the peace, suppressing excessive drinking, gambling, prostitution, and preventing disturbances during church services. A night watch was formed in Philadelphia in 1700. In the Southern Colonies , formal slave patrols were created as early as 1704 in

12193-542: The fourth generation Ford Transit . Per its name, it is designed as a prisoner transport vehicle and is available in three roof heights, three lengths, and two wheelbases, as well as options for single, double, or triple prisoner inserts. It features a twin-turbo 3.5-liter V6 and intelligent all-wheel drive. As of June 2024, the only electric vehicle in the Ford police vehicle lineup is the F-150 Lightning Pro SSV. The Ford Mustang Mach-E , introduced for

12330-511: The front end was angled back using four rectangular headlights, known by enthusiasts as "four eyes". The front end was restyled for 1987 to 1993 model years to reflect the contemporary, rounded-off "aero" style of the Ford Taurus using flush-composite headlamps and a smooth grille-less nose. The Mustang was selected as the 1979 Official Indianapolis 500 Pace Car with replicas sold to the public. Its special body-appearance parts were adapted by

12467-403: The high-performance Mustang SVO, which featured a 2.3 L turbocharged and intercooled four-cylinder engine and unique bodywork. The Mustang celebrated its 20th anniversary with a special GT350 model in white with red interior and red lower-bodyside rocker stripes. 1985 Mustangs received another front-fascia restyle. In response to poor sales and escalating fuel prices during the early 1980s,

12604-547: The highest level and are endowed with police roles; each may maintain a small component of the other (for example, the FBI Police ). The agencies have jurisdiction in all states, U.S. territories, and U.S. possessions for enforcement of federal law. Most federal agencies are limited by the U.S. Code to investigating only matters that are explicitly within the power of the federal government. However, federal investigative powers have become very broad in practice, especially since

12741-404: The horn ring bearing the 'Ford Falcon' logo covered by a trim ring with a 'Ford Mustang' logo. These characteristics made enough difference to warrant designation of the 121,538 early versions as "1964½" Mustangs, a distinction that has endured with purists. Ford's designers began drawing up larger versions even as the original was achieving sales success, and while "Iacocca later complained about

12878-476: The illusion that the cars were even larger." The 1971 Mustang was nearly 3 inches (75 mm) wider than the 1970, its front and rear track was also widened by 3 inches (75 mm), and its size was most evident in the SportsRoof models with its nearly flat rear roofline and cramped interior with poor visibility for the driver. Performance decreased with sales continuing to decrease as consumers switched to

13015-410: The individual for a crime. The officer need not be absolutely certain that the individual is armed; the issue is whether a reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of others was in danger . In most states, law enforcement officers operate under the same self-defense laws as the general public. Generally, when the first responder or a member of

13152-487: The landmark decision introducing the term "Terry frisk", or "frisk", to the broader public (italics added): Our evaluation of the proper balance that has to be struck in this type of case leads us to conclude that there must be a narrowly drawn authority to permit a reasonable search for weapons for the protection of the police officer, where he has reason to believe that he is dealing with an armed and dangerous individual , regardless of whether he has probable cause to arrest

13289-766: The late-1960s. Ford's senior vice president of design, J Mays , called it " retro-futurism ". The fifth-generation Mustang was manufactured at the Flat Rock Assembly Plant in Flat Rock, Michigan . For the 2005 to 2010 production years, the base model was powered by a 210 hp (157 kW; 213 PS) cast-iron block 4.0 L SOHC V6 , while the GT used an aluminum block 4.6 L SOHC three-valve Modular V8 with variable camshaft timing (VCT) that produced 300 hp (224 kW; 304 PS). Base models had Tremec T5 five-speed manual transmissions with Ford's 5R55S five-speed automatic being optional. Automatic GTs also featured this, but manual GTs had

13426-503: The law, as in the Kalamazoo , Michigan -Charles Services contract, which lasted 3 1 ⁄ 2 years. Private police services are sometimes called "Subscription-Based Patrol." The largest private police forces in the United States are the railroad police employed by the major Class I railroads . A bi-state police department is a state-level police agency that carries full police authority and jurisdiction in two or more states. This

13563-749: The laws of the jurisdiction(state) that they are currently in. Delmar's enforcement of Maryland's Automated Speed Enforcement Program is an example of this, as it can only be set up on the Maryland side of the town. Some bi-state police departments include: Keep in mind that mutual aid agreements often give officers/departments from "State A" limited police powers in "State B" & vice versa, even though they aren't certified in both states like bi-state police departments. Twin city departments such as Lookout Mountain, Georgia and Lookout Mountain, Tennessee are examples of this. Textbooks and scholars have identified three primary police agency functions. The following

13700-518: The learning curve for assembly and repair workers, while at the same time allowing dealers to pick up the Mustang without also having to invest in additional spare parts inventory to support the new car line. Original sales forecasts projected less than 100,000 units for the first year. This mark was surpassed in three months from rollout. Another 318,000 would be sold during the model year (a record), and in its first eighteen months, more than one million Mustangs were built. Several changes were made at

13837-518: The lives and property of Puerto Ricans who at the time were Spanish subjects, and provide police services to the entire island, even though many municipalities maintained their own police force. The United States invaded and took possession of Puerto Rico in July 1898 as a result of the Spanish–American War and has controlled the island as a US territory since then. The Insular Police of Puerto Rico

13974-433: The maintenance of public order; the protection of public officials; and the operation of some detention facilities (usually at the local level). Policing in the United States is conducted by "around 18,000 federal, state and local law enforcement agencies, all with their own rules". Every state has its own nomenclature for agencies, and their powers, responsibilities and funding vary from state to state. 2008 census data from

14111-563: The model line. Through its production, multiple nameplates have been associated with the Ford Mustang series, including GT, Mach 1, Boss 302/429, Cobra (separate from Shelby Cobra ), and Bullitt, along with "5.0" fender badging (denoting 4.9 L OHV or 5.0 L DOHC V8 engines). Executive stylist John Najjar , who was a fan of the World War II P-51 Mustang fighter plane, is credited by Ford with suggesting

14248-543: The name. Najjar co-designed the first prototype of the Ford Mustang known as the " Ford Mustang I " in 1961, working jointly with fellow Ford stylist Philip T. Clark . The Mustang I made its formal debut at the United States Grand Prix in Watkins Glen, New York , on October 7, 1962, where test driver and contemporary Formula One race driver Dan Gurney lapped the track in a demonstration using

14385-597: The new car was, on 14 April 1964, first sold to the public, at a Ford dealership in St. John's, Newfoundland , Canada before it was even introduced on April 17, 1964, at the New York World's Fair . Body styles available included a two-door hardtop and convertible, with a "2+2" fastback added to the line in September 1964. A Wimbledon White (paint code P) convertible with red interior was used as product placement when

14522-441: The newer Modular 4.6 L (281 cu in) SOHC V8 in the 1996 Mustang GT. The 4.6 L V8 was initially rated at 215 bhp (160 kW), 1996–1997, but was later increased to 225 bhp (168 kW) in 1998. For 1999, the Mustang was reskinned with Ford's New Edge styling theme with sharper contours, larger wheel arches, and creases in its bodywork, but its basic proportions, interior design, and chassis remained

14659-512: The normal start of the 1965 production year. The early production versions are often referred to as "1964½ models", but all Mustangs were advertised, VIN coded and titled by Ford as 1965 models, though minor design updates in August 1964 at the formal start of the 1965 production year contribute to tracking 1964 1 ⁄ 2 production data separately from 1965 data (see data below). With production beginning in Dearborn, Michigan , on March 9, 1964;

14796-674: The passage of the Patriot Act . There are also federal law enforcement agencies, such as the National Park Service Law Enforcement Rangers , that are granted state arrest authority off primary federal jurisdiction. The Department of Justice (DOJ) is responsible for most law enforcement duties at the federal level. It includes the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA),

14933-592: The public is at risk of serious bodily injury and/or death, lethal force is justified. Most law enforcement agencies establish a use of force continuum and list deadly force as a force of last resort. With this model, agencies try to control excessive uses of force. Nonetheless, some question the number of killings by law enforcement officers, including killings of people who are unarmed, raising questions about alleged widespread and ongoing excessive use of force. Other non-fatal incidents and arrests have raised similar concerns. Ford Mustang The Ford Mustang

15070-470: The public would take interest in the first production Mustang. The 1963 Mustang II concept car was designed with a variation of the production model's front and rear ends with a roof that was 2.7 in (69 mm) lower. It was originally based on the platform of the second-generation North American Ford Falcon , a compact car . Gale Halderman's side view design is the basis for the first clay model. The Ford Mustang began production five months before

15207-442: The responsibilities of deterring criminal activity and preventing the successful commission of crimes in progress. Other duties may include the service and enforcement of warrants , writs , and other orders of the courts . Law enforcement agencies are also involved in providing first response to emergencies and other threats to public safety ; the protection of certain public facilities and infrastructure, such as private property;

15344-407: The same as the previous model. The Mustang's powertrains were carried over for 1999, but benefited from new improvements. The standard 3.8 L V6 had a new split-port induction system, and was rated at 190 bhp (140 kW) 1999–2000, while the Mustang GT's 4.6 L V8 saw an increase in output to 260 bhp (190 kW) (1999–2004), due to a new head design and other enhancements. In 2001,

15481-501: The same authority as local police and are required to complete police academy training mandated by the Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services. Virginia campus police officers have jurisdiction on and immediately around the campus, but police departments may petition to the local circuit court for concurrent jurisdiction with the local police. Local police range from one-officer agencies (sometimes still called

15618-458: The second "race" prototype. An alternative view was that Robert J. Eggert, Ford Division market research manager, first suggested the Mustang name. Eggert, a breeder of quarterhorses , received a birthday present from his wife of the book, The Mustangs by J. Frank Dobie in 1960. Later, the book's title gave him the idea of adding the "Mustang" name for Ford's new concept car. The designer preferred Cougar (early styling bucks can be seen wearing

15755-605: The second generation Ford Fusion Hybrid . Unlike the Ford Police Interceptor range, the FPRHS was intended for urban police departments that are less likely to be involved in high speed collisions compared to highway patrol. The FPRHS is the first pursuit-rated hybrid electric vehicle . Reception to the FPRHS was mixed. The Salt Lake City Police Department purchased 110 units, but controversy arose when officers complained about its "unsafe" cramped seating space and lack of all-wheel drive capabilities, with several officers claiming it

15892-580: The second series Corvette Sting Ray and European sports cars such as the Jaguar E-Type coupe. To achieve an advertised list price of US$ 2,368 (equivalent to $ 22,895 in 2023), the Mustang was based heavily on familiar yet simple components, many of which were already in production for other Ford models. Many (if not most) of the interior, chassis , suspension , and drivetrain components were derived from those used on Ford's Falcon and Fairlane . This use of common components also shortened

16029-540: The situation is not actively dangerous, a warrant must be sought. With the rise in mental health units across the state, the Texas CIT Association was formed. The Commonwealth of Virginia does not have overlapping county and city jurisdictions, whereas in most other states, municipalities generally fall within (and share jurisdiction and many other governmental responsibilities with) one (or more) county(ies). In Virginia, governmental power flows down from

16166-501: The smaller Pintos and Mavericks . A displeased Iacocca summed up later: "The Mustang market never left us, we left it." Iacocca, who had been one of the forces behind the original Mustang, became president of Ford Motor Company in 1970, and ordered a smaller, more fuel-efficient Mustang for 1974. Initially, it was to be based on the Ford Maverick , but ultimately was based on the Ford Pinto subcompact. The new model, called

16303-949: The state Department of public safety . In addition, the Attorney General 's office of each state has its own state bureau of investigation , such as in California with the California Department of Justice . The Texas Ranger Division fulfills this role in Texas , although they were founded in the period before Texas became a state. Various departments of state governments may have their own enforcement divisions, such as capitol police , campus police , water police , environmental (fish and game/wildlife) conservation officers , or game wardens (with full police powers and statewide jurisdiction). For example, in Colorado ,

16440-548: The state (or in Virginia's case, commonwealth) directly to either a county or an independent city. Thus, policing in Virginia is more streamlined: the county sheriff's office/department or county police department does not overlap with an independent city police department. Unincorporated townships remain part of their parent county, but incorporated townships may have town police departments to augment their county law enforcement. Town police departments are often small and may deploy

16577-578: The time Ford retired the Panther platform in 2011 without a body-on-frame replacement, they had gained such a significant market share from law enforcement agencies that they continued to order from Ford out of brand loyalty . Additionally, foreign automakers with major North American operations such as Toyota have never offered police vehicles in the United States, reducing the competition they face. Though mostly intended for use in North America,

16714-518: The town marshals ) to the 40,000 person-strong New York City Police Department , which has its own counterterrorism division . Most city agencies take the form (Municipality Name) Police Department. Most municipalities have their own police departments. Metropolitan departments, such as the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department , have jurisdiction covering multiple communities and municipalities, often over

16851-595: The traditional opening of the new model year (beginning August 1964), including the addition of back-up lights on some models, the introduction of alternators to replace generators , an upgrade of the six-cylinder engine from 170 to 200 cu in (2.8 to 3.3 L) with an increase from 101 to 120 hp (75 to 89 kW), and an upgrade of the V8 engine from 260 to 289 cu in (4.3 to 4.7 L) with an increase from 164 to 210 hp (122 to 157 kW). The rush into production included some unusual quirks, such as

16988-426: The unincorporated and special districts. Restricted service provide security to the county-owned parts of the county. Sheriffs are Law Enforcement officers who have many different responsibilities and functions from state to state. Sheriffs are elected officials who are appointed or hired in. Sheriffs are responsible for all three parts of the criminal justice system. They uphold the county jail, ensure safety within

17125-489: The villain Emilio Largo at his compound at a very high speed across The Bahamas . Favorable publicity articles appeared in 2,600 newspapers the next morning, the day the car was "officially" revealed. A four-seat car with full space for the front bucket seats and a rear bench seat was standard. A "fastback 2+2", first manufactured on August 17, 1964, enclosed the trunk space under a sweeping exterior line similar to

17262-512: The watch of S. "Bunkie" Knudsen , Mustang evolved "from speed and power" to the growing consumer demand for bigger and heavier "luxury" type designs. "The result was the styling misadventures of 1971–73 ...the Mustang grew fat and lazy," "Ford was out of the go-fast business almost entirely by 1971." "This was the last major restyling of the first-generation Mustang." "The cars grew in every dimension except height, and they gained about 800 pounds (360 kg)." "The restyling also sought to create

17399-545: Was "not suitable for patrol" and urging the city to purchase FPIUs instead. However, other police departments such as the New York City Police Department —which had already been using Fusions before the FPRHS's release—favored it for its fuel efficiency and maneuverability in dense city traffic. The FPRHS was discontinued alongside the Ford Fusion in 2020. The Ford F-150 Police Responder

17536-421: Was also available, which offered additional body bracing, the replacement of the rear seat with a steel "X-brace" for stiffening, and other powertrain and handling enhancements. In the second quarter of 2012, Ford launched an update to the Mustang line as an early 2013 model. The Shelby GT500 had a new 5.8 L supercharged V8 producing 662 hp (494 kW; 671 PS). The Shelby and Boss engines came with

17673-516: Was created on February 21, 1899, under the command of Colonel Frank Thacher ( U.S. Marine officer during the Spanish–American War), with an authorized strength of 313 sworn officers. As of 2009, the PRPB had over 17,292 officers. Some law enforcement agencies may be owned, operated, or otherwise controlled by a private entity (such as a corporation) or is a police agency whose primary function

17810-491: Was discontinued in the civilian market in 2008, the CVPI remained in production. 2011 was the final model year for the CVPI. The last CVPI was sold to the Kansas Highway Patrol , which they outfitted as a retro style parade car. To replace the CVPI, Ford introduced police variants of the sixth generation Taurus and fifth generation Ford Explorer in 2012 for the 2013 model year. The names for both cars were

17947-468: Was introduced for the 2018 model year, based on the thirteenth generation Ford F-Series , specifically a four-door SuperCrew cab with the FX4 off-road package. According to Ford, it is "the industry's first pursuit-rated pickup" and is designed to perform as an all-terrain patrol vehicle that is also capable of towing up to 7,000 pounds. It features a twin-turbo 3.5-liter V6, a 10-speed automatic transmission,

18084-414: Was marketed as a "hardtop" but actually had a thin "B" pillar and rear quarter windows that did not roll down. All Mustangs in this generation did feature frameless door glass, however. The "Ghia" featured a thickly padded vinyl roof and starting with 1975 models smaller rear quarter windows, giving a more formal look. 1974 models were: hardtop, hatchback, Mach 1, and Ghia. Changes introduced for 1975 included

18221-412: Was owned by Krupp , which had manufactured trucks between 1951 and 1964 with the name "Mustang". Ford refused to buy the name for about US$ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 98,240 in 2023) from Krupp at the time. Kreidler , a manufacturer of mopeds, also used the name, so Mustangs were sold in Germany as "T-5s" until December 1978. Lee Iacocca 's assistant general manager and chief engineer, Donald N. Frey

18358-406: Was released as a 1989 model. The Mustang received a major restyling for 1987, including the interior, which carried it through the end of the 1993 model year. Under the newly established Ford SVT division, the 1993 Ford Mustang SVT Cobra and Cobra R were added as special, high-performance models. In November 1993, the Mustang debuted its first major redesign in fifteen years. Code-named "SN95" by

18495-621: Was released in the spring of 2009 with a redesigned exterior — which included sequential LED taillights — and a reduced drag coefficient of 4% on base models and 7% on GT models. The engine for base Mustangs remained unchanged, while the GT's 4.6 L V8 was revised resulting in 315 hp (235 kW; 319 PS) at 6,000 rpm and 325 lb⋅ft (441 N⋅m) of torque at 4,255 rpm. Other mechanical features included new spring rates and dampers, traction and stability control system standard on all models, and new wheel sizes. Engines were revised for 2011, and transmission options included

18632-462: Was sold in Australia between 2001 and 2002, to compete against the Holden Monaro (which eventually became the basis for the reborn Pontiac GTO ). Due to the fact that the Mustang was never designed for right-hand-drive, Ford Australia contracted Tickford Vehicle Engineering to convert 250 Mustangs and modify them to meet Australian Design Rules per year. The development cost for redesigning

18769-589: Was the head engineer for the T-5 project —supervising the overall development of the car in a record 18 months —while Iacocca himself championed the project as Ford Division general manager. The T-5 prototype was a two-seat, mid-mounted engine roadster . This vehicle employed the German Ford Taunus V4 engine . The original 1962 Ford Mustang I two-seater concept car had evolved into the 1963 Mustang II four-seater concept car which Ford used to pretest how

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